Gadgil, P.D. (in association with Dick, M.A.; Hood, I.A.; Pennycook, S.R.) 2005: Fungi on trees and shrubs in New Zealand. Fungi of New Zealand. 4. Fungal Diversity Press.
Details
Details
Gadgil, P.D. (in association with Dick, M.A.; Hood, I.A.; Pennycook, S.R.) 2005: Fungi on trees and shrubs in New Zealand. Fungi of New Zealand. 4. Fungal Diversity Press.
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Taxonomic concepts
Guignardia philoprina (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Aa 1973
Lepteutypa cupressi (Nattras, C. Booth & B. Sutton) H.J. Swart
Phyllosticta sp. 1 sensu McKenzie
Associations
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Descriptions
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual, centrally or laterally stipitate, occasionally sessile, usually solitary but sometimes with two or three pilei arising from a common base. Pileus, when centrally stipitate, circular or somewhat funnel-shaped, plane, 30–120 mm wide; when laterally stipitate, fan-shaped, 50–110 mm wide, 5–15 mm thick; sessile forms dimidiate. Pileus surface even or warty, finely tomentose, brown, reddish brown or pale straw-coloured, margin entire or lobed, often inturned. Pore surface irregular and often torn, white to off-white, pores large, 1–3 per mm. Context white, 1–6 mm thick. Stipe tomentose, up to 50 mm long. Hyphal system dimitic. Chlamydospores subglobose, 6–9 × 5–7 μm. Basidiospores ovoid, 4–7 × 3–5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Taupo, Wanganui.; 1st Record: Buchanan & Hood (1992); Taylor (1977: culture only).
Significance: None. Cultures identified as A. biennis were obtained from diseased roots of apple and blackberry (Taylor 1977) but no fruiting bodies were recorded.; Host(s): Cassia sp., Eucalyptus delegatensis, Jacaranda sp., Ligustrum vulgare, Pinus sp., Prunus persica.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Spores formed singly in soil, globose to subglobose, 0-septate, 120–300 μm in diameter, smooth; spore wall yellow becoming dark yellowish brown to reddish brown, composed of three layers; spores borne laterally on 30–40 μm wide hyphae terminating in a globose, thin-walled (1–2 μm wide) vesicle.
Distribution: Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Hall (1977).
Significance: Hall (1977) showed this to be an endomycorrhizal fungus in New Zealand.; Host(s): Agathis australis, Aristotelia serrata, Coprosma robusta, Griselinia littoralis, Kunzea ericoides, Leptospermum scoparium, Metrosideros umbellata, Pittosporum tenuifolium, Podocarpus totara, Pteridium esculentum, Solanum aviculare, S. laciniatum, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, felt-like, velutinous or shaggy, extensive, black; on bark, trunks, twigs, and leaves. Mycelium composed of repent and erect hyphae; repent hyphae brown to dark brown, septate, smooth, straight, 8–11 μm wide, with groups of darker and wider (up to 27 μm) cells at intervals from which the erect hyphae arise; erect hyphae show considerable variation in size and form. On the trunks of Nothofagus fusca, they may be up to 4 mm long and form pendant, shaggy growths but generally they are shorter. Erect hyphae dark brown to black at the base, becoming paler towards the apex, straight or gently curved, smooth, up to 50 rm wide at the base, tapering to a point and bearing a series of lateral branches near the apex; lateral branches smooth, narrower than the main hypha that bears them, curving upwards and terminating in a pointed apex; primary lateral branches sometimes bear similar but shorter secondary branches. Ascomata perithecial, borne laterally, occasionally terminally on the main stalks or on the more robust lateral branches of erect hyphae, single, black, obovoid to pyriform, 0.15–0.25 mm in diameter, ostiolate. Asci fasciculate, clavate to almost obovoid, 95–145 × 35–60 μm. Ascospores brown, ellipsoidal to subcylindrical, straight or slightly curved, 5-septate, 45–85 × 12–20 μm, frequently bearing a pycnidium initial at one or both ends. Conidiomata pycnidial, formed on the main stalk and lateral branches of erect hyphae, on germinating ascospores and on fallen lateral branches, single, brown to dark brown, globose to subglobose, up to 50 μm in diameter. Conidia ellipsoidal to bacillar, 0-septate, 2.5–3 × 0.7 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Taupo, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Auckland Islands.; 1st Record: Hughes (1967b).
Significance: This sooty mould is very common in New Zealand. It is associated with sap-sucking insects which produce ‘honey dew’, and may be mixed with other sooty moulds or in more or less pure colonies. It is commonly found on dead plant material on the forest floor where it is assumed to subsist on drops of honey dew falling from overhanging trees.; Host(s): Ackama rosifolia, Aristotelia fruticosa, A. serrata, Beilschmiedia tarairi, B. tawa, Brachyglottis repanda, Coprosma lucida, Corynocarpus laevigatus, Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, Dracophyllum subulatum, Hebe stricta var. stricta, Hedycarya arborea, Laurelia novaezelandiae, Leptospermum scoparium, Leucopogon fasciculatus, Metrosideros diffusa, Myrsine australis, Nothofagus fusca, Olearia rani, Phyllocladus alpinus, Pittosporum colensoi, Prumnopitys ferruginea, Pseudopanax arboreus, P. colensoi, P. crassifolius, Ripogonum scandens, Rubus cissoides, Schefflera digitata, Weinmannia racemosa, W. sylvicola.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia scattered sparsely and evenly, cup-shaped when mature, completely submerged, 0.6–0.8 mm in diameter; mainly on the lower surfaces of leaves, leaves distorted and etiolated. Aeciospores elliptical or subglobose, 18–24 μm diam., covered with coarse, rounded tubercles.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Rangitikei, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, Mackenzie.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1928).
Significance: The rust is rarely found on cultivated species of Hebe.; Host(s): Hebe brachysiphon, H. glaucophylla, H. odora, H. stricta var. stricta.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia scattered evenly and sparsely over the leaf surface, lemon yellow in mass, with a dentate margin standing a little above the leaf surface, 0.3–0.4 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of leaves. Aeciospores elliptical or subglobose, 22–28 × 15–20 μm, densely verruculose.
Distribution: Wellington, Buller, Marlborough, Mackenzie, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1928).
Significance: The rust causes little damage.; Host(s): Hebe brachysiphon, H. elliptica, H. macrantha var. macrantha, H. macrantha var. brachyphylla, H. treadwellii.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia in more or less circular groups, cylindrical, erumpent, with a torn, erect, yellowish margin, 0.4–0.5 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of leaves in distorted and slightly inflated yellowish areas. Aeciospores polygonal or elliptical, 42–50 × 34–46 μm, densely verruculose.
Distribution: Taupo, Rangitikei, Wellington.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1924a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Coprosma foetidissima.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia in small scattered groups, cup-shaped, erumpent, white, with a minutely dentate, erect margin, up to 0.25 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of leaves in irregular, pale yellow leaf spots coincident on both surfaces of the leaf. Aeciospores elliptical or subglobose, 20–26 × 17–23 μm, densely verruculose.
Distribution: Taupo, Taranaki, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Wairarapa, Westland, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1924a).
Significance: The rust causes little damage to the host.; Host(s): Aristotelia ×fruserrata, A. fruticosa, A. serrata.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia scattered in large numbers, minute, cylindrical, tube-like, yellow or white, up to 4 mm tall, 1 mm wide, bearing distinctive golden yellow masses of aeciospores, on elongated, spindle-shaped, cankerous swellings, up to 15 cm long; on living shoots or on leaf or flower stalks. Aeciospores obovate to elliptical, 21–45 × 17–20 μm, hyaline, finely and closely verruculose, golden yellow.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Marlborough.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1924a).
Significance: Although spectacular, this rust appears to cause little damage.; Host(s): Myoporum acuminatum, M. laetum.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia in groups, erumpent, with a white, erect, entire margin; on the lower surfaces of leaves, in discoloured spots which are also visible on the upper leaf surfaces. Aeciospores polygonal, 26–32 × 24–28 μm, densely verruculose.
Distribution: Wellington.; 1st Record: McNabb (1962a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Myrsine salicina.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia densely scattered, cup-shaped, barely erumpent, orange, with an irregularly torn margin, up to 1 mm in diameter; on distorted, inflated swellings, up to 15 cm long, on leaves, petioles, sepals, and stems. Aeciospores globose or polygonal, 22–30 × 20–25 μm, delicately verruculose.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Nelson, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Southland, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Lindsay (1867).
Significance: The rust causes little damage.; Host(s): Clematis afoliata, C. foetida, C. forsteri, C. marata, C. paniculata.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia in scattered groups, erumpent, orange to yellow, with a torn margin, up to 0.5 mm in diameter; on both surfaces of leaves, and on petioles and stems, discoloured leaf spots visible on both sides of the leaf. Aeciospores elliptical to obovate, 38–52 × 22–30 μm, covered with angular warts, appearing reticulate.
Distribution: Taupo, Taranaki, Wellington, Buller, Westland, Mackenzie, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1924b: as Puccinia novae-zelandiae).
Significance: The rust causes little damage.; Host(s): Olearia arborescens.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate, centrally stipitate. Pileus pale buff to brown, darker at centre, 40–200 mm in diameter, plano-convex to plane, smooth and leathery, dry; flesh firm, white. Gills adnexed to adnate, moderately crowded, buff to milky brown with conspicuous white sterile margins which are later stained brown with spores. Stipe pale buff above annulus, pale brown to brown below, striate, solid, 50–20 mm long; the substantial, brown, striate and pleated veil is at first held firmly against the developing gills, not falling free until the pileus is at least half expanded. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, 9–12 × 6–7 μm; spore print cigar brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury.; 1st Record: Colenso (1891: as Agaricus (Pholiota) pudicus (see Watling & Taylor 1987)).
Significance: A very large agaric, not uncommonly seen fruiting on wounds on living trees. It causes a heart rot and may invade sapwood. It is considered to be a weak parasite (Hood 1992).; Host(s): Alectryon excelsus, Beilschmiedia tawa, Carpodetus serratus, Corynocarpus laevigatus, Dysoxylum spectabile, Erythrina caffra, Hoheria sp., Kunzea ericoides, Laurelia novaezelandiae, Macropiper excelsum, Magnolia grandiflora, Melicytus ramiflorus, Metrosideros excelsa, Nothofagus solandri var. solandri, Plagianthus regius, Populus nigra, Rhododendron sp., Ulmus sp.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, scattered to gregarious, at first immersed, later erumpent, dark brown to black, 0.1–0.7 mm in diameter, ostiolate; on cankers on young shoots and on needles. Conidia ellipsoid, 0-septate, 5–7 × 2–4 μm, smooth, hyaline, with an irregular mucoid appendage at the apex.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Birch (1935: as Phomopsis strobi).
Significance: Although it is not a primary parasite, this fungus aggravates damage caused by frost. The resulting dieback of branches and terminal shoots often leads to malformation but rarely causes mortality, except in young seedlings. Between 1925 and 1935 the fungus caused considerable damage to young (1–10 years old) Pinus radiata plantations on frost flats at altitudes of 600 m and above in central North Island (Birch 1935). Changes in silvicultural practices have reduced the incidence of frost damage and the fungus is now only of minor importance. It is occasionally reported from sites subject to heavy frosts in late spring, particularly those where windrowing has been carried out or hardening-off of nursery stock has been neglected.; Host(s): Pinus canariensis, P. muricata, P. radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium black to olivaceous black. Conidiophores in small groups or solitary, straight or flexuous, olivaceous to golden brown, smooth, up to 50 μm long. Conidia obclavate, obpyriform, ovoid or ellipsoidal, often with a short beak, formed in long, often branched chains, with up to 8 transverse and several longitudinal or oblique septa, 20–63 × 9–18 μm, verruculose, pale to mid golden brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Kidd (1929: as Alternaria tenuis).
Significance: A very common saprobe found on many plants. It causes a storage rot in apples, which is of minor significance (Kidd 1929).; Host(s): Actinidia deliciosa, Malus ×domestica, Prunus armeniaca.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium olivaceous to black. Conidiophores solitary, straight or flexuous, pale to mid brown or olivaceous brown, up to 300 sm long. Conidia obclavate to oval, often with a beak, solitary or in simple or branched chains of 2–7, with up to 8 transverse and numerous longitudinal or oblique septa, 8–60 × 6–24 μm, smooth to verruculose, pale to mid brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1931b).
Significance: Found on leaves and fruit of Citrus spp., causing scabbing and discolouration of fruit (Dingley 1969). It is of minor importance.; Host(s): Citrus grandis × reticulata, C. jambhiri, C. sinensis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar subhyaline, loosely woolly. Conidiophores of two types: primary conidiophores in small groups, simple, 100–250 μm long; secondary conidiophores produced from primary conidia, simple, 50–120 μm long. Conidia of two types: primary conidia narrowly elliptical, 3–7-septate, without longitudinal septa, 25–40 × 6–8 μm, smooth to verruculose, subhyaline to pale tan; secondary conidia ellipsoid to ovoid, in short chains, 1–4-septate, rarely with one longitudinal septum in one transverse segment, 12–20 × 5–8 μm, smooth, pale tan.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Simmons (2002).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Meryta sinclairii.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium black. Conidiophores solitary, straight or flexuous, olivac-eous brown, up to 150 μm long. Conidia obclavate to ellipsoidal, generally with a short beak, slightly curved, in chains of 2–3 conidia, with 3–7 transverse and often a number of longitudinal and oblique septa, 50–130 × 14–30 μm, smooth to minutely verruculose, mid to dark golden brown or olivaceous brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Hill (1979: as Alternaria raphani).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Fatsia japonica, Meryta sinclarii, Pseudopanax laetus, P. lessonii.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium olivaceous. Conidiophores in groups or solitary, straight or flexuous, pale brown to mid brown, smooth, up to 115 μm long. Conidia obclavate, or with the body of the conidium ellipsoidal tapering gradually to the beak which is up to half the length of the conidium, straight or slightly curved, solitary or in short chains, with 4–7 transverse and several longitudinal and oblique septa, 22–95 × 8–19 μm, smooth to minutely verruculose, pale to mid golden brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Marlborough.; 1st Record: Johnston & McKenzie (1982).
Significance: Of minor importance.; Host(s): Pseudopanax sp., Vaccinium corymbosum.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate. Pileus scarlet, paling to orange at the margin, up to 130 mm in diameter, sprinkled with remnants of the volva forming white warty patches which are often arranged concentrically, convex at first, becoming almost plane later, viscid when young, dry later; flesh firm, white. Gills crowded, free, white. Stipe tapering slightly towards the pileus from a bulbous base, white and striate above a membranaceous white to yellowish annulus, white to dirty white below, hollow, up to 170 mm long. Basidiospores subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 0-septate, 9–11 × 7–8 μm, hyaline, non-amyloid; spore print white.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Fiordland, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Birch (1937).
Significance: This is the classic toadstool familiar to everyone. It is one of the most common and striking agarics associated with introduced tree species in New Zealand. Unlike most introduced mycorrhizal fungi, it has been recorded in indigenous forests in association with Nothofagus and Leptospermum (Stevenson 1962, Horak 1971). Recent reports (Johnston et al. 1998; Orlovich & Cairney 2004) indicate A. muscaria may be locally common in Nothofagus forests in several areas in the South Island. The fungus was isolated from, and experimentally shown to be, a mycorrhizal partner of Pinus radiata (Chu-Chou 1979) and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Chu-Chou & Grace 1981c). It has not been recorded in nurseries and is found only in older (>6-year-old) plantations (Chu-Chou & Grace 1988).; Host(s): Arbutus sp., Betula pendula, Castanea sativa, Eucalyptus ficifolia, E. pauciflora subsp. pauciflora, Fagus sylvatica, Larix decidua, Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. solandri, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, Pinus nigra subsp. laricio, P. radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus robur.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata perennial, effused-reflexed, pileate. Pilei projecting 10–30 mm from the substrate, separate or clustered, 50–100 mm in diameter, 1–2 mm thick. Pileus surface irregular, finely tomentose, rusty brown to dark brown, margin lighter. Pore surface grey to brown-violet with a lilac tinge, later ochraceous brown, smooth to tuberculate, margin somewhat thickened and finely tomentose. Hyphal system dimitic. Cystidia abundant, encrusted, 40–60 × 6–9 μm, yellowish brown. Basidio-spores cylindrical to narrowly ellipsoid, 5–7 × 2–3 μm, hyaline, smooth. Arthrospores produced in special intersegmental sacs of the adult female wood wasp Sirex noctilio.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Central Otago, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Clark (1933: as ‘the Sirex fungus’).
Significance: The fungus, which is carried by the adult female wood wasp Sirex noctilio Fabricius in special intersegmental sacs, causes a sudden wilt disease of exotic conifers in New Zealand. Arthrospores and a toxic mucus are deposited along with an egg by the ovipositing insect in tunnels made in tree stems. The mucus causes wilting and yellowing of foliage. It facilitates spread of the fungus, which rapidly kills cambium cells and invades the wood, disrupting water movement. The combined effect of mucus and fungus can kill a tree weakened by drought, suppression, or subjected to massive oviposition. Although present in New Zealand at least since 1900 (Miller & Clark 1935), the first major outbreak did not occur until 1946. By 1951, 25–30% of Pinus radiata trees growing on about 100,000 ha had been killed. Shortage of labour in New Zealand during the Second World War meant that most tree stands were untended and heavily overstocked. Most of the trees killed had been suppressed and mortality was beneficial because it provided a much-needed light thinning. At present, Sirex noctilio populations are controlled by the introduced larval parasitoids Rhyssa persuasoria persuasoria (Linnaeus), Megarhyssa nortoni nortoni (Cresson) and Ibalia leucospoides leucospoides (Hochenwarth) and the nematode Deladenus siricidicola Bedding which parasitises ovaries and renders the female wasps sterile. Currently, the presence of the fungus is unimportant in well-tended stands. Occasional local outbreaks after long periods of drought have been short-lived and the damage caused has been minor.; Host(s): Resistant i.e., attacked, but suffering little damage: Abies sp., Larix decidua, L. kaempferi, Picea abies, P. sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii. Moderately resistant: Pinus palustris, P. pinaster. Susceptible: Pinus contorta, P. echinata, P. elliottii, P. muricata, P. nigra subsp. nigra, P. nigra subsp. laricio, P. patula, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, P. strobus, P. sylvestris, P. taeda.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum compacted into spongy masses, extensive, up to 1 mm thick, black; on branches. Mycelium composed of pale brown to brown, septate, coarsely warted, straight or curved, 10–14 μm wide hyphae. Conidia fusiform to ellipsoidal, slightly curved, 5–13-septate, 45–100 × 11–15 μm, smooth, brown.
Distribution: Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1974a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Discaria toumatou, Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, forming tapering synnemata up to 1 mm long or spongy and extensive; black; on twigs. Mycelium composed of pale brown to brown, septate, coarsely warted, straight or curved, 6–10 μm wide hyphae. Conidia fusiform to narrowly ellipsoidal, curved, 7-septate, 38–42 × 9 μm, smooth, brown to olivaceous brown.
Distribution: Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1974a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Melicope simplex.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum in spongy mounds up to 1 mm thick, dark brown to black; on branches. Mycelium composed of pale brown to dark brown, septate, coarsely warted, straight or gently curved, 12–18 μm wide hyphae. Conidia narrowly ellipsoidal to cylindrical, curved, 11–18-septate, 100–150 × 12–16 μm, smooth, pale brown to brown.
Distribution: Buller, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1974a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, loose or compact, spongy, up to 2 mm thick and extending for 30–40 mm, black; on twigs. Mycelium composed of olivaceous brown to brown, septate, very coarsely warted, straight or curved, 7–10 μm wide hyphae. Conidia ellipsoidal to obovoid, straight or rarely, curved, 3-septate, 20–25 × 8–9 μm, smooth, olivaceous brown to brown.
Distribution: Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1974a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Myrsine australis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered, immersed, globose or slightly flattened at the base, black, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, with a protuberant neck 80–124 m long; on the lower surfaces of fallen leaves. Asci cylindrical to clavate, 40–62 × 12–15 μm. Ascospores elliptical to fusiform, 1-septate, 10–20 × 4–6 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiomata acervular, yellowish brown, on elongated, vein-limited, brown necrotic areas on attached leaves. Conidia ovoid to elliptical, 0-septate, 6–16 × 3–6 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury.; 1st Record: Brien (1939: as Gloeosporium nervisequum).
Significance: The cause of anthracnose of planes, causing serious damage in Platanus ×acerifolia (London plane) in occasional years. Symptoms of the disease have been described in detail by Neely (1976). The first evidence of infection is usually bud blight in early spring. The bud and sometimes the twig bearing the bud may be killed; if not, the fungus may invade shoot tissues after the buds have flushed, causing shoot blight to develop. The fungus also infects leaves during the summer and causes leaf blight.; Host(s): Platanus ×acerifolia, P. occidentalis, P. orientalis.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate, centrally stipitate. Pileus 20–80 mm in diameter, light brown to umber, becoming dark brown to vinaceous tawny later, with dark brown to smoky black scales sprinkled thickly at centre and more sparsely towards the margin, convex at first, becoming plano-convex to irregularly depressed later, dry; flesh firm, ivory, sometimes with a pinkish tinge. Gills sinuate to sub-decurrent, moderately crowded, vinaceous buff to russet to fawn. Stipe tapering towards a sub-bulbous base, buff to fawn in the upper third, sepia or cigar brown further down, fibrillose, solid, 30–70 mm long. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, 6–9 × 4–6 μm, non-amyloid; spore print white.
Distribution: Buller, Westland.; 1st Record: Kile & Watling (1983).
Significance: Recorded only from Nothofagus forests of the north west coast of the South Island. Studies using molecular techniques (Coetzee et al. 2001) have shown that A. hinnulea is more closely related to Armillaria spp. occurring in the Northern Hemisphere than to other Australian and New Zealand species. Armillaria hinnulea also occurs in the mixed forest and wet sclerophyll eucalypt forest of south-eastern Australia where hosts include Acacia melanoxylon, Eucalyptus regnans, and Nothofagus cunninghamii.; Host(s): Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides, Nothofagus sp.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate, centrally stipitate. Pileus 80–130 mm in diameter, lemon yellow, with dark brown tufted scales sprinkled thickly at centre and more sparsely towards the margin, convex at first, becoming almost plane later, dry; flesh firm, white. Gills sinuately decurrent, moderately crowded, creamy white, becoming pinkish fawn. Stipe tapering towards the pileus, with a bulbous base, light brown above a substantial floccose annulus, shading to brown or olive green below, velutinate, solid, 100–150 mm long. Basidiospores ovoid, 7–8 × 5–7 m, non-amyloid; spore print white.
Distribution: See Significance.; 1st Record: Stevenson (1964: as Armillariella limonea).
Significance: In older records (Gilmour 1966a; Dingley 1969), Armillaria limonea and A. novaezelandiae were collectively referred to as Armillaria mellea, a European species not known from New Zealand. Most records of disease attributed to infection by Armillaria (clearly recognisable from the presence of rhizomorphs and fan-like mycelial sheets under bark) do not identify the species as it is not possible to do so in the absence of fruiting bodies. No distinction between the two species is made in the account that follows. Shaw et al. (1981) found no significant difference between them in terms of pathogenicity. Hood & Sandberg (1993), using a large number of isolates in pot tests, found that A. limonea was generally slightly less pathogenic to Pinus radiata than A. novaezelandiae. They also found considerable variability in pathogenicity between different isolates of the same species. Armillaria limonea and A. novaezelandiae are endemic in New Zealand, fruiting bodies and rhizomorphs of both species being common in indigenous forests. They are apparently unable to parasitise roots in podocarp/hardwood forests where there is no evidence of mortality caused by Armillaria spp. Parasitic attack has been reported in Nothofagus forests (Rawlings 1953). As the natural distribution of Armillaria spp. is restricted to forested areas, root disease caused by these species is a first rotation problem only in plantations established on former indigenous forest sites. In new Pinus radiata plantations established on such sites, mortality commences 3–6 months after planting and up to 10% of the trees may be killed in the first year. Mortality continues for about 10 years and may affect up to 50% over this period (Shaw & Calderon 1977). Trees older than 10 years are rarely killed but infection persists in a non-lethal, chronic form to the end of the rotation. From a country-wide survey, Self et al. (1998) found that 39% of plantation trees on formerly indigenous forest sites were chronically infected. Such trees are susceptible to windthrow and toppling and grow more slowly than uninfected trees. Estimates of volume loss attributable to Armillaria infection vary between 14–24% for individual trees (Shaw & Toes 1977) and 6–13% for a 28-year sawlog regime (MacKenzie 1987). Armillaria root disease is not a problem in first rotation Pinus radiata stands established on farmland or other sites that previously carried only herbaceous cover (Gilmour 1966a). Self et al. (1998) found that 4% of trees planted on herbaceous shrub sites were infected by Armillaria spp. There is considerable evidence to show that on such sites, stumps left when the first tree plantation crop is felled can be infected by basidiospores carried over long distances (Hood, Horner et al. 2002). Rhizomorphs are not produced for several years and thus there is little or no mortality in the second rotation crop. When rhizomorph production does occur, trees are older and have developed some resistance. Although there is no mortality, varying numbers of trees become chronically infected and there is a consequent loss of volume increment. Kimberley et al. (2002) estimated a volume loss of just over 2% in a 13-year-old second rotation stand where approximately 20% of trees carried non-lethal, chronic infection. The only proven eradicative control measure for armillaria root disease is the removal of stumps, which are the main source of inoculum (van der Pas & Hood 1984). Stumping is expensive and difficult to undertake on steep country and is rarely practiced. Application of fungicides to stumps or soil has not been effective (Shaw et al. 1980; van der Pas & Hood 1984). Inoculation of stumps with saprobic fungi immediately after felling to prevent colonisation by Armillaria spp. (Yang & Hood 1992) is being explored. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES: Hood (1989: review of armillaria root disease in New Zealand); van der Kamp & Hood (2002: infection process); Hood, Kimberley et al. (2002: influence of silviculture); Hood & Kimberley (2002: disease survey methods); Firth & Brownlie (2002: aerial disease assessment methods); Shaw & Kile 1991 (comprehensive world-wide review of species Armillaria and armillaria root disease).; Host(s): Beilschmiedia tawa, Dacrydium cupressinum, Hedycarya arborea, Knightia excelsa, Metrosideros robusta, Nothofagus menziesii, Nothofagus sp., Pinus radiata.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate, centrally stipitate. Pileus 35–60 mm in diameter, pinkish brown, sprinkled more or less evenly (slightly more densely at centre) with dark, coarse scales, sometimes with a greenish tinge, convex at first, becoming plano-convex later, dry; flesh pink. Gills decurrent, moderately crowded, pale pink. Stipe with a bulbous base and a distinct pink annulus, pinkish brown with a greenish tinge, fibrillose, hollow, 40–90 mm long. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, 7–9 × 5–7 bm, non-amyloid; spore print white.
Distribution: Taupo.; 1st Record: Hood (1992: as Armillaria sp.)
Significance: This unnamed species has been collected only from the Nothofagus forests of the central North Island and its pathogenicity is not known. It resembles A. hinnulea in morphology but studies using molecular techniques (Coetzee et al. 2001) have shown that it is distinct from A. hinnulea and is more closely related to the other Australasian Armillaria species.; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. cliffortioides.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate, centrally stipitate. Pileus 30–80 mm in diameter, olive buff to olive brown, sprinkled with very small dull brown scales at the centre, convex at first, becoming plane to shallow concave; flesh creamy white. Gills decurrent to almost sinuate, moderately crowded, creamy white becoming dull fawn. Stipe tapering towards the base, fawn above evanescent annulus, brown to dark purplish below, smooth or striate, solid, 40–70 mm long. Basidiospores ellipsoid to elongate-ellipsoid, 7–9 × 5–6 m, non-amyloid; spore print white.
Distribution: See Significance.; 1st Record: Stevenson (1964: as Armillariella novaezelandiae).
Significance: Causes extensive vine death in kiwifruit orchards, particularly in the vicinity of stumps of felled shelterbelt trees. In older records (Gilmour 1966a; Dingley 1969), Armillaria limonea and A. novaezelandiae were collectively referred to as Armillaria mellea, a European species not known from New Zealand. Most records of disease attributed to infection by Armillaria (clearly recognisable from the presence of rhizomorphs and fan-like mycelial sheets under bark) do not identify the species as it is not possible to do so in the absence of fruiting bodies. No distinction between the two species is made in the account that follows. Shaw et al. (1981) found no significant difference between them in terms of pathogenicity. Hood & Sandberg (1993), using a large number of isolates in pot tests, found that A. limonea was generally slightly less pathogenic to Pinus radiata than A. novaezelandiae. They also found considerable variability in pathogenicity between different isolates of the same species. Armillaria limonea and A. novaezelandiae are endemic in New Zealand, fruiting bodies and rhizomorphs of both species being common in indigenous forests. They are apparently unable to parasitise roots in podocarp/hardwood forests where there is no evidence of mortality caused by Armillaria spp. Parasitic attack has been reported in Nothofagus forests (Rawlings 1953). As the natural distribution of Armillaria spp. is restricted to forested areas, root disease caused by these species is a first rotation problem only in plantations established on former indigenous forest sites. In new Pinus radiata plantations established on such sites, mortality commences 3–6 months after planting and up to 10% of the trees may be killed in the first year. Mortality continues for about 10 years and may affect up to 50% over this period (Shaw & Calderon 1977). Trees older than 10 years are rarely killed but infection persists in a non-lethal, chronic form to the end of the rotation. From a country-wide survey, Self et al. (1998) found that 39% of plantation trees on formerly indigenous forest sites were chronically infected. Such trees are susceptible to windthrow and toppling and grow more slowly than uninfected trees. Estimates of volume loss attributable to Armillaria infection vary between 14–24% for individual trees (Shaw & Toes 1977) and 6–13% for a 28-year sawlog regime (MacKenzie 1987). Armillaria root disease is not a problem in first rotation Pinus radiata stands established on farmland or other sites that previously carried only herbaceous cover (Gilmour 1966a). Self et al. (1998) found that 4% of trees planted on herbaceous shrub sites were infected by Armillaria spp. There is considerable evidence to show that on such sites, stumps left when the first tree plantation crop is felled can be infected by basidiospores carried over long distances (Hood, Horner et al. 2002). Rhizomorphs are not produced for several years and thus there is little or no mortality in the second rotation crop. When rhizomorph production does occur, trees are older and have developed some resistance. Although there is no mortality, varying numbers of trees become chronically infected and there is a consequent loss of volume increment. Kimberley et al. (2002) estimated a volume loss of just over 2% in a 13-year-old second rotation stand where approximately 20% of trees carried non-lethal, chronic infection. The only proven eradicative control measure for armillaria root disease is the removal of stumps, which are the main source of inoculum (van der Pas & Hood 1984). Stumping is expensive and difficult to undertake on steep country and is rarely practiced. Application of fungicides to stumps or soil has not been effective (Shaw et al. 1980; van der Pas & Hood 1984). Inoculation of stumps with saprobic fungi immediately after felling to prevent colonisation by Armillaria spp. (Yang & Hood 1992) is being explored. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES: Hood (1989: review of armillaria root disease in New Zealand); van der Kamp & Hood (2002: infection process); Hood, Kimberley et al. (2002: influence of silviculture); Hood & Kimberley (2002: disease survey methods); Firth & Brownlie (2002: aerial disease assessment methods); Shaw & Kile 1991 (comprehensive world-wide review of species Armillaria and armillaria root disease).; Host(s): Actinidia deliciosa, Bambusa oldhamii, Beilschmiedia tawa, Casuarina cunninghamiana, Cortaderia fulvida, Dacrydium cupressinum, Fuchsia sp., Grevillea robusta, Griselinia littoralis, Hedycarya arborea, Knightia excelsa, Laurelia novae-zelandiae, Litsea calicaris, Meryta sinclairii, Nothofagus menziesii, Nothofagus sp., Pinus radiata, Pyracantha crenulata, Salix matsudana.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium well developed, superficial, white, hyphae 5–9 μm wide; on leaves and twigs. Appressoria not lobed, numerous. Ascomata not known in New Zealand. Conidiophores 75–120 × 9–10 μm, foot cell straight. Conidia produced in chains, oblong cylindrical, 0-septate, 20–38 × 10–19 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Central Otago.; 1st Record: Boesewinkel (1977a: as Erysiphe mougeotii).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Lycium barbarum.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, immersed, subglobose, scarlet red; on reddish brown, roughly circular leaf spots 10–20 mm in diameter. Conidia oval to cylindrical, often irregular in shape, 1-septate, 9–15 × 3–5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Brien & Dingley (1955).
Significance: Leaf spots are of little significance but the fungus has also been recorded as the cause of rot in mature fruit on several occasions (Dingley 1969).; Host(s): Ficus carica.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, gregarious, more or less concentrically distributed, subepidermal, erumpent, subglobose, light yellow-brown to brown, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, ostiolate, with a dark brown border; on greyish brown to brown circular lesions with a raised dark brown margin, 2–8 mm in diameter, on leaves and pods. Conidia cylindrical, 1-septate, 11–14 × 3–4 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Wellington.; 1st Record: Kirk (1906).
Significance: May cause considerable damage to pea crops (Dingley 1969) but of no importance on lupins.; Host(s): Lupinus angustifolius, L. arboreus.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum 2–3 mm in diameter, black; on upper surfaces of leaves. Mycelium densely reticulate, composed of dark brown, septate, straight or curved hyphae with capitate hyphopodia, 45–55 μm long. Ascomata perithecial, scattered, black, globose, up to 0.2 mm in diameter. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 3-septate, 72–79 × 25–28 μm, dark brown. Conidia cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, 0-sepate, 7–9 × 2–3.5 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland.; 1st Record: Hughes (1978)
Significance: None.; Host(s): Knightia excelsa.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum effuse, forming a pellicle, black; on leaves. Mycelium composed of brown to dark brown, septate, straight or curved hyphae. Ascomata perithecial, scattered or crowded in groups, black, globose, minute. Asci obovate. Ascospores pyriform, 1-septate, 10 × 5–6 μm, brown.
Distribution: Not known.; 1st Record: Cooke (1887).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Pittosporum eugenioides.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum effuse, more or less circular, black; on leaves. Mycelium composed of brown to dark brown, septate, straight or curved hyphae. Ascomata perithecial, densely crowded, black, depressed globose, 0.15 mm in diameter. Asci ovate. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 15 × 8 μm, brown.
Distribution: Not known.; 1st Record: Cooke (1887: as Asterina intensa).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Pisonia brunoniana.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata thyriothecial, scattered, superficial, elongate, often branched, dark brown to black, up to 2 mm long, opening by a longitudinal slit; on brown, roughly circular spots 2–15 mm in diameter, frequently with a raised corky area in the centre and a dark margin, on both sides of leaves and on petioles. Asci clavate, 30–40 × 10–14 μm. Ascospores cylindric-elliptical, 1-septate, 12–14 × 3.5–5.5 μm, rounded at both ends, hyaline. Conidiomata pycnidial, shield-shaped, superficial, black, 0.3–1.0 mm in diameter. Conidia filiform, cylindrical, 0-septate, 12–30 × 0.5–1 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, North Canterbury.; 1st Record: Dick (1982).
Significance: Of minor importance in New Zealand because infection occurs primarily in the lower crown and is not severe. The fungus causes moderate to severe defoliation of E. nitens in Eastern Gippsland, Australia (Neumann & Marks 1976).; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. fraxinoides, E. nitens, E. regnans.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata perennial, solitary or with pilei overlapping each other, firm and woody, attached by a broad lateral base. Pileus effused-reflexed, sometimes ungulate, applanate, or resupinate, 70–170 mm wide, 30–50 mm thick. Pileus surface concentrically sulcate and ridged, radially fluted, light orange brown, darkening to umber with age. Pore surface with a sterile border 2–3 mm wide, white, becoming dirty brown, pores obscurely stratose, 5–6 per mm. Context pale fawn to ochre, 2–5 mm thick. Hyphal system dimitic. Basidiospores elliptical, 7–10 × 4–5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, North Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Southland.; 1st Record: Lloyd (1915: as Fomes cuneatus).
Significance: None. Causes a white heart rot in the hosts listed but is more often found on dead trees and logs (Gilmour 1966a, as Fomitopsis tasmanica).; Host(s): Beilschmiedia tarairi, B. tawa, Dysoxylum spectabile, Nothofagus menziesii, N. solandri var. solandri, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata subepigeous to epigeous, subglobose, white at first, becoming greyish brown, 10–30 mm in diameter, with a small basal rhizomorph; peridium composed of a single parenchymatous layer. Gleba smoky grey, composed of tramal plates anastomosing to form irregular cells which are partially filled with basidiospores; columella much branched. Basidiospores obovate, 0-septate, 12–16 × 10–12 μm, covered with 8–10 longitudinal ribs, greyish black.
Distribution: Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taupo.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1983b: as Gauteria clelandii).
Significance: Recorded as a mycorrhizal associate of Eucalyptus regnans (Chu-Chou & Grace 1983b). NEW ZEALAND RECORD OF PLANT ASSOCIATION: Chu-Chou & Grace (1983b: as Gauteria clelandii).; Host(s): Eucalyptus regnans.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in clusters, globose, salmon pink, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter ostiole non-papillate, superficial, on a pulvinate stroma up to 2 mm in diameter; on bark on stems. Asci clavate, 50–80 × 6–12 μm. Ascospores elliptical to oval, 1-septate, 12–20 × 5–6 μm, verrucose, hyaline. Conidia elliptical, 0-septate, 8–15 × 2–4 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Dingley (1951: as Nectria kowhai).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Corynocarpus laevigatus, Pseudopanax sp., Sophora microphylla.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in clusters, globose, translucent reddish orange, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, ostiolate, superficial, on a pulvinate, erumpent stroma up to 2 mm in diameter; on stems. Asci clavate to elliptical, 30–50 × 5–10 μm. Ascospores fusiform, 1-septate, 8–14 × 2–4 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidia elliptical to oval, 0-septate, 3–5 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline, produced in slimy heads.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Nelson, Buller, Westland.; 1st Record: Dingley (1951: as Nectria ochroleuca).
Significance: Considered by Dingley (1969) to be a wound pathogen of minor economic importance. Occasionally recorded on Pinus radiata seedlings from Northland but of no economic significance to forestry.; Host(s): Beilschmiedia tawa, Brachyglottis repanda, Carmichaelia sp., Coprosma robusta, Cytisus scoparius, Dysoxylum spectabile, Escallonia rubra var. macrantha, Hedycarya arborea, Hoheria populnea, Lupinus arboreus, Malus ×domestica, Melicytus ramiflorus, Pinus radiata, Podalyria sp., Populus sp., Prunus persica, Psoralea sp., Rhopalostylis sapida, Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix fragilis, Sophora microphylla, Ulex europaeus.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, scattered or aggregated in groups of 2–10, flattened globose, orange-yellow to salmon pink, finely warted, 0.3–0.5 mm in diameter, ostiole papillate, superficial, on a poorly-developed erumpent stroma; on bark on stems. Asci clavate, 50–95 × 8–15 μm. Ascospores elongate elliptical, 1-septate, 15–25 × 4–8 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidia lemon-shaped, 0-septate, 10–18 × 7–9 μm, smooth, hyaline at first but becoming thick walled and greenish.
Distribution: Auckland, Northland, Coromandel, Wanganui, Nelson.; 1st Record: Dingley (1951: as Nectria hauturu).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Beilschmiedia tawa, Carmichaelia sp., Citrus limon, Coprosma grandifolia, C. lucida, Lupinus arboreus, Melicytus ramiflorus, Olearia sp., Pittosporum tenuifolium, Rhopalostylis sapida, Ripogonum scandens, Sophora microphylla, S. tetraptera.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata hysterothecial, scattered, subcuticular, oblong-elliptic to almost oval, pale grey to grey with a narrow dark line marking the outside edge, 0.4–0.6 mm long, opening by a longitudinal slit lined with a broad white to yellowish zone; on both sides of leaves. Asci saccate, 4-spored, 180–240 × 17–22 μm. Ascospores oblong-elliptic, 0-septate, 37–44 × 7–11 μm, surrounded by a 5–8 μm wide gelatinous sheath, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Coromandel, Taupo, Gisborne, Buller, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Johnston (1991).
Significance: None. Although found on dead leaves attached to the tree, there is no evidence of pathogenicity (Johnston 1991).; Host(s): Dacrydium cupressinum.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual, compound, consisting of 3–10 overlapping pilei attached to a common base by lateral stalks, brittle at first, woody later; compound pilei may attain a large size, up to 500 mm wide; one very large specimen 800 mm wide has been recorded (Cunningham 1965). Pilei applanate, conchate or fan-like, 50–150 mm wide, 3–15 mm thick, young pilei exude a milky fluid when broken. Pileus surface finely velutinate to pruinose, radiately striate, orange yellow or fawn at first, drab fawn brown later. Pore surface even, with a sterile border 1–3 mm wide, honey yellow to pallid yellow brown, pores large, 1–3 per mm. Context white, 3–10 mm thick. Hyphal system dimitic. Basidiospores globose to subglobose, 6–8 μm in diameter (including amyloid spines), coarsely verruculose, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Rangitikei, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Fiordland, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Central Otago.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1927: as Polyporus berkeleyi).
Significance: Causes a white butt rot, which is fairly common on Nothofagus spp.; Host(s): Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, Dacrydium cupressinum, Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, Podocarpus totara, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, embedded in a brown stroma with emergent papillate ostioles, aggregated in small groups, globose, black, up to 0.2 mm in diameter; on twigs. Stroma forming blackish, erumpent, circular or elliptical crusts, up to 15 mm long. Asci cylindric-clavate, 110 × 22 µm. Ascospores elliptical, 0-septate, 16–26 × 5–10 µm, smooth, hyaline to faintly yellowish. Conidiomata pycnidial, erumpent. Conidia fusiform, 0-septate (occasionally 1–2-septate), 10–23 × 3–7 µm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1922: as Botryosphaeria ribis).
Significance: A minor pathogen of fruit trees and willow. The cause of rot in ripe fruit of Actinidia deliciosa (Pennycook & Samuels 1985).; Host(s): Actinidia chinensis, A. deliciosa, Citrus limon, Cytisus scoparius, Eucalyptus nitens, Malus ×domestica, Populus nigra, Pyrus communis, Rhododendron sp., Ribes nigrum, R. rubrum, R. uva-crispa var. sativum, Rosa rubiginosa, Rosa sp., Salix magnifica, Vaccinium corymbosum.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in small groups, uni- or multi-loculate, at first immersed but becoming erumpent, globose to ovoid, black, up to 0.5 mm in diameter; on twigs. Asci cylindrical to clavate, 85–175 µm. Ascospores oval to broadly fusiform, 0-septate, 18–24 × 7–12 µm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, solitary or confluent, immersed, globose, dark brown to black, up to 0.15 mm in diameter. Conidia fusiform, 0-septate, 12–24 × 5–8 µm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Marlborough.; 1st Record: Pennycook & Samuels (1985).
Significance: Recorded mainly as a fruit-rot fungus but also found on twigs of willow and canes of grapevines. Of no significance to forestry.; Host(s): Actinidia deliciosa, Diospyros kaki, Malus ×domestica, Persea americana, Pyrus communis, P. pyrifolia, Salix magnifica, Vitis vinifera.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, aggregated, subepidermal at first, becoming erumpent, globose, black, up to 0.4 mm in diameter; on twigs, leaves, and fruit. Conidia cylindrical, 0-septate (occasionally 1-septate), 20–26 × 10–16 µm, apex obtuse, verruculose, brown.
Distribution: Hawkes Bay, Wellington, Nelson.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1921).
Notes: This species was synonymised under a broad concept of Botryosphaeria quercuum (Schweinitz) Saccardo in earlier literature (Laundon 1977).
Significance: Only the anamorph is known in New Zealand. A wound pathogen associated with, but not necessarily the primary cause of, stem cankers, leaf spots, and fruit rot in fruit trees.; Host(s): Cydonia oblonga, Malus ×domestica, Pyrus communis, Quercus ilex, Rubus idaeus, Rubus × (hybrid berry).
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in groups of 5–50, erumpent through bark, globose, black, up to 0.2 mm in diameter; on twigs and small branches. Asci clavate, 17–145 × 17–20 μm. Ascospores broadly ellipsoidal to fusoid, 0-septate, 18–23 × 8–10 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiomata pycnidial, aggregated, globose to pyriform. Conidia fusiform, 0-septate, 14–18 × 5–7 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Hawke’s Bay.; 1st Record: Pennycook & Samuels (1985).
Significance: A minor pathogen of kiwifruit.; Host(s): Actinidia deliciosa, Diospyros kaki, Eriobotrya japonica, Malus ×domestica, Persea americana, Populus nigra, Populus sp., Pseudopanax laetus, Pyrus communis.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary or aggregated, embedded in a black stroma, globose, black, up to 0.2 mm in diameter; on twigs. Conidia cylindrical, 0-septate, 20–27 × 10–13 μm, smooth, hyaline (occasionally brown and 1-septate when old).
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Waters (1917: as Diplodia griffoni).
Notes: This species was synonymised under a broad concept of Botryosphaeria quercuum (Schweinitz) Saccardo in earlier literature (Laundon 1977).
Significance: Only the anamorph is known in New Zealand. A weak secondary wound pathogen.; Host(s): Actinidia chinensis, A. deliciosa, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Corokia ×cheesemanii, Eriobotrya japonica, Malus ×domestica, Populus sp., Protea sp., Prunus persica, Pyrus communis, Tecomanthe speciosa.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium effuse, grey to greyish brown; on non-suberised branches and stems and on leaves. Sclerotia black, usually about 3 mm in diameter, number, size and shape very variable. Conidiophores tree-like, stipes straight, 2 mm or more long, branching dichotomous or trichotomous forming a rather open head, smooth, clear brown below, paler near the apex, branch ends often hyaline. Conidia ellipsoid to obovoid, 0-septate, 6–18 × 4–11 μm, smooth, hyaline to pale brown, greyish in mass.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Central Otago, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1925a).
Significance: Commonly known as ‘grey mould’, this ubiquitous fungus is of considerable economic importance in horticulture since it damages flowers, leaves, stems, fruit, and other parts of many crop plants (Dingley 1969). In forestry, it is of importance only as a nursery pathogen causing soft rot and dieback of terminal shoots of young seedlings. Major losses are rare, but occur occasionally in glasshouse-grown stock.; Host(s): Actinidia chinensis, A. deliciosa, Adiantum sp., Anigozanthos manglesii, Araucaria araucana, Camellia japonica, Carica × heilbornii nm. pentagona, Chamaecyparis pisifera, Citrus grandis × reticulata, C. limon, C. sinensis, Clematis recta, Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressus macrocarpa, Cydonia oblonga, Cyphomandra betacea, Diospyros kaki, Eucalyptus botryoides, E. globulus subsp. maidenii, E. ovata, E. saligna, Feijoa sellowiana, Forsythia sp., Fuchsia ×hybrida, Hibiscus cannabinus, H. rosa-sinensis, Jasminum mesnyi, Lagerstroemia indica, Leucospermum nutans, L. reflexum, Lupinus angustifolius, Malus ×domestica, Mangifera indica, Passiflora edulis, Pinus brutia, P. muricata, P. nigra subsp. nigra, P. nigra subsp. laricio, P. radiata, Prunus armeniaca, P. persica, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Psidium cattleianum, Pyrus communis, Ribes nigrum, R. rubrum, R. uva-crispa var. sativum, Rosa sp., Rubus fruticosus agg., R. idaeus, Rubus × (hybrid berry), Sequoia sempervirens, Thuja plicata, Vaccinium corymbosum, Vitis labrusca × vinifera, V. vinifera. (Also recorded on numerous herbaceous plants.)
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia scattered, minute, pear-shaped, immersed, up to 0.5 mm in diameter; on the upper surfaces of phylloclades; associated with aecia, on stems and phylloclades. Aecia scattered, circular to elongate, orange-yellow, up to 1.5 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of phylloclades; on bright golden orange discolourations, up to 10 mm across, on stems and phylloclades. Aeciospores in chains, polygonal to ellipsoid, 24–46 × 17–30 m, covered with reticulately arranged tubercles.
Distribution: Waikato, Taupo, Nelson, Buller, Westland.; 1st Record: Shaw (1977).
Significance: The rust causes little damage to the host and is of no importance. It appears to be the only rust recorded on the Phyllocladaceae.; Host(s): Phyllocladus alpinus, P. toatoa, P. trichomanoides.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, tufted to velutinous or spongy, dark brown to black; on bark of trunks or rarely on leaves. Mycelium composed of repent and erect, brown to dark olivaceous brown, septate, very coarsely warted, moniliform hyphae, up to 16 μm wide, tapering toward their distal ends; erect hyphae may fragment into single barrel-shaped cells or into lengths 2–8 cells long. Conidia ovoid to ellipsoid, 1-septate just above the middle, thick-walled, 12–13 × 7–9 μm, brown to dark brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1981b).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Leptospermum scoparium, Nothofagus fusca, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, Olearia rani, Pittosporum ellipticum, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum, superficial, velutinous, tufted or in compact mounds, dark brown to black; on bark of trunks. Mycelium composed of brown to dark brown septate, coarsely warted, curved, moniliform hyphae, up to 30 μm wide, which taper toward their distal ends. Conidia ovoid, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, thick-walled, 13–18 × 9–11 μm, coarsely warted, brown to dark brown.
Distribution: Buller, North Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1981b).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca, N. truncata.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, effuse, up to 7 mm thick, dark brown to black; on bark of trunks, branches or twigs. Mycelium composed of brown to dark brown septate, finely to moderately warted, curved, moniliform hyphae, up to 31 μm wide, which taper toward their distal end. Conidia ovoid, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, thick walled, 16–21 × 11–13 μm, very coarsely warted, brown to dark brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Westland.; 1st Record: Hughes (1981b).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Leptospermum scoparium, Olearia rani, Weinmannia racemosa, W. sylvicola.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, effuse, thinly to densely velutinous, black; on bark of trunks. Mycelium composed of repent and erect dark olivaceous brown, septate, coarsely warted, moniliform hyphae, up to 18 μm wide, which taper markedly toward their distal ends; erect hyphae straight or flexuous, up to 200 μm long. Conidia at first globose, then ovoid, 1-septate, 11–13 × 7–9 μm, slightly warted, dark olivaceous brown.
Distribution: Taupo, Buller.; 1st Record: Hughes (1981b).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Aristotelia serrata, Coprosma tenuifolia, Nothofagus fusca.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, effuse, velutinous to tufted or in compact hemispherical mounds up to 10 mm wide, dark brown to black; on bark of trunks or twigs or on leaves. Mycelium composed of brown to dark brown, septate, smooth or finely warted, straight or flexuous moniliform hyphae, up to 33 μm wide, which taper markedly toward their distal ends. Conidia ovoid, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, thick walled, 17–27 × 12–18 μm, smooth or finely warted, brown to dark brown.
Distribution: Taupo, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1981b).
Significance: None; Host(s): Coprosma grandifolia, Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, Leptospermum scoparium, Metrosideros diffusa, Nothofagus fusca, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, glistening, irregularly thickened, spongy, rusty brown to blackish brown; on bark of trunks and branches. Mycelium composed of brown, septate, generally smooth, straight or curved moniliform hyphae, up to 30 μm wide, which taper toward their distal ends. Conidia ellipsoidal to subcylindrical, straight or slightly curved, 3-septate, 27–43 × 10–14 μm, smooth, dark brown. Capnophialophora synanamorph. Conidia ellipsoidal to subglobose, 1.4–2 × 1.5–1.9 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1966).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum floccose, dark brown to black; on twigs and leaves. Mycelium composed of olivaceous brown, septate, cylindrical hyphae. Ascomata perithecial, black, shining, up to 0.2 mm in diameter. Asci obovate, 40–45 × 25 μm. Ascospores oblong, 3–4-septate (with one longitudinal septum), constricted at the septa, 18–24 × 8–12 μm, dark brown. Conidia 3-septate (with one longitudinal septum), 14 × 6 μm, brown.
Distribution: Not known.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1925a).
Significance: A minor nuisance because infested fruit may require washing before sale. Associated with infestation by citrus aphids.; Host(s): Citrus aurantiifolia, C. grandis × reticulata, C. limon, C. reticulata, C. sinensis.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, black, thin; on branches. Mycelium composed of pale brown to brown, smooth hyphae up to 15 μm wide. Ascomata perithecial, dark brown to black, subglobose, usually with a short stalk, 0.1 mm in diameter, ostiolate. Asci clavate. Ascospores obovoid, transversely 3–5-septate with longitudinal septa in all, or all but the terminal cells, 18–25 × 9–11 μm, smooth, pale brown to brown. Conidiomata pycnidial, more or less cylindrical, simple or up to six conidiomata may be borne on a branched, robust black stalk which is up to 250 μm long, black below and brown above, ostiole fringed with hyaline hyphae. Conidia oblong to ellipsoidal, 1-septate, 7–9 × 3–4 μm, smooth, pale brown to brown.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Hughes (1981a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Schefflera digitata.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, floccose, black; on branches, twigs, and leaves. Mycelium composed of dark brown, smooth, moniliform hyphae, up to 15 μm wide. Ascomata perithecial, dark brown, globose, 0.1 mm in diameter. Asci obclavate. Ascospores clavate, 2–5-septate (mainly 3-septate), 20–28 × 6–11 μm, dark green-brown. Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered or in small groups, partly immersed, ampulliform, 0.1 mm in diameter. Conidia fusiform, slightly curved, 7–13-septate (mainly 9-septate), 21–36 × 3–4 μm, golden brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Mulcock (1954).
Significance: This sooty mould is a highly visible, but non-parasitic, partner in the disease complex known as ‘manuka blight’. The parasitic partner and the principal villain responsible for damage to the plant is the introduced scale insect Eriococcus orariensis Hoy (Eriococcidae), which can be found all parts of the host plant but is generally more numerous on the stem where the flaky bark affords protection. ‘Honey dew’ exuded by the insect is washed down the plant by rainwater. The sooty mould lives on nutrients in the honey dew. If insect infestation is severe the whole plant may become covered with mycelium, giving it a fire-blackened appearance. The first outbreak of the scale insect has been traced back to 1936–37 in the Orari Gorge, South Canterbury (Hoy 1961). By 1950, large areas of Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) in Canterbury had been killed (Mulcock 1954). Although manuka blight had spread to most of the North Island and the eastern side of the South Island by the late 1950s, the amount of damage caused was declining as the insects became parasitised by an endemic fungus, Angatia thwaitesii (Petch) Arx (Hoy 1961). At present, manuka blight is common but rarely severe enough to cause death of the host. Leptospermum scoparium is very susceptible to E. orariensis attack but the closely related Kunzea ericoides (kanuka) is resistant. Capnodium walteri has been reported on Pinus spp. (Gilmour 1966a) but is of no importance.; Host(s): Coprosma lucida, Dracophyllum subulatum, Kunzea ericoides, Leptospermum scoparium, Ozothamnus leptophyllus, Pinus sp.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, dark brown to black, effuse or tufted; on leaves and twigs. Mycelium composed of pale brown to brown finely roughened hyphae, 4–6 μm wide. Conidiophores erect, dark brown to black, terminally branched, up to 330 μm long. Conidia obclavate to ellipsoidal, 2–5-septate, 14–48 × 5–9 μm, smooth, brown to dark brown.
Distribution: Northland, Coromandel, Westland.; 1st Record: Hughes (2003).
Significance: None. The fungus is usually found in association with other sooty moulds.; Host(s): Hymenophyllum sp., Leptospermum scoparium, Metrosideros sp., Nothofagus fusca.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, velutinous, extensive, black; on bark of trunks. Mycelium composed of repent and erect hyphae; repent hyphae pale brown to brown, septate, smooth to finely warted, 7–13 μm wide, and tapered towards their distal ends; erect hyphae show considerable variation in size, form and the degree to which they are modified into conidiophores; sterile erect hyphae dark brown at the base and become paler towards the apex, straight or flexuous, smooth, 18–30 μm wide at the base, tapering to an almost acute apex, up to 1.3 mm long, bearing near the apex 1–3 paired, distally pointed, pale brown lateral branches; erect hyphae modified into conidiophores are darker throughout than the sterile hyphae, 20–27 μm wide at the base, tapering gradually to 13–18 μm at the apex, up to 1.4 mm long, either bearing a single terminal conidium or producing lateral, curved branches also bearing a terminal conidium. Conidia obclavate, slightly or markedly curved, 8–10-septate, 100–130 × 21–24 μm, smooth, pale brown to brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Taupo.; 1st Record: Hughes (1975).
Significance: Often found in association with the very common sooty mould Acrogenotheca elegans.; Host(s): Ackama rosifolia, Hoheria populnea, Olearia rani, Pseudopanax arboreus.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata apothecial, in groups, seldom solitary, sessile, cup-shaped but narrowed at the base, circular in outline, disc concave to flat, black, 0.3–0.5 mm in diameter; on fern fronds. Asci not numerous, clavate, 50–65 × 8–12 μm. Ascospores ellipsoid, 0-septate, 15–18 × 6–8 μm, hyaline, finally becoming light brown. Paraphyses dark brown, with apices joined together to form an epithecium.
Distribution: Wellington.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000b).
Significance: Found in a 1 ha patch of umbrella fern where dieback was observed. Pathogenicity has not been demonstrated.; Host(s): Sticherus cunninghamii.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata embedded in a stroma, perithecial, aggregated in groups of up to 20 but never crowded, globose, 0.3–0.4 mm in diameter, with necks 300–400 μm long. Stroma circular, carbonaceous, superficial, up to 5 mm in diameter, with a brownish black, pitted surface covered with slightly sunken perithecial ostiolar openings, on dead leaf axes and stems. Asci clavate, 40–50 × 7–9 μm. Ascospores broadly elliptical, 0-septate, 7–10 × 3–4 μm, smooth, hyaline to very pale brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Buller, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Dingley (1976).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Rhopalostylis sapida.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, scattered to gregarious, occasionally confluent, partly erumpent, black, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter; on both sides of leaves on necrotic spots and on small twigs. Conidia fusiform, 0-septate, 26–30 × 3.5–4 μm, hyaline, with appendages; apical appendage single, 1.5–4 μm long; basal appendage single, excentric, 2–5 μm long.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000b).
Significance: This fungus has been isolated from small galls on twigs and from necrotic leaf spots. Its pathogenic status is not known.; Host(s): Eucalyptus nitens, E. saligna.
Type: Foliicolous algae; Description: Thallus polystromatic, subcuticular, roughly circular, greyish white (resembling a powdery mildew) finally becoming greenish orange, composed of irregularly branched and interwoven prostrate filaments; on the upper surfaces of leaves. Erect hairs penetrating through the cuticle, cylindrical, with a bulbous base, reddish brown to orange, 20–130 μm long. Sporangiophores erect, 2–many-celled, developing from the prostrate thallus. Sporangia (1–5) borne slightly obliquely on a short curved stalk, produced from the swollen tip of the sporangiophore, globose to slightly elliptical, 22–43 × 17–26 μm, surface roughened. Zoospores biflagellate. Gametangia not known. Leaf spots roughly circular and wide spreading, greyish white with a pale yellow halo on the upper surface, pale yellow on the lower surface.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wellington, Nelson, Marlborough Sounds.; 1st Record: Chapman et al. (1957).
Significance: Very common on Melicytus spp. in northern North Island but causes no damage.; Host(s): Melicytus macrophyllus, M. ramiflorus.
Type: Foliicolous algae; Description: Thallus polystromatic, whitish, subcuticular at first, later penetrating the mesophyll, growing in intercellular spaces and filling substomatal chambers, composed of irregularly branched prostrate filaments; on the lower surfaces of leaves. Sporangiophores erect, 5–10 cells long, developing from filaments in the substomatal chamber and emerging through the stoma in tufts. Sporangia (1–several) borne laterally on short, curved stalks, produced on one side of the sporangiophore only, globose, 15–17 μm in diameter, smooth. Zoospores biflagellate. Gametangia sessile, produced on subepidermal filaments. Leaf spots on the upper surface stellate, pale lavender to deep rose, necrotic and sunken in the centre with a deep violet margin, 1–5 mm in diameter; on the lower surface <0.5 mm in diameter, whitish at the centre (due to tufts of sporangiophores) with a yellowish to reddish halo.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Chapman et al. (1957).
Significance: This alga causes an important disease of Theobroma cacao (cocoa) but is of no significance in New Zealand.; Host(s): Coprosma grandifolia, C. lucida, Knightia excelsa.
Type: Foliicolous algae; Description: Thallus polystromatic, at first subcuticular, roughly circular, appearing as greyish to brownish spots, later penetrating the mesophyll and growing in the vicinity of stomata in the lower epidermis, composed of irregularly branched, lobed and interwoven prostrate filaments; on both sides of leaves. Erect hairs penetrating the cuticle, produced in clusters, tapering, orange, 25–45 μm long, predominantly on the upper surfaces of leaves. Sporangiophores erect, 4–11 cells long, produced in tufts of 3–10 from filaments in the vicinity of stomata and destroying the structure of the stomatal area. Sporangia borne singly on a short curved stalk, which develops from the swollen tip of the sporangiophore, globose, 17–18 µm in diameter, smooth. Zoospores biflagellate. Gametangia sessile, globose to pyriform, 25–50 × 25–35 μm, produced on subepidermal filaments on both surfaces of leaves. Leaf spots on the upper surface circular to oval, dark reddish brown to purple with a purple black margin, 5–25 mm in diameter; on the lower surface golden yellow with tufts of sporangiophores.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wellington, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Chapman et al. (1957).
Significance: Causes considerable damage to tropical fruit trees but of little importance in New Zealand. Very common and conspicuous on leaves of Knightia excelsa.; Host(s): Beilschmiedia tawa, Knightia excelsa, Metrosideros excelsa.
Type: Foliicolous algae; Description: Thallus polystromatic, subcuticular or subepidermal, roughly circular with a crenate margin, appearing as a greenish to orange raised spot composed of irregularly branched, prostrate filaments forming a parenchymatous disc; on the upper surfaces of leaves. Erect hairs abundant, penetrating the cuticle, tapering or of uniform thickness, orange, 80–90 μm long. Sporangiophores erect, 2–several cells long, solitary or in tufts of 3–5. Sporangia (1–7) borne slightly obliquely on a short curved stalk which develops from the swollen tip of the sporangiophore, globose to ellipsoidal, 18–27 × 18–22 μm, warty. Zoospores quadriflagellate. Gametangia sessile, obovoid, 17 × 22 μm, produced on subcuticular, prostrate filaments. Leaf spots roughly circular, raised, greenish to orange, appearing hairy because of abundant development of erect hairs, up to 20 mm in diameter.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Nelson, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Chapman et al. (1957).
Significance: This is the alga most commonly found on leaves. In tropical countries it is responsible for the serious ‘red rust’ disease of Thea sinensis (tea) and other plants of economic importance (Sarma 1986) but it causes little damage in New Zealand.; Host(s): Blechnum discolor, Brachyglottis repanda, Coprosma grandifolia, C. robusta, Corokia buddleioides, Dysoxylum spectabile, Hedycarya arborea, Hoheria populnea, Laurus nobilis, Ligustrum japonicum, Litsea calicaris, Macropiper excelsum, Magnolia grandiflora, Melicope ternata, Melicytus macrophyllus, M. ramiflorus, Passiflora edulis, Persea americana, Pseudowintera axillaris, Schefflera digitata.
Type: Xylophilous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered, superficial, globose with a long neck, dark brown to black, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, perithecial necks straight or curved, black, becoming annulate at times, 350–1900 μm long, ostiolar hyphae divergent, septate, 16–65 μm long, hyaline; in bark beetle galleries in inner bark or outer sapwood and as hyphae in the sapwood. Asci evanescent. Ascospores allantoid, 0-septate, 3–5 × 1–1.5 μm, hyaline, oozing out of the ostiole and forming a spore ball at the tip. Conidiogenous cells denticulate. Conidia produced sympodially on the denticles, clavate, curved, 0-septate, 4–10 × 1–1.5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo.; 1st Record: Hutchison & Reid (1988a).
Notes: Ceratocystis coronata should be placed in Ophiostoma but the combination has not yet been made.
Significance: None. Does not cause staining of wood.; Host(s): Pinus nigra subsp. nigra, P. radiata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium internal, dark. Stromata of only a few cells. Conidiophores in fascicles of 3–20, straight, sooty to dark olivaceous near the base, paler towards the tip, septate, 20–200 × 3–6 μm; conidiogenous cells with conspicuous scars. Conidia filiform, acicular, curved, indistinctly multiseptate, 40–200 × 3–5 μm, hyaline. Leaf spots grey at the centre with a dark purple to black margin, circular to irregular, 1–4 mm in diameter, on both sides of leaves.
Distribution: Not known.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1922: as Cercospora angulata).
Significance: Of very minor importance.; Host(s): Ribes nigrum, R. rubrum, R. uva-crispa var. sativum.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Uredinia scattered, sometimes grouped around edge of leaf, circular, powdery, pale reddish brown, up to 0.5 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of leaves, often in reddish-brown angular leaf spots with corresponding brown spots on the upper surface coalescing and becoming necrotic, also on fruit. Urediniospores globose to elliptical, 19–35 × 14–22 μm, sparsely echinulate.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato.; 1st Record: McKenzie (1986).
Significance: Fig rust can cause complete defoliation and may cause premature fruit drop. It requires warm and wet conditions for infection and development.; Host(s): Ficus carica, F. carica × pumila.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, uni- to multi-loculate, scattered or gregarious, immersed becoming partly erumpent, depressed globose, black, 0.1–0.3 mm in diameter; mainly on the lower surfaces of leaves. Conidia cylindrical, straight, 0-septate, 10–15 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Dingley (1969: as Gloeosporium betulae).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Betula pendula.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium in wood composed of brown, septate, irregularly branched hyphae. Conidiophores arising from vegetative hyphae, solitary or clustered, erect, wall brown, smooth, 3–5 septate in the basal part, 30–70 μm long and bearing a phialide; phialides brown, smooth, basal portion obclavate tapering gradually into an apical tube, 65–85 μm long. Conidia cylindrical, 0-septate, 7–15 × 3–4 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000b).
Significance: This fungus has been isolated from discoloured wood in roots and lower stem of dying trees in a stand which was in a state of decline. It may be one of the factors contributing to the decline of M. chathamica in the Chatham Islands.; Host(s): Myrsine chathamica.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate. Pileus brownish orange to cinnamon brown, 20–60 mm in diameter, convex to plano-convex, slightly mucilaginous when wet; flesh dirty white with red tints. Pore surface adnate to subdecurrent; tubes yellowish brown to reddish brown, up to 6 mm long; pores angular, concolorous with tubes or darker reddish brown, 0.4–1 mm in diameter. Stipe more or less cylindrical, yellowish brown to pale reddish brown, golden yellow at base, annulus absent, pruinose to glabrous, 25–60 mm long. Basidiospores elliptical, 0-septate, 8–11 × 3–4 μm, smooth, yellowish.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Nelson, Buller, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Rawlings (1951: as Boletus piperatus).
Significance: Recorded as a close associate of Pinus spp. and of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Rawlings 1951; Chu-Chou & Grace 1987).; Host(s): Pinus contorta, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata epigeous or subepigeous, subglobose to pyriform, ochraceous to bright greenish brown, up to 25 mm in diameter; peridium composed of a single white to cream pseudoparenchymatous layer. Gleba chocolate brown, compact; columella reduced to a few tenuous branches. Basidiospores elliptical, 0-septate, 10–15 × 8–10 μm, with 4–5 longitudinal ribs, golden brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Nelson, Gisborne, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, Marlborough Sounds, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Southland.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1983b: as Gauteria novaezelandiae).
Significance: Recorded as a close associate of Nothofagus spp. (Chu-Chou & Grace 1983b).; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. solandri, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, N. truncata.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata fully resupinate to semipileate with pilei which project up to 40 mm from the substrate, forming patches up to 100 mm long. Pileus surface tomentose, greyish white, indistinctly zoned, margin lighter. Pore surface purplish to dark violaceous, when old brown violaceous, smooth to slightly wrinkled, margin slightly fringed. Context 1–2 mm thick, in cross section a dark line separating the context from the pileus surface is clearly visible. Hyphal system monomitic. Cystidia sparse, fusoid or obtuse, some encrusted, 60–70 × 5–8 μm, hyaline. Basidiospores ellipsoidal to cylindrical, 5–8 × 2–4 μm, smooth, hyaline, non-amyloid.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, Kaikoura, Mid Canterbury, Southland, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Blackmore (1894: as ‘silver blight’).
Significance: A wound parasite well known as the causal agent of silver leaf disease in fruit trees, particularly species of Prunus. It is regarded as the major cause of tree loss in stone fruit orchards (Atkinson 1971). Of no major importance in plantation forestry, although it was found to be the most common fungus isolated from pruning wounds in Eucalyptus delegatensis, causing extensive rot of sapwood in infected trees (Gadgil & Bawden 1981).; Host(s): Acacia baileyana, Aesculus hippocastanum, Betula pendula, Ceanothus papillosus, Chamaecytisus palmensis, Corylus avellana, Cotoneaster sp., Crataegus monogyna, Cupressus macrocarpa, Cydonia oblonga, Cytisus scoparius, Eriobotrya japonica, Escallonia rubra var. macrantha, Eucalyptus botryoides, E. delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. ficifolia, E. macarthurii, E. nitens, E. pyrocarpa, E. regnans, E. saligna, E. viminalis, Euonymus japonicus, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Laburnum sp., Leucadendron sp., Lonicera tatarica, Lupinus arboreus, Malus angustifolia, M. ×domestica, Mespilus germanica, Nerium oleander, Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides, Pittosporum crassifolium, P. tenuifolium, Populus alba, P. ×canadensis, P. deltoides, P. ×generosa, P. ×gileadensis, P. maximowiczii, P. nigra, P. simonii, P. tremula, P. trichocarpa, P. yunnanensis, Protea sp., Prunus armeniaca, P. avium, P. cerasifera, P. ×domestica, P. dulcis, P. lusitanica, P. persica, P. persica var. nucipersica, P. salicina, P. serrulata, Pyrus communis, P. pyrifolia, Rhododendron sp., Ribes nigrum, R. uva-crispa var. sativum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Rosa sp., Rubus idaeus, Salix alba var. vitellina, S. babylonica, S. chilensis, S. fragilis, S. matsudana, Sorbus aucuparia, Syringa vulgaris, Ulex europaeus, Weigela florida.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Uredinia scattered in groups or solitary, circular or irregular, orange yellow, 0.2–0.5 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of leaves, in discoloured spots which are also visible on the upper surfaces. Urediniospores in chains, elliptical or subglobose, 18–26 × 15–21 μm, delicately verruculose.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1926).
Notes: From a detailed study of the Chrysomyxa ledi complex in North America and Europe, Crane (2001) concluded that Chrysomyxa rhododendri should be reinstated as a separate species, not a variety of Chrysomyxa ledi.
Significance: The rust has limited distribution and causes little damage.; Host(s): Rhododendron sp.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum crusty, black; on upper surfaces of leaves. Mycelium composed of olive brown, repent, curved, moniliform hyphae, 3 μm wide, bearing numerous stout, more or less cylindrical synnemata of closely compacted hyphae. Synnemata terminate in a funnel-shaped apex, which bears a mucilaginous head of conidia. Conidia cylindrical to narrowly clavate, straight or slightly curved, mainly 3-septate, 12–24 × 3–4.5 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Hughes (1981b).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Leptospermum scoparium.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata apothecial, scattered, intraepidermal, angularly 3- to 5-sided, up to 1 mm in diameter, black, opening by several radial splits; on discrete, creamy brown to yellow brown areas up to 10 mm across, on both sides of necrotic or fallen leaves. Asci cylindric to subclavate, 95–120 × 5–7 μm. Ascospores filiform, 0-septate, 50–75 × 1.5–2 μm, hyaline. Conidiomata scattered among the ascomata, pycnidial, submerged, depressed globose, black, 0.1–0.13 mm in diameter, with an ostiole located beneath a stoma. Conidia short cylindrical, 0-septate, 4–6 × 1 μm, ends obtuse.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Taranaki, Taupo, Gisborne, Nelson, Buller, Westland.; 1st Record: Johnston (1986).
Significance: None. Found on attached leaves of Eucalyptus spp.; fallen leaves of other species. The fungus appears to be a secondary invader of necrotic tissue.; Host(s): Aristotelia sp., Eucalyptus fastigata, E. fraxinoides, E. nitens, E. regnans, Metrosideros fulgens, M. robusta, M. umbellata, Nestegis lanceolata, N. montana, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, aggregated, subcuticular, conical in vertical section, dark brown, 0.15 mm in diameter; on large (3–15 × 3–4 mm), necrotic, straw coloured leaf spots with dark purple margins on the upper surfaces of leaves and on asymptomatic needles of conifers. Conidia cylindrical with rounded ends, 0-septate, 18–28 × 2–4 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wellington, Wairarapa, Buller, Westland.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000b).
Significance: Although able to invade living plant tissue, this fungus causes little damage.; Host(s): Cupressus lusitanica, Pinus radiata, Pseudopanax crassifolius.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata aggregated, subcuticular, becoming superficial, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, 0.05 mm high, globose, dark brown; on brown leaf spots. Asci ovate, 35–46 × 9–13 μm. Ascospores oblong-elliptic, 1-septate, 10–13 × 5–6 μm, smooth, light brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Bain (2003).
Significance: Considered overseas to be an important pathogen of proteas grown for the cut-flower trade (Taylor et al. 2001). Its significance here is not known.; Host(s): Protea cynaroides, P. neriifolia.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: This forma specialis is morphologically identical to Colletotrichum acutatum but differs in its pathogenicity (see below under SIGNIFICANCE).
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Gisborne, Nelson.; 1st Record: Gilmour (1965b: as Gloeosporium sp.).
Significance: Dingley & Gilmour (1972) found that isolates from lesions on seedlings of Pinus spp., identified according to morphological criteria as Colletotrichum acutatum, were pathogenic to Lupinus arboreus, L. angustifolius, Lathyrus odoratus, Pinus spp., and Vicia sativa. Isolates from the two Lupinus species growing with young P. radiata plants in the field infected P. radiata seedlings. Isolates from L. arboreus growing on sand dunes were not pathogenic to P. radiata, although they infected other legumes. Isolates from Lathyrus odoratus were pathogenic to legumes but not to pines. Isolates from ripe fruit rots were not pathogenic to either pines or legumes. Isolates from all sources caused ripe fruit rot. The forma specialis causes a serious disease known as ‘terminal crook’ in Pinus radiata seedlings. The disease is most common in young (<1 year old) seedlings but older seedlings are occasionally infected. There is no record of the disease developing in seedlings that have been planted out on a forest site. The fungus survives on plant debris in the nursery beds and conidia are dispersed by water splash. Conidia landing on terminal needles of young seedlings germinate and hyphae quickly penetrate the stem, usually killing immature tissue on one side only. Uninjured tissue continues to grow and the terminal shoot curves over, assuming the typical shepherd’s crook shape. Infected needles die and although apical growth slows down, diameter growth appears to be stimulated since the stem becomes thicker and stiffer than normal. Affected seedlings remain in a dormant state until one of the lateral buds on the upper stem develops and grows into a dominant leader. This recovery may occur in the same growing season if the initial infection is very early and there is no reinfection. Under warm, humid conditions the disease can spread very rapidly. Infected seedlings are usually not plantable, resulting in serious economic loss to the nursery.; Host(s): Lupinus angustifolius, L. arboreus, Pinus contorta, P. elliottii, P. muricata, P. nigra subsp. nigra, P. nigra subsp. laricio, P. pinaster, P. ponderosa, P. radiata.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, aggregated, often confluent; setae, where present, 25–64 × 2–3 μm, brown; on ripe fruit, flowers, and young stems. Conidia cylindrical to fusiform, 0-septate, 10–15 × 3–4 μm, smooth, hyaline; conidial masses salmon pink. Appressoria globose.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo.; 1st Record: Dingley & Gilmour (1972).
Notes: Identifications based on morphological characters may require molecular re-evaluation. See also Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (p. 128).
Significance: Described as a primary parasite causing a ripe fruit rot and as a saprobe on moribund plant tissue (Dingley & Gilmour 1972). A morphologically indistinguishable forma specialis of this species (Colletotrichum acutatum f.sp. pineum) is pathogenic to pines.; Host(s): Actinidia chinensis, A. deliciosa, A. polygama, Annona cherimola, Cypho-mandra betacea, Feijoa sellowiana, Jasminum mesnyi, Lupinus arboreus, Persea americana, Vaccinium corymbosum.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, often confluent, light or dark coloured, setae present or absent; on lesions on stems, leaves, and fruit. Conidia cylindrical to ellipsoidal, straight, 0-septate, 12–21 × 3–6 μm, apex rounded, base rounded or truncate, smooth, hyaline, conidial masses reddish to pink; appressoria irregular in shape.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wairarapa, Wellington, Nelson, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Kirk (1906) as Glomerella rufomaculans.
Notes: This species is heterogeneous and its characteristics vary greatly, especially in culture (Sutton 1992). Identifications based on morphological characters may require molecular reevaluation. See also Colletotrichum acutatum (p. 126) and C. lupini (below).
Significance: A very common pathogen of fruit trees causing tip dieback, leaf spots and fruit rots (Atkinson 1971).; Host(s): Acmena smithii, Actinidia chinensis, A. deliciosa, Beilschmiedia tarairi, B. tawa, Boronia sp., Carica pubescens, Citrus aurantiifolia, C. limon, C. reticulata, C. sinensis, Coprosma grandifolia, C. lucida, Cordyline australis × banksii, Cydonia oblonga, Cyphomandra betacea, Dysoxylum spectabile, Feijoa sellowiana, Ficus carica, Gomphocarpus fruticosus, Jasminum mesnyi, Juglans regia, Macropiper excelsum, Malus ×domestica, Passiflora edulis, P. mollissima, Persea americana, Prunus cerasifera, P. persica, Pyrus communis, Rhododendron sp., Syringa vulgaris, Tecomanthe speciosa, Vaccinium corymbosum, Vitis vinifera.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, often confluent; setae absent; on lesions on stems, leaves, petioles and pods. Conidia cylindrical, straight; apex rounded, base often truncate; 0-septate, 14–17 x 3–4 μm, smooth, hyaline; conidial masses pink, abundant; appressoria irregular in shape.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Taranaki, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wairarapa, Wellington, Nelson, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Williams (1993).
Notes: The fungus causing blight or anthracnose of lupins has been previously identified in New Zealand as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, based on morphological characters (Dick 1994). However, molecular analyses (Lardner et al. 1999; Guerber et al. 2003) demonstrated that it belongs within C. acutatum sensu lato. Nirenberg et al. (2002) identified the worldwide lupin anthracnose clade as a separate species, C. lupini.
Significance: This fungus is of major significance to forestry as the cause of lupin blight. The fungus infects lupin plants of all ages and all above-ground parts are susceptible to infection. Infected leaves and petioles wither and much of the foliage is cast. Lenticular lesions develop on branches and stems, particularly at branch axils, and branches often break at the site of infection. Formation of cankers at ground level, leading to death of the whole plant, is common. The fungus also infects developing seed pods which become necrotic. In warm and wet weather, pink conidial masses develop on the pods and on lesions. Until the late 1980s, Lupinus arboreus was a successful secondary coloniser of coastal sand dunes, and was an important component of the planting succession used to establish Pinus radiata forests on mobile sand. It provided shelter for the young trees and its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen increased the nitrogen status of the ecosystem, thus enhancing tree growth and productivity (Mead & Gadgil 1978). Lupin blight was first noticed in 1988 in Woodhill Forest (Auckland). A survey in early 1989 showed that the disease was present in coastal areas throughout the country, from Spirits Bay in the far north to Masons Bay, Stewart Island. Mortality was estimated to be 90–95% in the North Island and the northern half of the South Island and 60–65% in other parts of the South Island (Dick 1994). Loss of most of the lupins from fixed sand dunes means a substantial reduction in the availability of nitrogen to primary stabilising plants and to the forest crop. There is a risk of reversion to drifting sand and reduction in the productivity of sand dune forests unless fertiliser is applied or other nitrogen-fixing plants able to take the place of L. arboreus in the ecosystem are found (Gadgil et al. 1999). The origin of Colletotrichum lupini is not known. The only other records of Colletotrichum on Lupinus spp. from New Zealand are those of C. acutatum and C. acutatum f.sp. pineum on L. arboreus and C. acutatum f.sp. pineum on L. angustifolius. These fungi are morphologically quite distinct from the lupin blight pathogen. The sudden appearance of the fungus suggests that it was a recent introduction.; Host(s): Lupinus angustifolius, L. arboreus, L. cosentinii, L. pubescens.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, solitary, subcuticular, partly erumpent, dark brown, opening by an irregular fissure, 0.1–0.15 mm in diameter; on both surfaces of leaves, not associated with necrotic spots. Conidia cylindrical-clavate, 1-septate, with the basal cell much shorter than the apical cell, 35–40 × 5–9 μm, pale brown; apical appendage single, 15–20μm long; lateral appendages 2–3, inserted just below the septum, 15–20 μm long.
Distribution: Taupo.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: This species has been reported from Australia on Eucalyptus sp. (Hansford 1956) and on E. pauciflora (Swart 1987). There appears to be no apparent host reaction to infection by the fungus.; Host(s): Kunzea ericoides.
Type: Xylophilous Fungi; Description: Known only from cultures of isolates from stained sapwood associated with bark beetle tunnels. The following description is from cultures on 2% malt extract agar. Ascomata perithecial, gregarious, superficial, globose, black, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, ostiolate. Asci cylindrical, 55–75 × 5–8 μm. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 0-septate, 5–8 × 4–6 μm, smooth, dark brown. Conidiophores pale brown; conidiogenous cells ampulliform to cylindrical, often with a prominent collarette. Conidia ovoid, 0-septate, 2–4 × 1–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Hutchison & Reid (1988b).
Significance: Causes brownish to black staining of wood.; Host(s): Pinus radiata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, gregarious, subglobose to elliptical, sub-stomatal, dark brown to black, 50 μm in diameter, with a black cirrus of conidia exuding from the mouth of the conidioma; on both sides of leaves, not associated with necrotic spots or discoloration. Conidia ovate, 0-septate, 10–14 × 5–6 μm, with finely roughened walls, apex rounded, base truncate, olivaceous brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Ridley (1995).
Significance: Crous et al. (1989) reported that in South Africa, C. ovatum was associated with necrotic lesions on juvenile leaves. Swart (1986a) noted that the conidiomata were on necrotic leaf spots, 1 mm in diameter. No lesions or spots are associated with C. ovatum in the New Zealand material and the fungus appears to cause no damage here.; Host(s): Eucalyptus leucoxylon.
Type: Xylophilous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered, superficial, globose with a neck 20–40 μm long, dark brown to black, 0.1 mm in diameter, perithecial necks dark brown to black but much lighter at the apex, ostiolar hyphae up to 15 μm long, convergent, pale brown to hyaline; in bark beetle galleries in inner bark or outer sapwood and as hyphae in sapwood. Asci evanescent. Ascospores fusiform, 0-septate, 20–33 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline, emerging from the ostiole in long cirri. Conidiophores pale brown, up to 70 m long; conidiogenous cells tapering towards the apex, 18–40 em long. Conidia produced endogenously, cylindrical, 0-septate, 4–8 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline, with a truncate base, produced in chains.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Taupo.; 1st Record: Hutchison & Reid (1988a: as Ceratocystiopsis falcata).
Significance: None. Does not cause staining of wood.; Host(s): Larix kaempferi, Pinus radiata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, scattered or in linear series, frequently confluent, forming stromatic cushions up to 4 × 1 mm, erumpent, conical to short-cylindrical to barrel-shaped, sometimes slightly constricted in the middle, often with a prominent beak, sides roughened and marked by several parallel, longitudinal ridges, black, carbonaceous, dehiscing by a slightly roughened slit that traverses the apex but does not extend down the sides; on yellow to pink oval leaf spots up to 4 mm long, mainly along the midribs and margins of the lower surfaces of leaves and on twigs and fruits. Asci clavate to ovate, long stipitate, evanescent. Ascospores globose, 0-septate, 9–13 μm in diameter, tuberculate, brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, Marlborough Sounds, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Cooke (1879).
Significance: Although the leaf spots and the prominent black, coral-like ascomata present a striking appearance, the fungus generally causes little damage. Heavy infections on buds may inhibit flushing in young seedlings and cause infected fruit to wither and die (Anonymous 1982).; Host(s): Podocarpus acutifolius, P. hallii, P. hallii × nivalis, P. nivalis, P. totara.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, scattered, subepidermal, becoming erumpent through the bark, elongate oval, dark brown, 0.6–0.8 mm long; on bark on twigs. Conidia broadly fusiform, straight, 2–5-septate, 24–35 × 12–15 μm, smooth, light brown, apical cell paler than the rest, base truncate, often with a part of the conidiogenous cell attached.
Distribution: Wellington.; 1st Record: Ridley (2001b).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Betula pendula.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in clusters, globose, scarlet fading to a pinkish red, usually warty, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, ostiole surrounded by a darker zone, papillate, superficial, on an erumpent stroma 0.5–1 mm in diameter; on bark on stems. Asci clavate to cylindrical, 80–100 × 8–12 μm, 4–8-spored. Ascospores oval to elliptical, 1-septate, 12–22 × 5–8 μm, smooth, hyaline. Macroconidia subcylindrical, falcate, 3–5-septate, 27–80 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline, apical cell markedly tapering, foot cell elongated. Microconidia none.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Taupo, Taranaki, Wellington, Fiordland, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Cooke (1879: as Nectria zealandica).
Significance: None. Probably saprobic.; Host(s): Carmichaelia arborea, Hoheria lyallii, H. populnea, Myrsine divaricata, Plagianthus regius, Podocarpus hallii.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in groups of 5–50, deeply immersed and irregularly arranged in one to three layers in a pustulate, erumpent, yellowish orange to yellowish brown stroma, 1–5 mm in diameter, globose with long necks, the necks projecting 0.2–1 mm above the surface of the stroma, black, 0.2–0.5 mm in diameter, ostiolate; on roots. Asci oblong, 40–50 × 7 μm. Ascospores subelliptical, 1-septate, 7–11 × 3–5 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidia oblong to cylindrical, 0-septate, 3–7 × 1–3 m, smooth, hyaline, but pale yellowish in mass.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Fiordland.; 1st Record: Gilmour (1966a: as Endothia tropicalis).
Significance: Common on root cankers of Elaeocarpus spp. but of no significance (Dingley 1969).; Host(s): Elaeocarpus dentatus, E. hookerianus.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in groups of 5–25, deeply immersed and irregularly arranged in one to three layers in a pulvinate, erumpent, pale yellowish to yellowish orange stroma, 0.5–2 mm in diameter, depressed globose with 200–700 μm long necks, the necks projecting 0.2–0.3 mm above the surface of the stroma, black, 0.2–0.4 mm in diameter, ostiolate; on roots. Asci clavate, 25–40 × 4–7 μm. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 5–10 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidia allantoid, 0-septate, 3–6 × 1–1.5 μm, smooth, hyaline, exuded in pale yellowish tendrils.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: McKenzie et al. (1999).
Significance: None. Recorded on dead and living roots and regarded as a saprobe (McKenzie et al. 1999).; Host(s): Metrosideros excelsa, M. perforata, M. robusta.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered or in small groups, immersed, globose, black, 0.3–0.5 mm in diameter, ostiolar beaks emerging through splits in the host bark, beaks sometimes fusing together to form a small disc. Asci clavate, 50–70 × 12–15 am. Ascospores fusiform, 1-septate, 15–20 × 5–7 m, hyaline.
Distribution: Mackenzie.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: Found associated with dieback of young willow shoots in one locality only.; Host(s): Salix fragilis.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, scattered, discrete, originating under the bark but later erumpent, up to 1 mm but generally 0.2–0.5 mm in diameter; on dead and dying branches. Conidia ellipsoid, straight or slightly curved, 0-septate, 32–48 × 10–15 μm, apex rounded, base truncate, tapering abruptly, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2001).
Significance: Although this fungus has been isolated from a variety of hosts with symptoms of twig and branch dieback in most regions of New Zealand, pathogenicity has not been established.; Host(s): Acer davidii, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Eucalyptus regnans, Ilex sp., Nothofagus antarctica, N. fusca, N. solandri var. solandri, Podocarpus hallii.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, solitary, globose, subepidermal, pale brown, opening by rupture of overlying host tissue which appears as a flap hinged on one side, 0.15–0.5 mm in diameter; on large (up to 10 mm in diameter), discrete, light brown leaf spots on both sides of leaves. Conidia ellipsoid, 0-septate, 15–17 × 7–8 μm, apex rounded, base abruptly tapering to a truncate scar, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Rangitikei, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Buller, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000b).
Significance: Pathogenicity of this fungus to Eucalyptus grandis and to E. tereticornis has been established (Sankaran et al. 1995). Although it is widespread in New Zealand and associated with premature leaf cast in many areas, the species of eucalypts affected are not important plantation species.; Host(s): Eucalyptus calophylla, E. ficifolia.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, separate but occasionally confluent, erumpent, salmon pink, 2–4 × 0.2–0.5 mm; on dead and dying branches, very conspicuous on fresh material but fading to buff when dry. Conidia ellipsoid, 0-septate, 24–30 × 6–9 μm, apex rounded, base truncate, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Wellington, Nelson, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Atkinson (1940: as Myxosporium hoheriae).
Significance: The fungus is a wound pathogen and is associated with extensive branch dieback of its hosts.; Host(s): Hoheria populnea, H. sexstylosa, Lagunaria patersonii, Plagianthus regius.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Uredinia scattered, pale brown, minute; on lower surfaces of leaves, on small red or purplish spots which appear dark reddish on the upper surface. Urediniospores globose, ellipsoid to fusiform, 23–27 × 17–23 μm, finely echinulate, amber. Telia found on the same spots as uredinia; occasionally seen on the upper surfaces of leaves. Teliospores ellipsoid, constricted at the septum, 27–40 × 20–25 m, finely verrucose, amber.
Distribution: Waikato, Taranaki, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury.; 1st Record: Anonymous (1971).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Mahonia aquifolium, M. fortunei, M. lomariifolia, M. pumila.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata apothecial, scattered, subepidermal, somewhat rectangular in appearance when partially open, elliptical when fully open, waxy, reddish-brown when young, later becoming concolorous with the needle surface, 0.1–0.65 (mostly 0.3–0.35) × 0.2–0.25 mm; as they develop, emerging through the needle epidermis, which is torn but remains hinged; swelling when mature and moist, pushing back the hinged epidermis to expose a slightly convex, straw-coloured hymenial layer; rarely found on needles before they are shed but developing rapidly on fallen needles. Asci subcylindrical, 90–110 × 8–10 μm. Ascospores filiform, 0–2-septate, 65–85 × 2–3 μm, hyaline. Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, immersed, globose to subglobose, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter. Conidia bacilliform, 0-septate, 6–10 × 1 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: (* = districts with a high incidence) *Northland, *Auckland, Coromandel, *Waikato, *Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, *Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, *Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, *Westland, Fiordland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Central Otago, *Dunedin, *Southland.; 1st Record: Gilmour (1959: as Naemacyclus niveus).
Significance: Cyclaneusma minus has been experimentally shown to be able to infect Pinus radiata plants older than 3 years of age over temperatures ranging from 10º to 25ºC (Gadgil 1984). In susceptible trees, infection by the fungus leads to disease, which is characterised by premature casting of 1-year-old or older needles, mainly in spring but also, to a lesser degree, in autumn. Cast needles are usually a mottled yellow brown in colour. Ascomata of C. minus are rarely seen on needles still attached to the tree but are very common on fallen needles. Ascomata production occurs throughout the year but the greatest number of ascomata per unit area is produced during autumn and winter (May–August). Ascospores are forcibly ejected from the ascomata after about 2 hours of rainfall and are wind-dispersed. Airborne ascospores can be trapped throughout the year but are most numerous during autumn and winter months. Current season’s needles are resistant to infection by ascospores until they are 8–9 months old. They become infected in autumn–early winter (May–June), begin to develop yellow brown mottling by July and are usually cast in early spring, when about one year old. At least two morphologically distinct types of C. minus have been found in the New Zealand population but whether these morph-ological differences reflect differences in pathogenicity is unknown (Dick et al. 2001). Aerial surveys of forests throughout New Zealand have shown that the severity of needle-cast was highest in 11–20-year-old stands and lowest in 1–5-year-old and over 25-year-old stands (Bulman 1988). In all districts, microsites, particularly those at high altitudes, had a high incidence of the disease. Trees vary in susceptibility and even in districts where conditions are favourable to infection less than 60% of the trees in a stand usually show symptoms. Trials carried out to explore the relationship between disease severity (expressed as a percentage of the green crown showing symptoms of the disease) and growth have shown that an average disease severity of 60% over six years resulted in a 50% loss in diameter increment (Bulman & van der Pas 2001). Projections of stand growth to age 30 for various proportions of diseased trees predicted a reduction in volume 10–14 m3/ha for each 10% increase in the proportion of diseased trees. For the country as a whole, growth loss of 6.6% per annum for the P. radiata estate aged between 6 and 20 years was predicted. The corresponding financial loss was estimated to be of the order of $51 million per year (Bulman 2001a). Fungicide screening trials have shown that fortnightly applications of dodine or injection with carbendazim were able to control the disease. Two aerial applications of carbendazim a month apart gave no control but monthly aerial applications of dodine for 6 months gave good control. The cost of such measures is not economically justifiable (Hood & Bulman 2001). Silvicultural trials have indicated that stocking density and pruning have no effect on disease incidence or severity. Trials carried out to test the effect of applying different thinning ratios at different crop ages showed that, using susceptibility to the needle-cast as a main criterion for tree selection, a delayed first thinning at age 7 or 8, followed by a second thinning at age 10 succeeded in achieving an almost disease-free final crop stand (Bulman 2001b). Cyclaneusma needle-cast is a disease of complex aetiology and the interactions between host genotype, host nutrition and the variable fungal population are not fully understood. Much work on these aspects remains to be done.; Host(s): Pinus attenuata, P. ×attenuradiata, P. brutia, P. contorta, P. densiflora, P. jeffreyi, P. monticola, P. mugo subsp. mugo, P. mugo subsp. uncinata, P. muricata, P. patula, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, P. strobus, P. sylvestris, P. yunnanensis, Pinus sp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata apothecial, scattered, subepidermal, somewhat rectangular in appearance when partially open, elliptical when fully open, reddish brown when young, becoming concolorous with the needle surface, 0.3–1.0 × 0.15–0.4 mm; as they develop, pushing through the epidermis, which is torn but remains hinged; swelling when mature and moist, pushing back the hinged epidermis to expose the slightly convex, straw-coloured hymenial layer; rarely found on needles attached to the tree but develop when the needles are cast. Asci subcylindrical, 110–130 × 12–15 μm. Ascospores filiform, 0–2-septate, 75–120 × 3–4 μm, hyaline. Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, immersed, globose to subglobose, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter. Conidia sickle-shaped, 0-septate, 9–22 × 1–1.5 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Gadgil (1985b).
Significance: No pathogenicity studies on this species have been carried out but its behaviour is likely to be similar to that of the closely related C. minus. This species is distinguished from C. minus by its larger ascomata and ascospores and sickle-shaped (rather than bacilliform) conidia.; Host(s): Pinus coulteri, P. halepensis, P. nigra subsp. nigra, P. nigra subsp. laricio, P. pinaster.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual or biennial, solitary or in groups, leathery, attached by a lateral base. Pilei applanate, conchate or fan-shaped, 10–80 mm wide, 1–2 mm thick. Pileus surface tomentose, becoming glabrous, silky, shining, concentrically sulcate, dark brown, black when old, occasionally with concentric bands of different shades of brown, margin concolorous or darker, crenate. Pore surface even, with a sterile border 1–2 mm wide, cinnamon brown to dark brown, pores small, 8–9 per mm. Context cinnamon brown to dark brown, up to 1 mm thick. Hyphal system monomitic. Setae subulate, 16–32 × 4–6 μm, chestnut brown. Basidiospores elliptical, 2–3 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Berkeley (1855: as Polyporus tabacinus).
Significance: Of little importance. Causes a yellow-pipe heart rot and sap rot in damaged indigenous trees.; Host(s): Agathis australis, Beilschmiedia tawa, Fuchsia excorticata, Kunzea ericoides, Leptospermum scoparium, Metrosideros excelsa, M. robusta, Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. truncata, Pittosporum tenuifolium, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with woolly aerial mycelium, first white, later ochraceous. Chlamydospores few, globose, catenate, 10–14 μm in diameter. Conidio-phores penicillately branched, primary branches 12–15 × 2–5 μm, secondary branches 8–12 × 2–3 μm; phialides doliiform to reniform, 10–13 × 2–4 μm, producing a sterile, 1-septate appendage, 95–125 μm long, terminating in an irregularly lanceolate vesicle, 30–60 μm long. Conidia cylindrical, 0–1-septate, 12–15 × 2–3 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Boesewinkel (1981b: as Cylindrocladium novaezelandiae).
Significance: None. Isolated only once from the roots of Rhododendron indicum.; Host(s): Rhododendron indicum.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar pale brown with white margins and several radially arranged darker fibres. Chlamydospores abundant, catenate. Conidiophores penicil-lately branched, primary branches 13–24 × 3–4 μm, secondary branches 10–20 × 2–3 μm; phialides doliiform, 9–17 × 3–4 μm, producing a sterile, 1-septate appendage, 55–85 μm long, terminating in a clavate to spathulate vesicle, 25–35 μm long. Conidia cylindrical, 0–1-septate, 13–19 × 2–3 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Wellington.; 1st Record: Boesewinkel (1974: as Cylindrocladium parvum).
Significance: None. Generally regarded as a saprobe (Crous & Wingfield 1993).; Host(s): Macadamia integrifolia, Telopea speciosissima, Vitis vinifera.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar yellowish brown, with abundant, large microsclerotia. Conidiophores penicillately branched, ultimate branches bearing 1–4 elongate doliiform phialides, 12–22 × 4–5 μm, producing a sterile, septate, straight or flexuous, 150–300 μm long appendage that terminates in a clavate to narrowly ellipsoidal vesicle 4–6 μm in diameter. Conidia cylindrical, 1–3-septate, 70–100 × 5–6 μm, smooth, hyaline, held in parallel cylindrical clusters by a colourless slime.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Taranaki, Wellington, Gisborne.; 1st Record: Boesewinkel (1974).
Significance: The cause of root and crown rot. Although the host range is wide, the disease is only of minor importance.; Host(s): Actinidia deliciosa, Castanea sativa, Diospyros kaki, Ficus elastica, Idesia polycarpa, Liquidambar styraciflua, Malus ×domestica, Pinus nigra subsp. nigra, P. radiata, Rhododendron indicum, Salix sp., Vaccinium corymbosum.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar amber brown with a pale outer margin, and extensive formation of microsclerotial bodies. Conidiophores penicillately branched, ultimate branches bearing 2–4 doliiform to reniform phialides, 12–20 × 3–4 μm; producing a sterile, septate, straight to flexuous extension, 120–180 μm long, terminating in a navicular vesicle, 4–8 μm in diameter. Conidia cylindrical, 1-septate, 55–65 × 4–5 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato.; 1st Record: Crous et al. (2002).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Buxus sempervirens.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar reddish brown, radially striate, becoming granular from the abundant sclerotial bodies. Conidiophores penicillately branched, ultimate branches bearing 2–4 doliiform to oval phialides, 7–12 × 3–4 μm, producing a sterile, 2–4-septate appendage, terminating in a clavate or ellipsoidal vesicle, 19–38 μm long. Conidia cylindrical, 0–1-septate, 50–58 × 4–6 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Nelson, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Bassett (1961).
Significance: Recorded by Bassett (1961) as causing serious damping-off in several forest nurseries. The fungus may attack the succulent stem or first leaves as well as below ground plant parts. This occurs under conditions of high humidity following heavy rain or over-watering and the fungus may spread rapidly between seedlings (Dick & Vanner 1986). Boesewinkel (1986) confirmed the pathogenicity of C. scoparium to Acacia longifolia and Feijoa sellowiana in inoculation tests and reported it as the cause of root-rot in many tree hosts.; Host(s): Abies procera, Acacia longifolia, A. mearnsii, A. melanoxylon, A. verticillata, Beaufortia sparsa, Callistemon citrinus, Coprosma sp., Cordyline australis, Cryptomeria japonica, Erica sp., Eucalyptus erythrocorys, E. fraxinoides, E. muelleriana, E. saligna, Feijoa sellowiana, Larix decidua, Macadamia integrifolia, Metrosideros excelsa, Penstemon hartwegii, Persea americana, Pinus nigra subsp. laricio, P. radiata, Platycladus orientalis, Prunus avium, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rhododendron indicum, Telopea speciosissima, Thuja occidentalis, T. plicata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, scattered, subcuticular, yellowish, 0.1–0.2 mm wide; on small (1–2 mm), roughly circular, brown leaf spots on the lower surfaces of leaves. Conidia cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, 0–1-septate, 20–40 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Gilmour (1966a).
Significance: Infrequently found in late summer. Of no significance.; Host(s): Betula pendula.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, multi-loculate, scattered, immersed just below the epidermis, finally erumpent through cracks in the bark, exposing dark grey stroma, conic to truncate conic, 0.5–1.5 mm in diameter, ostiole prominent; on twigs and branches. Conidia allantoid, 0-septate, 3–6 × 1 μm, smooth, hyaline; exuded in long golden yellow to orange cirri.
Distribution: Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Nelson, Central Otago.; 1st Record: Birch (1937).
Significance: A wound pathogen of minor significance causing canker and dieback in stools and cuttings.; Host(s): Populus ×canadensis, P. nigra, Salix fragilis, Salix sp.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, uni- or multi-loculate, scattered, immersed, forming raised pustules in vertical rows just below the epidermis, finally erumpent through longitudinal cracks in the bark, subglobose, black, 0.2–0.8 mm in diameter, ostiole papillate; on branches. Conidia sausage-shaped, 0-septate, 3–4 × 1 μm, smooth, hyaline; exuded in pale yellowish slimy globules.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Hawkes Bay.; 1st Record: Dick (1998).
Significance: Associated with dieback and cankering of branches. Lesions are generally superficial and the fungus is regarded as a weak pathogen causing little damage (Dick 1998).; Host(s): Eucalyptus grandis, E. nitens.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, multi-loculate, subepidermal, be-coming erumpent and exposing a white disc; on lower surfaces of leaves. Conidia sausage-shaped, 0-septate, 6 × 1 μm, smooth, hyaline, exuded in pale yellow tendrils.
Distribution: Auckland Islands.; 1st Record: Rabenhorst (1878: as Cytispora metrosideri).
Significance: None. This fungus appears to have been recorded only once (McKenzie et al. 1999).; Host(s): Metrosideros sp.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata a hollow sphere, with the outer surface composed of a honeycomb of small, angular, cup-shaped ascigerous cavities, fawn to bright yellow, up to 2 cm in diameter; borne on woody, perennial galls; branch galls roughly spherical, rarely more than twice the diameter of the host branch, usually occupying about two-thirds of its circumference; stem galls usually in the form of encircling bands; gall surface under the bark contorted and projected into sharp spines. Asci cylindrical, 155 × 14 m. Ascospores subglobose, 12 × 9 m, dark coloured, black in mass.
Distribution: Taupo, Gisborne, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, North Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Lloyd (1916).
Significance: Galls are most often found on heavily-branched trees growing either on the borders of clearings or in open stands. Girdling galls may lead to death of the distal part.; Host(s): Nothofagus menziesii.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata a hollow sphere, with the outer surface composed of a honeycomb of small, angular, cup-shaped ascigerous cavities, black or black and gold, up to 2 cm in diameter; borne on woody, perennial galls; galls roughly spherical, usually considerably more than twice the diameter of the host branch or stem; on larger trees, galls 1 m in diameter or more are common; gall surface under the bark with bluntly rounded projections and a few very short spines. Asci cylindrical, 140 × 15 m. Ascospores subglobose, 10 × 9 m, dark, black in mass.
Distribution: Taupo, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Southland.; 1st Record: Rawlings (1956).
Significance: Galls are most often found on heavily-branched trees growing either on the borders of clearings or in open stands. Girdling galls may lead to death of the distal part.; Host(s): Nothofagus menziesii.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata a hollow sphere, somewhat flattened, with the outer surface composed of a honeycomb of small, angular, cup-shaped ascigerous cavities, dirty white, up to 1.5 cm in diameter; borne on woody, perennial galls; branch and stem galls long and spindle-shaped, sometimes several feet long; gall surface under the bark with pimple-like projections. Asci cylindrical, 160 × 14 m. Ascospores subglobose, 10 × 8 m, dark, black in mass.
Distribution: Buller, Westland, South Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Southland.; 1st Record: Rawlings (1956).
Significance: Galls cause twisting of branches, which become swollen and brittle; many branches die and others are damaged by wind breakage. In large trees, the crown becomes thin and the branches distorted.; Host(s): Nothofagus menziesii.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata hypogeous, globose to subglobose, white at first, becoming lemon yellow when mature, 10–20 mm in diameter; peridium composed of a single layer, white or cream in section. Gleba ochraceous, becoming cinnamon brown, with irregularly shaped empty cells; columella reduced to a small sterile base. Basidiospores broadly elliptical to citriform, 0-septate, 17–23 × 10–17 μm (including the utricle), golden brown to dark brown, verruculose; utricle conspicuous, not covering the apex.
Distribution: Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taupo.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1981b: as Hymenogaster albus).
Significance: Isolated from and shown experimentally to be an ectomycorrhizal associate of Eucalyptus species (Chu-Chou & Grace 1981b). The fungus has been found only in plantations. NEW ZEALAND RECORD OF PLANT ASSOCIATION: Chu-Chou & Grace (1981b: as Hymenogaster albus).; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. nitens, E. regnans, E. saligna, E. sieberi, Nothofagus menziesii.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata embedded in a stroma, perithecial, aggregated in groups of up to 50, globose, black, 0.1–0.5 mm in diameter, with sinuous necks 470–900 m long. Stroma erumpent, with a black surface showing the protruding perithecial necks; on leaves, twigs and fruit. Asci clavate, 29–40 × 5–7 5m. Ascospores fusoid to ellipsoid, 1-septate, 9–10 × 3 3m, smooth, hyaline. Conidiomata pycnidial, black, 0.2–1 mm in diameter. Conidia of two types: α conidia ovate, 0-septate, 6–7 × 2–3 2m, smooth, hyaline; β conidia filiform, hooked, 0-septate, 20 × 2 2m, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Nelson.; 1st Record: Sommer & Beraha (1975: reported in USA on fruit imported from New Zealand).
Significance: One of several Phomopsis spp. causing rot in ripe fruit of Actinidia deliciosa (Hawthorne et al. 1982).; Host(s): Actinidia deliciosa, Malus ×domestica.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, solitary or in small groups, embedded in bark within a wide-spreading black stromatic area, raising the bark into small pimples through which the black perithecial ostioles emerge, globose or depressed globose, black, 0.2–0.5 mm in diameter, with necks 200–800 m in length; on twigs. Asci clavate, 40–60 × 5–9 5m. Ascospores narrowly fusiform, 1-septate, 9–15 × 3–4 3m, smooth, hyaline. Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, at first immersed in bark, later erumpent, 1–2 mm in diameter. Conidia of two types: α conidia fusoid, 0-septate, 5–11 × 1–4 1m, smooth, hyaline; β conidia filiform, straight or hooked, 0-septate, 23–33 × 0.5–2 0m, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Kidd (1929: as Diaporthe perniciosa).
Significance: A cosmopolitan species with a wide host range, generally regarded as a saprobe. The form found on fruit trees is often considered to be a distinct species, Diaporthe perniciosa Marchal & É.J.Marchal. It is of no economic importance (Atkinson 1971).; Host(s): Actinidia chinensis, A. deliciosa, Diospyros kaki, Juglans regia, Malus ×domestica, Passiflora edulis, Pinus radiata, Prunus sp., Pyrus communis, Rhododendron sp., Rosa sp., Syringa sp., Ulex europaeus.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata embedded in a single layer in a stroma, perithecial, in groups, black, 0.2–0.4 mm in diameter, with long necks. Stroma cushion-like, irregularly rounded, erumpent, up to 3 mm in diameter, with a wrinkled, blackish brown outer crust, dotted with slightly protruding perithecial ostioles, flesh whitish; on twigs and branches. Asci clavate, with long, slender stalks, 40–50 × 5–6 5m. Ascospores allantoid, 0-septate, 5–8 × 1–2 1m, smooth, hyaline to slightly brownish.
Distribution: Waikato, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Dingley (1976).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Salix fragilis.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in groups of up to 10, crowded together, embedded, oval, 0.25 mm in diameter, ostiole non-papillate. Stroma oval, flattened, thin, erumpent, 0.5–1 × 1–2 mm, with a finely wrinkled outer crust, brownish black; on stems. Asci clavate, with long, slender stalks, 70–80 × 6–8 6m. Ascospores allantoid, 0-septate, 8–13 × 2–3 µm, smooth, pale olivaceous.
Distribution: Wellington, South Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Dingley (1976).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Ripogonum scandens.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in large groups, embedded, black, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter. Stroma wide-spreading, crustose, erumpent, often cracked, about 1 mm thick, with a smooth, blackish brown surface dotted with innumerable, slightly protruding perithecial ostioles; on twigs and branches. Asci clavate, with long stalks, 35–40 × 5–6 5m. Ascospores allantoid, 0-septate, 6–12 × 2 2m, smooth, very pale brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Taupo, Gisborne, Wairarapa, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Dingley (1976).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Crataegus monogyna, Leptospermum scoparium, Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. solandri, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, N. truncata, Prunus armeniaca.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata scattered, subepidermal, exposed by the shedding of a disc of the covering epidermis, roughly circular, olive brown, up to 1 mm in diameter; chiefly on the upper surfaces of leaves, old ascomata may fall out entirely, leaving an empty pit in the leaf. Asci clavate, 2-spored, 100 × 20 μm. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, with the septum near the upper end, 22–25 × 15–16 μm, brown with finely pitted walls.
Distribution: Taupo.; 1st Record: Birch (1937: as Keithia thujina).
Significance: None. Recorded only once.; Host(s): Thuja plicata.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, scattered, immersed, subglobose, black, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, ostioles erumpent; on grey areas on canes. Asci clavate-cylindrical, 70 × 13 1m. Ascospores subclavate, 1-septate, 12–18 × 5–6 5m, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Wellington, Nelson, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Brien & Dingley (1951).
Significance: The cause of ‘spur blight’ of raspberry.; Host(s): Rubus idaeus.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, scattered, oblong-oval, sub-epidermal, partly erumpent, brown to black, opening by an irregular fissure, 0.15–0.45 mm in diameter; on leaf spots which are necrotic, roughly circular, straw coloured, with irregular dark brown margins. Conidia fusiform, straight or slightly curved, 4-septate, 25–35 × 4–6 μm, basal and apical cells hyaline, median cells pale brown; basal appendage excentric, branched close to the point of origin, 10 4m long; apical appendage branched close to the point of origin, 10–12 μm long.
Distribution: Auckland, Wellington, Hawkes Bay.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: The fungus appears to cause little damage.; Host(s): Callistemon sp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, scattered to gregarious, subepidermal becoming partly erumpent, oval to rounded, dark brown to black, 0.1–0.3 mm wide, opening by an irregular rupture of the host tissue; on both sides of leaves. Conidia needle-shaped, 4-septate, 44–73 × 3–4 μm, apical and basal cells subhyaline in the basal part, hyaline above, intermediate cells subhyaline; apical cell abruptly attenuated at the apex into a single, tubular appendage, 2–9 μm long; basal cell with an excentric, tubular, flexuous appendage, 5–11 μm long.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Westland.; 1st Record: Bagnall & Sheridan (1972: as Seimatosporium leptospermi).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Leptospermum scoparium.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, scattered, subepidermal, partially erumpent later, roughly circular, dark brown, up to 0.1 mm in diameter; on black, thickened, angular leaf spots up to 2 mm in diameter, coincident on both surfaces of leaves. Asci cylindrical, 50–65 × 10–12 μm. Ascospores fusoid, 1-septate, 20–25 × 4–5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Kaikoura, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Berkeley (1855: as Dothidea colensoi); Sydow & Sydow (1904: as Dothidella melicyti).
Significance: The fungus appears to cause premature yellowing of leaves but is of little significance.; Host(s): Melicytus ramiflorus.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, gregarious or more or less arranged in lines, immersed, becoming erumpent, globose, black, up to 0.25 mm in diameter, ostiole conical; on dead branches. Conidia oblong oval, 1-septate, 20–24 × 7–9 μm, blackish brown.
Distribution: Waikato, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Crataegus monogyna.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered or in groups of 2–3, immersed to partly erumpent, depressed globose to broadly elliptical, very dark brown to black, 0.3–0.6 mm long; on yellowing portions of leaves. Conidia obovate, 0-septate, 14–17 × 6–8 μm, smooth, hyaline to very pale green becoming smoky grey.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Ridley (1994).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Taxus baccata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, scattered, numerous, at first immersed but soon becoming erumpent, subglobose, shining black, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter; on irregular, ash grey to greenish brown leaf spots with a broad purplish brown border on lower surfaces of leaves. Conidia ellipsoid to fusiform, 1-septate, 9–14 × 2–4 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Dingley (1969).
Significance: None. Known only from a single collection.; Host(s): Rhododendron sp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, globose to depressed globose, densely scattered, pale brown, at first immersed, later partly erumpent, ostiolate, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter; on necrotic, reddish brown areas on both sides of leaves. Conidia ovoid, 0-septate, 16–20 × 6–8 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Nelson.; 1st Record: Murray (1926a: as Macrophoma salicis).
Significance: Has caused severe defoliation of individual trees in Nelson (Murray 1926a). Of little general significance.; Host(s): Salix fragilis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, very variable in size and shape, in small groups, subepidermal, becoming erumpent, black, 0.1–1.2 × 0.05–0.5 mm; on clearly-defined transverse reddish bands on needles. Conidia filiform, straight or slightly curved with rounded ends, 1–5-(usually 3-) septate, 14–39 (commonly 20–28) × 2–3 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Recorded from all regions except Kaikoura and Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Gilmour (1966b).
Notes: Dothistroma septosporum has priority over D. pini because of the earlier publication of the basionym Cytosporina septospora Doroguine. However, the type of C. septospora has been lost and was unavailable when Morelet made the re-combination in Dothistroma. Doroguine’s (1911) description and illustrations are inadequate for reliable identification, casting doubt on the contention that Cytosporina septospora is conspecific with Dothistroma pini. New Zealand collections closely match the type of D. pini.
Significance: Dothistroma needle blight is one of the most serious diseases of Pinus radiata in New Zealand. The major effect of the disease is a reduction in volume increment. This is directly proportional to the degree of crown infection. Van der Pas (1981) found that for an average disease level of 10%, the loss in volume was 9.7%; for a 20% disease level, it was 19.4% and for a 50% disease level, 48.5%. Because of the potential magnitude of growth loss, copper fungicides, which effectively control the disease, have been applied aerially since 1967. Although the disease is kept at a low level by the chemical treatment, growth loss still occurs since tree stands are not sprayed until the infection level reaches 20–25%. New (1989) estimated that the total cost of the disease to the forest industry (including chemical control costs) was $6.1 million per year (1988 dollars). More recent (2003) estimates of the annual cost approach $30 million (L.S.Bulman, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, pers. comm.). Infection process: Conidia produced on the exposed stroma in a mucilaginous matrix are released when the needle surface becomes wet. They are dispersed by water splash, the dispersal distance normally being quite short. Infection in a stand is usually only from neighbour to neighbour and natural transport of conidia over long distances is infrequent. Infected needles attached to the tree are the principal source of inoculum; when needles drop to the forest floor, the stromata are soon overgrown by saprobes and conidial production stops within 2 months (Gadgil 1970). Under favourable conditions (temperature 18 –20–C; needle surface moist), most conidia landing on the surfaces of needles of susceptible hosts germinate within 3 days, the germ tubes continuing to grow on the needle surface and a very few (about 0.1%) forming appressoria over stomatal openings. An infection peg develops between the guard cells and a swollen vesicle forms just below the guard cells (Gadgil 1968). Further hyphal growth occurs in the mesophyll tissues if the needle surface is wet. Lateral spread of hyphae is limited to a few millimetres from the point of infection but a much greater length of the needle is killed through direct and indirect action of a toxic compound, dothistromin (Bassett et al. 1970) produced by the fungus (see below for more details of the effects of dothistromin). Factors governing infection: Three major interacting factors control the infection of a susceptible host by D. pini: temperature, duration of needle wetness, and the number of viable spores landing on the needle surface. Although infection is also dependent on light intensity (Gadgil & Holden 1976), light conditions in the field rarely limit the infection process. Under experimental conditions, production of visible stromata was observed under the four different day/night regimes tested (24 /16/, 20,/12/, 16,/8/ and 12 /4/C) when foliage was kept wet for 8 h or longer after inoculation with a conidial suspension. The optimum temperature regime for infection was 20e/12/C and the severity of infection was greater where the foliage was kept continually moist (Gadgil 1974b). Study of the effect of moisture at 20m/12/C in more detail showed that infection progressed only as far as the formation of a substomatal vesicle when the leaf surface was not kept wet. When the foliage was kept continuously moist, stromata were first observed 19 days after inoculation. The length of a period of dryness after inoculation influenced stromatal development; stromata appeared after 5 days of continuous wetting following a dryness period of 30 days, but took 10 days to develop if continuous wetting followed a dryness period of 60 days (Gadgil 1977). A study by Gilmour (1981) demonstrated the relationship between the effects of temperature, needle wetness and inoculum density on infection in a stand of young Pinus radiata. In 1969–70, when infection levels (and therefore inoculum levels) were low, threshold values for infection were 12eC and a needle wetness period of 20 h. In 1970–71, when the level of infection was noticeably greater, threshold values were 7CC and 10 h. The period between initial infection and the appearance of stromata varied from 6 weeks in December to 15 weeks in May. Progress of the disease: The usual progress of the disease in tree stands of central North Island is as follows: Very little or no infection occurs between May and August because of low temperatures. Many infected needles are shed and soon cease to be a source of inoculum. In September, few infected needles are left in the tree crowns and although new infections occur as temperatures rise, their number is not large. At daily mean temperatures around 12aC, a development period of about 12 weeks elapses before stromata begin to appear on newly infected needles in late November or early December. Conidia produced on these stromata provide the inoculum for the first major infection. Temperatures in early summer are near-optimal for infection and if the weather is wet (as it usually is), there will be a large increase in disease level. Stromata produced from November/December infections appear in February and a second cycle of infection may occur. The main infection period thus extends from late November to the end of February in central North Island; in warmer parts of New Zealand (e.g., Northland) it begins earlier (late October to early November) and in cooler parts (e.g., Southland) it is a little later (December). Chemical control: The main aim of the chemical control programme is to reduce the amount of inoculum available at the beginning of the main infection period by killing as many conidia as possible. Timing of the first (and often the only) treatment is crucial to the success of the spray programme (Gilmour & Noorderhaven 1971). Copper oxychloride, the fungicide usually employed, is very effective; germination of conidia obtained from stromata on needles was 74% before, and 1% after a routine aerial spray application (P.D.Gadgil & L.S.Bulman, unpublished data). Routine aerial spraying to control the disease in Pinus radiata stands has been common practice in New Zealand since 1966. Stands in susceptible age classes (<16 yr) are surveyed from the air in mid-winter, the average percentage of visible crown symptoms being assessed by experienced observers (see van der Pas et al. (1984) for an evaluation of assessment methods used). Tree stands are generally divided into three categories: (i) less than 20% of the crown infected: no spray needed; (ii) 20–40% crown infection: one application in early summer (usually late November–early December); (iii) more than 40% crown infection: two applications, one in early summer and one in late summer (usually mid-February). Details of assessment methods and spray application have been described by Bulman et al. (2004). Genetic diversity: Molecular studies of New Zealand isolates of D. pini showed no evidence of genetic diversity, suggesting that they are derived from a single introduction of one strain of the fungus into the country (Hirst et al. 2000). Dothistromin: Although there is no direct evidence for the involvement of dothistromin in pathogenesis, typical symptoms of the disease were produced when purified dothistromin was injected into needles (Shain & Franich 1981). Plant defence responses to dothistromin-induced damage have been characterised (Franich et al. 1986). The amount of dothistromin produced by different isolates varies, even within New Zealand where only one strain of the fungus exists. Strains from Germany and from central USA have been shown to produce far greater amounts of the toxin than those from New Zealand (Bradshaw et al. 2000). Dothistromin is a difuroanthraquinone having the same tetrahydro-2-hydroxy-bisfuran moiety as that of aflatoxin B1 produced by Aspergillus flavus (Gallagher & Hodges 1972). This particular structural feature of aflatoxin B1 is considered to be responsible for its hepatotoxicity and potential human carcinogenicity. Elliott et al. (1989) explored the possibility that dothistromin may be carcinogenic and thus pose a risk to forest workers. The amounts of dothistromin found in the forest environment (a maximum of 7 ng/ml in ponds and streams and lower concentrations in air and run-off from trees) were considerably lower than the minimum dose of aflatoxin (50 ng/kg body weight/day) needed to produce cancer in animals. They concluded that dothi-stromin was not a human health risk.; Host(s): Very slightly susceptible: Pinus ayacahuite, P. coulteri, P. devoniana, P. montezumae, P. patula, P. pseudostrobus, P. sabineana, P. serotina, P. strobus, P. sylvestris, P. taeda, P. torreyana. Slightly susceptible: Larix decidua, Picea sitchensis, Pinus contorta, P. elliottii, P. hartwegii, P. monticola, P. nigra subsp. nigra, Pseudotsuga menziesii. Moderately susceptible: Pinus canariensis, P. lambertiana, P. pinaster. Highly susceptible, but exhibiting a high degree of resistance with age: Pinus muricata, P. radiata. Highly susceptible at all ages: Pinus jeffreyi, P. nigra subsp. laricio, P. ponderosa. Very highly susceptible: Pinus attenuata, P. ×attenuradiata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, one to three per lesion, intraepidermal, pale brown, opening by rupture of the overlying host tissue; on circular to elongate 1–2 mm diameter spots which are pale brown with a red brown margin, on both sides of leaves. Conidia short cylindrical, 0-septate, 6–8.5 × 2–2.5 μm, hyaline, ends obtuse.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wellington, Hawkes Bay.; 1st Record: Dick (1990).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Sporocarps globose to subglobose at first, lobed and convoluted when mature, white at first, becoming buff to orange brown, 5–20 mm in diameter; often found growing around small sticks or needles in the litter which become embedded in the sporocarp; peridium thin, often evanescent. Gleba white at first, becoming salmon pink to orange brown. Zygospores globose to ellipsoid, 0-septate, 50–120 × 40–100 μm, deep yellow to orange, enveloped in a spirally-wound hyphal mantle; mantle 5–20 μm thick, usually composed of a single layer of hyphae encircling each spore, lateral walls of adjacent hyphae coalescing to form flame-shaped projections.
Distribution: Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Gisborne, Nelson, Buller, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1979).
Significance: Shown experimentally to be an ectomycorrhizal partner of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Chu-Chou & Grace 1979) and of Pinus radiata (Chu-Chou & Grace 1984). Mycorrhizae formed by this fungus have no mantle but the Hartig net is well developed. Improvement of rates of early growth in P. radiata seedlings did not persist to the end of the first growing season (Chu-Chou & Grace 1984).; Host(s): Pinus radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Sporocarps irregularly globose, pale yellow, verruculose, up to 10 mm in diameter; peridium absent. Gleba composed of globose to subglobose zygospore clusters, each cluster enveloped in a mantle of tightly bound hyphae, 300–600 μm in diameter. Zygospores globose to ellipsoid, 0-septate, 25–60 × 25–45 μm, clustered together or separated by hyaline hyphae, individual spores not enclosed in a hyphal mantle.
Distribution: Taupo.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1983b).
Significance: Putatively mycorrhizal (Gerdemann & Trappe 1974).; Host(s): Nothofagus solandri var. solandri.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered, abundant, at first subepidermal and globose, later erumpent and vase-shaped, yellowish brown, 0.2 mm in diameter and up to 0.4 mm high, with numerous cylindrical to clavate chestnut brown 40–60 μm long setae on the upper portions; on distinct, elongate, yellow brown leaf spots about 10 mm broad on the lower surfaces of leaves. Asci clavate, 85–110 × 18–21 μm. Asco-spores oblong-fusoid, 0-septate, 23–28 × 6–8 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: North Canterbury.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Dracophyllum traversii.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, scattered to gregarious, often confluent, subcuticular, partly erumpent later and rupturing the cuticle, oval to circular, brown to dark brown to black, 0.1–0.7 mm in diameter; on roughly circular, brown to purple leaf spots up to 5 mm in diameter but often coalescing and forming large patches on both surfaces of leaves; also found on spots on shoots and fruit. Conidia cruciform, made up of four cells; basal cell globose to short cylindrical, 6–12 × 4–7 μm; apical cell globose, 7–15 × 7–9 μm; lateral cells globose to subcylindrical, 3–7 × 3–5 μm; apical and each lateral cell with a single, tubular, flexuous appendage 3–18 μm long; all cells smooth, hyaline to subhyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Wanganui, Nelson, Buller, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Kirk (1894: as Entomosporium maculatum).
Significance: The cause of a disease known as ‘Fabraea scald’ from Fabraea maculata, an earlier name for the teleomorph. It causes considerable loss of Cydonia oblonga (quince) fruit (Atkinson 1971).; Host(s): Crataegus monogyna, Cydonia oblonga, Eriobotrya japonica, Mespilus germanica, Photinia glabra, Pyrus communis, P. pyrifolia, Rhaphiolepis ×delacourii; R. indica.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, thin, white, hyphae 4–5 μm wide; on leaves, twigs, and inflorescences. Appressoria multi-lobed. Ascomata cleistothecial, densely gregarious, superficial, depressed globose, brown, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, with numerous 200–800 μm long, rarely branched, hyaline appendages. Asci 6–22 per ascoma, saccate to oblong oval, 60–85 × 25–35 μm. Ascospores 8 per ascus, ellipsoid, 0-septate, 18–20 × 9–12 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiophores 94–130 × 7–9 μm, foot cell flexuous. Conidia produced singly, cylindrical-ovoid, 0-septate, 25–50 × 13–17 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Weinmannia racemosa, *W. sylvicola.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium well developed, superficial, moderately dense to dense, white, hyphae 4–8 μm wide; on leaves and twigs. Appressoria nipple-shaped, smooth or slightly wrinkled, rarely lobed. Ascomata (found in New Zealand only on Aster) cleistothecial, scattered or gregarious, superficial, globose, dark brown, 0.85–0.16 mm in diameter, with numerous, rarely branched, basally inserted appendages 0.5–4 times as long as the cleistothecial diameter, hyaline at first, later becoming pale to deep brown throughout or in the basal half. Asci 6–25 per ascoma, oval to subglobose, stalked, 50–80 × 25–45 μm. Ascospores 2–3 per ascus, oval, 0-septate, 15 × 25 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiophores 75–200 × 9–15 μm, foot cell straight or with curved basal part. Conidia produced in long chains, cylindrical at first, becoming barrel-shaped as they mature, 0-septate, 25–42 × 14–22 μm, length/width ratio ≈ 2, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Wanganui, Wellington, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Brien & Dingley (1955).
Notes: This species has previously been confused with the polyphagous species Erysiphe orontii (p. 220); the name E. cichoracearum is now restricted to the pathogen of asteraceous hosts.
Significance: Of no significance, except on herbaceous Asteraceae.; Host(s): Brachyglottis repanda, Olearia rani.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, thin to dense, white, hyphae 4–5 μm wide; on leaves, twigs, and inflorescences. Appressoria strongly lobed. Ascomata cleistothecial, scattered to gregarious, superficial, globose to oval, dark brown, 0.1 mm in diameter, with numerous 100–300 μm long, unbranched, straight or flexuous, hyaline appendages. Asci 8–18 per ascoma, clavate, short stalked, 40–90 × 25–40 μm. Ascospores 6–8 per ascus, oval, 0-septate, 16–20 × 9–10 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiophores 75–110 × 8–13 μm, foot cell straight or swollen. Conidia produced singly, cylindrical, 35–45 × 16–19 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Wairarapa, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Berkeley (1855).
Significance: None.; Host(s): *Aristotelia fruticosa, *A. serrata.
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Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Nelson, Westland, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Salmon (1900).
Notes: This polyphagous species has previously been confused with Erysiphe cichoracearum (p. 219).
Significance: Recorded in nursery seedlings of species of Eucalyptus (Boesewinkel 1981, as Erysiphe cichoracearum). Since fungi causing powdery mildews are difficult to distinguish in the field, significance of E. orontii as a pathogen of eucalypts is discussed under Sphaerotheca aphanis, the most common powdery mildew of eucalypts.; Host(s): Carica ×heilbornii nm. pentagona, C. papaya, C. pubescens, Cyphomandra betacea, C. fragrans, Eucalyptus crebra, E. leucoxylon, E. moluccana, Hibiscus mutabilis, Penstemon hartwegii, Rosmarinus officinalis, Solanum aviculare, S. laciniatum.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, thin or dense, white, hyphae 5–8 μm wide; on leaves, flowers, and pods. Appressoria moderately lobed. Ascomata not known in New Zealand. Conidiophores 60–110 × 7–10 μm, foot cell tapering towards the apex. Conidia produced singly, elliptic-cylindrical, 40–50 × 15–20 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Hawkes Bay, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Boesewinkel (1977a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Hebe speciosa, Lupinus angustifolius, L. argenteus, L. polyphyllus.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, thin to dense, white, hyphae 3–6 μm wide; on leaves, twigs, and inflorescences. Appressoria multi-lobed. Ascomata cleistothecial, scattered, superficial, globose, golden brown becoming dark brown, 0.1–0.15 mm in diameter, with sparse or numerous 25–100 μm long, straight to much twisted, rarely branched, hyaline appendages. Asci 4–17 per ascoma, saccate to oblong oval, 60–80 × 28–36 μm. Ascospores 8 per ascus, oblong elliptical, 0-septate, 28–40 × 10–12 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiophores 50–100 × 7–9 μm, foot cell straight. Conidia produced singly, oblong cylindrical, 0-septate, 28–40 × 13–18 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Nelson.; 1st Record: Murray (1926b: as Erysiphe carpophila var. rubicola).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Rubus australis, *R. cissoides, *R. squarrosus.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, brown to dark brown to black; on bark of trunks or on twigs and leaves; very variable, forming an open and sparse network of hyphae on leaves and a loose spongy mass on trunks. Mycelium composed of repent and erect hyphae; repent hyphae golden brown to brown, septate, finely to coarsely warted, 9–16 μm wide; erect hyphae dark brown to black, very coarsely warted, 10–16 μm wide and up to 25 μm long. Ascomata stromatic, scattered or aggregated in groups, partly immersed, brown to dark brown, subglobose, 0.25–0.35 mm in diameter, ostiolate, bearing laterally numerous simple, septate, brown to dark brown, coarsely warted, flexuous hyphal appendages, up to 500 μm long. Asci broadly ellipsoidal, 90–125 × 35–50 μm. Ascospores straight, ellipsoidal, 6–7-septate, 48–74 × 16–20 μm, smooth, pale brown to brown. Antennatula synanamorph. Conidia fusiform, variable in length and septation, 8–19-septate (mostly 11–13-septate), 80–125 × 14–21 μm, golden brown to brown. Hormisciomyces synanamorph. Conidia minute, 0-septate, hyaline, aggregated in slimy heads.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1974a).
Significance: One of the most variable sooty moulds. Common on leaves, twigs, and trunks of a large number of hosts. On trunks (particularly of Nothofagus spp.) it may be one of a mixture of sooty moulds growing together to form compact, spongy or shaggy masses.; Host(s): Alseuosmia macrophylla, Aristotelia serrata, Asplenium bulbiferum, Astelia nervosa, Beilschmiedia tawa, Coprosma spathulata, C. tenuifolia, Cyathodes juniperina, Dicksonia fibrosa, Elaeocarpus dentatus, Grammitis billardierei, Halocarpus biformis, Hymenophyllum demissum, Ixerba brexioides, Knightia excelsa, Laurelia novae-zelandiae, Leptospermum scoparium, Leucopogon colensoi, Luzuriaga parviflora, Lygodium articulatum, Metrosideros fulgens, Myrsine salicina, Neomyrtus pendunc-ulata, Nestegis sp., Nothofagus fusca, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, Phyllocladus alpinus, Phymatosorus diversifolius, P. scandens, Pittosporum sp., Podocarpus totara, Prumnopitys ferruginea, P. taxifolia, Pseudopanax arboreus, P. crassifolius, Pseudo-wintera colorata, Rubus australis, Salix fragilis, Sticherus cunninghamii, Vitex lucens, Weinmannia racemosa, W. sylvicola.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, loosely or densely plumose, up to 80 mm wide, spongy, dull dark brown to black but sometimes glistening; on branches and twigs, often enveloping the branch or twig which supports it, less frequently on leaves. Mycelium composed of olivaceous brown to dark brown, septate, finely to coarsely warted, straight or curved, 12–18 μm wide hyphae. Ascomata stromatic, scattered or in groups, basally immersed, dark brown to black, subglobose, 0.34–0.45 mm in diameter, ostiolate, bearing laterally simple, septate, dark brown, cylindrical hyphal appendages. Asci broadly ellipsoidal, 100–125 × 40–55 μm. Ascospores more or less ellipsoidal, straight, 5–9-septate, 40–70 × 14–18 μm, smooth, olivaceous brown to dark brown. Antennatula synanamorph. Conidia fusiform to subcylindrical, straight to strongly curved, 7–15-septate (mostly 9–11-septate), 80–125 × 11–15 μm, smooth, olivaceous brown to dark brown. Hormisciomyces synanamorph. Conidia subglobose to obovoid, 0-septate, 2.5 × 2.0 μm, hyaline, produced in slime within the whorl of phialides.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Taupo, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Mackenzie, Auckland Islands.; 1st Record: Hughes (1974a).
Significance: A very common sooty mould on a large number of hosts.; Host(s): Ackama rosifolia, Alseuosmia macrophylla, Aristotelia fruticosa, A. serrata, Beilschmiedia tawa, Brachyglottis repanda, Carpodetus serratus, Chamaecytisus palmensis, Coprosma foetidissima, C. rhamnoides, Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, Dracophyllum subulatum, Griselinia littoralis, Hebe stricta var. stricta, Knightia excelsa, Kunzea ericoides, Laurelia novaezelandiae, Leptospermum scoparium, Leucopogon fasciculatus, Melicope simplex, Myrsine australis, Neomyrtus pedunculata, Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, Olearia paniculata, Pennantia corymbosa, Phyllocladus trichomanoides, Phymatosorus diversifolius, Pittosporum colensoi, Prumnopitys ferruginea, Pseudopanax sp., Pseudowintera colorata, Quintinia serrata, Ripogonum scandens, Weinmannia racemosa, W. sylvicola.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, plumose, lumpy, up to 25 mm thick, black; on bark of trunks, branches or twigs. Mycelium composed of brown to dark brown, septate, smooth, straight or curved hyphae, 18–24 μm wide. Ascomata stromatic, scattered, base immersed, dark brown to black, subglobose, 0.35–0.4 mm in diameter, ostiolate, bearing numerous simple, dark olive brown to brown, straight or bent, cylindrical hyphal appendages up to 600 μm long. Asci ellipsoidal to obclavate, 160–170 × 55–65 μm. Ascospores ellipsoidal, straight or slightly curved, 11–13-septate, 90–120 × 17–20 μm, smooth, brown. Antennatula synanamorph. Conidia fusiform, curved to almost sigmoid, septation variable, 8–35-septate (mostly 11–15-septate), 125–215 × 16–21 μm, smooth, dull olive green to dark olive brown to brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Taupo, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Mackenzie.; 1st Record: Hughes (1974a).
Significance: This fungus is often a component of lumpy subicula containing mixtures of up to five species commonly found on the trunks of Nothofagus spp.; Host(s): Carpodetus serratus, Coprosma foetidissima, Dacrydium cupressinum, Leptospermum scoparium, Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. cliffort-ioides, Phyllocladus alpinus, Pseudopanax sp.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, densely plumose, loose or compact, spongy, black; on or around branches and twigs; a continuous subiculum up to 40 mm wide may surround twigs to a length of 500 mm. Mycelium composed of brown to dark brown, septate, coarsely or finely warted, cylindrical, 14–18 μm wide hyphae. Ascomata stromatic, scattered or in groups, sometimes basally immersed, dark brown to black, subglobose, 0.3–0.5 mm in diameter, ostiolate, bearing laterally numerous simple, olive brown to brown, cylindrical to slightly tapering, straight hyphal appendages up to 400 μm long. Asci ellipsoidal to obclavate, 100–135 × 43–47 μm. Ascospores fasciculate, curved, 5–12-septate (mostly 7–9-septate), 36–100 × 12–20 μm, smooth, pale brown to brown. Antennatula synanamorph. Conidia straight or slightly curved, 5–9-septate, 54–100 × 12–18 μm, smooth to finely warted, dull olive green to dark olive brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Hawke’s Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1974a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Aristotelia serrata, Carpodetus serratus, Coprosma crassifolia, C. rhamnoides, Fuchsia excorticata, Hebe stricta var. stricta, H. stricta var. egmontiana, Hymeno-phyllum demissum, Kunzea ericoides, Laurelia novaezelandiae, Leptospermum scoparium, Leucopogon fasciculatus, Melicope simplex, Neomyrtus pedunculata, Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides, Olearia paniculata, Pittosporum colensoi, Pteridium esculentum, Salix fragilis, Sophora microphylla, Vitex lucens.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Hymenium on deformed flower buds and occasionally on flowering shoots; white, convoluted, powdery at maturity, forming a continuous layer over surface of deformed organ. Basidiospores cylindrical to subclavate, 16–22 × 5–9 μm, smooth, hyaline; germinating spores 3–4-septate. Conidia abundant, narrow fusiform, 9–11 × 2–3 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Brien & Dingley (1955).
Significance: Usually attacks the innermost petals of flower buds, causing hyper-trophy and deformation and often reducing the bud to a hollow, irregular mass. It is not common.; Host(s): Camellia japonica.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Hymenium on the underside of deformed leaves; white, forming a continuous layer. Basidiospores cylindrical, 20–27 × 5–8 μm, smooth, hyaline; germinating spores 0–1-septate. Conidia none.
Distribution: Fiordland.; 1st Record: McNabb (1962b).
Significance: None. Causes hypertrophy, accompanied by elongation and a red-violet colouration in leaves and sheathing leaf bases.; Host(s): Dracophyllum prostratum, D. uniflorum.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Hymenium on hypertrophied stems; white, scanty, forming a semi-continuous layer. Basidiospores cylindrical, 16–23 × 3–7 μm, smooth, hyaline; germinating spores 0-septate. Conidia none.
Distribution: Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: McNabb (1962b).
Significance: None. Known only from Cass, the type locality.; Host(s): Leucopogon fraseri.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Hymenium on the underside of deformed leaves, very occasionally extending to the upper surface; white, convoluted, powdery at maturity, forming a continuous layer. Basidiospores cylindrical to subclavate, 12–16 × 3–6 μm, smooth, hyaline; germinating spores 3–5-septate. Conidia none.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: McNabb (1962b).
Significance: Causes hypertrophy and deformation in young leaves, which become inrolled to form hollow structures. It is of no significance.; Host(s): Camellia sasanqua.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Hymenium on the underside of deformed leaves; white, forming a continuous layer. Basidiospores cylindrical, tapering towards the base, 11–18 × 2–4 μm, smooth, hyaline; germinating spores 1-septate. Conidia abundant, acicular, 5–11 × 1–2 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Taranaki, North Canterbury.; 1st Record: McNabb (1962b).
Significance: Causes hypertrophy in leaves of both hosts and also in shoots of Archeria traversii. It is of no significance.; Host(s): Archeria traversii, Leucopogon fasciculatus.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Hymenium on the underside of deformed leaves; white, forming a con-tinuous layer. Basidiospores cylindrical, 13–19 × 2–4 μm, smooth, hyaline; germ-inating spores 4-septate. Conidia none.
Distribution: Taupo, Fiordland.; 1st Record: McNabb (1962b).
Significance: Causes hypertrophy in leaves and shoots. It is of no significance.; Host(s): Pentachondra pumila.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Hymenium on galls on the upper surfaces of leaves; white, powdery at maturity, forming a continuous layer. Basidiospores cylindrical, slightly or moderately curved, 11–17 × 2–5 μm, smooth, hyaline; germinating spores 1-septate. Conidia abundant, acicular, 10–19 × 1–2 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Wanganui, Wellington, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Brien (1939).
Significance: Causes hypertrophy and distortion in young leaves. Distorted areas become enlarged and thickened, forming pale green galls which may cover all or part of the leaf. It is a common fungus and can be troublesome in nurseries.; Host(s): Rhododendron indicum.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, scattered, immersed, brown to pale brown, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, usually confined to the centre of spots on the lower leaf surfaces; on circular or irregular (0.3–1.5 cm in diameter), necrotic, pale brown to medium brown spots visible on both sides of leaves. Conidia elliptical to obovate, 0-septate, 5–8 × 3–4 μm, pale brown, finely verruculose, base obtuse to truncate.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Sutton (1971).
Significance: A weak pathogen, colonising tissue already invaded by a primary pathogen (Swart 1988).; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. globulus subsp. globulus.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata perennial, solitary, hard, leathery or woody, attached by a broad lateral base. Pilei applanate or ungulate, 30–200 mm wide, 10–100 mm thick. Pileus surface tomentose, becoming glabrous, strongly concentrically sulcate, often banded in different shades of brown or grey, becoming deep brown to umber with age. Pore surface slightly convex, with a narrow sterile border 2–3 mm wide, white, pores in many strata, small, 6–7 per mm. Context cream, often zoned, up to 15 mm thick; in cross-section, a thin orange line is visible immediately beneath the pileus surface. Hyphal system dimitic. Basidiospores elliptic-oblong, 4–6 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Colenso (1887: as Fomes (Laevi) hemitephrus).
Significance: Causes a white heart rot with orange zone lines. It is one of the commonest perennial bracket fungi in indigenous forests.; Host(s): Agathis australis, Beilschmiedia tarairi, B. tawa, Dacrydium cupressinum, Knightia excelsa, Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. solandri, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, N. truncata, Pseudopanax arboreus, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar carmine red to saffron, aerial mycelium white, floccose, reddish brown sporodochial stromata develop later. Chlamydospores intercalary, globose to oval, 10–12 × 15–20 μm, smooth. Microconidia none. Macroconidia broadly falcate, 3–7-septate, 30–65 × 3–5 μm.
Distribution: Auckland, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne.; 1st Record: Hampton (1980).
Significance: None. Recorded very occasionally from Pinus radiata plantations where it causes root rot (Dick & Dobbie 2002).; Host(s): Actinidia deliciosa, Pinus radiata.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar rose-red fringed with white, later becoming yellowish brown in the centre. Chlamydospores absent. Microconidia none. Macroconidia narrowly fusoid, curved, 4–7-septate, 40–80 × 3–4 μm, with an elongated apical cell and a well-developed foot cell.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Wratt (1956).
Significance: None. Associated with dieback in Pinus radiata plantations but pathogenicity has not been established (Dick & Dobbie 2002).; Host(s): Acacia melanoxylon, Actinidia deliciosa, Cortaderia turbaria, Cytisus scoparius, Passiflora edulis, Pinus contorta, P. radiata, Prunus persica, P. persica var. nucipersica, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Ulex europaeus.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with fluffy floccose aerial mycelium, becoming yellow. Chlamydospores generally intercalary, oval to globose, 10–14 × 9–12 μm, smooth or roughened. Microconidia none. Macroconidia slightly curved, 3–5-septate, 26–50 × 4–7 μm, with a pointed apical cell and a well-developed foot cell.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wellington, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, Southland.; 1st Record: Chamberlain (1935).
Significance: None in forestry. Recorded very occasionally from forest nurseries growing Cupressus macrocarpa.; Host(s): Cupressus macrocarpa, Prunus persica.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar at first white, with floccose aerial mycelium tinged with peach, later changing to deep olive buff. Chlamydospores intercalary, solitary or in chains, globose, 7–9 μm in diameter. Microconidia none. Macroconidia falcate, 4–7-septate, 22–60 × 3–6 μm, with a well-developed foot cell.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Gisborne, Wairarapa, Nelson, Westland, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Blair & Morrison (1949).
Significance: None. Associated with dieback in Pinus radiata plantations but pathogenicity has not been established (Dick & Dobbie 2002).; Host(s): Cortaderia jubata, C. toetoe, Phormium tenax, Pinus radiata.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with variable mycelial growth and pigmentation; those with floccose mycelium are blue-black, green, yellow, peach or near white; those with felty mycelium yellow, vinaceous to reddish brown; all cultures may form violet to blue-black stromata. Chlamydospores sparse, intercalary, globose to oval, 7–10 × 7 μm. Microconidia absent. Macroconidia straight or curved, 3–5-septate, 22–48 × 3–4 μm or falcate, 5–8-septate, 40–75 × 3–5 μm.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Waters (1917).
Significance: Regarded as a secondary pathogen of fruit trees (Dingley 1969). Recorded very occasionally from forest nurseries (Dick & Dobbie 2002).; Host(s): Acacia baileyana, Chamaecytisus palmensis, Citrus limon, C. reticulata, C. sinensis, C. ×tangelo, Cytisus scoparius, Lupinus arboreus, Malus ×domestica, Morus alba, Passiflora edulis, Phyllocladus toatoa, Pinus radiata, Prunus persica, Pyrus communis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix sp., Sophora microphylla, Ulmus ×hollandica, Vitex lucens, Wisteria floribunda.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on potato dextrose agar slow growing, some forming a slimy cream, apricot or orange mass without any visible mycelium, others consisting of a sparse, felted orange mycelium with a white fringe. Chlamydospores none. Microconidia none. Macroconidia fusoid, straight, 3–5-septate, 35–45 × 3–5 μm, smooth, hyaline with a notched foot cell.
Distribution: Northland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington.; 1st Record: Ridley (2001a).
Notes: Identification of this fungus has been based on cultural characters. Rossman et al. (1999) reported that the Fusarium anamorphs of two New Zealand species of Cosmospora (C. dingleyae Lowen and C. obscura Lowen) are characterised by cultures similar to those of F. merismoides. A comparison of New Zealand Forest Research Institute cultures with published descriptions of the two Cosmospora species indicates several apparent but not necessarily conclusive differences. The identi-fication of F. merismoides must therefore be held to be tentative.
Significance: Associated with dieback of twigs. Pathogenicity tests have shown that it is a weak wound pathogen of Podocarpus totara (Ridley 2001a).; Host(s): Acmena smithii, Corokia cotoneaster, Cotoneaster sp., Hoheria sp., Paulownia tomentosa, Podocarpus totara, Prumnopitys ferruginea, Sorbus aucuparia.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with white or peach aerial mycelium, usually tinged purple or violet, floccose, becoming felty. Chlamydospores abundant, terminal or intercalary, globose, 5–15 μm in diameter, smooth or roughened. Microconidia abundant, ellipsoidal to cylindrical, 0-septate, 5–12 × 2–4 μm. Macroconidia fusiform, moderately curved, 3–5-septate, 27–46 × 3–5 μm, pointed at both ends.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Kirk (1905).
Notes: Fusarium oxysporum has a large number of formae speciales or pathotypes, based on host specificity, which are morphologically indistinguishable. The host list below does not include hosts of these formae speciales.
Significance: Fusarium oxysporum is the most common species of Fusarium isolated from nursery soils (Dick & Dobbie 2002). It is associated with damping off and root rot of seedlings in coniferous nurseries.; Host(s): Pinus radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with dense, white vinaceous, floccose to felty aerial mycelium. Chlamydospores none. Microconidia fusiform to clavate, 0-septate, 5–12 × 1.5–2.5 μm, catenate. Macroconidia fusoid, 3–7-septate, 25–60 × 3–4 μm, with a sharply curved apical cell and a well-developed foot cell.
Distribution: Northland, Bay of Plenty, Hawkes Bay.; 1st Record: Laundon (1978a: as Gibberella fujikuroi).
Notes: There is considerable confusion about the synonymy of the New Zealand material described as Fusarium moniliforme. In the broad sense of Wollenweber & Reinking, this name covers not only Fusarium verticilloides but also F. proliferatum var. proliferatum and F. proliferatum var. minus. All these are without known teleomorphs and none are connected with Gibberella fujikuroi sensu stricto. In the absence of definitive work on the New Zealand material, the compromise solution is to record it as Fusarium proliferatum.
Significance: Occasionally recorded from forest nurseries (Dick & Dobbie 2002).; Host(s): Dracaena fragrans, Pinus radiata.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with white to greyish white aerial mycelium, floccose. Chlamydospores none. Microconidia oval to obclavate, 0-septate, 8–12 × 2–3 μm, hyaline. Macroconidia falcate, 3–5-septate, 32–53 × 3–5 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Wanganui, Hawkes Bay.; 1st Record: Neil & Brien (1935: as Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans).
Notes: Fusarium subglutinans has been placed in synonymy under earlier names and its application to New Zealand material is confused. According to Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982), the basionym Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans includes F. sacchari var. sacchari and F. sacchari var. subglutinans. In the absence of definitive work on the New Zealand material, the compromise solution is to record it as Fusarium sacchari.
Significance: None. Occasionally recorded from forest nurseries (Dick & Dobbie 2002). Molecular techniques have established that the New Zealand isolates do not belong to the morphologically indistinguishable forma specialis Fusarium subglutinans f.sp. pini Correll et al. (K.Dobbie, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, pers. comm.), which is the causal agent of pine pitch canker, a major disease of Pinus spp., especially P. radiata.; Host(s): Pinus radiata.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar rose coloured, with white aerial mycelium, tinged pink, floccose. Chlamydospores rare, terminal or intercalary, globose, 6–11 μm in diameter, solitary or catenate. Microconidia none. Macroconidia fusoid, curved, 3–5-septate, 30–55 × 4–5 μm, with a pointed apex and a well-developed foot cell.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Westland, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Blair & Morrison (1949).
Significance: Occasionally recorded from forest nurseries (Dick & Dobbie 2002).; Host(s): Buddleja sp., Clianthus puniceus, Cupressus lusitanica, Cytisus scoparius, Eucalyptus fastigata, E. nitens, Humulus lupulus, Passiflora edulis, Phoenix canariensis, Pinus radiata, Sequoia sempervirens, Ulex europaeus.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with striate greyish white aerial mycelium, floccose, dense. Chlamydospores globose to oval, 9–12 × 8–10 μm, smooth or roughened. Microconidia abundant, oval, 0-septate, 8–16 × 2–4 μm. Macroconidia fusoid, moderately curved, 3–5-septate, 28–65 × 4–6 μm, apex blunt, foot cell not well-developed.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, South Canterbury.; 1st Record: Dingley (1951: as Nectria haematococca).
Significance: Frequently recorded from forest nurseries (Dick & Dobbie 2002).; Host(s): Ficus macrophylla, Hedycarya arborea, Knightia excelsa, Melicytus ramiflorus, Meryta sinclairii, Pinus radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Ulmus sp.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata hypogeous or subepigeous, globose to subglobose, white to pale yellow, pinkish brown when bruised, up to 60 mm in diameter; rhizomorphs numerous, evanescent; peridium composed of two layers, pale brown in section. Gleba dark olive to olive brown; locules irregular or radially elongate, partially filled with basidiospores, collapsing to form cavities up to 20 mm across; columella branched. Basidiospores oblong, 0-septate, 6–9 × 3–4 μm, smooth, pale green.
Distribution: Taupo, Nelson, Buller, Fiordland, North Canterbury.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1983b: as Hysterangium sp. 4, pro parte).
Significance: Putatively mycorrhizal (Castellano & Beever 1994).; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. solandri, N. solandri var. cliffortioides.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata perennial, solitary, hard, woody, attached by a broad lateral base. Pilei applanate, occasionally effused-reflexed, 50–320 mm broad, 20–110 mm thick. Pileus surface strongly concentrically sulcate, sometimes irregular and warty when old, greyish brown, frequently pale grey brown to light brown with a dusting of spores, margin sharp to rounded, cream in actively growing specimens, 1–8 mm wide. Pore surface even or sometimes distinctly pitted, at times even and pitted in different parts of the same fruit body, sterile margin 1–3 mm wide, concolorous with pore surface, white to pale yellow to light pink, brown when tubes not actively growing, pores in obvious strata and often with a thin (approximately 1 mm) band of context tissue separating the strata, 4–5 per mm. Context azonate or weakly zonate, dark reddish brown, up to 40 mm thick. Hyphal system trimitic. Basidiospores ovoid, 9–11 × 6–8 μm, punctate, appearing verruculose, pale brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Central Otago, Dunedin, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Berkeley (1855: as Polyporus igniarius).
Significance: One of the commonest perennial bracket fungi in exotic and indigenous forests. Causes a white heart rot in indigenous trees and may attack the sapwood when the heartwood is completely rotted. In exotic conifers it is rarely associated with heart rot and has no economic significance.; Host(s): Acacia dealbata, A. melanoxylon, Agathis australis, Beilschmiedia tarairi, Fuchsia excorticata, Metrosideros robusta, Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. solandri, N. truncata, Pinus radiata, Populus spp., Prumnopitys ferruginea, Quercus robur, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata perennial, solitary, hard, woody, attached by a broad lateral base. Pilei applanate, 70–300 mm wide, 30–130 mm thick. Pileus surface concentrically sulcate, sometimes weakly radially ridged or warty, grey, frequently brown with a dusting of spores, margin rounded, cream, 2–7 mm wide. Pore surface even or slightly pitted, with a cream sterile margin 1–7 mm wide, white to light grey, sometimes with large areas tinted orange, pores indistinctly stratose, 3–5 per mm. Context weakly zonate, dark brown. Hyphal system trimitic. Basidiospores ovoid, 11–14 × 7–9 μm, punctate, appearing verruculose, pale brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Central Otago, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Berkeley (1855: as Polyporus australis).
Significance: A common white heart rot of no significance.; Host(s): Acacia dealbata, Agathis australis, Dacrydium cupressinum, Nothofagus menziesii, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, Prumnopitys taxifolia, Salix sp.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in clusters, globose to oval, black, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, ostiolate, immersed in a dark, erumpent, pulvinate stroma 5–10 mm long; on cankers on living branches. Asci clavate, 84–120 × 16–20 1m. Ascospores oval to broadly elliptical, 1–3-septate, 24–33 × 8–11 8m, smooth, hyaline or light brown. Macroconidia cylindrical, 1–5-septate, 32–80 × 5–8 5m, smooth, hyaline, with sharply-curved ends. Microconidia oval, 0-septate, 2–4 × 1–2 1m, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Nelson.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924: as Botryosphaeria macrolopha).
Significance: The presence of this fungus on cankers on living branches suggests that it is pathogenic.; Host(s): Coprosma foetidissima, C. grandifolia, C. robusta, C. tenuifolia.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata perennial, effused, forming irregular patches 60–100 × 30–40 mm. Pore surface white or pallid cream, even, later deeply creviced, margin abruptly thinning out, concolorous. Context white, up to 600 μm thick. Hyphal system dimitic. Metuloids abundant, gloeocystidia present. Cystidia encrusted, 30–45 × 7–10 μm, hyaline. Basidiospores subglobose to ellipsoid, 6–9 × 6–7 μm, echinulate, amyloid.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Wairarapa, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1955).
Significance: Causes root rot and stem canker that results in group mortality over restricted areas. It is often already established in small areas of indigenous scrub vegetation (mainly Leptospermum scoparium) present before exotic trees are planted. Infection of planted trees occurs when a root or part of the stem comes in contact with infected roots or twigs of the scrub plants. Leptospermum scoparium, Pteridium esculentum, and Rubus fruticosus often act in this way as transmission agents. As the disease progresses a girdling canker develops at the root collar or on the stem, and copious resin bleeding occurs. Infected trees die slowly over a period of 3–4 years and roughly circular patches of dead vegetation are a distinctive feature of the disease. In most parts of New Zealand, incidence of the disease is low and losses are insignificant. In three Northland forests and one forest in Marlborough where the fungus is widespread, 10–20% mortality was reported within 10 years of establishment (Dick 1983).; Host(s): Parasitic attack: Brachyglottis repanda, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Coprosma grandifolia, Cupressus macrocarpa, Cytisus scoparius, Dendrobenthamia capitata, Eucalyptus botryoides, E. ovata, E. saligna, Hakea sericea, Hebe sp., Leptospermum scoparium, Macropiper excelsum, Pinus caribaea, P. contorta, P. elliottii, P. muricata, P. nigra subsp. laricio, P. palustris, P. patula, P. pinaster, P. radiata, P. taeda, Podocarpus totara, Pomaderris kumeraho, P. phylicifolia, Prumnopitys ferruginea, Prunus armeniaca, P. avium, P. cerasifera, P. persica, Pseudopanax arboreus, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pyrus communis, Rosa rubiginosa, Thuja plicata, Ulex europaeus. Non-parasitic attack: Acacia dealbata, Ageratina adenophora, Beilschmiedia tawa, Fuchsia excorticata, Kunzea ericoides, Leucopogon fasciculatus, Malus ×domestica, Melicytus ramiflorus, Meryta sinclairii, Muehlenbeckia australis, Passiflora tetrandra, Pteridium esculentum, Quintinia serrata, Ripogonum scandens, Rubus australis, R. fruticosus agg., Schefflera digitata, Tecomaria capensis, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, solitary or aggregated, subepidermal, dark brown; on roughly circular leaf spots with brownish margins and grey-white centres, 5–15 mm in diameter, on upper surfaces of leaves. Conidia oblong, 0-septate, 16–18 × 4–6 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: North Canterbury.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Coprosma serrulata.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered or aggregated in groups, immersed, globose, dark brown, 0.1–0.3 mm in diameter, ostiolate; on cankers on living stems and overwintering on fallen leaves. Asci clavate, 45–65 × 8–128m. Ascospores oval to elliptical, 0-septate, 10–16 × 3–6 3m, smooth, hyaline. Conidiomata acervular, immersed, finally partly erumpent, rupturing the epidermis, on necrotic lesions on leaves. Conidia cylindrical to elliptical, 0-septate, 13–25 × 3–7 3m, smooth, hyaline. Only the teleomorph is present on cankered stem tissue and only the anamorph is found on living leaves.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington.; 1st Record: Spiers & Hopcroft (1993). Earlier records (as Physalospora miyabeana) by Gilmour (1966a) and Dingley (1969) are based on the opinion of both authors that Gnomonia bullata reported on willow by Murray (1926a) was synonymous with Physalospora miyabeana. Spiers & Hopcroft (1993) have pointed out that this synonymy cannot be sustained as the two fungi are quite distinct.
Significance: This fungus is unusual because it causes stem canker but not leaf spotting in some backcross Salix matsudana × alba cultivars; leaf spotting and defoliation but not stem canker in other Salix species and cultivars. Stem cankering in susceptible cultivars leads to death within two years. Leaf spotting does not cause serious damage and the fungus is not considered to be a serious pathogen in New Zealand (Spiers & Hopcroft 1993).; Host(s): on stems: Salix (matsudana × alba) × alba; on leaves: Salix amygdaloides, S. daphnoides, S. gooddingii, S. lasiolepis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, in small clusters united by a rudimentary stroma, subepidermal, immersed, dark brown, ostiolate, with a short neck 12–30 μm long; on necrotic spots on the upper surfaces of leaves. Asci clavate, 40–60 × 10–13 μm. Ascospores elliptical to cylindrical, 0-septate, 12–18 × 5–6 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington, Fiordland, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1950: as Gloeosporium sp.).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Phormium cookianum, P. tenax.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Spores produced in sporocarps, loose clusters, or formed singly in soil. Sporocarps hypogeous, irregularly globose or flattened, greyish brown, up to 5 mm in diameter; peridium absent. Spores globose, 0-septate, 70–120 μm in diameter; spore wall yellow to brown; subtending hyphae 8–16 μm wide, hyaline. DISTRIBUTION: Gisborne, Wellington, Dunedin, Southland.
Distribution: Gisborne, Wellington, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Hall (1977).
Significance: Hall (1977) showed this to be an endomycorrhizal fungus in New Zealand.; Host(s): Coprosma robusta.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Spores produced in sporocarps or formed singly in soil. Sporocarps epigeous, globose to ellipsoid, yellow to brown, up to 10 mm in diameter; peridium white or often absent. Spores globose to subglobose, 0-septate, 100–350 μm in diameter; spore wall yellow to brown, composed of two layers when mature; subtending hyphae 12–25 μm wide, hyaline.
Distribution: Taupo, Wellington, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1983b).
Significance: Not known.; Host(s): Leptospermum scoparium, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Spores produced in sporocarps, loose clusters, or formed singly in soil. Sporocarps epigeous, irregularly lobed, white becoming pale yellow, 1–25 mm in diameter; peridium poorly developed or absent. Spores globose to subglobose, 0-septate, 30–80 × 25–70 μm; spore wall becoming laminated with age; subtending hyphae 5–15 μm wide, hyaline.
Distribution: Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Hall (1977).
Significance: Hall (1977) showed this to be an endomycorrhizal fungus in New Zealand.; Host(s): Coprosma robusta, Leptospermum scoparium, Metrosideros umbellata, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Spores formed singly in soil, globose, 0-septate, 10–12 μm in diameter; spore wall hyaline at first, becoming dark brown; subtending hyphae swollen into a globose structure 1.5 μm in diameter, which is associated with hyphae 0.5 μm wide attached to a ‘fine endophyte’ infection.
Distribution: Otago Lakes, Southland.; 1st Record: Greenall (1963: as Rhizophagus tenuis).
Significance: Hall (1977) showed this to be an endomycorrhizal fungus in New Zealand.; Host(s): Coprosma robusta, Griselinia littoralis, Kunzea ericoides, Leptospermum scoparium, Metrosideros umbellata, Pteridium esculentum, Solanum aviculare, S. laciniatum, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Spores borne in sporocarps. Sporocarps epigeous, forming a crust on the soil surface, whitish to light brown, up to 10 mm in diameter, surface of crust composed of a peridium-like layer of globose to broadly clavate vesicles, 150 × 100 μm. Spores globose to ellipsoid, 0-septate, 80–150 × 80–140 μm; spore wall hyaline to light brown, laminated; subtending hyphae 8–12 μm wide, hyaline.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Hall (1977).
Significance: Not known.; Host(s): Griselinia littoralis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium: primary internal, secondary external. Hyphae of secondary mycelium superficial, subhyaline to pale olivaceous, smooth, septate, 1–3 rm wide. Conidiophores in loose fascicles when arising from internal mycelium or solitary when arising from external hyphae, sinuous, pale olivaceous to brownish, smooth, 0–6-septate, 5–80 × 2–6 μm; conidiogenous cells minutely denticulate. Conidia ellipsoid to ovoid, 0–1-septate, 10–20 × 2–4 μm, smooth, subhyaline to pale olivaceous. Leaf spots purplish violet, small, angular to irregular, often confluent, covering large areas on the upper surfaces of leaves.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Braun & Hill (2002).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Psidium guajava.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Sori stromatic, scattered, subepidermal in origin, becoming markedly erumpent and pushing aside a strip of the epidermis, cup-shaped, black, 0.5–2 mm in diameter, with a peridium which partially covers the fertile tissue and circumscribes the ostiole through which narrow, white to yellowish, flexuous, tangled hyphal filaments, coated with spores, extend for up to 2.5 mm; on yellowish brown leaf spots on both sides of leaves. Spores globose, 1-septate, 4–6 × 5–6 μm, verruculose, subhyaline, yellowish brown in mass.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay.; 1st Record: Dingley (1959).
Significance: Although the large, black erumpent sori and protruding long, flexuous filaments of this false smut fungus present a striking appearance, it causes little damage.; Host(s): Phoenix canariensis, P. dactylifera.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual, compound, consisting of numerous (5–45) pilei arising from a common central or lateral base and giving the fruiting body a cauliflower-like appearance, up to 200 mm wide, woody. Pilei fan-shaped or spatulate, with narrow stem-like bases, 20–50 mm wide, 1–4 mm thick. Pileus surface radiately striate, dark brown to purplish black, margin fringed, often undulate. Pore surface even or undulate, dark brown, pores large, irregular, 1 or less per mm. Context brown to blackish, 1 mm thick. Hyphal system dimitic. Basidiospores globose, 4–5 μm in diameter, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Wellington, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Marlborough Sounds.; 1st Record: Berkeley (1855: as Polyporus colensoi).
Significance: The cause of a fairly common brown cubical butt rot in Nothofagus spp.; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca, N. solandri var. solandri, N. truncata.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, scattered, subepidermal, immersed, depressed globose, black, 0.1–0.3 mm in diameter; on dead stems. Asci clavate, 45–90 × 11–20 1m. Ascospores elliptical, 0-septate, 13–27 × 4–8 4m, smooth, hyaline to yellowish brown.
Distribution: Wellington, Westland.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924: as Physalospora euganea).
Significance: Associated with a minor dieback of indigenous brooms (Dingley 1969).; Host(s): Carmichaelia arborea, C. carmichaeliae.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate, centrally stipitate, annual, solitary or in large or small clusters. Pileus finely fibrillose to fibrillose-scaly, convex with inturned edges when young, becoming nearly plane, 65–100 mm in diameter or sometimes larger; bright orange yellow or orange brown, smooth, dry; flesh fibrous, firm, up to 15 mm thick at apex, slightly tawny. Gills slightly sinuate to adnate, moderately crowded to crowded, orange yellow to orange brown. Stipe light orange yellow above the tawny, evanescent annulus, orange brown and fibrillose below, cylindrical, slightly swollen at base, somewhat striate, 80–110 mm long. Basidiospores ellipsoid, 8–11 × 5–7 μm, coarsely warty, yellowish brown; spore print rusty brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Wairarapa, Nelson, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Taylor (1981).
Significance: Causes butt rot in recorded hosts but is considered to have little economic significance (Hood 1992). Very common and conspicuous when fruiting on stumps of Eucalyptus spp. and Pinus radiata after clearfelling.; Host(s): Eucalyptus spp., Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia cylindrical, whitish yellow with a torn margin, 0.7–1.5 mm high, 0.3–0.5 mm wide; on stems, on the lower surfaces of leaves, and on fruits. Aeciospores catenate, 24 × 26 μm, cinnamon brown, verrucose. Telia scattered or grouped, teliospore mass cylindrical or slightly compressed with an acute or slightly forked apex, yellowish brown, 5–10 × 0.7–1.5 mm, on elongate, fusiform swellings; on branches. Teliospores lanceolate, 2-celled, 50–80 × 13–20 μm, golden yellow, smooth; pedicel persistent.
Distribution: Dunedin.; 1st Record: Gilmour & Bassett (1961).
Significance: None. The rust has been found only once near Milton, on an isolated Juniperus communis (juniper) tree in an old garden and on adjacent Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn) hedges. It has not been found since the removal of the host juniper tree on which it was present.; Host(s): Aecia on Crataegus monogyna; telia on Juniperus communis.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered, stroma absent, globose, yellow-orange to red, warty, 0.4–0.5 mm in diameter, ostiole papillate, superficial; on bark on stems. Asci broadly cylindrical to clavate, 60–160 × 10–17 μm. Ascospores broadly elliptical to broadly fusiform, 1-septate, 20–30 × 10–14 μm, finely striate, yellow-brown. Macroconidia cylindrical, more or less falcate, 3–5-septate, 30–52 × 5–7 μm, smooth, hyaline, foot cell poorly developed. Microconidia ellipsoid, 0-septate, 6–9 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Gisborne, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Southland.; 1st Record: Berkeley (1855: as Nectria illudens).
Significance: None. Probably saprobic.; Host(s): Beilschmiedia tawa, Corynocarpus laevigatus, Geniostoma rupestre var. ligustrifolium, Hoheria populnea, Melicytus ramiflorus, Metrosideros sp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Condiomata acervular, initially partly immersed, finally superficial, cup-shaped to discoid, disc margin fimbriate, pale brown, 0.15–0.3 mm in diameter; on large (up to 20 mm in diameter) necrotic, roughly circular, light brown leaf spots with a purplish brown margin, mainly on the lower surfaces of leaves. Conidiophores up to 50 μm long. Conidia ellipsoid, 0-septate, 5–7.5 × 1.5–2 μm, hyaline. Pilidium synanamorph. Conidiophores 10–20 μm long. Conidia falcate, 0-septate, 4–9 × 1.5–2 μm, pointed at both ends.
Distribution: Northland, Bay of Plenty, Gisborne, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: The teleomorph has not been found in New Zealand. Lundquist & Foreman (1986) reported heavy losses from H. lythri in four eucalypt nurseries in South Africa. They showed that infection occurred only when the leaves were wounded and when free moisture was present. Ferreira (1998) recorded the fungus as a wound pathogen of E. citriodora and E. grandis in Brazil. In New Zealand, it is regarded as a minor nursery pathogen.; Host(s): Eucalyptus nitens, E. regnans.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Telia crowded in irregular groups, elliptical, brown, powdery, up to 3 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of leaves, in pale yellow indefinite spots coincident on both leaf surfaces. Teliospores aggregated into pale yellow to white persistent filaments up to 2 cm long, long-cylindrical, 3–5-septate, apex tapering to a fine, sharp point, 100–180 × 14–22 μm; pedicel persistent, up to 600 om long.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Central Otago, Dunedin, Southland, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1924a: as Hamaspora acutissima).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Rubus australis, R. cissoides, R. schmidelioides, R. squarrosus.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered to gregarious, subepidermal, immersed becoming erumpent, globose to subglobose, brown, up to 0.3 mm in diameter, opening by an irregular fissure; on both sides of leaves and on small twigs. Conidia broadly ventricose, straight or curved, 0-septate, 20–25 × 13–15 μm, smooth, brown to dark brown; basal appendage cylindrical, flexuous, 8–13 × 2–4 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Taupo.; 1st Record: Sutton (1980).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered to gregarious, subepidermal, immersed becoming erumpent, oval to subglobose, brown, up to 0.1 mm in diameter, opening by an irregular fissure; on upper surfaces of leaves. Conidia ventricose, straight or slightly curved, 0-septate, 19–23 × 9–11 μm, smooth, olivaceous brown; basal appendage cylindrical, flexuous, 6–16 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa.; 1st Record: Cooke (1890a: as Chaetomella eucrypta).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Knightia excelsa, Metrosideros excelsa, M. kermadecensis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered to gregarious, subepidermal, immersed becoming partly erumpent, globose to depressed globose, dark brown, 0.3–0.4 mm in diameter, opening by an irregular fissure; predominantly on lower surfaces of leaves, occasionally on both sides. Conidia globose to subglobose, 0-septate, 14–18 × 11–14 μm, smooth, brown; basal appendage cylindrical, flexuous, 4–10 × 2 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Marlborough Sounds, Mackenzie.; 1st Record: Sutton (1971).
Significance: Of no significance on eucalypts. Recorded as strongly associated with bud and shoot death in Podocarpus hallii and P. totara in central North Island and Hawkes Bay (Anonymous 1982).; Host(s): Eucalyptus cinerea, E. globulus subsp. globulus, E. microcorys, Podocarpus hallii, P. totara.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium superficial and immersed. Hyphae hyaline, septate, 3–5 m wide; on fronds. Conidiophores many branched, the branches tapering to a point. Conidia borne singly at the tip of each tapered branch, oval, 0-septate, 24 × 18–20 μm, cinnamon brown.
Distribution: Wellington.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000b).
Significance: None. This is a very common epiphyte but it is unusual to find it on living fronds.; Host(s): Pteris tremula.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate. Pileus pale yellowish to reddish brown, 50–80 mm in diameter, smooth, mucilaginous when wet; flesh firm, whitish, thick. Gills sinuate, crowded, whitish, becoming dirty pale brown, with a conspicuous serrated margin. Stipe cylindrical with a slightly swollen base, whitish, with a zigzag pattern formed of small, woolly granules in the upper part, solid, annulus absent. Basidiospores elliptical, 0-septate, 10–12 × 6–7 μm, verruculose, pale brown; spore print dull brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou (1979)
Significance: Isolated from and experimentally shown to be a mycorrhizal partner of Pinus radiata (Chu-Chou 1979) and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Chu-Chou & Grace 1981c). It is a very common mycorrhizal fungus in New Zealand but was found to be ineffective in promoting growth of seedlings (Chu-Chou & Grace 1985). .; Host(s): Pinus radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus spp.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual, occasionally perennial, resupinate, effused-reflexed or pileate; when pileate, broadly attached, variable in shape, 30–190 mm in diameter; when effused-reflexed, up to 600 mm long with numerous reflexed portions; when resupinate, up to 500 × 360 mm; surface glabrous, concentrically sulcate in narrow or broad bands, brown to red-brown to dark brown, margin rounded or sharp, cream coloured. Pore surface cream to light yellow-brown, pores 1–2 per mm. Pore layer weakly stratified in perennial fruitbodies, tubes up to 40 mm deep, concolorous with pore surface. Context cream, corky, mostly less than 10 mm thick. Hyphal system dimitic. Cystidioles elongate, cylindrical, 3–7 μm in diameter, with one or rarely two apical bulbs. Basidiospores ovate, 5–8 × 4–6 μm, minutely echinulate, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1948b: as Fomitopsis annosa).
Significance: Causes a sap rot in living Agathis australis. Recorded in Pinus taeda in one locality (Waipoua Forest, Northland; Gilmour 1966a). It is of no importance in forestry. Bassett et al. (1967) showed that the fungus produced fomannosin, a toxic metabolite which caused necrotic lesions when applied to roots of P. taeda seedlings.; Host(s): Agathis australis, Pinus taeda.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata subepigeous, subglobose, cream to ochraceous, 10–20 mm in diameter, with a small basal rhizomorph; peridium fragile and often evanescent. Gleba ochraceous, composed of permanent tramal plates, which anastomose to form large, labrynthiform cavities; columella branched. Basidiospores globose, 0-septate, 14–18 μm in diameter, covered with coarse, hyaline spines, pale yellow.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Buller, North Canterbury, South Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland.
Significance: Isolated from Eucalyptus spp. and Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides (Chu-Chou & Grace 1981a) and experimentally shown to be a mycorrhizal partner of Eucalyptus spp. (Chu-Chou & Grace 1982). It is considered to be a major mycorrhizal fungus in Eucalyptus plantations (Chu-Chou & Grace 1982). NEW ZEALAND RECORD OF PLANT ASSOCIATION: Chu-Chou & Grace (1981a).; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. nitens, E. regnans, E. saligna, Nothofagus fusca, N. solandri var. cliffortioides.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, gregarious, globose, salmon pink to orange, hairy, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, ostiole short papillate, superficial, on a thin, hyaline subiculum; on bark on stipes. Asci clavate, 50–75 × 8–10 μm. Ascospores elliptical to fusiform, 1-septate, 14–25 × 4–7 μm, smooth or finely striate, hyaline. Conidia (in culture only) oblong-elliptical, 0-septate, 6–9 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline, held in a drop of liquid.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Wellington.; 1st Record: Dingley (1956: as Nectria cyatheae).
Significance: None. Probably saprobic.; Host(s): Astelia sp., Cyathea medullaris.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata perennial, subpileate or resupinate, leathery-woody, loosely attached to the substrate and forming irregularly circular colonies 2–10 mm in diameter or merging to form linear areas 20–30 × 10–25 mm. Pilei reduced to thickened (1–1.5 mm) upper edges of basidioma growing vertically. Pileus surface glabrous, concentrically striate, black. Pore surface even, reddish brown to cinnamon brown, margin crenate, concolorous. Context reddish brown, black adjacent to the substratum, 0.3–1 mm thick. Setae in numerous overlapping rows, subulate, naked or encrusted, reddish brown, 65–95 × 9–12 μm. Basidiospores suballantoid, 5–7 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Otago Lakes.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1957: as Hymenochaete corticolor).
Significance: The cause of pocket rot in a damaged living trunk of Nothofagus fusca (Cunningham 1957).; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata subepigeous, subglobose, pyriform or irregularly lobed, white with reddish brown patches, up to 25 mm in diameter, with numerous rhizomorphs at the base; peridium composed of a single layer, brown in section. Gleba greenish at first, becoming dark olive green to almost black, composed of tramal plates anastomosing to form elongate locules, which are partially filled with basidiospores; columella branched. Basidiospores ellipsoid, 0-septate, 9–12 × 3–5 μm (without utricle), smooth, hyaline; utricle distinct, inflated laterally up to 2.5 μm, attached near the base and below the apex forming a cylinder around the spore.
Distribution: Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1982).
Significance: Shown experimentally to be a mycorrhizal partner of Eucalyptus saligna (Chu-Chou & Grace 1982).; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. nitens, E. regnans.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata hypogeous to subepigeous, globose to subglobose, dull white to yellowish brown, pale reddish brown when bruised, up to 25 mm in diameter, with a single, stout rhizomorph; peridium in two layers, white in section. Gleba olive to dark greyish olive; locules elongate, empty or partially filled with basidiospores, deliquescing; tramal plates of interwoven, hyaline hyphae; columella branched. Basidiospores fusiform, 0-septate, 11–14 × 5–7 μm, smooth, pale green; utricle distinct, irregularly loose, inflated laterally up to 2 μm.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1983b: as Hysterangium sp. 5).
Significance: Putatively mycorrhizal (Castellano & Beever 1994).; Host(s): Kunzea ericoides, Leptospermum scoparium.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata hypogeous to subepigeous, depressed globose to irregularly shaped, dirty white, pink when bruised, surface cracked when exposed, up to 25 mm in diameter, with a single, stout rhizomorph; peridium composed of two layers, pale brown in section. Gleba greenish grey to dark olive; locules elongate, more or less radially arranged, partially filled with basidiospores; tramal plates composed of hyaline interwoven hyphae; columella not well developed, branched. Basidiospores broadly elliptical, 0-septate, 14–16 × 5–6 μm, verrucose, hyaline; utricle distinct, wrinkled, more or less adhering to the spore wall.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty.
Significance: Putatively mycorrhizal (Castellano & Beever 1994). NEW ZEALAND RECORD OF PLANT ASSOCIATION: Chu-Chou & Grace (1983b: as Hysterangium sp. 2).; Host(s): Eucalyptus fastigata.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata perennial, solitary, woody or corky, attached by a lateral base. Pileus applanate, 50–110 mm wide, up to 25 mm thick. Pileus surface tomentose, becoming glabrous with age, obscurely concentrically zoned, yellowish brown, darkening with age, margin rounded, even. Pore surface even, with a sterile border 2–3 mm wide, brown; pores in several strata, 4–5 per mm. Context reddish brown, 10–20 mm thick. Hyphal system monomitic. Basidiospores globose to subglobose, 4–6 × 4–5 μm, smooth, yellow brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1948d: as Fomes lloydii).
Significance: The principal cause of heart rot in living Podocarpus totara which, due to the normal durability of its wood, was once a very important timber tree. The yellow-pipe rot is characterised by long, narrow, parallel, pale yellow tubular cavities. Affected wood is suitable for fencing material but useless for dressing grades. The rot is known to bushmen as ‘kaikok’, a corruption of ‘kaikaka’ which is the Māori word for totara heartwood (Williams 1971). Although common in P. totara, it is rare in Nothofagus fusca and N. truncata.; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca, N. truncata, Podocarpus hallii, P. totara.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum up to 2 mm in diameter, black; on upper surfaces of leaves. Mycelium reticulate, composed of dark brown, septate, curved, 6–7 μm wide hyphae with straight, capitate hyphopodia, 16–20 μm long. Ascomata perithecial, scattered, black, globose, up to 0.2 mm in diameter, verrucose, bearing toward the apex 8–12, simple, erect, straight or flexuous, pale brown setae, up to 110 μm long. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 4-septate, 45–53 × 13–19 μm, dark brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Hawke’s Bay, Rangitikei, North Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hansford (1955).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Hoheria sexstylosa.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual, compound, composed of numerous (7–30) pilei arising from a common base, usually overlapping each other but occasionally in a rosette, leathery. Pilei fan-shaped, erect or horizontal, often laterally attached to each other, 10–30 mm wide, 2–5 mm thick. Pileus surface tomentose to velutinate, radiately striate, light brown with darker brown zones, margin inturned, crenate. Pore surface even with a sterile border up to 2 mm wide, white; pores small, 5–7 per mm. Context up to 1.5 mm thick, white. Hyphal system monomitic. Basidiospores broadly elliptical, 3–4 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, Southland.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1948a: as Polyporus rosulatus).
Significance: Causes a brown cubical heart rot in Larix decidua. Entry is gained through trunk wounds created during silvicultural operations (Gilmour 1957). It is of no commercial importance.; Host(s): Larix decidua.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata resupinate, widely effused, adnate, up to 9 mm thick, hard when dry. Pore surface pale ochraceous buff to pinkish ochraceous; pores 6–12 per mm. Pore layer more or less stratified, up to 1 mm thick in each stratum, margin whitish to cream, velutinate to glabrous, narrow. Context brown, fibrous, up to 0.5 mm thick with a thin, horny, basal layer. Hyphal system apparently dimitic. Cystidia abundant, apically heavily encrusted, 20–70 × 10–24 μm. Basidiospores ovoid to subglobose, 4–6 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Marlborough Sounds, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Colenso (1887: as Poria vincta).
Significance: The cause of low-level mortality (about 1%) in Pinus radiata plantations in the Bay of Plenty, predominantly on sites previously covered by indigenous forest (Hood & Dick 1988). The fungus is associated with root disease in other coniferous hosts and has been isolated from orchard shelterbelt trees suffering from ‘white crown canker’. It has been shown to be pathogenic to seedlings of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressus macrocarpa, Eucalyptus regnans, Pinus radiata, Salix matsudana, and Thuja plicata (Hood & Dick 1988).; Host(s): Parasitic attack: Berberis glaucocarpa, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressus macrocarpa, Eucalyptus regnans, Pinus radiata, Salix matsudana, Thuja plicata. Nature of attack not known: Acacia melanoxylon, Acmena smithii, Beilschmiedia tawa, Betula pendula, Corynocarpus laevigatus, ×Cupressocyparis leylandii, Cupressus sempervirens, C. torulosa, Dysoxylum spectabile, Eucalyptus botryoides, E. fraxinoides, E. johnstonii, E. saligna, Hoheria populnea, Nothofagus menziesii, Paraserianthes lophantha, Phebalium squameum, Pittosporum tenuifolium, Plagianthus regius, Populus nigra, Syncarpia glomulifera.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, discrete but occasionally confluent, subepidermal, finally erumpent, brown, 0.12–0.15 mm in diameter; on scale leaves. Conidia ellipsoid, 0-septate, 5–8 × 2–4 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2001).
Significance: Associated with dieback of tips of leaves, which is more severe in the lower part of the crown. Although it has been recorded as the cause of shoot dieback of Thuja occidentalis in Europe (Schneider & Arx 1966), and tip blight and canker of Chamaecyparis nootkatensis in Canada (Funk 1981), it is not regarded as a major pathogen.; Host(s): Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Thuja plicata.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia subcuticular, pustular, in small groups, up to 0.2 mm in diameter; on reddish spots on the upper surfaces of leaves. Aecia surrounding the spermagonia, irregularly elongate and often confluent into rings, orange-yellow, 0.5–1.0 mm in diameter; on the upper surfaces of leaves. Aeciospores obovate, 19–23 × 18–20 μm, densely verrucose. Uredinia circular, scattered, on pale golden-yellow spots, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, about 0.1 mm in diameter; on the underside of leaves, and on petioles and stems. Urediniospores obovate, 20–30 × 17–24 μm, finely echinulate.
Distribution: Northland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, Kaikoura, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Central Otago, Dunedin, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Kirk (1909: as Caeoma nitens).
Significance: This blackberry rust occasionally causes severe damage locally but it has no value as a biological control agent.; Host(s): Rubus fruticosus agg., R. laciniatus, R. schmidelioides, Rubus × (hybrid berry)
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate. Pileus pale red, reddish brown or brownish pink, 15–60 mm in diameter, hygrophanous, minutely squamulose, convex to plano-convex, umbilicate, sometimes centrally depressed, margin striate and sometimes wavy; flesh thin, pinkish red. Gills adnate, distant, concolorous with the pileus, dusted white with basidiospores when mature. Stipe more or less cylindrical, slender, straight or flexuous, concolorous with the pileus or paler, striate, 50–90 mm long. Basidiospores globose, 0-septate, 8–10 μm in diameter, verruculose, hyaline, non-amyloid; spore print white.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Rawlings (1951).
Notes: The correct name for this very common fungus is in some doubt. It was first recorded in New Zealand by Colenso (1893) as Agaricus (Clitocybe) laccatus. This name was based on a specimen collected near Dannevirke and sent to Cooke for identification. Massee (1899) later included it in his account of the fungus flora of New Zealand as Laccaria laccata. The specimen on which these records were based is no longer extant. Stevenson (1964) noted that L. laccata was the commonest toadstool in the country. McNabb (1972) failed to find L. laccata during the course of his study of Laccaria and remarked that all Stevenson’s collections examined by him could be referred to either L. proxima or L. tetraspora. The description that follows is of the variable species usually referred to as Laccaria laccata, which is very common in nurseries and plantations of Pinus radiata.
Significance: A very common and variable fungus with fruiting bodies occurring in troops in nurseries and plantations. Isolated from and experimentally shown to be a mycorrhizal partner of Pinus radiata (Chu-Chou 1979), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Chu-Chou & Grace 1981c) and Eucalyptus delegatensis (Chu-Chou & Grace 1982). In a comparative study it was found that seedlings inoculated with L. laccata grew better than seedlings inoculated with Rhizopogon rubescens during the first six months. The increased growth rate was not maintained and the R. rubescens-inoculated seedlings were larger by the end of the growing season (Chu-Chou & Grace 1985).; Host(s): Betula pendula, Eucalyptus delegatensis, Pinus nigra subsp. laricio, P. radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata apothecial, scattered, superficial, stalked, covered with long white hairs, disc orange, up to 3 mm in diameter; on bark. Asci cylindric-clavate, 100–150 × 8–10 μm. Ascospores elliptic oblong, 0-septate, 14–20 × 6–8 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taupo, North Canterbury, Southland.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: Dennis (1978) regarded this species as a harmless saprobe. Oguchi (1981), in pathogenicity trials, found that L. hahniana produced small numbers of apothecia around inoculated portions of Larix stems. It has only been found on dead bark in New Zealand and is not regarded as a pathogen.; Host(s): Larix sp., Pinus radiata, Pinus sp.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata apothecial, scattered, superficial, stalked, covered with short white hairs, disc orange-yellow, 1–2 mm in diameter; on bark. Asci clavate, 50–60 × 4–5 μm. Ascospores ellipsoid, 0-septate, 4–6 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Southland.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: Funk (1981) has recorded this fungus as causing perennial target cankers on young Pseudotsuga menziesii trees. It has not been recorded on P. menziesii in New Zealand and is not regarded as a pathogen.; Host(s): Pinus radiata.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata apothecial, scattered, superficial, stalked, covered in white persistent hairs, disc orange to orange yellow, up to 3mm in diameter; on bark. Asci narrowly cylindrical, 45–60 × 4–6 μm. Ascospores filiform-clavate, 0-septate, 6–12 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Rangitikei.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: Von Weissenberg (1975) reported minor damage to 40–60-year-old stands of Pinus contorta in Finland. It appears to be saprobic in New Zealand.; Host(s): Pinus radiata.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual, solitary, spongy, attached by an apical or lateral stem-like base, often becoming detached soon after reaching maturity. Pilei ungulate or bell-shaped, 70–350 mm wide, 50–150 mm thick. Pileus surface glabrous or finely tomentose-reticulate, greyish white to ochraceous to tobacco brown, covered with a delicate membrane which when dry is brittle and peels away readily, margin entire or lobed. Pore surface plane or slightly convex, creviced when old, straw- or honey-coloured; pores large, 1–3 per mm. Context white, soft and crumbling. Hyphal system dimitic. Basidiospores globose or subglobose, 7–9 × 7–8 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Buller, Marlborough Sounds, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1927: as Polyporus eucalyptorum).
Significance: Causes a cubical brown heart rot of little significance.; Host(s): Eucalyptus sp., Nothofagus fusca, N. solandri var. solandri, N. truncata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated, globose, black, 0.1–0.15 mm in diameter, immersed in the top layer of a superficial, crustose, irregular, black stroma, 1–5 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of fronds. Asci elliptical to clavate, 30–47 × 8–12 μm. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 8–14 × 3–5 μm, smooth, pale brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Nelson, Westland.; 1st Record: Dingley (1972).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Dicksonia lanata, D. squarrosa.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated, globose, black, 0.1 mm in diameter, embedded in a superficial, crustose, circular, black stroma, 1–3 mm in diameter; on both surfaces of fronds. Asci elliptical to clavate, 50–60 × 5–8 μm. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 9–12 × 1–4 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Gisborne.; 1st Record: Dingley (1972).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Cyathea smithii.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate. Pileus brownish grey to dark brown, 50–110 mm in diameter, hemispherical, finely tomentose, dry; flesh white. Pore surface excavated around the apex of the stipe; tubes greyish white, up to 20 mm long; pores concolorous with tubes, round, 0.5 mm in diameter. Stipe more or less cylindrical, tapering towards the apex, greyish white, covered with dark grey scales, annulus absent, 50–130 mm long. Basidiospores elliptic-fusiform, 0-septate, 16–20 × 4–6 μm, smooth, yellowish brown.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, Central Otago, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Rawlings (1951: as Boletus scaber).
Significance: An edible fungus.; Host(s): Betula pendula.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, scattered, subcuticular, irregular in shape, black, opening by rupture of the overlying tissue; on leaves. Conidia fusiform, straight, 4-septate, 30–45 × 6–9 μm, apical and basal cells hyaline, intermediate cells pale brown, central cell often a darker brown; apical cell extending into a long (18–30 μm) hyaline, flexuous appendage bearing 4–7 hyaline, flexuous branches each 15–37 μm long; basal cell with a simple tubular 3–9 μm long hyaline appendage.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Mid Canterbury, Southland.; 1st Record: Ridley et al. (1997).
Significance: Found on dying shoots of totara that have been weakened by scale infestation and infection by Harknessia globosa.; Host(s): Podocarpus acutifolius, P. hallii × nivalis, P. totara.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on malt extract agar olivaceous. Conidiophores occurring singly or in groups of up to six, stipe erect, 350–750 μm long, olivaceous, simple, bearing 2–4 primary metulae, 25–55 μm long; three to four additional series occur above the primary metulae, each giving rise to 2–3 further metulae at the apex; primary metulae olivaceous, subsequent metulae olivaceous to hyaline. Conidio-genous cells discrete, tapering slightly, 12–23 μm long, hyaline. Conidia obovoid with truncate ends, 0-septate, 4–6 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline, accumulating in a mucilaginous mass.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Dick (2004).
Significance: See under Leptographium procerum (p. 172).; Host(s): Pinus radiata, P. strobus.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on malt extract agar olivaceous. Conidiophores occurring singly, stipe erect, 145–355 μm long, olivaceous, simple, bearing 2–3 primary metulae 11–47 μm long; three to four additional series occur above the primary metulae, each giving rise to 2–3 further metulae at the apex; primary metulae olivaceous, subsequent metulae light olivaceous to hyaline. Conidiogenous cells discrete, tapering slightly, 10–20 μm long, hyaline. Conidia obovoid with truncate ends, 0-septate, 4–6 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline, accumulating in a mucilaginous mass.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Jacobs et al. (2001).
Significance: See under Leptographium procerum.; Host(s): Pinus radiata, P. strobus.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar dark olivaceous to black. Conidiophores abundant, stipe erect, very variable in length, 25–445 μm, pale to dark olivaceous, commonly branched, the branches bearing 2–4 primary metulae each 10–28 μm long; two to four additional series occur above the primary metulae, each giving rise to 1–3 further metulae at the apex; primary metulae paler in colour than the stipe, subsequent metulae hyaline. Conidiogenous cells discrete, tapering, 7–50 μm long, hyaline. Conidia subglobose to pyriform, 0-septate, 3–11 × 2–5 μm, smooth, hyaline, accumulating in a mucilaginous mass.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Shaw & Dick (1980: as Verticicladiella sp.).
Significance: See under Leptographium procerum.; Host(s): Pinus radiata, P. strobus.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on malt extract agar dark grey to olivaceous with dark concentric rings, no aerial mycelium. Conidiophores occurring singly or in groups of up to three, stipe erect, 200–500 µm long, olivaceous, simple, bearing 2–3 primary metulae 15–25 μm long; three to four additional series occur above the primary metulae, each giving rise to 2–4 further metulae at the apex; primary metulae light olivaceous, further metulae light olivaceous to hyaline. Conidiogenous cells discrete, tapering slightly, 15–20 μm long, hyaline. Conidia obovoid to broadly ellipsoid with truncate bases, 0-septate, 3–5 × 1–3 μm, smooth, hyaline, accumulating in a mucilaginous mass.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Shaw & Dick (1980: as Verticicladiella sp.).
Significance: Species of Leptographium have been associated with death of individual Pinus radiata and P. strobus trees in many parts of New Zealand (Shaw & Dick 1980; MacKenzie & Dick 1984). Infected trees show a black stain in the roots and in sapwood at the base of the tree. Resin bleeding at the base is common in P. radiata. Infected trees usually die quickly but some persist for up to 8 years with thin chlorotic crowns. Infection has been recorded only in forests on heavy clay soils prone to waterlogging. Many tree stands containing infected trees were grazed by cattle that damage surface roots and compact the soil. Stress caused by waterlogging and root disturbance appears to be main factor leading to death of infected trees. Species of Leptographium known to be present in New Zealand (L. alethinum, L. euphyes, L. lundbergii, and L. procerum) were found to be mildly pathogenic to P. radiata and P. strobus. Pinus strobus was more susceptible to infection than P. radiata and waterlogging made plants of both species more susceptible (M.A.Dick, unpublished data).; Host(s): Pinus radiata, P. strobus.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, scattered, subepidermal becoming erumpent and pushing up a flap of the epidermis, brown, 0.1–0.3 mm in diameter; on angular light brownish leaf spots with a dark brown margin, up to 15 × 10 mm, on the lower surfaces of living leaves. Conidia irregular, mainly elliptical, 0-septate, 8–12 × 4–6 μm, verruculose, medium brown, base truncate.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Hawkes Bay.; 1st Record: Ridley (2002).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Eucalyptus ficifolia.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in groups, immersed, subglobose, black, 0.2–0.4 mm in diameter, covered by a small black clypeus; on stems. Asci clavate-cylindrical, 70 × 6 6m. Ascospores ellipsoid, 3-septate, 12–15 × 3–5 3m, smooth, pale olive-brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, Central Otago, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1922).
Significance: The cause of ‘cane wilt’ in raspberries (Dingley 1969).; Host(s): Malus ×domestica, Rosa sp., Rubus fruticosus agg., R. idaeus, Rubus × (hybrid berry).
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, 1–3-loculate, densely aggregated, often with confluent walls, subepidermal, immersed, globose to depressed globose, brown, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter; on circular to irregular, pale yellow brown leaf spots with a raised ochraceous brown margin, 4–10 mm in diameter. Conidia filiform, straight or slightly curved, 2–6-septate, 40–55 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Dunedin.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Pachystegia insignis.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata hysterothecial resembling mussel shells set on their edges, scattered, superficial, erect, black, opening by a longitudinal slit, 0.5–0.7 mm long. Asci cylindrical, 130–150 × 10 μm. Ascospores filiform, multiseptate, 110–120 × 2 μm, pale olivaceous.
Distribution: Auckland, Wanganui, Nelson.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: Found fruiting on bark of trees. It is not regarded as a pathogen.; Host(s): Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Pinus radiata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata hysterothecial, scattered, subepidermal, partly erumpent, lens-shaped, black with a grey surround and grey lips, large (0.5–1.7 mm long), opening by a longitudinal split, zone lines absent; on dead portions of living needles and on dead needles. Asci clavate to cylindrical, 150–220 × 10–15 μm. Ascospores filiform, 0-septate, 90–135 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiomata scattered, immersed and slightly raising the needle surface, elliptical, concolorous or slightly darker than the needle, 0.3–0.5 mm long but often coalescing, opening by a longitudinal split on one side. Conidia rod-shaped, 4–9 × 1 μm, smooth, hyaline.