Gadgil, P.D. (in association with Dick, M.A.; Hood, I.A.; Pennycook, S.R.) 2005: Fungi on trees and shrubs in New Zealand. Fungi of New Zealand. 4. Fungal Diversity Press.
Details
Details
Gadgil, P.D. (in association with Dick, M.A.; Hood, I.A.; Pennycook, S.R.) 2005: Fungi on trees and shrubs in New Zealand. Fungi of New Zealand. 4. Fungal Diversity Press.
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Taxonomic concepts
Guignardia philoprina (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Aa 1973
Lepteutypa cupressi (Nattras, C. Booth & B. Sutton) H.J. Swart
Phyllosticta sp. 1 sensu McKenzie
Associations
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Descriptions
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual, centrally or laterally stipitate, occasionally sessile, usually solitary but sometimes with two or three pilei arising from a common base. Pileus, when centrally stipitate, circular or somewhat funnel-shaped, plane, 30–120 mm wide; when laterally stipitate, fan-shaped, 50–110 mm wide, 5–15 mm thick; sessile forms dimidiate. Pileus surface even or warty, finely tomentose, brown, reddish brown or pale straw-coloured, margin entire or lobed, often inturned. Pore surface irregular and often torn, white to off-white, pores large, 1–3 per mm. Context white, 1–6 mm thick. Stipe tomentose, up to 50 mm long. Hyphal system dimitic. Chlamydospores subglobose, 6–9 × 5–7 μm. Basidiospores ovoid, 4–7 × 3–5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Taupo, Wanganui.; 1st Record: Buchanan & Hood (1992); Taylor (1977: culture only).
Significance: None. Cultures identified as A. biennis were obtained from diseased roots of apple and blackberry (Taylor 1977) but no fruiting bodies were recorded.; Host(s): Cassia sp., Eucalyptus delegatensis, Jacaranda sp., Ligustrum vulgare, Pinus sp., Prunus persica.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Spores formed singly in soil, globose to subglobose, 0-septate, 120–300 μm in diameter, smooth; spore wall yellow becoming dark yellowish brown to reddish brown, composed of three layers; spores borne laterally on 30–40 μm wide hyphae terminating in a globose, thin-walled (1–2 μm wide) vesicle.
Distribution: Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Hall (1977).
Significance: Hall (1977) showed this to be an endomycorrhizal fungus in New Zealand.; Host(s): Agathis australis, Aristotelia serrata, Coprosma robusta, Griselinia littoralis, Kunzea ericoides, Leptospermum scoparium, Metrosideros umbellata, Pittosporum tenuifolium, Podocarpus totara, Pteridium esculentum, Solanum aviculare, S. laciniatum, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, felt-like, velutinous or shaggy, extensive, black; on bark, trunks, twigs, and leaves. Mycelium composed of repent and erect hyphae; repent hyphae brown to dark brown, septate, smooth, straight, 8–11 μm wide, with groups of darker and wider (up to 27 μm) cells at intervals from which the erect hyphae arise; erect hyphae show considerable variation in size and form. On the trunks of Nothofagus fusca, they may be up to 4 mm long and form pendant, shaggy growths but generally they are shorter. Erect hyphae dark brown to black at the base, becoming paler towards the apex, straight or gently curved, smooth, up to 50 rm wide at the base, tapering to a point and bearing a series of lateral branches near the apex; lateral branches smooth, narrower than the main hypha that bears them, curving upwards and terminating in a pointed apex; primary lateral branches sometimes bear similar but shorter secondary branches. Ascomata perithecial, borne laterally, occasionally terminally on the main stalks or on the more robust lateral branches of erect hyphae, single, black, obovoid to pyriform, 0.15–0.25 mm in diameter, ostiolate. Asci fasciculate, clavate to almost obovoid, 95–145 × 35–60 μm. Ascospores brown, ellipsoidal to subcylindrical, straight or slightly curved, 5-septate, 45–85 × 12–20 μm, frequently bearing a pycnidium initial at one or both ends. Conidiomata pycnidial, formed on the main stalk and lateral branches of erect hyphae, on germinating ascospores and on fallen lateral branches, single, brown to dark brown, globose to subglobose, up to 50 μm in diameter. Conidia ellipsoidal to bacillar, 0-septate, 2.5–3 × 0.7 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Taupo, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Auckland Islands.; 1st Record: Hughes (1967b).
Significance: This sooty mould is very common in New Zealand. It is associated with sap-sucking insects which produce ‘honey dew’, and may be mixed with other sooty moulds or in more or less pure colonies. It is commonly found on dead plant material on the forest floor where it is assumed to subsist on drops of honey dew falling from overhanging trees.; Host(s): Ackama rosifolia, Aristotelia fruticosa, A. serrata, Beilschmiedia tarairi, B. tawa, Brachyglottis repanda, Coprosma lucida, Corynocarpus laevigatus, Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, Dracophyllum subulatum, Hebe stricta var. stricta, Hedycarya arborea, Laurelia novaezelandiae, Leptospermum scoparium, Leucopogon fasciculatus, Metrosideros diffusa, Myrsine australis, Nothofagus fusca, Olearia rani, Phyllocladus alpinus, Pittosporum colensoi, Prumnopitys ferruginea, Pseudopanax arboreus, P. colensoi, P. crassifolius, Ripogonum scandens, Rubus cissoides, Schefflera digitata, Weinmannia racemosa, W. sylvicola.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia scattered sparsely and evenly, cup-shaped when mature, completely submerged, 0.6–0.8 mm in diameter; mainly on the lower surfaces of leaves, leaves distorted and etiolated. Aeciospores elliptical or subglobose, 18–24 μm diam., covered with coarse, rounded tubercles.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Rangitikei, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, Mackenzie.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1928).
Significance: The rust is rarely found on cultivated species of Hebe.; Host(s): Hebe brachysiphon, H. glaucophylla, H. odora, H. stricta var. stricta.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia scattered evenly and sparsely over the leaf surface, lemon yellow in mass, with a dentate margin standing a little above the leaf surface, 0.3–0.4 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of leaves. Aeciospores elliptical or subglobose, 22–28 × 15–20 μm, densely verruculose.
Distribution: Wellington, Buller, Marlborough, Mackenzie, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1928).
Significance: The rust causes little damage.; Host(s): Hebe brachysiphon, H. elliptica, H. macrantha var. macrantha, H. macrantha var. brachyphylla, H. treadwellii.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia in more or less circular groups, cylindrical, erumpent, with a torn, erect, yellowish margin, 0.4–0.5 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of leaves in distorted and slightly inflated yellowish areas. Aeciospores polygonal or elliptical, 42–50 × 34–46 μm, densely verruculose.
Distribution: Taupo, Rangitikei, Wellington.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1924a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Coprosma foetidissima.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia in small scattered groups, cup-shaped, erumpent, white, with a minutely dentate, erect margin, up to 0.25 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of leaves in irregular, pale yellow leaf spots coincident on both surfaces of the leaf. Aeciospores elliptical or subglobose, 20–26 × 17–23 μm, densely verruculose.
Distribution: Taupo, Taranaki, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Wairarapa, Westland, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1924a).
Significance: The rust causes little damage to the host.; Host(s): Aristotelia ×fruserrata, A. fruticosa, A. serrata.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia scattered in large numbers, minute, cylindrical, tube-like, yellow or white, up to 4 mm tall, 1 mm wide, bearing distinctive golden yellow masses of aeciospores, on elongated, spindle-shaped, cankerous swellings, up to 15 cm long; on living shoots or on leaf or flower stalks. Aeciospores obovate to elliptical, 21–45 × 17–20 μm, hyaline, finely and closely verruculose, golden yellow.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Marlborough.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1924a).
Significance: Although spectacular, this rust appears to cause little damage.; Host(s): Myoporum acuminatum, M. laetum.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia in groups, erumpent, with a white, erect, entire margin; on the lower surfaces of leaves, in discoloured spots which are also visible on the upper leaf surfaces. Aeciospores polygonal, 26–32 × 24–28 μm, densely verruculose.
Distribution: Wellington.; 1st Record: McNabb (1962a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Myrsine salicina.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia densely scattered, cup-shaped, barely erumpent, orange, with an irregularly torn margin, up to 1 mm in diameter; on distorted, inflated swellings, up to 15 cm long, on leaves, petioles, sepals, and stems. Aeciospores globose or polygonal, 22–30 × 20–25 μm, delicately verruculose.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Nelson, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Southland, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Lindsay (1867).
Significance: The rust causes little damage.; Host(s): Clematis afoliata, C. foetida, C. forsteri, C. marata, C. paniculata.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia in scattered groups, erumpent, orange to yellow, with a torn margin, up to 0.5 mm in diameter; on both surfaces of leaves, and on petioles and stems, discoloured leaf spots visible on both sides of the leaf. Aeciospores elliptical to obovate, 38–52 × 22–30 μm, covered with angular warts, appearing reticulate.
Distribution: Taupo, Taranaki, Wellington, Buller, Westland, Mackenzie, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1924b: as Puccinia novae-zelandiae).
Significance: The rust causes little damage.; Host(s): Olearia arborescens.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate, centrally stipitate. Pileus pale buff to brown, darker at centre, 40–200 mm in diameter, plano-convex to plane, smooth and leathery, dry; flesh firm, white. Gills adnexed to adnate, moderately crowded, buff to milky brown with conspicuous white sterile margins which are later stained brown with spores. Stipe pale buff above annulus, pale brown to brown below, striate, solid, 50–20 mm long; the substantial, brown, striate and pleated veil is at first held firmly against the developing gills, not falling free until the pileus is at least half expanded. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, 9–12 × 6–7 μm; spore print cigar brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury.; 1st Record: Colenso (1891: as Agaricus (Pholiota) pudicus (see Watling & Taylor 1987)).
Significance: A very large agaric, not uncommonly seen fruiting on wounds on living trees. It causes a heart rot and may invade sapwood. It is considered to be a weak parasite (Hood 1992).; Host(s): Alectryon excelsus, Beilschmiedia tawa, Carpodetus serratus, Corynocarpus laevigatus, Dysoxylum spectabile, Erythrina caffra, Hoheria sp., Kunzea ericoides, Laurelia novaezelandiae, Macropiper excelsum, Magnolia grandiflora, Melicytus ramiflorus, Metrosideros excelsa, Nothofagus solandri var. solandri, Plagianthus regius, Populus nigra, Rhododendron sp., Ulmus sp.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, scattered to gregarious, at first immersed, later erumpent, dark brown to black, 0.1–0.7 mm in diameter, ostiolate; on cankers on young shoots and on needles. Conidia ellipsoid, 0-septate, 5–7 × 2–4 μm, smooth, hyaline, with an irregular mucoid appendage at the apex.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Birch (1935: as Phomopsis strobi).
Significance: Although it is not a primary parasite, this fungus aggravates damage caused by frost. The resulting dieback of branches and terminal shoots often leads to malformation but rarely causes mortality, except in young seedlings. Between 1925 and 1935 the fungus caused considerable damage to young (1–10 years old) Pinus radiata plantations on frost flats at altitudes of 600 m and above in central North Island (Birch 1935). Changes in silvicultural practices have reduced the incidence of frost damage and the fungus is now only of minor importance. It is occasionally reported from sites subject to heavy frosts in late spring, particularly those where windrowing has been carried out or hardening-off of nursery stock has been neglected.; Host(s): Pinus canariensis, P. muricata, P. radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium black to olivaceous black. Conidiophores in small groups or solitary, straight or flexuous, olivaceous to golden brown, smooth, up to 50 μm long. Conidia obclavate, obpyriform, ovoid or ellipsoidal, often with a short beak, formed in long, often branched chains, with up to 8 transverse and several longitudinal or oblique septa, 20–63 × 9–18 μm, verruculose, pale to mid golden brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Kidd (1929: as Alternaria tenuis).
Significance: A very common saprobe found on many plants. It causes a storage rot in apples, which is of minor significance (Kidd 1929).; Host(s): Actinidia deliciosa, Malus ×domestica, Prunus armeniaca.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium olivaceous to black. Conidiophores solitary, straight or flexuous, pale to mid brown or olivaceous brown, up to 300 sm long. Conidia obclavate to oval, often with a beak, solitary or in simple or branched chains of 2–7, with up to 8 transverse and numerous longitudinal or oblique septa, 8–60 × 6–24 μm, smooth to verruculose, pale to mid brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1931b).
Significance: Found on leaves and fruit of Citrus spp., causing scabbing and discolouration of fruit (Dingley 1969). It is of minor importance.; Host(s): Citrus grandis × reticulata, C. jambhiri, C. sinensis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar subhyaline, loosely woolly. Conidiophores of two types: primary conidiophores in small groups, simple, 100–250 μm long; secondary conidiophores produced from primary conidia, simple, 50–120 μm long. Conidia of two types: primary conidia narrowly elliptical, 3–7-septate, without longitudinal septa, 25–40 × 6–8 μm, smooth to verruculose, subhyaline to pale tan; secondary conidia ellipsoid to ovoid, in short chains, 1–4-septate, rarely with one longitudinal septum in one transverse segment, 12–20 × 5–8 μm, smooth, pale tan.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Simmons (2002).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Meryta sinclairii.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium black. Conidiophores solitary, straight or flexuous, olivac-eous brown, up to 150 μm long. Conidia obclavate to ellipsoidal, generally with a short beak, slightly curved, in chains of 2–3 conidia, with 3–7 transverse and often a number of longitudinal and oblique septa, 50–130 × 14–30 μm, smooth to minutely verruculose, mid to dark golden brown or olivaceous brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Hill (1979: as Alternaria raphani).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Fatsia japonica, Meryta sinclarii, Pseudopanax laetus, P. lessonii.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium olivaceous. Conidiophores in groups or solitary, straight or flexuous, pale brown to mid brown, smooth, up to 115 μm long. Conidia obclavate, or with the body of the conidium ellipsoidal tapering gradually to the beak which is up to half the length of the conidium, straight or slightly curved, solitary or in short chains, with 4–7 transverse and several longitudinal and oblique septa, 22–95 × 8–19 μm, smooth to minutely verruculose, pale to mid golden brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Marlborough.; 1st Record: Johnston & McKenzie (1982).
Significance: Of minor importance.; Host(s): Pseudopanax sp., Vaccinium corymbosum.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate. Pileus scarlet, paling to orange at the margin, up to 130 mm in diameter, sprinkled with remnants of the volva forming white warty patches which are often arranged concentrically, convex at first, becoming almost plane later, viscid when young, dry later; flesh firm, white. Gills crowded, free, white. Stipe tapering slightly towards the pileus from a bulbous base, white and striate above a membranaceous white to yellowish annulus, white to dirty white below, hollow, up to 170 mm long. Basidiospores subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 0-septate, 9–11 × 7–8 μm, hyaline, non-amyloid; spore print white.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Fiordland, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Birch (1937).
Significance: This is the classic toadstool familiar to everyone. It is one of the most common and striking agarics associated with introduced tree species in New Zealand. Unlike most introduced mycorrhizal fungi, it has been recorded in indigenous forests in association with Nothofagus and Leptospermum (Stevenson 1962, Horak 1971). Recent reports (Johnston et al. 1998; Orlovich & Cairney 2004) indicate A. muscaria may be locally common in Nothofagus forests in several areas in the South Island. The fungus was isolated from, and experimentally shown to be, a mycorrhizal partner of Pinus radiata (Chu-Chou 1979) and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Chu-Chou & Grace 1981c). It has not been recorded in nurseries and is found only in older (>6-year-old) plantations (Chu-Chou & Grace 1988).; Host(s): Arbutus sp., Betula pendula, Castanea sativa, Eucalyptus ficifolia, E. pauciflora subsp. pauciflora, Fagus sylvatica, Larix decidua, Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. solandri, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, Pinus nigra subsp. laricio, P. radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus robur.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata perennial, effused-reflexed, pileate. Pilei projecting 10–30 mm from the substrate, separate or clustered, 50–100 mm in diameter, 1–2 mm thick. Pileus surface irregular, finely tomentose, rusty brown to dark brown, margin lighter. Pore surface grey to brown-violet with a lilac tinge, later ochraceous brown, smooth to tuberculate, margin somewhat thickened and finely tomentose. Hyphal system dimitic. Cystidia abundant, encrusted, 40–60 × 6–9 μm, yellowish brown. Basidio-spores cylindrical to narrowly ellipsoid, 5–7 × 2–3 μm, hyaline, smooth. Arthrospores produced in special intersegmental sacs of the adult female wood wasp Sirex noctilio.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Central Otago, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Clark (1933: as ‘the Sirex fungus’).
Significance: The fungus, which is carried by the adult female wood wasp Sirex noctilio Fabricius in special intersegmental sacs, causes a sudden wilt disease of exotic conifers in New Zealand. Arthrospores and a toxic mucus are deposited along with an egg by the ovipositing insect in tunnels made in tree stems. The mucus causes wilting and yellowing of foliage. It facilitates spread of the fungus, which rapidly kills cambium cells and invades the wood, disrupting water movement. The combined effect of mucus and fungus can kill a tree weakened by drought, suppression, or subjected to massive oviposition. Although present in New Zealand at least since 1900 (Miller & Clark 1935), the first major outbreak did not occur until 1946. By 1951, 25–30% of Pinus radiata trees growing on about 100,000 ha had been killed. Shortage of labour in New Zealand during the Second World War meant that most tree stands were untended and heavily overstocked. Most of the trees killed had been suppressed and mortality was beneficial because it provided a much-needed light thinning. At present, Sirex noctilio populations are controlled by the introduced larval parasitoids Rhyssa persuasoria persuasoria (Linnaeus), Megarhyssa nortoni nortoni (Cresson) and Ibalia leucospoides leucospoides (Hochenwarth) and the nematode Deladenus siricidicola Bedding which parasitises ovaries and renders the female wasps sterile. Currently, the presence of the fungus is unimportant in well-tended stands. Occasional local outbreaks after long periods of drought have been short-lived and the damage caused has been minor.; Host(s): Resistant i.e., attacked, but suffering little damage: Abies sp., Larix decidua, L. kaempferi, Picea abies, P. sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii. Moderately resistant: Pinus palustris, P. pinaster. Susceptible: Pinus contorta, P. echinata, P. elliottii, P. muricata, P. nigra subsp. nigra, P. nigra subsp. laricio, P. patula, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, P. strobus, P. sylvestris, P. taeda.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum compacted into spongy masses, extensive, up to 1 mm thick, black; on branches. Mycelium composed of pale brown to brown, septate, coarsely warted, straight or curved, 10–14 μm wide hyphae. Conidia fusiform to ellipsoidal, slightly curved, 5–13-septate, 45–100 × 11–15 μm, smooth, brown.
Distribution: Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1974a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Discaria toumatou, Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, forming tapering synnemata up to 1 mm long or spongy and extensive; black; on twigs. Mycelium composed of pale brown to brown, septate, coarsely warted, straight or curved, 6–10 μm wide hyphae. Conidia fusiform to narrowly ellipsoidal, curved, 7-septate, 38–42 × 9 μm, smooth, brown to olivaceous brown.
Distribution: Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1974a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Melicope simplex.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum in spongy mounds up to 1 mm thick, dark brown to black; on branches. Mycelium composed of pale brown to dark brown, septate, coarsely warted, straight or gently curved, 12–18 μm wide hyphae. Conidia narrowly ellipsoidal to cylindrical, curved, 11–18-septate, 100–150 × 12–16 μm, smooth, pale brown to brown.
Distribution: Buller, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1974a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, loose or compact, spongy, up to 2 mm thick and extending for 30–40 mm, black; on twigs. Mycelium composed of olivaceous brown to brown, septate, very coarsely warted, straight or curved, 7–10 μm wide hyphae. Conidia ellipsoidal to obovoid, straight or rarely, curved, 3-septate, 20–25 × 8–9 μm, smooth, olivaceous brown to brown.
Distribution: Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1974a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Myrsine australis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered, immersed, globose or slightly flattened at the base, black, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, with a protuberant neck 80–124 m long; on the lower surfaces of fallen leaves. Asci cylindrical to clavate, 40–62 × 12–15 μm. Ascospores elliptical to fusiform, 1-septate, 10–20 × 4–6 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiomata acervular, yellowish brown, on elongated, vein-limited, brown necrotic areas on attached leaves. Conidia ovoid to elliptical, 0-septate, 6–16 × 3–6 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury.; 1st Record: Brien (1939: as Gloeosporium nervisequum).
Significance: The cause of anthracnose of planes, causing serious damage in Platanus ×acerifolia (London plane) in occasional years. Symptoms of the disease have been described in detail by Neely (1976). The first evidence of infection is usually bud blight in early spring. The bud and sometimes the twig bearing the bud may be killed; if not, the fungus may invade shoot tissues after the buds have flushed, causing shoot blight to develop. The fungus also infects leaves during the summer and causes leaf blight.; Host(s): Platanus ×acerifolia, P. occidentalis, P. orientalis.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate, centrally stipitate. Pileus 20–80 mm in diameter, light brown to umber, becoming dark brown to vinaceous tawny later, with dark brown to smoky black scales sprinkled thickly at centre and more sparsely towards the margin, convex at first, becoming plano-convex to irregularly depressed later, dry; flesh firm, ivory, sometimes with a pinkish tinge. Gills sinuate to sub-decurrent, moderately crowded, vinaceous buff to russet to fawn. Stipe tapering towards a sub-bulbous base, buff to fawn in the upper third, sepia or cigar brown further down, fibrillose, solid, 30–70 mm long. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, 6–9 × 4–6 μm, non-amyloid; spore print white.
Distribution: Buller, Westland.; 1st Record: Kile & Watling (1983).
Significance: Recorded only from Nothofagus forests of the north west coast of the South Island. Studies using molecular techniques (Coetzee et al. 2001) have shown that A. hinnulea is more closely related to Armillaria spp. occurring in the Northern Hemisphere than to other Australian and New Zealand species. Armillaria hinnulea also occurs in the mixed forest and wet sclerophyll eucalypt forest of south-eastern Australia where hosts include Acacia melanoxylon, Eucalyptus regnans, and Nothofagus cunninghamii.; Host(s): Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides, Nothofagus sp.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate, centrally stipitate. Pileus 80–130 mm in diameter, lemon yellow, with dark brown tufted scales sprinkled thickly at centre and more sparsely towards the margin, convex at first, becoming almost plane later, dry; flesh firm, white. Gills sinuately decurrent, moderately crowded, creamy white, becoming pinkish fawn. Stipe tapering towards the pileus, with a bulbous base, light brown above a substantial floccose annulus, shading to brown or olive green below, velutinate, solid, 100–150 mm long. Basidiospores ovoid, 7–8 × 5–7 m, non-amyloid; spore print white.
Distribution: See Significance.; 1st Record: Stevenson (1964: as Armillariella limonea).
Significance: In older records (Gilmour 1966a; Dingley 1969), Armillaria limonea and A. novaezelandiae were collectively referred to as Armillaria mellea, a European species not known from New Zealand. Most records of disease attributed to infection by Armillaria (clearly recognisable from the presence of rhizomorphs and fan-like mycelial sheets under bark) do not identify the species as it is not possible to do so in the absence of fruiting bodies. No distinction between the two species is made in the account that follows. Shaw et al. (1981) found no significant difference between them in terms of pathogenicity. Hood & Sandberg (1993), using a large number of isolates in pot tests, found that A. limonea was generally slightly less pathogenic to Pinus radiata than A. novaezelandiae. They also found considerable variability in pathogenicity between different isolates of the same species. Armillaria limonea and A. novaezelandiae are endemic in New Zealand, fruiting bodies and rhizomorphs of both species being common in indigenous forests. They are apparently unable to parasitise roots in podocarp/hardwood forests where there is no evidence of mortality caused by Armillaria spp. Parasitic attack has been reported in Nothofagus forests (Rawlings 1953). As the natural distribution of Armillaria spp. is restricted to forested areas, root disease caused by these species is a first rotation problem only in plantations established on former indigenous forest sites. In new Pinus radiata plantations established on such sites, mortality commences 3–6 months after planting and up to 10% of the trees may be killed in the first year. Mortality continues for about 10 years and may affect up to 50% over this period (Shaw & Calderon 1977). Trees older than 10 years are rarely killed but infection persists in a non-lethal, chronic form to the end of the rotation. From a country-wide survey, Self et al. (1998) found that 39% of plantation trees on formerly indigenous forest sites were chronically infected. Such trees are susceptible to windthrow and toppling and grow more slowly than uninfected trees. Estimates of volume loss attributable to Armillaria infection vary between 14–24% for individual trees (Shaw & Toes 1977) and 6–13% for a 28-year sawlog regime (MacKenzie 1987). Armillaria root disease is not a problem in first rotation Pinus radiata stands established on farmland or other sites that previously carried only herbaceous cover (Gilmour 1966a). Self et al. (1998) found that 4% of trees planted on herbaceous shrub sites were infected by Armillaria spp. There is considerable evidence to show that on such sites, stumps left when the first tree plantation crop is felled can be infected by basidiospores carried over long distances (Hood, Horner et al. 2002). Rhizomorphs are not produced for several years and thus there is little or no mortality in the second rotation crop. When rhizomorph production does occur, trees are older and have developed some resistance. Although there is no mortality, varying numbers of trees become chronically infected and there is a consequent loss of volume increment. Kimberley et al. (2002) estimated a volume loss of just over 2% in a 13-year-old second rotation stand where approximately 20% of trees carried non-lethal, chronic infection. The only proven eradicative control measure for armillaria root disease is the removal of stumps, which are the main source of inoculum (van der Pas & Hood 1984). Stumping is expensive and difficult to undertake on steep country and is rarely practiced. Application of fungicides to stumps or soil has not been effective (Shaw et al. 1980; van der Pas & Hood 1984). Inoculation of stumps with saprobic fungi immediately after felling to prevent colonisation by Armillaria spp. (Yang & Hood 1992) is being explored. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES: Hood (1989: review of armillaria root disease in New Zealand); van der Kamp & Hood (2002: infection process); Hood, Kimberley et al. (2002: influence of silviculture); Hood & Kimberley (2002: disease survey methods); Firth & Brownlie (2002: aerial disease assessment methods); Shaw & Kile 1991 (comprehensive world-wide review of species Armillaria and armillaria root disease).; Host(s): Beilschmiedia tawa, Dacrydium cupressinum, Hedycarya arborea, Knightia excelsa, Metrosideros robusta, Nothofagus menziesii, Nothofagus sp., Pinus radiata.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate, centrally stipitate. Pileus 35–60 mm in diameter, pinkish brown, sprinkled more or less evenly (slightly more densely at centre) with dark, coarse scales, sometimes with a greenish tinge, convex at first, becoming plano-convex later, dry; flesh pink. Gills decurrent, moderately crowded, pale pink. Stipe with a bulbous base and a distinct pink annulus, pinkish brown with a greenish tinge, fibrillose, hollow, 40–90 mm long. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, 7–9 × 5–7 bm, non-amyloid; spore print white.
Distribution: Taupo.; 1st Record: Hood (1992: as Armillaria sp.)
Significance: This unnamed species has been collected only from the Nothofagus forests of the central North Island and its pathogenicity is not known. It resembles A. hinnulea in morphology but studies using molecular techniques (Coetzee et al. 2001) have shown that it is distinct from A. hinnulea and is more closely related to the other Australasian Armillaria species.; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. cliffortioides.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate, centrally stipitate. Pileus 30–80 mm in diameter, olive buff to olive brown, sprinkled with very small dull brown scales at the centre, convex at first, becoming plane to shallow concave; flesh creamy white. Gills decurrent to almost sinuate, moderately crowded, creamy white becoming dull fawn. Stipe tapering towards the base, fawn above evanescent annulus, brown to dark purplish below, smooth or striate, solid, 40–70 mm long. Basidiospores ellipsoid to elongate-ellipsoid, 7–9 × 5–6 m, non-amyloid; spore print white.
Distribution: See Significance.; 1st Record: Stevenson (1964: as Armillariella novaezelandiae).
Significance: Causes extensive vine death in kiwifruit orchards, particularly in the vicinity of stumps of felled shelterbelt trees. In older records (Gilmour 1966a; Dingley 1969), Armillaria limonea and A. novaezelandiae were collectively referred to as Armillaria mellea, a European species not known from New Zealand. Most records of disease attributed to infection by Armillaria (clearly recognisable from the presence of rhizomorphs and fan-like mycelial sheets under bark) do not identify the species as it is not possible to do so in the absence of fruiting bodies. No distinction between the two species is made in the account that follows. Shaw et al. (1981) found no significant difference between them in terms of pathogenicity. Hood & Sandberg (1993), using a large number of isolates in pot tests, found that A. limonea was generally slightly less pathogenic to Pinus radiata than A. novaezelandiae. They also found considerable variability in pathogenicity between different isolates of the same species. Armillaria limonea and A. novaezelandiae are endemic in New Zealand, fruiting bodies and rhizomorphs of both species being common in indigenous forests. They are apparently unable to parasitise roots in podocarp/hardwood forests where there is no evidence of mortality caused by Armillaria spp. Parasitic attack has been reported in Nothofagus forests (Rawlings 1953). As the natural distribution of Armillaria spp. is restricted to forested areas, root disease caused by these species is a first rotation problem only in plantations established on former indigenous forest sites. In new Pinus radiata plantations established on such sites, mortality commences 3–6 months after planting and up to 10% of the trees may be killed in the first year. Mortality continues for about 10 years and may affect up to 50% over this period (Shaw & Calderon 1977). Trees older than 10 years are rarely killed but infection persists in a non-lethal, chronic form to the end of the rotation. From a country-wide survey, Self et al. (1998) found that 39% of plantation trees on formerly indigenous forest sites were chronically infected. Such trees are susceptible to windthrow and toppling and grow more slowly than uninfected trees. Estimates of volume loss attributable to Armillaria infection vary between 14–24% for individual trees (Shaw & Toes 1977) and 6–13% for a 28-year sawlog regime (MacKenzie 1987). Armillaria root disease is not a problem in first rotation Pinus radiata stands established on farmland or other sites that previously carried only herbaceous cover (Gilmour 1966a). Self et al. (1998) found that 4% of trees planted on herbaceous shrub sites were infected by Armillaria spp. There is considerable evidence to show that on such sites, stumps left when the first tree plantation crop is felled can be infected by basidiospores carried over long distances (Hood, Horner et al. 2002). Rhizomorphs are not produced for several years and thus there is little or no mortality in the second rotation crop. When rhizomorph production does occur, trees are older and have developed some resistance. Although there is no mortality, varying numbers of trees become chronically infected and there is a consequent loss of volume increment. Kimberley et al. (2002) estimated a volume loss of just over 2% in a 13-year-old second rotation stand where approximately 20% of trees carried non-lethal, chronic infection. The only proven eradicative control measure for armillaria root disease is the removal of stumps, which are the main source of inoculum (van der Pas & Hood 1984). Stumping is expensive and difficult to undertake on steep country and is rarely practiced. Application of fungicides to stumps or soil has not been effective (Shaw et al. 1980; van der Pas & Hood 1984). Inoculation of stumps with saprobic fungi immediately after felling to prevent colonisation by Armillaria spp. (Yang & Hood 1992) is being explored. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES: Hood (1989: review of armillaria root disease in New Zealand); van der Kamp & Hood (2002: infection process); Hood, Kimberley et al. (2002: influence of silviculture); Hood & Kimberley (2002: disease survey methods); Firth & Brownlie (2002: aerial disease assessment methods); Shaw & Kile 1991 (comprehensive world-wide review of species Armillaria and armillaria root disease).; Host(s): Actinidia deliciosa, Bambusa oldhamii, Beilschmiedia tawa, Casuarina cunninghamiana, Cortaderia fulvida, Dacrydium cupressinum, Fuchsia sp., Grevillea robusta, Griselinia littoralis, Hedycarya arborea, Knightia excelsa, Laurelia novae-zelandiae, Litsea calicaris, Meryta sinclairii, Nothofagus menziesii, Nothofagus sp., Pinus radiata, Pyracantha crenulata, Salix matsudana.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium well developed, superficial, white, hyphae 5–9 μm wide; on leaves and twigs. Appressoria not lobed, numerous. Ascomata not known in New Zealand. Conidiophores 75–120 × 9–10 μm, foot cell straight. Conidia produced in chains, oblong cylindrical, 0-septate, 20–38 × 10–19 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Central Otago.; 1st Record: Boesewinkel (1977a: as Erysiphe mougeotii).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Lycium barbarum.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, immersed, subglobose, scarlet red; on reddish brown, roughly circular leaf spots 10–20 mm in diameter. Conidia oval to cylindrical, often irregular in shape, 1-septate, 9–15 × 3–5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Brien & Dingley (1955).
Significance: Leaf spots are of little significance but the fungus has also been recorded as the cause of rot in mature fruit on several occasions (Dingley 1969).; Host(s): Ficus carica.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, gregarious, more or less concentrically distributed, subepidermal, erumpent, subglobose, light yellow-brown to brown, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, ostiolate, with a dark brown border; on greyish brown to brown circular lesions with a raised dark brown margin, 2–8 mm in diameter, on leaves and pods. Conidia cylindrical, 1-septate, 11–14 × 3–4 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Wellington.; 1st Record: Kirk (1906).
Significance: May cause considerable damage to pea crops (Dingley 1969) but of no importance on lupins.; Host(s): Lupinus angustifolius, L. arboreus.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum 2–3 mm in diameter, black; on upper surfaces of leaves. Mycelium densely reticulate, composed of dark brown, septate, straight or curved hyphae with capitate hyphopodia, 45–55 μm long. Ascomata perithecial, scattered, black, globose, up to 0.2 mm in diameter. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 3-septate, 72–79 × 25–28 μm, dark brown. Conidia cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, 0-sepate, 7–9 × 2–3.5 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland.; 1st Record: Hughes (1978)
Significance: None.; Host(s): Knightia excelsa.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum effuse, forming a pellicle, black; on leaves. Mycelium composed of brown to dark brown, septate, straight or curved hyphae. Ascomata perithecial, scattered or crowded in groups, black, globose, minute. Asci obovate. Ascospores pyriform, 1-septate, 10 × 5–6 μm, brown.
Distribution: Not known.; 1st Record: Cooke (1887).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Pittosporum eugenioides.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum effuse, more or less circular, black; on leaves. Mycelium composed of brown to dark brown, septate, straight or curved hyphae. Ascomata perithecial, densely crowded, black, depressed globose, 0.15 mm in diameter. Asci ovate. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 15 × 8 μm, brown.
Distribution: Not known.; 1st Record: Cooke (1887: as Asterina intensa).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Pisonia brunoniana.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata thyriothecial, scattered, superficial, elongate, often branched, dark brown to black, up to 2 mm long, opening by a longitudinal slit; on brown, roughly circular spots 2–15 mm in diameter, frequently with a raised corky area in the centre and a dark margin, on both sides of leaves and on petioles. Asci clavate, 30–40 × 10–14 μm. Ascospores cylindric-elliptical, 1-septate, 12–14 × 3.5–5.5 μm, rounded at both ends, hyaline. Conidiomata pycnidial, shield-shaped, superficial, black, 0.3–1.0 mm in diameter. Conidia filiform, cylindrical, 0-septate, 12–30 × 0.5–1 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, North Canterbury.; 1st Record: Dick (1982).
Significance: Of minor importance in New Zealand because infection occurs primarily in the lower crown and is not severe. The fungus causes moderate to severe defoliation of E. nitens in Eastern Gippsland, Australia (Neumann & Marks 1976).; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. fraxinoides, E. nitens, E. regnans.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata perennial, solitary or with pilei overlapping each other, firm and woody, attached by a broad lateral base. Pileus effused-reflexed, sometimes ungulate, applanate, or resupinate, 70–170 mm wide, 30–50 mm thick. Pileus surface concentrically sulcate and ridged, radially fluted, light orange brown, darkening to umber with age. Pore surface with a sterile border 2–3 mm wide, white, becoming dirty brown, pores obscurely stratose, 5–6 per mm. Context pale fawn to ochre, 2–5 mm thick. Hyphal system dimitic. Basidiospores elliptical, 7–10 × 4–5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, North Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Southland.; 1st Record: Lloyd (1915: as Fomes cuneatus).
Significance: None. Causes a white heart rot in the hosts listed but is more often found on dead trees and logs (Gilmour 1966a, as Fomitopsis tasmanica).; Host(s): Beilschmiedia tarairi, B. tawa, Dysoxylum spectabile, Nothofagus menziesii, N. solandri var. solandri, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata subepigeous to epigeous, subglobose, white at first, becoming greyish brown, 10–30 mm in diameter, with a small basal rhizomorph; peridium composed of a single parenchymatous layer. Gleba smoky grey, composed of tramal plates anastomosing to form irregular cells which are partially filled with basidiospores; columella much branched. Basidiospores obovate, 0-septate, 12–16 × 10–12 μm, covered with 8–10 longitudinal ribs, greyish black.
Distribution: Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taupo.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1983b: as Gauteria clelandii).
Significance: Recorded as a mycorrhizal associate of Eucalyptus regnans (Chu-Chou & Grace 1983b). NEW ZEALAND RECORD OF PLANT ASSOCIATION: Chu-Chou & Grace (1983b: as Gauteria clelandii).; Host(s): Eucalyptus regnans.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in clusters, globose, salmon pink, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter ostiole non-papillate, superficial, on a pulvinate stroma up to 2 mm in diameter; on bark on stems. Asci clavate, 50–80 × 6–12 μm. Ascospores elliptical to oval, 1-septate, 12–20 × 5–6 μm, verrucose, hyaline. Conidia elliptical, 0-septate, 8–15 × 2–4 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Dingley (1951: as Nectria kowhai).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Corynocarpus laevigatus, Pseudopanax sp., Sophora microphylla.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in clusters, globose, translucent reddish orange, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, ostiolate, superficial, on a pulvinate, erumpent stroma up to 2 mm in diameter; on stems. Asci clavate to elliptical, 30–50 × 5–10 μm. Ascospores fusiform, 1-septate, 8–14 × 2–4 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidia elliptical to oval, 0-septate, 3–5 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline, produced in slimy heads.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Nelson, Buller, Westland.; 1st Record: Dingley (1951: as Nectria ochroleuca).
Significance: Considered by Dingley (1969) to be a wound pathogen of minor economic importance. Occasionally recorded on Pinus radiata seedlings from Northland but of no economic significance to forestry.; Host(s): Beilschmiedia tawa, Brachyglottis repanda, Carmichaelia sp., Coprosma robusta, Cytisus scoparius, Dysoxylum spectabile, Escallonia rubra var. macrantha, Hedycarya arborea, Hoheria populnea, Lupinus arboreus, Malus ×domestica, Melicytus ramiflorus, Pinus radiata, Podalyria sp., Populus sp., Prunus persica, Psoralea sp., Rhopalostylis sapida, Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix fragilis, Sophora microphylla, Ulex europaeus.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, scattered or aggregated in groups of 2–10, flattened globose, orange-yellow to salmon pink, finely warted, 0.3–0.5 mm in diameter, ostiole papillate, superficial, on a poorly-developed erumpent stroma; on bark on stems. Asci clavate, 50–95 × 8–15 μm. Ascospores elongate elliptical, 1-septate, 15–25 × 4–8 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidia lemon-shaped, 0-septate, 10–18 × 7–9 μm, smooth, hyaline at first but becoming thick walled and greenish.
Distribution: Auckland, Northland, Coromandel, Wanganui, Nelson.; 1st Record: Dingley (1951: as Nectria hauturu).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Beilschmiedia tawa, Carmichaelia sp., Citrus limon, Coprosma grandifolia, C. lucida, Lupinus arboreus, Melicytus ramiflorus, Olearia sp., Pittosporum tenuifolium, Rhopalostylis sapida, Ripogonum scandens, Sophora microphylla, S. tetraptera.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata hysterothecial, scattered, subcuticular, oblong-elliptic to almost oval, pale grey to grey with a narrow dark line marking the outside edge, 0.4–0.6 mm long, opening by a longitudinal slit lined with a broad white to yellowish zone; on both sides of leaves. Asci saccate, 4-spored, 180–240 × 17–22 μm. Ascospores oblong-elliptic, 0-septate, 37–44 × 7–11 μm, surrounded by a 5–8 μm wide gelatinous sheath, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Coromandel, Taupo, Gisborne, Buller, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Johnston (1991).
Significance: None. Although found on dead leaves attached to the tree, there is no evidence of pathogenicity (Johnston 1991).; Host(s): Dacrydium cupressinum.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual, compound, consisting of 3–10 overlapping pilei attached to a common base by lateral stalks, brittle at first, woody later; compound pilei may attain a large size, up to 500 mm wide; one very large specimen 800 mm wide has been recorded (Cunningham 1965). Pilei applanate, conchate or fan-like, 50–150 mm wide, 3–15 mm thick, young pilei exude a milky fluid when broken. Pileus surface finely velutinate to pruinose, radiately striate, orange yellow or fawn at first, drab fawn brown later. Pore surface even, with a sterile border 1–3 mm wide, honey yellow to pallid yellow brown, pores large, 1–3 per mm. Context white, 3–10 mm thick. Hyphal system dimitic. Basidiospores globose to subglobose, 6–8 μm in diameter (including amyloid spines), coarsely verruculose, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Rangitikei, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Fiordland, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Central Otago.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1927: as Polyporus berkeleyi).
Significance: Causes a white butt rot, which is fairly common on Nothofagus spp.; Host(s): Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, Dacrydium cupressinum, Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, Podocarpus totara, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, embedded in a brown stroma with emergent papillate ostioles, aggregated in small groups, globose, black, up to 0.2 mm in diameter; on twigs. Stroma forming blackish, erumpent, circular or elliptical crusts, up to 15 mm long. Asci cylindric-clavate, 110 × 22 µm. Ascospores elliptical, 0-septate, 16–26 × 5–10 µm, smooth, hyaline to faintly yellowish. Conidiomata pycnidial, erumpent. Conidia fusiform, 0-septate (occasionally 1–2-septate), 10–23 × 3–7 µm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1922: as Botryosphaeria ribis).
Significance: A minor pathogen of fruit trees and willow. The cause of rot in ripe fruit of Actinidia deliciosa (Pennycook & Samuels 1985).; Host(s): Actinidia chinensis, A. deliciosa, Citrus limon, Cytisus scoparius, Eucalyptus nitens, Malus ×domestica, Populus nigra, Pyrus communis, Rhododendron sp., Ribes nigrum, R. rubrum, R. uva-crispa var. sativum, Rosa rubiginosa, Rosa sp., Salix magnifica, Vaccinium corymbosum.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in small groups, uni- or multi-loculate, at first immersed but becoming erumpent, globose to ovoid, black, up to 0.5 mm in diameter; on twigs. Asci cylindrical to clavate, 85–175 µm. Ascospores oval to broadly fusiform, 0-septate, 18–24 × 7–12 µm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, solitary or confluent, immersed, globose, dark brown to black, up to 0.15 mm in diameter. Conidia fusiform, 0-septate, 12–24 × 5–8 µm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Marlborough.; 1st Record: Pennycook & Samuels (1985).
Significance: Recorded mainly as a fruit-rot fungus but also found on twigs of willow and canes of grapevines. Of no significance to forestry.; Host(s): Actinidia deliciosa, Diospyros kaki, Malus ×domestica, Persea americana, Pyrus communis, P. pyrifolia, Salix magnifica, Vitis vinifera.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, aggregated, subepidermal at first, becoming erumpent, globose, black, up to 0.4 mm in diameter; on twigs, leaves, and fruit. Conidia cylindrical, 0-septate (occasionally 1-septate), 20–26 × 10–16 µm, apex obtuse, verruculose, brown.
Distribution: Hawkes Bay, Wellington, Nelson.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1921).
Notes: This species was synonymised under a broad concept of Botryosphaeria quercuum (Schweinitz) Saccardo in earlier literature (Laundon 1977).
Significance: Only the anamorph is known in New Zealand. A wound pathogen associated with, but not necessarily the primary cause of, stem cankers, leaf spots, and fruit rot in fruit trees.; Host(s): Cydonia oblonga, Malus ×domestica, Pyrus communis, Quercus ilex, Rubus idaeus, Rubus × (hybrid berry).
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in groups of 5–50, erumpent through bark, globose, black, up to 0.2 mm in diameter; on twigs and small branches. Asci clavate, 17–145 × 17–20 μm. Ascospores broadly ellipsoidal to fusoid, 0-septate, 18–23 × 8–10 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiomata pycnidial, aggregated, globose to pyriform. Conidia fusiform, 0-septate, 14–18 × 5–7 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Hawke’s Bay.; 1st Record: Pennycook & Samuels (1985).
Significance: A minor pathogen of kiwifruit.; Host(s): Actinidia deliciosa, Diospyros kaki, Eriobotrya japonica, Malus ×domestica, Persea americana, Populus nigra, Populus sp., Pseudopanax laetus, Pyrus communis.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary or aggregated, embedded in a black stroma, globose, black, up to 0.2 mm in diameter; on twigs. Conidia cylindrical, 0-septate, 20–27 × 10–13 μm, smooth, hyaline (occasionally brown and 1-septate when old).
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Waters (1917: as Diplodia griffoni).
Notes: This species was synonymised under a broad concept of Botryosphaeria quercuum (Schweinitz) Saccardo in earlier literature (Laundon 1977).
Significance: Only the anamorph is known in New Zealand. A weak secondary wound pathogen.; Host(s): Actinidia chinensis, A. deliciosa, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Corokia ×cheesemanii, Eriobotrya japonica, Malus ×domestica, Populus sp., Protea sp., Prunus persica, Pyrus communis, Tecomanthe speciosa.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium effuse, grey to greyish brown; on non-suberised branches and stems and on leaves. Sclerotia black, usually about 3 mm in diameter, number, size and shape very variable. Conidiophores tree-like, stipes straight, 2 mm or more long, branching dichotomous or trichotomous forming a rather open head, smooth, clear brown below, paler near the apex, branch ends often hyaline. Conidia ellipsoid to obovoid, 0-septate, 6–18 × 4–11 μm, smooth, hyaline to pale brown, greyish in mass.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Central Otago, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1925a).
Significance: Commonly known as ‘grey mould’, this ubiquitous fungus is of considerable economic importance in horticulture since it damages flowers, leaves, stems, fruit, and other parts of many crop plants (Dingley 1969). In forestry, it is of importance only as a nursery pathogen causing soft rot and dieback of terminal shoots of young seedlings. Major losses are rare, but occur occasionally in glasshouse-grown stock.; Host(s): Actinidia chinensis, A. deliciosa, Adiantum sp., Anigozanthos manglesii, Araucaria araucana, Camellia japonica, Carica × heilbornii nm. pentagona, Chamaecyparis pisifera, Citrus grandis × reticulata, C. limon, C. sinensis, Clematis recta, Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressus macrocarpa, Cydonia oblonga, Cyphomandra betacea, Diospyros kaki, Eucalyptus botryoides, E. globulus subsp. maidenii, E. ovata, E. saligna, Feijoa sellowiana, Forsythia sp., Fuchsia ×hybrida, Hibiscus cannabinus, H. rosa-sinensis, Jasminum mesnyi, Lagerstroemia indica, Leucospermum nutans, L. reflexum, Lupinus angustifolius, Malus ×domestica, Mangifera indica, Passiflora edulis, Pinus brutia, P. muricata, P. nigra subsp. nigra, P. nigra subsp. laricio, P. radiata, Prunus armeniaca, P. persica, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Psidium cattleianum, Pyrus communis, Ribes nigrum, R. rubrum, R. uva-crispa var. sativum, Rosa sp., Rubus fruticosus agg., R. idaeus, Rubus × (hybrid berry), Sequoia sempervirens, Thuja plicata, Vaccinium corymbosum, Vitis labrusca × vinifera, V. vinifera. (Also recorded on numerous herbaceous plants.)
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia scattered, minute, pear-shaped, immersed, up to 0.5 mm in diameter; on the upper surfaces of phylloclades; associated with aecia, on stems and phylloclades. Aecia scattered, circular to elongate, orange-yellow, up to 1.5 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of phylloclades; on bright golden orange discolourations, up to 10 mm across, on stems and phylloclades. Aeciospores in chains, polygonal to ellipsoid, 24–46 × 17–30 m, covered with reticulately arranged tubercles.
Distribution: Waikato, Taupo, Nelson, Buller, Westland.; 1st Record: Shaw (1977).
Significance: The rust causes little damage to the host and is of no importance. It appears to be the only rust recorded on the Phyllocladaceae.; Host(s): Phyllocladus alpinus, P. toatoa, P. trichomanoides.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, tufted to velutinous or spongy, dark brown to black; on bark of trunks or rarely on leaves. Mycelium composed of repent and erect, brown to dark olivaceous brown, septate, very coarsely warted, moniliform hyphae, up to 16 μm wide, tapering toward their distal ends; erect hyphae may fragment into single barrel-shaped cells or into lengths 2–8 cells long. Conidia ovoid to ellipsoid, 1-septate just above the middle, thick-walled, 12–13 × 7–9 μm, brown to dark brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1981b).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Leptospermum scoparium, Nothofagus fusca, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, Olearia rani, Pittosporum ellipticum, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum, superficial, velutinous, tufted or in compact mounds, dark brown to black; on bark of trunks. Mycelium composed of brown to dark brown septate, coarsely warted, curved, moniliform hyphae, up to 30 μm wide, which taper toward their distal ends. Conidia ovoid, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, thick-walled, 13–18 × 9–11 μm, coarsely warted, brown to dark brown.
Distribution: Buller, North Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1981b).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca, N. truncata.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, effuse, up to 7 mm thick, dark brown to black; on bark of trunks, branches or twigs. Mycelium composed of brown to dark brown septate, finely to moderately warted, curved, moniliform hyphae, up to 31 μm wide, which taper toward their distal end. Conidia ovoid, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, thick walled, 16–21 × 11–13 μm, very coarsely warted, brown to dark brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Westland.; 1st Record: Hughes (1981b).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Leptospermum scoparium, Olearia rani, Weinmannia racemosa, W. sylvicola.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, effuse, thinly to densely velutinous, black; on bark of trunks. Mycelium composed of repent and erect dark olivaceous brown, septate, coarsely warted, moniliform hyphae, up to 18 μm wide, which taper markedly toward their distal ends; erect hyphae straight or flexuous, up to 200 μm long. Conidia at first globose, then ovoid, 1-septate, 11–13 × 7–9 μm, slightly warted, dark olivaceous brown.
Distribution: Taupo, Buller.; 1st Record: Hughes (1981b).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Aristotelia serrata, Coprosma tenuifolia, Nothofagus fusca.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, effuse, velutinous to tufted or in compact hemispherical mounds up to 10 mm wide, dark brown to black; on bark of trunks or twigs or on leaves. Mycelium composed of brown to dark brown, septate, smooth or finely warted, straight or flexuous moniliform hyphae, up to 33 μm wide, which taper markedly toward their distal ends. Conidia ovoid, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, thick walled, 17–27 × 12–18 μm, smooth or finely warted, brown to dark brown.
Distribution: Taupo, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1981b).
Significance: None; Host(s): Coprosma grandifolia, Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, Leptospermum scoparium, Metrosideros diffusa, Nothofagus fusca, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, glistening, irregularly thickened, spongy, rusty brown to blackish brown; on bark of trunks and branches. Mycelium composed of brown, septate, generally smooth, straight or curved moniliform hyphae, up to 30 μm wide, which taper toward their distal ends. Conidia ellipsoidal to subcylindrical, straight or slightly curved, 3-septate, 27–43 × 10–14 μm, smooth, dark brown. Capnophialophora synanamorph. Conidia ellipsoidal to subglobose, 1.4–2 × 1.5–1.9 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1966).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum floccose, dark brown to black; on twigs and leaves. Mycelium composed of olivaceous brown, septate, cylindrical hyphae. Ascomata perithecial, black, shining, up to 0.2 mm in diameter. Asci obovate, 40–45 × 25 μm. Ascospores oblong, 3–4-septate (with one longitudinal septum), constricted at the septa, 18–24 × 8–12 μm, dark brown. Conidia 3-septate (with one longitudinal septum), 14 × 6 μm, brown.
Distribution: Not known.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1925a).
Significance: A minor nuisance because infested fruit may require washing before sale. Associated with infestation by citrus aphids.; Host(s): Citrus aurantiifolia, C. grandis × reticulata, C. limon, C. reticulata, C. sinensis.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, black, thin; on branches. Mycelium composed of pale brown to brown, smooth hyphae up to 15 μm wide. Ascomata perithecial, dark brown to black, subglobose, usually with a short stalk, 0.1 mm in diameter, ostiolate. Asci clavate. Ascospores obovoid, transversely 3–5-septate with longitudinal septa in all, or all but the terminal cells, 18–25 × 9–11 μm, smooth, pale brown to brown. Conidiomata pycnidial, more or less cylindrical, simple or up to six conidiomata may be borne on a branched, robust black stalk which is up to 250 μm long, black below and brown above, ostiole fringed with hyaline hyphae. Conidia oblong to ellipsoidal, 1-septate, 7–9 × 3–4 μm, smooth, pale brown to brown.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Hughes (1981a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Schefflera digitata.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, floccose, black; on branches, twigs, and leaves. Mycelium composed of dark brown, smooth, moniliform hyphae, up to 15 μm wide. Ascomata perithecial, dark brown, globose, 0.1 mm in diameter. Asci obclavate. Ascospores clavate, 2–5-septate (mainly 3-septate), 20–28 × 6–11 μm, dark green-brown. Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered or in small groups, partly immersed, ampulliform, 0.1 mm in diameter. Conidia fusiform, slightly curved, 7–13-septate (mainly 9-septate), 21–36 × 3–4 μm, golden brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Mulcock (1954).
Significance: This sooty mould is a highly visible, but non-parasitic, partner in the disease complex known as ‘manuka blight’. The parasitic partner and the principal villain responsible for damage to the plant is the introduced scale insect Eriococcus orariensis Hoy (Eriococcidae), which can be found all parts of the host plant but is generally more numerous on the stem where the flaky bark affords protection. ‘Honey dew’ exuded by the insect is washed down the plant by rainwater. The sooty mould lives on nutrients in the honey dew. If insect infestation is severe the whole plant may become covered with mycelium, giving it a fire-blackened appearance. The first outbreak of the scale insect has been traced back to 1936–37 in the Orari Gorge, South Canterbury (Hoy 1961). By 1950, large areas of Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) in Canterbury had been killed (Mulcock 1954). Although manuka blight had spread to most of the North Island and the eastern side of the South Island by the late 1950s, the amount of damage caused was declining as the insects became parasitised by an endemic fungus, Angatia thwaitesii (Petch) Arx (Hoy 1961). At present, manuka blight is common but rarely severe enough to cause death of the host. Leptospermum scoparium is very susceptible to E. orariensis attack but the closely related Kunzea ericoides (kanuka) is resistant. Capnodium walteri has been reported on Pinus spp. (Gilmour 1966a) but is of no importance.; Host(s): Coprosma lucida, Dracophyllum subulatum, Kunzea ericoides, Leptospermum scoparium, Ozothamnus leptophyllus, Pinus sp.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, dark brown to black, effuse or tufted; on leaves and twigs. Mycelium composed of pale brown to brown finely roughened hyphae, 4–6 μm wide. Conidiophores erect, dark brown to black, terminally branched, up to 330 μm long. Conidia obclavate to ellipsoidal, 2–5-septate, 14–48 × 5–9 μm, smooth, brown to dark brown.
Distribution: Northland, Coromandel, Westland.; 1st Record: Hughes (2003).
Significance: None. The fungus is usually found in association with other sooty moulds.; Host(s): Hymenophyllum sp., Leptospermum scoparium, Metrosideros sp., Nothofagus fusca.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, velutinous, extensive, black; on bark of trunks. Mycelium composed of repent and erect hyphae; repent hyphae pale brown to brown, septate, smooth to finely warted, 7–13 μm wide, and tapered towards their distal ends; erect hyphae show considerable variation in size, form and the degree to which they are modified into conidiophores; sterile erect hyphae dark brown at the base and become paler towards the apex, straight or flexuous, smooth, 18–30 μm wide at the base, tapering to an almost acute apex, up to 1.3 mm long, bearing near the apex 1–3 paired, distally pointed, pale brown lateral branches; erect hyphae modified into conidiophores are darker throughout than the sterile hyphae, 20–27 μm wide at the base, tapering gradually to 13–18 μm at the apex, up to 1.4 mm long, either bearing a single terminal conidium or producing lateral, curved branches also bearing a terminal conidium. Conidia obclavate, slightly or markedly curved, 8–10-septate, 100–130 × 21–24 μm, smooth, pale brown to brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Taupo.; 1st Record: Hughes (1975).
Significance: Often found in association with the very common sooty mould Acrogenotheca elegans.; Host(s): Ackama rosifolia, Hoheria populnea, Olearia rani, Pseudopanax arboreus.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata apothecial, in groups, seldom solitary, sessile, cup-shaped but narrowed at the base, circular in outline, disc concave to flat, black, 0.3–0.5 mm in diameter; on fern fronds. Asci not numerous, clavate, 50–65 × 8–12 μm. Ascospores ellipsoid, 0-septate, 15–18 × 6–8 μm, hyaline, finally becoming light brown. Paraphyses dark brown, with apices joined together to form an epithecium.
Distribution: Wellington.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000b).
Significance: Found in a 1 ha patch of umbrella fern where dieback was observed. Pathogenicity has not been demonstrated.; Host(s): Sticherus cunninghamii.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata embedded in a stroma, perithecial, aggregated in groups of up to 20 but never crowded, globose, 0.3–0.4 mm in diameter, with necks 300–400 μm long. Stroma circular, carbonaceous, superficial, up to 5 mm in diameter, with a brownish black, pitted surface covered with slightly sunken perithecial ostiolar openings, on dead leaf axes and stems. Asci clavate, 40–50 × 7–9 μm. Ascospores broadly elliptical, 0-septate, 7–10 × 3–4 μm, smooth, hyaline to very pale brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Buller, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Dingley (1976).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Rhopalostylis sapida.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, scattered to gregarious, occasionally confluent, partly erumpent, black, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter; on both sides of leaves on necrotic spots and on small twigs. Conidia fusiform, 0-septate, 26–30 × 3.5–4 μm, hyaline, with appendages; apical appendage single, 1.5–4 μm long; basal appendage single, excentric, 2–5 μm long.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000b).
Significance: This fungus has been isolated from small galls on twigs and from necrotic leaf spots. Its pathogenic status is not known.; Host(s): Eucalyptus nitens, E. saligna.
Type: Foliicolous algae; Description: Thallus polystromatic, subcuticular, roughly circular, greyish white (resembling a powdery mildew) finally becoming greenish orange, composed of irregularly branched and interwoven prostrate filaments; on the upper surfaces of leaves. Erect hairs penetrating through the cuticle, cylindrical, with a bulbous base, reddish brown to orange, 20–130 μm long. Sporangiophores erect, 2–many-celled, developing from the prostrate thallus. Sporangia (1–5) borne slightly obliquely on a short curved stalk, produced from the swollen tip of the sporangiophore, globose to slightly elliptical, 22–43 × 17–26 μm, surface roughened. Zoospores biflagellate. Gametangia not known. Leaf spots roughly circular and wide spreading, greyish white with a pale yellow halo on the upper surface, pale yellow on the lower surface.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wellington, Nelson, Marlborough Sounds.; 1st Record: Chapman et al. (1957).
Significance: Very common on Melicytus spp. in northern North Island but causes no damage.; Host(s): Melicytus macrophyllus, M. ramiflorus.
Type: Foliicolous algae; Description: Thallus polystromatic, whitish, subcuticular at first, later penetrating the mesophyll, growing in intercellular spaces and filling substomatal chambers, composed of irregularly branched prostrate filaments; on the lower surfaces of leaves. Sporangiophores erect, 5–10 cells long, developing from filaments in the substomatal chamber and emerging through the stoma in tufts. Sporangia (1–several) borne laterally on short, curved stalks, produced on one side of the sporangiophore only, globose, 15–17 μm in diameter, smooth. Zoospores biflagellate. Gametangia sessile, produced on subepidermal filaments. Leaf spots on the upper surface stellate, pale lavender to deep rose, necrotic and sunken in the centre with a deep violet margin, 1–5 mm in diameter; on the lower surface <0.5 mm in diameter, whitish at the centre (due to tufts of sporangiophores) with a yellowish to reddish halo.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Chapman et al. (1957).
Significance: This alga causes an important disease of Theobroma cacao (cocoa) but is of no significance in New Zealand.; Host(s): Coprosma grandifolia, C. lucida, Knightia excelsa.
Type: Foliicolous algae; Description: Thallus polystromatic, at first subcuticular, roughly circular, appearing as greyish to brownish spots, later penetrating the mesophyll and growing in the vicinity of stomata in the lower epidermis, composed of irregularly branched, lobed and interwoven prostrate filaments; on both sides of leaves. Erect hairs penetrating the cuticle, produced in clusters, tapering, orange, 25–45 μm long, predominantly on the upper surfaces of leaves. Sporangiophores erect, 4–11 cells long, produced in tufts of 3–10 from filaments in the vicinity of stomata and destroying the structure of the stomatal area. Sporangia borne singly on a short curved stalk, which develops from the swollen tip of the sporangiophore, globose, 17–18 µm in diameter, smooth. Zoospores biflagellate. Gametangia sessile, globose to pyriform, 25–50 × 25–35 μm, produced on subepidermal filaments on both surfaces of leaves. Leaf spots on the upper surface circular to oval, dark reddish brown to purple with a purple black margin, 5–25 mm in diameter; on the lower surface golden yellow with tufts of sporangiophores.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wellington, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Chapman et al. (1957).
Significance: Causes considerable damage to tropical fruit trees but of little importance in New Zealand. Very common and conspicuous on leaves of Knightia excelsa.; Host(s): Beilschmiedia tawa, Knightia excelsa, Metrosideros excelsa.
Type: Foliicolous algae; Description: Thallus polystromatic, subcuticular or subepidermal, roughly circular with a crenate margin, appearing as a greenish to orange raised spot composed of irregularly branched, prostrate filaments forming a parenchymatous disc; on the upper surfaces of leaves. Erect hairs abundant, penetrating the cuticle, tapering or of uniform thickness, orange, 80–90 μm long. Sporangiophores erect, 2–several cells long, solitary or in tufts of 3–5. Sporangia (1–7) borne slightly obliquely on a short curved stalk which develops from the swollen tip of the sporangiophore, globose to ellipsoidal, 18–27 × 18–22 μm, warty. Zoospores quadriflagellate. Gametangia sessile, obovoid, 17 × 22 μm, produced on subcuticular, prostrate filaments. Leaf spots roughly circular, raised, greenish to orange, appearing hairy because of abundant development of erect hairs, up to 20 mm in diameter.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Nelson, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Chapman et al. (1957).
Significance: This is the alga most commonly found on leaves. In tropical countries it is responsible for the serious ‘red rust’ disease of Thea sinensis (tea) and other plants of economic importance (Sarma 1986) but it causes little damage in New Zealand.; Host(s): Blechnum discolor, Brachyglottis repanda, Coprosma grandifolia, C. robusta, Corokia buddleioides, Dysoxylum spectabile, Hedycarya arborea, Hoheria populnea, Laurus nobilis, Ligustrum japonicum, Litsea calicaris, Macropiper excelsum, Magnolia grandiflora, Melicope ternata, Melicytus macrophyllus, M. ramiflorus, Passiflora edulis, Persea americana, Pseudowintera axillaris, Schefflera digitata.
Type: Xylophilous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered, superficial, globose with a long neck, dark brown to black, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, perithecial necks straight or curved, black, becoming annulate at times, 350–1900 μm long, ostiolar hyphae divergent, septate, 16–65 μm long, hyaline; in bark beetle galleries in inner bark or outer sapwood and as hyphae in the sapwood. Asci evanescent. Ascospores allantoid, 0-septate, 3–5 × 1–1.5 μm, hyaline, oozing out of the ostiole and forming a spore ball at the tip. Conidiogenous cells denticulate. Conidia produced sympodially on the denticles, clavate, curved, 0-septate, 4–10 × 1–1.5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo.; 1st Record: Hutchison & Reid (1988a).
Notes: Ceratocystis coronata should be placed in Ophiostoma but the combination has not yet been made.
Significance: None. Does not cause staining of wood.; Host(s): Pinus nigra subsp. nigra, P. radiata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium internal, dark. Stromata of only a few cells. Conidiophores in fascicles of 3–20, straight, sooty to dark olivaceous near the base, paler towards the tip, septate, 20–200 × 3–6 μm; conidiogenous cells with conspicuous scars. Conidia filiform, acicular, curved, indistinctly multiseptate, 40–200 × 3–5 μm, hyaline. Leaf spots grey at the centre with a dark purple to black margin, circular to irregular, 1–4 mm in diameter, on both sides of leaves.
Distribution: Not known.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1922: as Cercospora angulata).
Significance: Of very minor importance.; Host(s): Ribes nigrum, R. rubrum, R. uva-crispa var. sativum.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Uredinia scattered, sometimes grouped around edge of leaf, circular, powdery, pale reddish brown, up to 0.5 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of leaves, often in reddish-brown angular leaf spots with corresponding brown spots on the upper surface coalescing and becoming necrotic, also on fruit. Urediniospores globose to elliptical, 19–35 × 14–22 μm, sparsely echinulate.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato.; 1st Record: McKenzie (1986).
Significance: Fig rust can cause complete defoliation and may cause premature fruit drop. It requires warm and wet conditions for infection and development.; Host(s): Ficus carica, F. carica × pumila.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, uni- to multi-loculate, scattered or gregarious, immersed becoming partly erumpent, depressed globose, black, 0.1–0.3 mm in diameter; mainly on the lower surfaces of leaves. Conidia cylindrical, straight, 0-septate, 10–15 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Dingley (1969: as Gloeosporium betulae).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Betula pendula.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium in wood composed of brown, septate, irregularly branched hyphae. Conidiophores arising from vegetative hyphae, solitary or clustered, erect, wall brown, smooth, 3–5 septate in the basal part, 30–70 μm long and bearing a phialide; phialides brown, smooth, basal portion obclavate tapering gradually into an apical tube, 65–85 μm long. Conidia cylindrical, 0-septate, 7–15 × 3–4 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000b).
Significance: This fungus has been isolated from discoloured wood in roots and lower stem of dying trees in a stand which was in a state of decline. It may be one of the factors contributing to the decline of M. chathamica in the Chatham Islands.; Host(s): Myrsine chathamica.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate. Pileus brownish orange to cinnamon brown, 20–60 mm in diameter, convex to plano-convex, slightly mucilaginous when wet; flesh dirty white with red tints. Pore surface adnate to subdecurrent; tubes yellowish brown to reddish brown, up to 6 mm long; pores angular, concolorous with tubes or darker reddish brown, 0.4–1 mm in diameter. Stipe more or less cylindrical, yellowish brown to pale reddish brown, golden yellow at base, annulus absent, pruinose to glabrous, 25–60 mm long. Basidiospores elliptical, 0-septate, 8–11 × 3–4 μm, smooth, yellowish.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Nelson, Buller, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Rawlings (1951: as Boletus piperatus).
Significance: Recorded as a close associate of Pinus spp. and of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Rawlings 1951; Chu-Chou & Grace 1987).; Host(s): Pinus contorta, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata epigeous or subepigeous, subglobose to pyriform, ochraceous to bright greenish brown, up to 25 mm in diameter; peridium composed of a single white to cream pseudoparenchymatous layer. Gleba chocolate brown, compact; columella reduced to a few tenuous branches. Basidiospores elliptical, 0-septate, 10–15 × 8–10 μm, with 4–5 longitudinal ribs, golden brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Nelson, Gisborne, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, Marlborough Sounds, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Southland.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1983b: as Gauteria novaezelandiae).
Significance: Recorded as a close associate of Nothofagus spp. (Chu-Chou & Grace 1983b).; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. solandri, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, N. truncata.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata fully resupinate to semipileate with pilei which project up to 40 mm from the substrate, forming patches up to 100 mm long. Pileus surface tomentose, greyish white, indistinctly zoned, margin lighter. Pore surface purplish to dark violaceous, when old brown violaceous, smooth to slightly wrinkled, margin slightly fringed. Context 1–2 mm thick, in cross section a dark line separating the context from the pileus surface is clearly visible. Hyphal system monomitic. Cystidia sparse, fusoid or obtuse, some encrusted, 60–70 × 5–8 μm, hyaline. Basidiospores ellipsoidal to cylindrical, 5–8 × 2–4 μm, smooth, hyaline, non-amyloid.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, Kaikoura, Mid Canterbury, Southland, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Blackmore (1894: as ‘silver blight’).
Significance: A wound parasite well known as the causal agent of silver leaf disease in fruit trees, particularly species of Prunus. It is regarded as the major cause of tree loss in stone fruit orchards (Atkinson 1971). Of no major importance in plantation forestry, although it was found to be the most common fungus isolated from pruning wounds in Eucalyptus delegatensis, causing extensive rot of sapwood in infected trees (Gadgil & Bawden 1981).; Host(s): Acacia baileyana, Aesculus hippocastanum, Betula pendula, Ceanothus papillosus, Chamaecytisus palmensis, Corylus avellana, Cotoneaster sp., Crataegus monogyna, Cupressus macrocarpa, Cydonia oblonga, Cytisus scoparius, Eriobotrya japonica, Escallonia rubra var. macrantha, Eucalyptus botryoides, E. delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. ficifolia, E. macarthurii, E. nitens, E. pyrocarpa, E. regnans, E. saligna, E. viminalis, Euonymus japonicus, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Laburnum sp., Leucadendron sp., Lonicera tatarica, Lupinus arboreus, Malus angustifolia, M. ×domestica, Mespilus germanica, Nerium oleander, Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides, Pittosporum crassifolium, P. tenuifolium, Populus alba, P. ×canadensis, P. deltoides, P. ×generosa, P. ×gileadensis, P. maximowiczii, P. nigra, P. simonii, P. tremula, P. trichocarpa, P. yunnanensis, Protea sp., Prunus armeniaca, P. avium, P. cerasifera, P. ×domestica, P. dulcis, P. lusitanica, P. persica, P. persica var. nucipersica, P. salicina, P. serrulata, Pyrus communis, P. pyrifolia, Rhododendron sp., Ribes nigrum, R. uva-crispa var. sativum, Robinia pseudoacacia, Rosa sp., Rubus idaeus, Salix alba var. vitellina, S. babylonica, S. chilensis, S. fragilis, S. matsudana, Sorbus aucuparia, Syringa vulgaris, Ulex europaeus, Weigela florida.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Uredinia scattered in groups or solitary, circular or irregular, orange yellow, 0.2–0.5 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of leaves, in discoloured spots which are also visible on the upper surfaces. Urediniospores in chains, elliptical or subglobose, 18–26 × 15–21 μm, delicately verruculose.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1926).
Notes: From a detailed study of the Chrysomyxa ledi complex in North America and Europe, Crane (2001) concluded that Chrysomyxa rhododendri should be reinstated as a separate species, not a variety of Chrysomyxa ledi.
Significance: The rust has limited distribution and causes little damage.; Host(s): Rhododendron sp.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum crusty, black; on upper surfaces of leaves. Mycelium composed of olive brown, repent, curved, moniliform hyphae, 3 μm wide, bearing numerous stout, more or less cylindrical synnemata of closely compacted hyphae. Synnemata terminate in a funnel-shaped apex, which bears a mucilaginous head of conidia. Conidia cylindrical to narrowly clavate, straight or slightly curved, mainly 3-septate, 12–24 × 3–4.5 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Hughes (1981b).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Leptospermum scoparium.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata apothecial, scattered, intraepidermal, angularly 3- to 5-sided, up to 1 mm in diameter, black, opening by several radial splits; on discrete, creamy brown to yellow brown areas up to 10 mm across, on both sides of necrotic or fallen leaves. Asci cylindric to subclavate, 95–120 × 5–7 μm. Ascospores filiform, 0-septate, 50–75 × 1.5–2 μm, hyaline. Conidiomata scattered among the ascomata, pycnidial, submerged, depressed globose, black, 0.1–0.13 mm in diameter, with an ostiole located beneath a stoma. Conidia short cylindrical, 0-septate, 4–6 × 1 μm, ends obtuse.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Taranaki, Taupo, Gisborne, Nelson, Buller, Westland.; 1st Record: Johnston (1986).
Significance: None. Found on attached leaves of Eucalyptus spp.; fallen leaves of other species. The fungus appears to be a secondary invader of necrotic tissue.; Host(s): Aristotelia sp., Eucalyptus fastigata, E. fraxinoides, E. nitens, E. regnans, Metrosideros fulgens, M. robusta, M. umbellata, Nestegis lanceolata, N. montana, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, aggregated, subcuticular, conical in vertical section, dark brown, 0.15 mm in diameter; on large (3–15 × 3–4 mm), necrotic, straw coloured leaf spots with dark purple margins on the upper surfaces of leaves and on asymptomatic needles of conifers. Conidia cylindrical with rounded ends, 0-septate, 18–28 × 2–4 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wellington, Wairarapa, Buller, Westland.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000b).
Significance: Although able to invade living plant tissue, this fungus causes little damage.; Host(s): Cupressus lusitanica, Pinus radiata, Pseudopanax crassifolius.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata aggregated, subcuticular, becoming superficial, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, 0.05 mm high, globose, dark brown; on brown leaf spots. Asci ovate, 35–46 × 9–13 μm. Ascospores oblong-elliptic, 1-septate, 10–13 × 5–6 μm, smooth, light brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Bain (2003).
Significance: Considered overseas to be an important pathogen of proteas grown for the cut-flower trade (Taylor et al. 2001). Its significance here is not known.; Host(s): Protea cynaroides, P. neriifolia.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: This forma specialis is morphologically identical to Colletotrichum acutatum but differs in its pathogenicity (see below under SIGNIFICANCE).
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Gisborne, Nelson.; 1st Record: Gilmour (1965b: as Gloeosporium sp.).
Significance: Dingley & Gilmour (1972) found that isolates from lesions on seedlings of Pinus spp., identified according to morphological criteria as Colletotrichum acutatum, were pathogenic to Lupinus arboreus, L. angustifolius, Lathyrus odoratus, Pinus spp., and Vicia sativa. Isolates from the two Lupinus species growing with young P. radiata plants in the field infected P. radiata seedlings. Isolates from L. arboreus growing on sand dunes were not pathogenic to P. radiata, although they infected other legumes. Isolates from Lathyrus odoratus were pathogenic to legumes but not to pines. Isolates from ripe fruit rots were not pathogenic to either pines or legumes. Isolates from all sources caused ripe fruit rot. The forma specialis causes a serious disease known as ‘terminal crook’ in Pinus radiata seedlings. The disease is most common in young (<1 year old) seedlings but older seedlings are occasionally infected. There is no record of the disease developing in seedlings that have been planted out on a forest site. The fungus survives on plant debris in the nursery beds and conidia are dispersed by water splash. Conidia landing on terminal needles of young seedlings germinate and hyphae quickly penetrate the stem, usually killing immature tissue on one side only. Uninjured tissue continues to grow and the terminal shoot curves over, assuming the typical shepherd’s crook shape. Infected needles die and although apical growth slows down, diameter growth appears to be stimulated since the stem becomes thicker and stiffer than normal. Affected seedlings remain in a dormant state until one of the lateral buds on the upper stem develops and grows into a dominant leader. This recovery may occur in the same growing season if the initial infection is very early and there is no reinfection. Under warm, humid conditions the disease can spread very rapidly. Infected seedlings are usually not plantable, resulting in serious economic loss to the nursery.; Host(s): Lupinus angustifolius, L. arboreus, Pinus contorta, P. elliottii, P. muricata, P. nigra subsp. nigra, P. nigra subsp. laricio, P. pinaster, P. ponderosa, P. radiata.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, aggregated, often confluent; setae, where present, 25–64 × 2–3 μm, brown; on ripe fruit, flowers, and young stems. Conidia cylindrical to fusiform, 0-septate, 10–15 × 3–4 μm, smooth, hyaline; conidial masses salmon pink. Appressoria globose.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo.; 1st Record: Dingley & Gilmour (1972).
Notes: Identifications based on morphological characters may require molecular re-evaluation. See also Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (p. 128).
Significance: Described as a primary parasite causing a ripe fruit rot and as a saprobe on moribund plant tissue (Dingley & Gilmour 1972). A morphologically indistinguishable forma specialis of this species (Colletotrichum acutatum f.sp. pineum) is pathogenic to pines.; Host(s): Actinidia chinensis, A. deliciosa, A. polygama, Annona cherimola, Cypho-mandra betacea, Feijoa sellowiana, Jasminum mesnyi, Lupinus arboreus, Persea americana, Vaccinium corymbosum.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, often confluent, light or dark coloured, setae present or absent; on lesions on stems, leaves, and fruit. Conidia cylindrical to ellipsoidal, straight, 0-septate, 12–21 × 3–6 μm, apex rounded, base rounded or truncate, smooth, hyaline, conidial masses reddish to pink; appressoria irregular in shape.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wairarapa, Wellington, Nelson, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Kirk (1906) as Glomerella rufomaculans.
Notes: This species is heterogeneous and its characteristics vary greatly, especially in culture (Sutton 1992). Identifications based on morphological characters may require molecular reevaluation. See also Colletotrichum acutatum (p. 126) and C. lupini (below).
Significance: A very common pathogen of fruit trees causing tip dieback, leaf spots and fruit rots (Atkinson 1971).; Host(s): Acmena smithii, Actinidia chinensis, A. deliciosa, Beilschmiedia tarairi, B. tawa, Boronia sp., Carica pubescens, Citrus aurantiifolia, C. limon, C. reticulata, C. sinensis, Coprosma grandifolia, C. lucida, Cordyline australis × banksii, Cydonia oblonga, Cyphomandra betacea, Dysoxylum spectabile, Feijoa sellowiana, Ficus carica, Gomphocarpus fruticosus, Jasminum mesnyi, Juglans regia, Macropiper excelsum, Malus ×domestica, Passiflora edulis, P. mollissima, Persea americana, Prunus cerasifera, P. persica, Pyrus communis, Rhododendron sp., Syringa vulgaris, Tecomanthe speciosa, Vaccinium corymbosum, Vitis vinifera.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, often confluent; setae absent; on lesions on stems, leaves, petioles and pods. Conidia cylindrical, straight; apex rounded, base often truncate; 0-septate, 14–17 x 3–4 μm, smooth, hyaline; conidial masses pink, abundant; appressoria irregular in shape.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Taranaki, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wairarapa, Wellington, Nelson, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Williams (1993).
Notes: The fungus causing blight or anthracnose of lupins has been previously identified in New Zealand as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, based on morphological characters (Dick 1994). However, molecular analyses (Lardner et al. 1999; Guerber et al. 2003) demonstrated that it belongs within C. acutatum sensu lato. Nirenberg et al. (2002) identified the worldwide lupin anthracnose clade as a separate species, C. lupini.
Significance: This fungus is of major significance to forestry as the cause of lupin blight. The fungus infects lupin plants of all ages and all above-ground parts are susceptible to infection. Infected leaves and petioles wither and much of the foliage is cast. Lenticular lesions develop on branches and stems, particularly at branch axils, and branches often break at the site of infection. Formation of cankers at ground level, leading to death of the whole plant, is common. The fungus also infects developing seed pods which become necrotic. In warm and wet weather, pink conidial masses develop on the pods and on lesions. Until the late 1980s, Lupinus arboreus was a successful secondary coloniser of coastal sand dunes, and was an important component of the planting succession used to establish Pinus radiata forests on mobile sand. It provided shelter for the young trees and its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen increased the nitrogen status of the ecosystem, thus enhancing tree growth and productivity (Mead & Gadgil 1978). Lupin blight was first noticed in 1988 in Woodhill Forest (Auckland). A survey in early 1989 showed that the disease was present in coastal areas throughout the country, from Spirits Bay in the far north to Masons Bay, Stewart Island. Mortality was estimated to be 90–95% in the North Island and the northern half of the South Island and 60–65% in other parts of the South Island (Dick 1994). Loss of most of the lupins from fixed sand dunes means a substantial reduction in the availability of nitrogen to primary stabilising plants and to the forest crop. There is a risk of reversion to drifting sand and reduction in the productivity of sand dune forests unless fertiliser is applied or other nitrogen-fixing plants able to take the place of L. arboreus in the ecosystem are found (Gadgil et al. 1999). The origin of Colletotrichum lupini is not known. The only other records of Colletotrichum on Lupinus spp. from New Zealand are those of C. acutatum and C. acutatum f.sp. pineum on L. arboreus and C. acutatum f.sp. pineum on L. angustifolius. These fungi are morphologically quite distinct from the lupin blight pathogen. The sudden appearance of the fungus suggests that it was a recent introduction.; Host(s): Lupinus angustifolius, L. arboreus, L. cosentinii, L. pubescens.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, solitary, subcuticular, partly erumpent, dark brown, opening by an irregular fissure, 0.1–0.15 mm in diameter; on both surfaces of leaves, not associated with necrotic spots. Conidia cylindrical-clavate, 1-septate, with the basal cell much shorter than the apical cell, 35–40 × 5–9 μm, pale brown; apical appendage single, 15–20μm long; lateral appendages 2–3, inserted just below the septum, 15–20 μm long.
Distribution: Taupo.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: This species has been reported from Australia on Eucalyptus sp. (Hansford 1956) and on E. pauciflora (Swart 1987). There appears to be no apparent host reaction to infection by the fungus.; Host(s): Kunzea ericoides.
Type: Xylophilous Fungi; Description: Known only from cultures of isolates from stained sapwood associated with bark beetle tunnels. The following description is from cultures on 2% malt extract agar. Ascomata perithecial, gregarious, superficial, globose, black, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, ostiolate. Asci cylindrical, 55–75 × 5–8 μm. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 0-septate, 5–8 × 4–6 μm, smooth, dark brown. Conidiophores pale brown; conidiogenous cells ampulliform to cylindrical, often with a prominent collarette. Conidia ovoid, 0-septate, 2–4 × 1–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Hutchison & Reid (1988b).
Significance: Causes brownish to black staining of wood.; Host(s): Pinus radiata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, gregarious, subglobose to elliptical, sub-stomatal, dark brown to black, 50 μm in diameter, with a black cirrus of conidia exuding from the mouth of the conidioma; on both sides of leaves, not associated with necrotic spots or discoloration. Conidia ovate, 0-septate, 10–14 × 5–6 μm, with finely roughened walls, apex rounded, base truncate, olivaceous brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Ridley (1995).
Significance: Crous et al. (1989) reported that in South Africa, C. ovatum was associated with necrotic lesions on juvenile leaves. Swart (1986a) noted that the conidiomata were on necrotic leaf spots, 1 mm in diameter. No lesions or spots are associated with C. ovatum in the New Zealand material and the fungus appears to cause no damage here.; Host(s): Eucalyptus leucoxylon.
Type: Xylophilous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered, superficial, globose with a neck 20–40 μm long, dark brown to black, 0.1 mm in diameter, perithecial necks dark brown to black but much lighter at the apex, ostiolar hyphae up to 15 μm long, convergent, pale brown to hyaline; in bark beetle galleries in inner bark or outer sapwood and as hyphae in sapwood. Asci evanescent. Ascospores fusiform, 0-septate, 20–33 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline, emerging from the ostiole in long cirri. Conidiophores pale brown, up to 70 m long; conidiogenous cells tapering towards the apex, 18–40 em long. Conidia produced endogenously, cylindrical, 0-septate, 4–8 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline, with a truncate base, produced in chains.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Taupo.; 1st Record: Hutchison & Reid (1988a: as Ceratocystiopsis falcata).
Significance: None. Does not cause staining of wood.; Host(s): Larix kaempferi, Pinus radiata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, scattered or in linear series, frequently confluent, forming stromatic cushions up to 4 × 1 mm, erumpent, conical to short-cylindrical to barrel-shaped, sometimes slightly constricted in the middle, often with a prominent beak, sides roughened and marked by several parallel, longitudinal ridges, black, carbonaceous, dehiscing by a slightly roughened slit that traverses the apex but does not extend down the sides; on yellow to pink oval leaf spots up to 4 mm long, mainly along the midribs and margins of the lower surfaces of leaves and on twigs and fruits. Asci clavate to ovate, long stipitate, evanescent. Ascospores globose, 0-septate, 9–13 μm in diameter, tuberculate, brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, Marlborough Sounds, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Cooke (1879).
Significance: Although the leaf spots and the prominent black, coral-like ascomata present a striking appearance, the fungus generally causes little damage. Heavy infections on buds may inhibit flushing in young seedlings and cause infected fruit to wither and die (Anonymous 1982).; Host(s): Podocarpus acutifolius, P. hallii, P. hallii × nivalis, P. nivalis, P. totara.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, scattered, subepidermal, becoming erumpent through the bark, elongate oval, dark brown, 0.6–0.8 mm long; on bark on twigs. Conidia broadly fusiform, straight, 2–5-septate, 24–35 × 12–15 μm, smooth, light brown, apical cell paler than the rest, base truncate, often with a part of the conidiogenous cell attached.
Distribution: Wellington.; 1st Record: Ridley (2001b).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Betula pendula.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in clusters, globose, scarlet fading to a pinkish red, usually warty, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, ostiole surrounded by a darker zone, papillate, superficial, on an erumpent stroma 0.5–1 mm in diameter; on bark on stems. Asci clavate to cylindrical, 80–100 × 8–12 μm, 4–8-spored. Ascospores oval to elliptical, 1-septate, 12–22 × 5–8 μm, smooth, hyaline. Macroconidia subcylindrical, falcate, 3–5-septate, 27–80 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline, apical cell markedly tapering, foot cell elongated. Microconidia none.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Taupo, Taranaki, Wellington, Fiordland, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Cooke (1879: as Nectria zealandica).
Significance: None. Probably saprobic.; Host(s): Carmichaelia arborea, Hoheria lyallii, H. populnea, Myrsine divaricata, Plagianthus regius, Podocarpus hallii.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in groups of 5–50, deeply immersed and irregularly arranged in one to three layers in a pustulate, erumpent, yellowish orange to yellowish brown stroma, 1–5 mm in diameter, globose with long necks, the necks projecting 0.2–1 mm above the surface of the stroma, black, 0.2–0.5 mm in diameter, ostiolate; on roots. Asci oblong, 40–50 × 7 μm. Ascospores subelliptical, 1-septate, 7–11 × 3–5 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidia oblong to cylindrical, 0-septate, 3–7 × 1–3 m, smooth, hyaline, but pale yellowish in mass.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Fiordland.; 1st Record: Gilmour (1966a: as Endothia tropicalis).
Significance: Common on root cankers of Elaeocarpus spp. but of no significance (Dingley 1969).; Host(s): Elaeocarpus dentatus, E. hookerianus.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in groups of 5–25, deeply immersed and irregularly arranged in one to three layers in a pulvinate, erumpent, pale yellowish to yellowish orange stroma, 0.5–2 mm in diameter, depressed globose with 200–700 μm long necks, the necks projecting 0.2–0.3 mm above the surface of the stroma, black, 0.2–0.4 mm in diameter, ostiolate; on roots. Asci clavate, 25–40 × 4–7 μm. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 5–10 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidia allantoid, 0-septate, 3–6 × 1–1.5 μm, smooth, hyaline, exuded in pale yellowish tendrils.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: McKenzie et al. (1999).
Significance: None. Recorded on dead and living roots and regarded as a saprobe (McKenzie et al. 1999).; Host(s): Metrosideros excelsa, M. perforata, M. robusta.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered or in small groups, immersed, globose, black, 0.3–0.5 mm in diameter, ostiolar beaks emerging through splits in the host bark, beaks sometimes fusing together to form a small disc. Asci clavate, 50–70 × 12–15 am. Ascospores fusiform, 1-septate, 15–20 × 5–7 m, hyaline.
Distribution: Mackenzie.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: Found associated with dieback of young willow shoots in one locality only.; Host(s): Salix fragilis.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, scattered, discrete, originating under the bark but later erumpent, up to 1 mm but generally 0.2–0.5 mm in diameter; on dead and dying branches. Conidia ellipsoid, straight or slightly curved, 0-septate, 32–48 × 10–15 μm, apex rounded, base truncate, tapering abruptly, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2001).
Significance: Although this fungus has been isolated from a variety of hosts with symptoms of twig and branch dieback in most regions of New Zealand, pathogenicity has not been established.; Host(s): Acer davidii, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Eucalyptus regnans, Ilex sp., Nothofagus antarctica, N. fusca, N. solandri var. solandri, Podocarpus hallii.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, solitary, globose, subepidermal, pale brown, opening by rupture of overlying host tissue which appears as a flap hinged on one side, 0.15–0.5 mm in diameter; on large (up to 10 mm in diameter), discrete, light brown leaf spots on both sides of leaves. Conidia ellipsoid, 0-septate, 15–17 × 7–8 μm, apex rounded, base abruptly tapering to a truncate scar, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Rangitikei, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Buller, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000b).
Significance: Pathogenicity of this fungus to Eucalyptus grandis and to E. tereticornis has been established (Sankaran et al. 1995). Although it is widespread in New Zealand and associated with premature leaf cast in many areas, the species of eucalypts affected are not important plantation species.; Host(s): Eucalyptus calophylla, E. ficifolia.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, separate but occasionally confluent, erumpent, salmon pink, 2–4 × 0.2–0.5 mm; on dead and dying branches, very conspicuous on fresh material but fading to buff when dry. Conidia ellipsoid, 0-septate, 24–30 × 6–9 μm, apex rounded, base truncate, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Wellington, Nelson, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Atkinson (1940: as Myxosporium hoheriae).
Significance: The fungus is a wound pathogen and is associated with extensive branch dieback of its hosts.; Host(s): Hoheria populnea, H. sexstylosa, Lagunaria patersonii, Plagianthus regius.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Uredinia scattered, pale brown, minute; on lower surfaces of leaves, on small red or purplish spots which appear dark reddish on the upper surface. Urediniospores globose, ellipsoid to fusiform, 23–27 × 17–23 μm, finely echinulate, amber. Telia found on the same spots as uredinia; occasionally seen on the upper surfaces of leaves. Teliospores ellipsoid, constricted at the septum, 27–40 × 20–25 m, finely verrucose, amber.
Distribution: Waikato, Taranaki, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury.; 1st Record: Anonymous (1971).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Mahonia aquifolium, M. fortunei, M. lomariifolia, M. pumila.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata apothecial, scattered, subepidermal, somewhat rectangular in appearance when partially open, elliptical when fully open, waxy, reddish-brown when young, later becoming concolorous with the needle surface, 0.1–0.65 (mostly 0.3–0.35) × 0.2–0.25 mm; as they develop, emerging through the needle epidermis, which is torn but remains hinged; swelling when mature and moist, pushing back the hinged epidermis to expose a slightly convex, straw-coloured hymenial layer; rarely found on needles before they are shed but developing rapidly on fallen needles. Asci subcylindrical, 90–110 × 8–10 μm. Ascospores filiform, 0–2-septate, 65–85 × 2–3 μm, hyaline. Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, immersed, globose to subglobose, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter. Conidia bacilliform, 0-septate, 6–10 × 1 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: (* = districts with a high incidence) *Northland, *Auckland, Coromandel, *Waikato, *Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, *Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, *Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, *Westland, Fiordland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Central Otago, *Dunedin, *Southland.; 1st Record: Gilmour (1959: as Naemacyclus niveus).
Significance: Cyclaneusma minus has been experimentally shown to be able to infect Pinus radiata plants older than 3 years of age over temperatures ranging from 10º to 25ºC (Gadgil 1984). In susceptible trees, infection by the fungus leads to disease, which is characterised by premature casting of 1-year-old or older needles, mainly in spring but also, to a lesser degree, in autumn. Cast needles are usually a mottled yellow brown in colour. Ascomata of C. minus are rarely seen on needles still attached to the tree but are very common on fallen needles. Ascomata production occurs throughout the year but the greatest number of ascomata per unit area is produced during autumn and winter (May–August). Ascospores are forcibly ejected from the ascomata after about 2 hours of rainfall and are wind-dispersed. Airborne ascospores can be trapped throughout the year but are most numerous during autumn and winter months. Current season’s needles are resistant to infection by ascospores until they are 8–9 months old. They become infected in autumn–early winter (May–June), begin to develop yellow brown mottling by July and are usually cast in early spring, when about one year old. At least two morphologically distinct types of C. minus have been found in the New Zealand population but whether these morph-ological differences reflect differences in pathogenicity is unknown (Dick et al. 2001). Aerial surveys of forests throughout New Zealand have shown that the severity of needle-cast was highest in 11–20-year-old stands and lowest in 1–5-year-old and over 25-year-old stands (Bulman 1988). In all districts, microsites, particularly those at high altitudes, had a high incidence of the disease. Trees vary in susceptibility and even in districts where conditions are favourable to infection less than 60% of the trees in a stand usually show symptoms. Trials carried out to explore the relationship between disease severity (expressed as a percentage of the green crown showing symptoms of the disease) and growth have shown that an average disease severity of 60% over six years resulted in a 50% loss in diameter increment (Bulman & van der Pas 2001). Projections of stand growth to age 30 for various proportions of diseased trees predicted a reduction in volume 10–14 m3/ha for each 10% increase in the proportion of diseased trees. For the country as a whole, growth loss of 6.6% per annum for the P. radiata estate aged between 6 and 20 years was predicted. The corresponding financial loss was estimated to be of the order of $51 million per year (Bulman 2001a). Fungicide screening trials have shown that fortnightly applications of dodine or injection with carbendazim were able to control the disease. Two aerial applications of carbendazim a month apart gave no control but monthly aerial applications of dodine for 6 months gave good control. The cost of such measures is not economically justifiable (Hood & Bulman 2001). Silvicultural trials have indicated that stocking density and pruning have no effect on disease incidence or severity. Trials carried out to test the effect of applying different thinning ratios at different crop ages showed that, using susceptibility to the needle-cast as a main criterion for tree selection, a delayed first thinning at age 7 or 8, followed by a second thinning at age 10 succeeded in achieving an almost disease-free final crop stand (Bulman 2001b). Cyclaneusma needle-cast is a disease of complex aetiology and the interactions between host genotype, host nutrition and the variable fungal population are not fully understood. Much work on these aspects remains to be done.; Host(s): Pinus attenuata, P. ×attenuradiata, P. brutia, P. contorta, P. densiflora, P. jeffreyi, P. monticola, P. mugo subsp. mugo, P. mugo subsp. uncinata, P. muricata, P. patula, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, P. strobus, P. sylvestris, P. yunnanensis, Pinus sp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata apothecial, scattered, subepidermal, somewhat rectangular in appearance when partially open, elliptical when fully open, reddish brown when young, becoming concolorous with the needle surface, 0.3–1.0 × 0.15–0.4 mm; as they develop, pushing through the epidermis, which is torn but remains hinged; swelling when mature and moist, pushing back the hinged epidermis to expose the slightly convex, straw-coloured hymenial layer; rarely found on needles attached to the tree but develop when the needles are cast. Asci subcylindrical, 110–130 × 12–15 μm. Ascospores filiform, 0–2-septate, 75–120 × 3–4 μm, hyaline. Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, immersed, globose to subglobose, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter. Conidia sickle-shaped, 0-septate, 9–22 × 1–1.5 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Gadgil (1985b).
Significance: No pathogenicity studies on this species have been carried out but its behaviour is likely to be similar to that of the closely related C. minus. This species is distinguished from C. minus by its larger ascomata and ascospores and sickle-shaped (rather than bacilliform) conidia.; Host(s): Pinus coulteri, P. halepensis, P. nigra subsp. nigra, P. nigra subsp. laricio, P. pinaster.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual or biennial, solitary or in groups, leathery, attached by a lateral base. Pilei applanate, conchate or fan-shaped, 10–80 mm wide, 1–2 mm thick. Pileus surface tomentose, becoming glabrous, silky, shining, concentrically sulcate, dark brown, black when old, occasionally with concentric bands of different shades of brown, margin concolorous or darker, crenate. Pore surface even, with a sterile border 1–2 mm wide, cinnamon brown to dark brown, pores small, 8–9 per mm. Context cinnamon brown to dark brown, up to 1 mm thick. Hyphal system monomitic. Setae subulate, 16–32 × 4–6 μm, chestnut brown. Basidiospores elliptical, 2–3 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Berkeley (1855: as Polyporus tabacinus).
Significance: Of little importance. Causes a yellow-pipe heart rot and sap rot in damaged indigenous trees.; Host(s): Agathis australis, Beilschmiedia tawa, Fuchsia excorticata, Kunzea ericoides, Leptospermum scoparium, Metrosideros excelsa, M. robusta, Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. truncata, Pittosporum tenuifolium, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with woolly aerial mycelium, first white, later ochraceous. Chlamydospores few, globose, catenate, 10–14 μm in diameter. Conidio-phores penicillately branched, primary branches 12–15 × 2–5 μm, secondary branches 8–12 × 2–3 μm; phialides doliiform to reniform, 10–13 × 2–4 μm, producing a sterile, 1-septate appendage, 95–125 μm long, terminating in an irregularly lanceolate vesicle, 30–60 μm long. Conidia cylindrical, 0–1-septate, 12–15 × 2–3 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Boesewinkel (1981b: as Cylindrocladium novaezelandiae).
Significance: None. Isolated only once from the roots of Rhododendron indicum.; Host(s): Rhododendron indicum.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar pale brown with white margins and several radially arranged darker fibres. Chlamydospores abundant, catenate. Conidiophores penicil-lately branched, primary branches 13–24 × 3–4 μm, secondary branches 10–20 × 2–3 μm; phialides doliiform, 9–17 × 3–4 μm, producing a sterile, 1-septate appendage, 55–85 μm long, terminating in a clavate to spathulate vesicle, 25–35 μm long. Conidia cylindrical, 0–1-septate, 13–19 × 2–3 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Wellington.; 1st Record: Boesewinkel (1974: as Cylindrocladium parvum).
Significance: None. Generally regarded as a saprobe (Crous & Wingfield 1993).; Host(s): Macadamia integrifolia, Telopea speciosissima, Vitis vinifera.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar yellowish brown, with abundant, large microsclerotia. Conidiophores penicillately branched, ultimate branches bearing 1–4 elongate doliiform phialides, 12–22 × 4–5 μm, producing a sterile, septate, straight or flexuous, 150–300 μm long appendage that terminates in a clavate to narrowly ellipsoidal vesicle 4–6 μm in diameter. Conidia cylindrical, 1–3-septate, 70–100 × 5–6 μm, smooth, hyaline, held in parallel cylindrical clusters by a colourless slime.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Taranaki, Wellington, Gisborne.; 1st Record: Boesewinkel (1974).
Significance: The cause of root and crown rot. Although the host range is wide, the disease is only of minor importance.; Host(s): Actinidia deliciosa, Castanea sativa, Diospyros kaki, Ficus elastica, Idesia polycarpa, Liquidambar styraciflua, Malus ×domestica, Pinus nigra subsp. nigra, P. radiata, Rhododendron indicum, Salix sp., Vaccinium corymbosum.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar amber brown with a pale outer margin, and extensive formation of microsclerotial bodies. Conidiophores penicillately branched, ultimate branches bearing 2–4 doliiform to reniform phialides, 12–20 × 3–4 μm; producing a sterile, septate, straight to flexuous extension, 120–180 μm long, terminating in a navicular vesicle, 4–8 μm in diameter. Conidia cylindrical, 1-septate, 55–65 × 4–5 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato.; 1st Record: Crous et al. (2002).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Buxus sempervirens.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar reddish brown, radially striate, becoming granular from the abundant sclerotial bodies. Conidiophores penicillately branched, ultimate branches bearing 2–4 doliiform to oval phialides, 7–12 × 3–4 μm, producing a sterile, 2–4-septate appendage, terminating in a clavate or ellipsoidal vesicle, 19–38 μm long. Conidia cylindrical, 0–1-septate, 50–58 × 4–6 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Nelson, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Bassett (1961).
Significance: Recorded by Bassett (1961) as causing serious damping-off in several forest nurseries. The fungus may attack the succulent stem or first leaves as well as below ground plant parts. This occurs under conditions of high humidity following heavy rain or over-watering and the fungus may spread rapidly between seedlings (Dick & Vanner 1986). Boesewinkel (1986) confirmed the pathogenicity of C. scoparium to Acacia longifolia and Feijoa sellowiana in inoculation tests and reported it as the cause of root-rot in many tree hosts.; Host(s): Abies procera, Acacia longifolia, A. mearnsii, A. melanoxylon, A. verticillata, Beaufortia sparsa, Callistemon citrinus, Coprosma sp., Cordyline australis, Cryptomeria japonica, Erica sp., Eucalyptus erythrocorys, E. fraxinoides, E. muelleriana, E. saligna, Feijoa sellowiana, Larix decidua, Macadamia integrifolia, Metrosideros excelsa, Penstemon hartwegii, Persea americana, Pinus nigra subsp. laricio, P. radiata, Platycladus orientalis, Prunus avium, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rhododendron indicum, Telopea speciosissima, Thuja occidentalis, T. plicata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, scattered, subcuticular, yellowish, 0.1–0.2 mm wide; on small (1–2 mm), roughly circular, brown leaf spots on the lower surfaces of leaves. Conidia cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, 0–1-septate, 20–40 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Gilmour (1966a).
Significance: Infrequently found in late summer. Of no significance.; Host(s): Betula pendula.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, multi-loculate, scattered, immersed just below the epidermis, finally erumpent through cracks in the bark, exposing dark grey stroma, conic to truncate conic, 0.5–1.5 mm in diameter, ostiole prominent; on twigs and branches. Conidia allantoid, 0-septate, 3–6 × 1 μm, smooth, hyaline; exuded in long golden yellow to orange cirri.
Distribution: Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Nelson, Central Otago.; 1st Record: Birch (1937).
Significance: A wound pathogen of minor significance causing canker and dieback in stools and cuttings.; Host(s): Populus ×canadensis, P. nigra, Salix fragilis, Salix sp.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, uni- or multi-loculate, scattered, immersed, forming raised pustules in vertical rows just below the epidermis, finally erumpent through longitudinal cracks in the bark, subglobose, black, 0.2–0.8 mm in diameter, ostiole papillate; on branches. Conidia sausage-shaped, 0-septate, 3–4 × 1 μm, smooth, hyaline; exuded in pale yellowish slimy globules.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Hawkes Bay.; 1st Record: Dick (1998).
Significance: Associated with dieback and cankering of branches. Lesions are generally superficial and the fungus is regarded as a weak pathogen causing little damage (Dick 1998).; Host(s): Eucalyptus grandis, E. nitens.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, multi-loculate, subepidermal, be-coming erumpent and exposing a white disc; on lower surfaces of leaves. Conidia sausage-shaped, 0-septate, 6 × 1 μm, smooth, hyaline, exuded in pale yellow tendrils.
Distribution: Auckland Islands.; 1st Record: Rabenhorst (1878: as Cytispora metrosideri).
Significance: None. This fungus appears to have been recorded only once (McKenzie et al. 1999).; Host(s): Metrosideros sp.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata a hollow sphere, with the outer surface composed of a honeycomb of small, angular, cup-shaped ascigerous cavities, fawn to bright yellow, up to 2 cm in diameter; borne on woody, perennial galls; branch galls roughly spherical, rarely more than twice the diameter of the host branch, usually occupying about two-thirds of its circumference; stem galls usually in the form of encircling bands; gall surface under the bark contorted and projected into sharp spines. Asci cylindrical, 155 × 14 m. Ascospores subglobose, 12 × 9 m, dark coloured, black in mass.
Distribution: Taupo, Gisborne, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, North Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Lloyd (1916).
Significance: Galls are most often found on heavily-branched trees growing either on the borders of clearings or in open stands. Girdling galls may lead to death of the distal part.; Host(s): Nothofagus menziesii.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata a hollow sphere, with the outer surface composed of a honeycomb of small, angular, cup-shaped ascigerous cavities, black or black and gold, up to 2 cm in diameter; borne on woody, perennial galls; galls roughly spherical, usually considerably more than twice the diameter of the host branch or stem; on larger trees, galls 1 m in diameter or more are common; gall surface under the bark with bluntly rounded projections and a few very short spines. Asci cylindrical, 140 × 15 m. Ascospores subglobose, 10 × 9 m, dark, black in mass.
Distribution: Taupo, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Southland.; 1st Record: Rawlings (1956).
Significance: Galls are most often found on heavily-branched trees growing either on the borders of clearings or in open stands. Girdling galls may lead to death of the distal part.; Host(s): Nothofagus menziesii.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata a hollow sphere, somewhat flattened, with the outer surface composed of a honeycomb of small, angular, cup-shaped ascigerous cavities, dirty white, up to 1.5 cm in diameter; borne on woody, perennial galls; branch and stem galls long and spindle-shaped, sometimes several feet long; gall surface under the bark with pimple-like projections. Asci cylindrical, 160 × 14 m. Ascospores subglobose, 10 × 8 m, dark, black in mass.
Distribution: Buller, Westland, South Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Southland.; 1st Record: Rawlings (1956).
Significance: Galls cause twisting of branches, which become swollen and brittle; many branches die and others are damaged by wind breakage. In large trees, the crown becomes thin and the branches distorted.; Host(s): Nothofagus menziesii.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata hypogeous, globose to subglobose, white at first, becoming lemon yellow when mature, 10–20 mm in diameter; peridium composed of a single layer, white or cream in section. Gleba ochraceous, becoming cinnamon brown, with irregularly shaped empty cells; columella reduced to a small sterile base. Basidiospores broadly elliptical to citriform, 0-septate, 17–23 × 10–17 μm (including the utricle), golden brown to dark brown, verruculose; utricle conspicuous, not covering the apex.
Distribution: Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taupo.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1981b: as Hymenogaster albus).
Significance: Isolated from and shown experimentally to be an ectomycorrhizal associate of Eucalyptus species (Chu-Chou & Grace 1981b). The fungus has been found only in plantations. NEW ZEALAND RECORD OF PLANT ASSOCIATION: Chu-Chou & Grace (1981b: as Hymenogaster albus).; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. nitens, E. regnans, E. saligna, E. sieberi, Nothofagus menziesii.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata embedded in a stroma, perithecial, aggregated in groups of up to 50, globose, black, 0.1–0.5 mm in diameter, with sinuous necks 470–900 m long. Stroma erumpent, with a black surface showing the protruding perithecial necks; on leaves, twigs and fruit. Asci clavate, 29–40 × 5–7 5m. Ascospores fusoid to ellipsoid, 1-septate, 9–10 × 3 3m, smooth, hyaline. Conidiomata pycnidial, black, 0.2–1 mm in diameter. Conidia of two types: α conidia ovate, 0-septate, 6–7 × 2–3 2m, smooth, hyaline; β conidia filiform, hooked, 0-septate, 20 × 2 2m, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Nelson.; 1st Record: Sommer & Beraha (1975: reported in USA on fruit imported from New Zealand).
Significance: One of several Phomopsis spp. causing rot in ripe fruit of Actinidia deliciosa (Hawthorne et al. 1982).; Host(s): Actinidia deliciosa, Malus ×domestica.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, solitary or in small groups, embedded in bark within a wide-spreading black stromatic area, raising the bark into small pimples through which the black perithecial ostioles emerge, globose or depressed globose, black, 0.2–0.5 mm in diameter, with necks 200–800 m in length; on twigs. Asci clavate, 40–60 × 5–9 5m. Ascospores narrowly fusiform, 1-septate, 9–15 × 3–4 3m, smooth, hyaline. Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, at first immersed in bark, later erumpent, 1–2 mm in diameter. Conidia of two types: α conidia fusoid, 0-septate, 5–11 × 1–4 1m, smooth, hyaline; β conidia filiform, straight or hooked, 0-septate, 23–33 × 0.5–2 0m, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Kidd (1929: as Diaporthe perniciosa).
Significance: A cosmopolitan species with a wide host range, generally regarded as a saprobe. The form found on fruit trees is often considered to be a distinct species, Diaporthe perniciosa Marchal & É.J.Marchal. It is of no economic importance (Atkinson 1971).; Host(s): Actinidia chinensis, A. deliciosa, Diospyros kaki, Juglans regia, Malus ×domestica, Passiflora edulis, Pinus radiata, Prunus sp., Pyrus communis, Rhododendron sp., Rosa sp., Syringa sp., Ulex europaeus.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata embedded in a single layer in a stroma, perithecial, in groups, black, 0.2–0.4 mm in diameter, with long necks. Stroma cushion-like, irregularly rounded, erumpent, up to 3 mm in diameter, with a wrinkled, blackish brown outer crust, dotted with slightly protruding perithecial ostioles, flesh whitish; on twigs and branches. Asci clavate, with long, slender stalks, 40–50 × 5–6 5m. Ascospores allantoid, 0-septate, 5–8 × 1–2 1m, smooth, hyaline to slightly brownish.
Distribution: Waikato, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Dingley (1976).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Salix fragilis.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in groups of up to 10, crowded together, embedded, oval, 0.25 mm in diameter, ostiole non-papillate. Stroma oval, flattened, thin, erumpent, 0.5–1 × 1–2 mm, with a finely wrinkled outer crust, brownish black; on stems. Asci clavate, with long, slender stalks, 70–80 × 6–8 6m. Ascospores allantoid, 0-septate, 8–13 × 2–3 µm, smooth, pale olivaceous.
Distribution: Wellington, South Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Dingley (1976).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Ripogonum scandens.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in large groups, embedded, black, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter. Stroma wide-spreading, crustose, erumpent, often cracked, about 1 mm thick, with a smooth, blackish brown surface dotted with innumerable, slightly protruding perithecial ostioles; on twigs and branches. Asci clavate, with long stalks, 35–40 × 5–6 5m. Ascospores allantoid, 0-septate, 6–12 × 2 2m, smooth, very pale brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Taupo, Gisborne, Wairarapa, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Dingley (1976).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Crataegus monogyna, Leptospermum scoparium, Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. solandri, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, N. truncata, Prunus armeniaca.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata scattered, subepidermal, exposed by the shedding of a disc of the covering epidermis, roughly circular, olive brown, up to 1 mm in diameter; chiefly on the upper surfaces of leaves, old ascomata may fall out entirely, leaving an empty pit in the leaf. Asci clavate, 2-spored, 100 × 20 μm. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, with the septum near the upper end, 22–25 × 15–16 μm, brown with finely pitted walls.
Distribution: Taupo.; 1st Record: Birch (1937: as Keithia thujina).
Significance: None. Recorded only once.; Host(s): Thuja plicata.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, scattered, immersed, subglobose, black, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, ostioles erumpent; on grey areas on canes. Asci clavate-cylindrical, 70 × 13 1m. Ascospores subclavate, 1-septate, 12–18 × 5–6 5m, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Wellington, Nelson, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Brien & Dingley (1951).
Significance: The cause of ‘spur blight’ of raspberry.; Host(s): Rubus idaeus.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, scattered, oblong-oval, sub-epidermal, partly erumpent, brown to black, opening by an irregular fissure, 0.15–0.45 mm in diameter; on leaf spots which are necrotic, roughly circular, straw coloured, with irregular dark brown margins. Conidia fusiform, straight or slightly curved, 4-septate, 25–35 × 4–6 μm, basal and apical cells hyaline, median cells pale brown; basal appendage excentric, branched close to the point of origin, 10 4m long; apical appendage branched close to the point of origin, 10–12 μm long.
Distribution: Auckland, Wellington, Hawkes Bay.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: The fungus appears to cause little damage.; Host(s): Callistemon sp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, scattered to gregarious, subepidermal becoming partly erumpent, oval to rounded, dark brown to black, 0.1–0.3 mm wide, opening by an irregular rupture of the host tissue; on both sides of leaves. Conidia needle-shaped, 4-septate, 44–73 × 3–4 μm, apical and basal cells subhyaline in the basal part, hyaline above, intermediate cells subhyaline; apical cell abruptly attenuated at the apex into a single, tubular appendage, 2–9 μm long; basal cell with an excentric, tubular, flexuous appendage, 5–11 μm long.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Westland.; 1st Record: Bagnall & Sheridan (1972: as Seimatosporium leptospermi).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Leptospermum scoparium.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, scattered, subepidermal, partially erumpent later, roughly circular, dark brown, up to 0.1 mm in diameter; on black, thickened, angular leaf spots up to 2 mm in diameter, coincident on both surfaces of leaves. Asci cylindrical, 50–65 × 10–12 μm. Ascospores fusoid, 1-septate, 20–25 × 4–5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Kaikoura, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Berkeley (1855: as Dothidea colensoi); Sydow & Sydow (1904: as Dothidella melicyti).
Significance: The fungus appears to cause premature yellowing of leaves but is of little significance.; Host(s): Melicytus ramiflorus.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, gregarious or more or less arranged in lines, immersed, becoming erumpent, globose, black, up to 0.25 mm in diameter, ostiole conical; on dead branches. Conidia oblong oval, 1-septate, 20–24 × 7–9 μm, blackish brown.
Distribution: Waikato, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Crataegus monogyna.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered or in groups of 2–3, immersed to partly erumpent, depressed globose to broadly elliptical, very dark brown to black, 0.3–0.6 mm long; on yellowing portions of leaves. Conidia obovate, 0-septate, 14–17 × 6–8 μm, smooth, hyaline to very pale green becoming smoky grey.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Ridley (1994).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Taxus baccata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, scattered, numerous, at first immersed but soon becoming erumpent, subglobose, shining black, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter; on irregular, ash grey to greenish brown leaf spots with a broad purplish brown border on lower surfaces of leaves. Conidia ellipsoid to fusiform, 1-septate, 9–14 × 2–4 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Dingley (1969).
Significance: None. Known only from a single collection.; Host(s): Rhododendron sp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, globose to depressed globose, densely scattered, pale brown, at first immersed, later partly erumpent, ostiolate, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter; on necrotic, reddish brown areas on both sides of leaves. Conidia ovoid, 0-septate, 16–20 × 6–8 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Nelson.; 1st Record: Murray (1926a: as Macrophoma salicis).
Significance: Has caused severe defoliation of individual trees in Nelson (Murray 1926a). Of little general significance.; Host(s): Salix fragilis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, very variable in size and shape, in small groups, subepidermal, becoming erumpent, black, 0.1–1.2 × 0.05–0.5 mm; on clearly-defined transverse reddish bands on needles. Conidia filiform, straight or slightly curved with rounded ends, 1–5-(usually 3-) septate, 14–39 (commonly 20–28) × 2–3 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Recorded from all regions except Kaikoura and Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Gilmour (1966b).
Notes: Dothistroma septosporum has priority over D. pini because of the earlier publication of the basionym Cytosporina septospora Doroguine. However, the type of C. septospora has been lost and was unavailable when Morelet made the re-combination in Dothistroma. Doroguine’s (1911) description and illustrations are inadequate for reliable identification, casting doubt on the contention that Cytosporina septospora is conspecific with Dothistroma pini. New Zealand collections closely match the type of D. pini.
Significance: Dothistroma needle blight is one of the most serious diseases of Pinus radiata in New Zealand. The major effect of the disease is a reduction in volume increment. This is directly proportional to the degree of crown infection. Van der Pas (1981) found that for an average disease level of 10%, the loss in volume was 9.7%; for a 20% disease level, it was 19.4% and for a 50% disease level, 48.5%. Because of the potential magnitude of growth loss, copper fungicides, which effectively control the disease, have been applied aerially since 1967. Although the disease is kept at a low level by the chemical treatment, growth loss still occurs since tree stands are not sprayed until the infection level reaches 20–25%. New (1989) estimated that the total cost of the disease to the forest industry (including chemical control costs) was $6.1 million per year (1988 dollars). More recent (2003) estimates of the annual cost approach $30 million (L.S.Bulman, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, pers. comm.). Infection process: Conidia produced on the exposed stroma in a mucilaginous matrix are released when the needle surface becomes wet. They are dispersed by water splash, the dispersal distance normally being quite short. Infection in a stand is usually only from neighbour to neighbour and natural transport of conidia over long distances is infrequent. Infected needles attached to the tree are the principal source of inoculum; when needles drop to the forest floor, the stromata are soon overgrown by saprobes and conidial production stops within 2 months (Gadgil 1970). Under favourable conditions (temperature 18 –20–C; needle surface moist), most conidia landing on the surfaces of needles of susceptible hosts germinate within 3 days, the germ tubes continuing to grow on the needle surface and a very few (about 0.1%) forming appressoria over stomatal openings. An infection peg develops between the guard cells and a swollen vesicle forms just below the guard cells (Gadgil 1968). Further hyphal growth occurs in the mesophyll tissues if the needle surface is wet. Lateral spread of hyphae is limited to a few millimetres from the point of infection but a much greater length of the needle is killed through direct and indirect action of a toxic compound, dothistromin (Bassett et al. 1970) produced by the fungus (see below for more details of the effects of dothistromin). Factors governing infection: Three major interacting factors control the infection of a susceptible host by D. pini: temperature, duration of needle wetness, and the number of viable spores landing on the needle surface. Although infection is also dependent on light intensity (Gadgil & Holden 1976), light conditions in the field rarely limit the infection process. Under experimental conditions, production of visible stromata was observed under the four different day/night regimes tested (24 /16/, 20,/12/, 16,/8/ and 12 /4/C) when foliage was kept wet for 8 h or longer after inoculation with a conidial suspension. The optimum temperature regime for infection was 20e/12/C and the severity of infection was greater where the foliage was kept continually moist (Gadgil 1974b). Study of the effect of moisture at 20m/12/C in more detail showed that infection progressed only as far as the formation of a substomatal vesicle when the leaf surface was not kept wet. When the foliage was kept continuously moist, stromata were first observed 19 days after inoculation. The length of a period of dryness after inoculation influenced stromatal development; stromata appeared after 5 days of continuous wetting following a dryness period of 30 days, but took 10 days to develop if continuous wetting followed a dryness period of 60 days (Gadgil 1977). A study by Gilmour (1981) demonstrated the relationship between the effects of temperature, needle wetness and inoculum density on infection in a stand of young Pinus radiata. In 1969–70, when infection levels (and therefore inoculum levels) were low, threshold values for infection were 12eC and a needle wetness period of 20 h. In 1970–71, when the level of infection was noticeably greater, threshold values were 7CC and 10 h. The period between initial infection and the appearance of stromata varied from 6 weeks in December to 15 weeks in May. Progress of the disease: The usual progress of the disease in tree stands of central North Island is as follows: Very little or no infection occurs between May and August because of low temperatures. Many infected needles are shed and soon cease to be a source of inoculum. In September, few infected needles are left in the tree crowns and although new infections occur as temperatures rise, their number is not large. At daily mean temperatures around 12aC, a development period of about 12 weeks elapses before stromata begin to appear on newly infected needles in late November or early December. Conidia produced on these stromata provide the inoculum for the first major infection. Temperatures in early summer are near-optimal for infection and if the weather is wet (as it usually is), there will be a large increase in disease level. Stromata produced from November/December infections appear in February and a second cycle of infection may occur. The main infection period thus extends from late November to the end of February in central North Island; in warmer parts of New Zealand (e.g., Northland) it begins earlier (late October to early November) and in cooler parts (e.g., Southland) it is a little later (December). Chemical control: The main aim of the chemical control programme is to reduce the amount of inoculum available at the beginning of the main infection period by killing as many conidia as possible. Timing of the first (and often the only) treatment is crucial to the success of the spray programme (Gilmour & Noorderhaven 1971). Copper oxychloride, the fungicide usually employed, is very effective; germination of conidia obtained from stromata on needles was 74% before, and 1% after a routine aerial spray application (P.D.Gadgil & L.S.Bulman, unpublished data). Routine aerial spraying to control the disease in Pinus radiata stands has been common practice in New Zealand since 1966. Stands in susceptible age classes (<16 yr) are surveyed from the air in mid-winter, the average percentage of visible crown symptoms being assessed by experienced observers (see van der Pas et al. (1984) for an evaluation of assessment methods used). Tree stands are generally divided into three categories: (i) less than 20% of the crown infected: no spray needed; (ii) 20–40% crown infection: one application in early summer (usually late November–early December); (iii) more than 40% crown infection: two applications, one in early summer and one in late summer (usually mid-February). Details of assessment methods and spray application have been described by Bulman et al. (2004). Genetic diversity: Molecular studies of New Zealand isolates of D. pini showed no evidence of genetic diversity, suggesting that they are derived from a single introduction of one strain of the fungus into the country (Hirst et al. 2000). Dothistromin: Although there is no direct evidence for the involvement of dothistromin in pathogenesis, typical symptoms of the disease were produced when purified dothistromin was injected into needles (Shain & Franich 1981). Plant defence responses to dothistromin-induced damage have been characterised (Franich et al. 1986). The amount of dothistromin produced by different isolates varies, even within New Zealand where only one strain of the fungus exists. Strains from Germany and from central USA have been shown to produce far greater amounts of the toxin than those from New Zealand (Bradshaw et al. 2000). Dothistromin is a difuroanthraquinone having the same tetrahydro-2-hydroxy-bisfuran moiety as that of aflatoxin B1 produced by Aspergillus flavus (Gallagher & Hodges 1972). This particular structural feature of aflatoxin B1 is considered to be responsible for its hepatotoxicity and potential human carcinogenicity. Elliott et al. (1989) explored the possibility that dothistromin may be carcinogenic and thus pose a risk to forest workers. The amounts of dothistromin found in the forest environment (a maximum of 7 ng/ml in ponds and streams and lower concentrations in air and run-off from trees) were considerably lower than the minimum dose of aflatoxin (50 ng/kg body weight/day) needed to produce cancer in animals. They concluded that dothi-stromin was not a human health risk.; Host(s): Very slightly susceptible: Pinus ayacahuite, P. coulteri, P. devoniana, P. montezumae, P. patula, P. pseudostrobus, P. sabineana, P. serotina, P. strobus, P. sylvestris, P. taeda, P. torreyana. Slightly susceptible: Larix decidua, Picea sitchensis, Pinus contorta, P. elliottii, P. hartwegii, P. monticola, P. nigra subsp. nigra, Pseudotsuga menziesii. Moderately susceptible: Pinus canariensis, P. lambertiana, P. pinaster. Highly susceptible, but exhibiting a high degree of resistance with age: Pinus muricata, P. radiata. Highly susceptible at all ages: Pinus jeffreyi, P. nigra subsp. laricio, P. ponderosa. Very highly susceptible: Pinus attenuata, P. ×attenuradiata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, one to three per lesion, intraepidermal, pale brown, opening by rupture of the overlying host tissue; on circular to elongate 1–2 mm diameter spots which are pale brown with a red brown margin, on both sides of leaves. Conidia short cylindrical, 0-septate, 6–8.5 × 2–2.5 μm, hyaline, ends obtuse.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wellington, Hawkes Bay.; 1st Record: Dick (1990).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Sporocarps globose to subglobose at first, lobed and convoluted when mature, white at first, becoming buff to orange brown, 5–20 mm in diameter; often found growing around small sticks or needles in the litter which become embedded in the sporocarp; peridium thin, often evanescent. Gleba white at first, becoming salmon pink to orange brown. Zygospores globose to ellipsoid, 0-septate, 50–120 × 40–100 μm, deep yellow to orange, enveloped in a spirally-wound hyphal mantle; mantle 5–20 μm thick, usually composed of a single layer of hyphae encircling each spore, lateral walls of adjacent hyphae coalescing to form flame-shaped projections.
Distribution: Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Gisborne, Nelson, Buller, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1979).
Significance: Shown experimentally to be an ectomycorrhizal partner of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Chu-Chou & Grace 1979) and of Pinus radiata (Chu-Chou & Grace 1984). Mycorrhizae formed by this fungus have no mantle but the Hartig net is well developed. Improvement of rates of early growth in P. radiata seedlings did not persist to the end of the first growing season (Chu-Chou & Grace 1984).; Host(s): Pinus radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Sporocarps irregularly globose, pale yellow, verruculose, up to 10 mm in diameter; peridium absent. Gleba composed of globose to subglobose zygospore clusters, each cluster enveloped in a mantle of tightly bound hyphae, 300–600 μm in diameter. Zygospores globose to ellipsoid, 0-septate, 25–60 × 25–45 μm, clustered together or separated by hyaline hyphae, individual spores not enclosed in a hyphal mantle.
Distribution: Taupo.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1983b).
Significance: Putatively mycorrhizal (Gerdemann & Trappe 1974).; Host(s): Nothofagus solandri var. solandri.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered, abundant, at first subepidermal and globose, later erumpent and vase-shaped, yellowish brown, 0.2 mm in diameter and up to 0.4 mm high, with numerous cylindrical to clavate chestnut brown 40–60 μm long setae on the upper portions; on distinct, elongate, yellow brown leaf spots about 10 mm broad on the lower surfaces of leaves. Asci clavate, 85–110 × 18–21 μm. Asco-spores oblong-fusoid, 0-septate, 23–28 × 6–8 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: North Canterbury.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Dracophyllum traversii.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, scattered to gregarious, often confluent, subcuticular, partly erumpent later and rupturing the cuticle, oval to circular, brown to dark brown to black, 0.1–0.7 mm in diameter; on roughly circular, brown to purple leaf spots up to 5 mm in diameter but often coalescing and forming large patches on both surfaces of leaves; also found on spots on shoots and fruit. Conidia cruciform, made up of four cells; basal cell globose to short cylindrical, 6–12 × 4–7 μm; apical cell globose, 7–15 × 7–9 μm; lateral cells globose to subcylindrical, 3–7 × 3–5 μm; apical and each lateral cell with a single, tubular, flexuous appendage 3–18 μm long; all cells smooth, hyaline to subhyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Wanganui, Nelson, Buller, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Kirk (1894: as Entomosporium maculatum).
Significance: The cause of a disease known as ‘Fabraea scald’ from Fabraea maculata, an earlier name for the teleomorph. It causes considerable loss of Cydonia oblonga (quince) fruit (Atkinson 1971).; Host(s): Crataegus monogyna, Cydonia oblonga, Eriobotrya japonica, Mespilus germanica, Photinia glabra, Pyrus communis, P. pyrifolia, Rhaphiolepis ×delacourii; R. indica.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, thin, white, hyphae 4–5 μm wide; on leaves, twigs, and inflorescences. Appressoria multi-lobed. Ascomata cleistothecial, densely gregarious, superficial, depressed globose, brown, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, with numerous 200–800 μm long, rarely branched, hyaline appendages. Asci 6–22 per ascoma, saccate to oblong oval, 60–85 × 25–35 μm. Ascospores 8 per ascus, ellipsoid, 0-septate, 18–20 × 9–12 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiophores 94–130 × 7–9 μm, foot cell flexuous. Conidia produced singly, cylindrical-ovoid, 0-septate, 25–50 × 13–17 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Weinmannia racemosa, *W. sylvicola.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium well developed, superficial, moderately dense to dense, white, hyphae 4–8 μm wide; on leaves and twigs. Appressoria nipple-shaped, smooth or slightly wrinkled, rarely lobed. Ascomata (found in New Zealand only on Aster) cleistothecial, scattered or gregarious, superficial, globose, dark brown, 0.85–0.16 mm in diameter, with numerous, rarely branched, basally inserted appendages 0.5–4 times as long as the cleistothecial diameter, hyaline at first, later becoming pale to deep brown throughout or in the basal half. Asci 6–25 per ascoma, oval to subglobose, stalked, 50–80 × 25–45 μm. Ascospores 2–3 per ascus, oval, 0-septate, 15 × 25 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiophores 75–200 × 9–15 μm, foot cell straight or with curved basal part. Conidia produced in long chains, cylindrical at first, becoming barrel-shaped as they mature, 0-septate, 25–42 × 14–22 μm, length/width ratio ≈ 2, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Wanganui, Wellington, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Brien & Dingley (1955).
Notes: This species has previously been confused with the polyphagous species Erysiphe orontii (p. 220); the name E. cichoracearum is now restricted to the pathogen of asteraceous hosts.
Significance: Of no significance, except on herbaceous Asteraceae.; Host(s): Brachyglottis repanda, Olearia rani.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, thin to dense, white, hyphae 4–5 μm wide; on leaves, twigs, and inflorescences. Appressoria strongly lobed. Ascomata cleistothecial, scattered to gregarious, superficial, globose to oval, dark brown, 0.1 mm in diameter, with numerous 100–300 μm long, unbranched, straight or flexuous, hyaline appendages. Asci 8–18 per ascoma, clavate, short stalked, 40–90 × 25–40 μm. Ascospores 6–8 per ascus, oval, 0-septate, 16–20 × 9–10 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiophores 75–110 × 8–13 μm, foot cell straight or swollen. Conidia produced singly, cylindrical, 35–45 × 16–19 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Wairarapa, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Berkeley (1855).
Significance: None.; Host(s): *Aristotelia fruticosa, *A. serrata.
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Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Nelson, Westland, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Salmon (1900).
Notes: This polyphagous species has previously been confused with Erysiphe cichoracearum (p. 219).
Significance: Recorded in nursery seedlings of species of Eucalyptus (Boesewinkel 1981, as Erysiphe cichoracearum). Since fungi causing powdery mildews are difficult to distinguish in the field, significance of E. orontii as a pathogen of eucalypts is discussed under Sphaerotheca aphanis, the most common powdery mildew of eucalypts.; Host(s): Carica ×heilbornii nm. pentagona, C. papaya, C. pubescens, Cyphomandra betacea, C. fragrans, Eucalyptus crebra, E. leucoxylon, E. moluccana, Hibiscus mutabilis, Penstemon hartwegii, Rosmarinus officinalis, Solanum aviculare, S. laciniatum.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, thin or dense, white, hyphae 5–8 μm wide; on leaves, flowers, and pods. Appressoria moderately lobed. Ascomata not known in New Zealand. Conidiophores 60–110 × 7–10 μm, foot cell tapering towards the apex. Conidia produced singly, elliptic-cylindrical, 40–50 × 15–20 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Hawkes Bay, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Boesewinkel (1977a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Hebe speciosa, Lupinus angustifolius, L. argenteus, L. polyphyllus.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, thin to dense, white, hyphae 3–6 μm wide; on leaves, twigs, and inflorescences. Appressoria multi-lobed. Ascomata cleistothecial, scattered, superficial, globose, golden brown becoming dark brown, 0.1–0.15 mm in diameter, with sparse or numerous 25–100 μm long, straight to much twisted, rarely branched, hyaline appendages. Asci 4–17 per ascoma, saccate to oblong oval, 60–80 × 28–36 μm. Ascospores 8 per ascus, oblong elliptical, 0-septate, 28–40 × 10–12 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiophores 50–100 × 7–9 μm, foot cell straight. Conidia produced singly, oblong cylindrical, 0-septate, 28–40 × 13–18 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Nelson.; 1st Record: Murray (1926b: as Erysiphe carpophila var. rubicola).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Rubus australis, *R. cissoides, *R. squarrosus.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, brown to dark brown to black; on bark of trunks or on twigs and leaves; very variable, forming an open and sparse network of hyphae on leaves and a loose spongy mass on trunks. Mycelium composed of repent and erect hyphae; repent hyphae golden brown to brown, septate, finely to coarsely warted, 9–16 μm wide; erect hyphae dark brown to black, very coarsely warted, 10–16 μm wide and up to 25 μm long. Ascomata stromatic, scattered or aggregated in groups, partly immersed, brown to dark brown, subglobose, 0.25–0.35 mm in diameter, ostiolate, bearing laterally numerous simple, septate, brown to dark brown, coarsely warted, flexuous hyphal appendages, up to 500 μm long. Asci broadly ellipsoidal, 90–125 × 35–50 μm. Ascospores straight, ellipsoidal, 6–7-septate, 48–74 × 16–20 μm, smooth, pale brown to brown. Antennatula synanamorph. Conidia fusiform, variable in length and septation, 8–19-septate (mostly 11–13-septate), 80–125 × 14–21 μm, golden brown to brown. Hormisciomyces synanamorph. Conidia minute, 0-septate, hyaline, aggregated in slimy heads.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1974a).
Significance: One of the most variable sooty moulds. Common on leaves, twigs, and trunks of a large number of hosts. On trunks (particularly of Nothofagus spp.) it may be one of a mixture of sooty moulds growing together to form compact, spongy or shaggy masses.; Host(s): Alseuosmia macrophylla, Aristotelia serrata, Asplenium bulbiferum, Astelia nervosa, Beilschmiedia tawa, Coprosma spathulata, C. tenuifolia, Cyathodes juniperina, Dicksonia fibrosa, Elaeocarpus dentatus, Grammitis billardierei, Halocarpus biformis, Hymenophyllum demissum, Ixerba brexioides, Knightia excelsa, Laurelia novae-zelandiae, Leptospermum scoparium, Leucopogon colensoi, Luzuriaga parviflora, Lygodium articulatum, Metrosideros fulgens, Myrsine salicina, Neomyrtus pendunc-ulata, Nestegis sp., Nothofagus fusca, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, Phyllocladus alpinus, Phymatosorus diversifolius, P. scandens, Pittosporum sp., Podocarpus totara, Prumnopitys ferruginea, P. taxifolia, Pseudopanax arboreus, P. crassifolius, Pseudo-wintera colorata, Rubus australis, Salix fragilis, Sticherus cunninghamii, Vitex lucens, Weinmannia racemosa, W. sylvicola.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, loosely or densely plumose, up to 80 mm wide, spongy, dull dark brown to black but sometimes glistening; on branches and twigs, often enveloping the branch or twig which supports it, less frequently on leaves. Mycelium composed of olivaceous brown to dark brown, septate, finely to coarsely warted, straight or curved, 12–18 μm wide hyphae. Ascomata stromatic, scattered or in groups, basally immersed, dark brown to black, subglobose, 0.34–0.45 mm in diameter, ostiolate, bearing laterally simple, septate, dark brown, cylindrical hyphal appendages. Asci broadly ellipsoidal, 100–125 × 40–55 μm. Ascospores more or less ellipsoidal, straight, 5–9-septate, 40–70 × 14–18 μm, smooth, olivaceous brown to dark brown. Antennatula synanamorph. Conidia fusiform to subcylindrical, straight to strongly curved, 7–15-septate (mostly 9–11-septate), 80–125 × 11–15 μm, smooth, olivaceous brown to dark brown. Hormisciomyces synanamorph. Conidia subglobose to obovoid, 0-septate, 2.5 × 2.0 μm, hyaline, produced in slime within the whorl of phialides.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Taupo, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Mackenzie, Auckland Islands.; 1st Record: Hughes (1974a).
Significance: A very common sooty mould on a large number of hosts.; Host(s): Ackama rosifolia, Alseuosmia macrophylla, Aristotelia fruticosa, A. serrata, Beilschmiedia tawa, Brachyglottis repanda, Carpodetus serratus, Chamaecytisus palmensis, Coprosma foetidissima, C. rhamnoides, Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, Dracophyllum subulatum, Griselinia littoralis, Hebe stricta var. stricta, Knightia excelsa, Kunzea ericoides, Laurelia novaezelandiae, Leptospermum scoparium, Leucopogon fasciculatus, Melicope simplex, Myrsine australis, Neomyrtus pedunculata, Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, Olearia paniculata, Pennantia corymbosa, Phyllocladus trichomanoides, Phymatosorus diversifolius, Pittosporum colensoi, Prumnopitys ferruginea, Pseudopanax sp., Pseudowintera colorata, Quintinia serrata, Ripogonum scandens, Weinmannia racemosa, W. sylvicola.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, plumose, lumpy, up to 25 mm thick, black; on bark of trunks, branches or twigs. Mycelium composed of brown to dark brown, septate, smooth, straight or curved hyphae, 18–24 μm wide. Ascomata stromatic, scattered, base immersed, dark brown to black, subglobose, 0.35–0.4 mm in diameter, ostiolate, bearing numerous simple, dark olive brown to brown, straight or bent, cylindrical hyphal appendages up to 600 μm long. Asci ellipsoidal to obclavate, 160–170 × 55–65 μm. Ascospores ellipsoidal, straight or slightly curved, 11–13-septate, 90–120 × 17–20 μm, smooth, brown. Antennatula synanamorph. Conidia fusiform, curved to almost sigmoid, septation variable, 8–35-septate (mostly 11–15-septate), 125–215 × 16–21 μm, smooth, dull olive green to dark olive brown to brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Taupo, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Mackenzie.; 1st Record: Hughes (1974a).
Significance: This fungus is often a component of lumpy subicula containing mixtures of up to five species commonly found on the trunks of Nothofagus spp.; Host(s): Carpodetus serratus, Coprosma foetidissima, Dacrydium cupressinum, Leptospermum scoparium, Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. cliffort-ioides, Phyllocladus alpinus, Pseudopanax sp.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, densely plumose, loose or compact, spongy, black; on or around branches and twigs; a continuous subiculum up to 40 mm wide may surround twigs to a length of 500 mm. Mycelium composed of brown to dark brown, septate, coarsely or finely warted, cylindrical, 14–18 μm wide hyphae. Ascomata stromatic, scattered or in groups, sometimes basally immersed, dark brown to black, subglobose, 0.3–0.5 mm in diameter, ostiolate, bearing laterally numerous simple, olive brown to brown, cylindrical to slightly tapering, straight hyphal appendages up to 400 μm long. Asci ellipsoidal to obclavate, 100–135 × 43–47 μm. Ascospores fasciculate, curved, 5–12-septate (mostly 7–9-septate), 36–100 × 12–20 μm, smooth, pale brown to brown. Antennatula synanamorph. Conidia straight or slightly curved, 5–9-septate, 54–100 × 12–18 μm, smooth to finely warted, dull olive green to dark olive brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Hawke’s Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1974a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Aristotelia serrata, Carpodetus serratus, Coprosma crassifolia, C. rhamnoides, Fuchsia excorticata, Hebe stricta var. stricta, H. stricta var. egmontiana, Hymeno-phyllum demissum, Kunzea ericoides, Laurelia novaezelandiae, Leptospermum scoparium, Leucopogon fasciculatus, Melicope simplex, Neomyrtus pedunculata, Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides, Olearia paniculata, Pittosporum colensoi, Pteridium esculentum, Salix fragilis, Sophora microphylla, Vitex lucens.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Hymenium on deformed flower buds and occasionally on flowering shoots; white, convoluted, powdery at maturity, forming a continuous layer over surface of deformed organ. Basidiospores cylindrical to subclavate, 16–22 × 5–9 μm, smooth, hyaline; germinating spores 3–4-septate. Conidia abundant, narrow fusiform, 9–11 × 2–3 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Brien & Dingley (1955).
Significance: Usually attacks the innermost petals of flower buds, causing hyper-trophy and deformation and often reducing the bud to a hollow, irregular mass. It is not common.; Host(s): Camellia japonica.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Hymenium on the underside of deformed leaves; white, forming a continuous layer. Basidiospores cylindrical, 20–27 × 5–8 μm, smooth, hyaline; germinating spores 0–1-septate. Conidia none.
Distribution: Fiordland.; 1st Record: McNabb (1962b).
Significance: None. Causes hypertrophy, accompanied by elongation and a red-violet colouration in leaves and sheathing leaf bases.; Host(s): Dracophyllum prostratum, D. uniflorum.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Hymenium on hypertrophied stems; white, scanty, forming a semi-continuous layer. Basidiospores cylindrical, 16–23 × 3–7 μm, smooth, hyaline; germinating spores 0-septate. Conidia none.
Distribution: Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: McNabb (1962b).
Significance: None. Known only from Cass, the type locality.; Host(s): Leucopogon fraseri.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Hymenium on the underside of deformed leaves, very occasionally extending to the upper surface; white, convoluted, powdery at maturity, forming a continuous layer. Basidiospores cylindrical to subclavate, 12–16 × 3–6 μm, smooth, hyaline; germinating spores 3–5-septate. Conidia none.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: McNabb (1962b).
Significance: Causes hypertrophy and deformation in young leaves, which become inrolled to form hollow structures. It is of no significance.; Host(s): Camellia sasanqua.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Hymenium on the underside of deformed leaves; white, forming a continuous layer. Basidiospores cylindrical, tapering towards the base, 11–18 × 2–4 μm, smooth, hyaline; germinating spores 1-septate. Conidia abundant, acicular, 5–11 × 1–2 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Taranaki, North Canterbury.; 1st Record: McNabb (1962b).
Significance: Causes hypertrophy in leaves of both hosts and also in shoots of Archeria traversii. It is of no significance.; Host(s): Archeria traversii, Leucopogon fasciculatus.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Hymenium on the underside of deformed leaves; white, forming a con-tinuous layer. Basidiospores cylindrical, 13–19 × 2–4 μm, smooth, hyaline; germ-inating spores 4-septate. Conidia none.
Distribution: Taupo, Fiordland.; 1st Record: McNabb (1962b).
Significance: Causes hypertrophy in leaves and shoots. It is of no significance.; Host(s): Pentachondra pumila.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Hymenium on galls on the upper surfaces of leaves; white, powdery at maturity, forming a continuous layer. Basidiospores cylindrical, slightly or moderately curved, 11–17 × 2–5 μm, smooth, hyaline; germinating spores 1-septate. Conidia abundant, acicular, 10–19 × 1–2 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Wanganui, Wellington, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Brien (1939).
Significance: Causes hypertrophy and distortion in young leaves. Distorted areas become enlarged and thickened, forming pale green galls which may cover all or part of the leaf. It is a common fungus and can be troublesome in nurseries.; Host(s): Rhododendron indicum.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, scattered, immersed, brown to pale brown, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, usually confined to the centre of spots on the lower leaf surfaces; on circular or irregular (0.3–1.5 cm in diameter), necrotic, pale brown to medium brown spots visible on both sides of leaves. Conidia elliptical to obovate, 0-septate, 5–8 × 3–4 μm, pale brown, finely verruculose, base obtuse to truncate.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Sutton (1971).
Significance: A weak pathogen, colonising tissue already invaded by a primary pathogen (Swart 1988).; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. globulus subsp. globulus.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata perennial, solitary, hard, leathery or woody, attached by a broad lateral base. Pilei applanate or ungulate, 30–200 mm wide, 10–100 mm thick. Pileus surface tomentose, becoming glabrous, strongly concentrically sulcate, often banded in different shades of brown or grey, becoming deep brown to umber with age. Pore surface slightly convex, with a narrow sterile border 2–3 mm wide, white, pores in many strata, small, 6–7 per mm. Context cream, often zoned, up to 15 mm thick; in cross-section, a thin orange line is visible immediately beneath the pileus surface. Hyphal system dimitic. Basidiospores elliptic-oblong, 4–6 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Colenso (1887: as Fomes (Laevi) hemitephrus).
Significance: Causes a white heart rot with orange zone lines. It is one of the commonest perennial bracket fungi in indigenous forests.; Host(s): Agathis australis, Beilschmiedia tarairi, B. tawa, Dacrydium cupressinum, Knightia excelsa, Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. solandri, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, N. truncata, Pseudopanax arboreus, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar carmine red to saffron, aerial mycelium white, floccose, reddish brown sporodochial stromata develop later. Chlamydospores intercalary, globose to oval, 10–12 × 15–20 μm, smooth. Microconidia none. Macroconidia broadly falcate, 3–7-septate, 30–65 × 3–5 μm.
Distribution: Auckland, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne.; 1st Record: Hampton (1980).
Significance: None. Recorded very occasionally from Pinus radiata plantations where it causes root rot (Dick & Dobbie 2002).; Host(s): Actinidia deliciosa, Pinus radiata.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar rose-red fringed with white, later becoming yellowish brown in the centre. Chlamydospores absent. Microconidia none. Macroconidia narrowly fusoid, curved, 4–7-septate, 40–80 × 3–4 μm, with an elongated apical cell and a well-developed foot cell.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Wratt (1956).
Significance: None. Associated with dieback in Pinus radiata plantations but pathogenicity has not been established (Dick & Dobbie 2002).; Host(s): Acacia melanoxylon, Actinidia deliciosa, Cortaderia turbaria, Cytisus scoparius, Passiflora edulis, Pinus contorta, P. radiata, Prunus persica, P. persica var. nucipersica, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Ulex europaeus.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with fluffy floccose aerial mycelium, becoming yellow. Chlamydospores generally intercalary, oval to globose, 10–14 × 9–12 μm, smooth or roughened. Microconidia none. Macroconidia slightly curved, 3–5-septate, 26–50 × 4–7 μm, with a pointed apical cell and a well-developed foot cell.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wellington, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, Southland.; 1st Record: Chamberlain (1935).
Significance: None in forestry. Recorded very occasionally from forest nurseries growing Cupressus macrocarpa.; Host(s): Cupressus macrocarpa, Prunus persica.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar at first white, with floccose aerial mycelium tinged with peach, later changing to deep olive buff. Chlamydospores intercalary, solitary or in chains, globose, 7–9 μm in diameter. Microconidia none. Macroconidia falcate, 4–7-septate, 22–60 × 3–6 μm, with a well-developed foot cell.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Gisborne, Wairarapa, Nelson, Westland, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Blair & Morrison (1949).
Significance: None. Associated with dieback in Pinus radiata plantations but pathogenicity has not been established (Dick & Dobbie 2002).; Host(s): Cortaderia jubata, C. toetoe, Phormium tenax, Pinus radiata.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with variable mycelial growth and pigmentation; those with floccose mycelium are blue-black, green, yellow, peach or near white; those with felty mycelium yellow, vinaceous to reddish brown; all cultures may form violet to blue-black stromata. Chlamydospores sparse, intercalary, globose to oval, 7–10 × 7 μm. Microconidia absent. Macroconidia straight or curved, 3–5-septate, 22–48 × 3–4 μm or falcate, 5–8-septate, 40–75 × 3–5 μm.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Waters (1917).
Significance: Regarded as a secondary pathogen of fruit trees (Dingley 1969). Recorded very occasionally from forest nurseries (Dick & Dobbie 2002).; Host(s): Acacia baileyana, Chamaecytisus palmensis, Citrus limon, C. reticulata, C. sinensis, C. ×tangelo, Cytisus scoparius, Lupinus arboreus, Malus ×domestica, Morus alba, Passiflora edulis, Phyllocladus toatoa, Pinus radiata, Prunus persica, Pyrus communis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix sp., Sophora microphylla, Ulmus ×hollandica, Vitex lucens, Wisteria floribunda.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on potato dextrose agar slow growing, some forming a slimy cream, apricot or orange mass without any visible mycelium, others consisting of a sparse, felted orange mycelium with a white fringe. Chlamydospores none. Microconidia none. Macroconidia fusoid, straight, 3–5-septate, 35–45 × 3–5 μm, smooth, hyaline with a notched foot cell.
Distribution: Northland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington.; 1st Record: Ridley (2001a).
Notes: Identification of this fungus has been based on cultural characters. Rossman et al. (1999) reported that the Fusarium anamorphs of two New Zealand species of Cosmospora (C. dingleyae Lowen and C. obscura Lowen) are characterised by cultures similar to those of F. merismoides. A comparison of New Zealand Forest Research Institute cultures with published descriptions of the two Cosmospora species indicates several apparent but not necessarily conclusive differences. The identi-fication of F. merismoides must therefore be held to be tentative.
Significance: Associated with dieback of twigs. Pathogenicity tests have shown that it is a weak wound pathogen of Podocarpus totara (Ridley 2001a).; Host(s): Acmena smithii, Corokia cotoneaster, Cotoneaster sp., Hoheria sp., Paulownia tomentosa, Podocarpus totara, Prumnopitys ferruginea, Sorbus aucuparia.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with white or peach aerial mycelium, usually tinged purple or violet, floccose, becoming felty. Chlamydospores abundant, terminal or intercalary, globose, 5–15 μm in diameter, smooth or roughened. Microconidia abundant, ellipsoidal to cylindrical, 0-septate, 5–12 × 2–4 μm. Macroconidia fusiform, moderately curved, 3–5-septate, 27–46 × 3–5 μm, pointed at both ends.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Kirk (1905).
Notes: Fusarium oxysporum has a large number of formae speciales or pathotypes, based on host specificity, which are morphologically indistinguishable. The host list below does not include hosts of these formae speciales.
Significance: Fusarium oxysporum is the most common species of Fusarium isolated from nursery soils (Dick & Dobbie 2002). It is associated with damping off and root rot of seedlings in coniferous nurseries.; Host(s): Pinus radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with dense, white vinaceous, floccose to felty aerial mycelium. Chlamydospores none. Microconidia fusiform to clavate, 0-septate, 5–12 × 1.5–2.5 μm, catenate. Macroconidia fusoid, 3–7-septate, 25–60 × 3–4 μm, with a sharply curved apical cell and a well-developed foot cell.
Distribution: Northland, Bay of Plenty, Hawkes Bay.; 1st Record: Laundon (1978a: as Gibberella fujikuroi).
Notes: There is considerable confusion about the synonymy of the New Zealand material described as Fusarium moniliforme. In the broad sense of Wollenweber & Reinking, this name covers not only Fusarium verticilloides but also F. proliferatum var. proliferatum and F. proliferatum var. minus. All these are without known teleomorphs and none are connected with Gibberella fujikuroi sensu stricto. In the absence of definitive work on the New Zealand material, the compromise solution is to record it as Fusarium proliferatum.
Significance: Occasionally recorded from forest nurseries (Dick & Dobbie 2002).; Host(s): Dracaena fragrans, Pinus radiata.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with white to greyish white aerial mycelium, floccose. Chlamydospores none. Microconidia oval to obclavate, 0-septate, 8–12 × 2–3 μm, hyaline. Macroconidia falcate, 3–5-septate, 32–53 × 3–5 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Wanganui, Hawkes Bay.; 1st Record: Neil & Brien (1935: as Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans).
Notes: Fusarium subglutinans has been placed in synonymy under earlier names and its application to New Zealand material is confused. According to Gerlach & Nirenberg (1982), the basionym Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans includes F. sacchari var. sacchari and F. sacchari var. subglutinans. In the absence of definitive work on the New Zealand material, the compromise solution is to record it as Fusarium sacchari.
Significance: None. Occasionally recorded from forest nurseries (Dick & Dobbie 2002). Molecular techniques have established that the New Zealand isolates do not belong to the morphologically indistinguishable forma specialis Fusarium subglutinans f.sp. pini Correll et al. (K.Dobbie, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, pers. comm.), which is the causal agent of pine pitch canker, a major disease of Pinus spp., especially P. radiata.; Host(s): Pinus radiata.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar rose coloured, with white aerial mycelium, tinged pink, floccose. Chlamydospores rare, terminal or intercalary, globose, 6–11 μm in diameter, solitary or catenate. Microconidia none. Macroconidia fusoid, curved, 3–5-septate, 30–55 × 4–5 μm, with a pointed apex and a well-developed foot cell.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Westland, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Blair & Morrison (1949).
Significance: Occasionally recorded from forest nurseries (Dick & Dobbie 2002).; Host(s): Buddleja sp., Clianthus puniceus, Cupressus lusitanica, Cytisus scoparius, Eucalyptus fastigata, E. nitens, Humulus lupulus, Passiflora edulis, Phoenix canariensis, Pinus radiata, Sequoia sempervirens, Ulex europaeus.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with striate greyish white aerial mycelium, floccose, dense. Chlamydospores globose to oval, 9–12 × 8–10 μm, smooth or roughened. Microconidia abundant, oval, 0-septate, 8–16 × 2–4 μm. Macroconidia fusoid, moderately curved, 3–5-septate, 28–65 × 4–6 μm, apex blunt, foot cell not well-developed.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, South Canterbury.; 1st Record: Dingley (1951: as Nectria haematococca).
Significance: Frequently recorded from forest nurseries (Dick & Dobbie 2002).; Host(s): Ficus macrophylla, Hedycarya arborea, Knightia excelsa, Melicytus ramiflorus, Meryta sinclairii, Pinus radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Ulmus sp.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata hypogeous or subepigeous, globose to subglobose, white to pale yellow, pinkish brown when bruised, up to 60 mm in diameter; rhizomorphs numerous, evanescent; peridium composed of two layers, pale brown in section. Gleba dark olive to olive brown; locules irregular or radially elongate, partially filled with basidiospores, collapsing to form cavities up to 20 mm across; columella branched. Basidiospores oblong, 0-septate, 6–9 × 3–4 μm, smooth, pale green.
Distribution: Taupo, Nelson, Buller, Fiordland, North Canterbury.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1983b: as Hysterangium sp. 4, pro parte).
Significance: Putatively mycorrhizal (Castellano & Beever 1994).; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. solandri, N. solandri var. cliffortioides.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata perennial, solitary, hard, woody, attached by a broad lateral base. Pilei applanate, occasionally effused-reflexed, 50–320 mm broad, 20–110 mm thick. Pileus surface strongly concentrically sulcate, sometimes irregular and warty when old, greyish brown, frequently pale grey brown to light brown with a dusting of spores, margin sharp to rounded, cream in actively growing specimens, 1–8 mm wide. Pore surface even or sometimes distinctly pitted, at times even and pitted in different parts of the same fruit body, sterile margin 1–3 mm wide, concolorous with pore surface, white to pale yellow to light pink, brown when tubes not actively growing, pores in obvious strata and often with a thin (approximately 1 mm) band of context tissue separating the strata, 4–5 per mm. Context azonate or weakly zonate, dark reddish brown, up to 40 mm thick. Hyphal system trimitic. Basidiospores ovoid, 9–11 × 6–8 μm, punctate, appearing verruculose, pale brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Central Otago, Dunedin, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Berkeley (1855: as Polyporus igniarius).
Significance: One of the commonest perennial bracket fungi in exotic and indigenous forests. Causes a white heart rot in indigenous trees and may attack the sapwood when the heartwood is completely rotted. In exotic conifers it is rarely associated with heart rot and has no economic significance.; Host(s): Acacia dealbata, A. melanoxylon, Agathis australis, Beilschmiedia tarairi, Fuchsia excorticata, Metrosideros robusta, Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. solandri, N. truncata, Pinus radiata, Populus spp., Prumnopitys ferruginea, Quercus robur, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata perennial, solitary, hard, woody, attached by a broad lateral base. Pilei applanate, 70–300 mm wide, 30–130 mm thick. Pileus surface concentrically sulcate, sometimes weakly radially ridged or warty, grey, frequently brown with a dusting of spores, margin rounded, cream, 2–7 mm wide. Pore surface even or slightly pitted, with a cream sterile margin 1–7 mm wide, white to light grey, sometimes with large areas tinted orange, pores indistinctly stratose, 3–5 per mm. Context weakly zonate, dark brown. Hyphal system trimitic. Basidiospores ovoid, 11–14 × 7–9 μm, punctate, appearing verruculose, pale brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Central Otago, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Berkeley (1855: as Polyporus australis).
Significance: A common white heart rot of no significance.; Host(s): Acacia dealbata, Agathis australis, Dacrydium cupressinum, Nothofagus menziesii, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, Prumnopitys taxifolia, Salix sp.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in clusters, globose to oval, black, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, ostiolate, immersed in a dark, erumpent, pulvinate stroma 5–10 mm long; on cankers on living branches. Asci clavate, 84–120 × 16–20 1m. Ascospores oval to broadly elliptical, 1–3-septate, 24–33 × 8–11 8m, smooth, hyaline or light brown. Macroconidia cylindrical, 1–5-septate, 32–80 × 5–8 5m, smooth, hyaline, with sharply-curved ends. Microconidia oval, 0-septate, 2–4 × 1–2 1m, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Nelson.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924: as Botryosphaeria macrolopha).
Significance: The presence of this fungus on cankers on living branches suggests that it is pathogenic.; Host(s): Coprosma foetidissima, C. grandifolia, C. robusta, C. tenuifolia.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata perennial, effused, forming irregular patches 60–100 × 30–40 mm. Pore surface white or pallid cream, even, later deeply creviced, margin abruptly thinning out, concolorous. Context white, up to 600 μm thick. Hyphal system dimitic. Metuloids abundant, gloeocystidia present. Cystidia encrusted, 30–45 × 7–10 μm, hyaline. Basidiospores subglobose to ellipsoid, 6–9 × 6–7 μm, echinulate, amyloid.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Wairarapa, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1955).
Significance: Causes root rot and stem canker that results in group mortality over restricted areas. It is often already established in small areas of indigenous scrub vegetation (mainly Leptospermum scoparium) present before exotic trees are planted. Infection of planted trees occurs when a root or part of the stem comes in contact with infected roots or twigs of the scrub plants. Leptospermum scoparium, Pteridium esculentum, and Rubus fruticosus often act in this way as transmission agents. As the disease progresses a girdling canker develops at the root collar or on the stem, and copious resin bleeding occurs. Infected trees die slowly over a period of 3–4 years and roughly circular patches of dead vegetation are a distinctive feature of the disease. In most parts of New Zealand, incidence of the disease is low and losses are insignificant. In three Northland forests and one forest in Marlborough where the fungus is widespread, 10–20% mortality was reported within 10 years of establishment (Dick 1983).; Host(s): Parasitic attack: Brachyglottis repanda, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Coprosma grandifolia, Cupressus macrocarpa, Cytisus scoparius, Dendrobenthamia capitata, Eucalyptus botryoides, E. ovata, E. saligna, Hakea sericea, Hebe sp., Leptospermum scoparium, Macropiper excelsum, Pinus caribaea, P. contorta, P. elliottii, P. muricata, P. nigra subsp. laricio, P. palustris, P. patula, P. pinaster, P. radiata, P. taeda, Podocarpus totara, Pomaderris kumeraho, P. phylicifolia, Prumnopitys ferruginea, Prunus armeniaca, P. avium, P. cerasifera, P. persica, Pseudopanax arboreus, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pyrus communis, Rosa rubiginosa, Thuja plicata, Ulex europaeus. Non-parasitic attack: Acacia dealbata, Ageratina adenophora, Beilschmiedia tawa, Fuchsia excorticata, Kunzea ericoides, Leucopogon fasciculatus, Malus ×domestica, Melicytus ramiflorus, Meryta sinclairii, Muehlenbeckia australis, Passiflora tetrandra, Pteridium esculentum, Quintinia serrata, Ripogonum scandens, Rubus australis, R. fruticosus agg., Schefflera digitata, Tecomaria capensis, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, solitary or aggregated, subepidermal, dark brown; on roughly circular leaf spots with brownish margins and grey-white centres, 5–15 mm in diameter, on upper surfaces of leaves. Conidia oblong, 0-septate, 16–18 × 4–6 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: North Canterbury.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Coprosma serrulata.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered or aggregated in groups, immersed, globose, dark brown, 0.1–0.3 mm in diameter, ostiolate; on cankers on living stems and overwintering on fallen leaves. Asci clavate, 45–65 × 8–128m. Ascospores oval to elliptical, 0-septate, 10–16 × 3–6 3m, smooth, hyaline. Conidiomata acervular, immersed, finally partly erumpent, rupturing the epidermis, on necrotic lesions on leaves. Conidia cylindrical to elliptical, 0-septate, 13–25 × 3–7 3m, smooth, hyaline. Only the teleomorph is present on cankered stem tissue and only the anamorph is found on living leaves.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington.; 1st Record: Spiers & Hopcroft (1993). Earlier records (as Physalospora miyabeana) by Gilmour (1966a) and Dingley (1969) are based on the opinion of both authors that Gnomonia bullata reported on willow by Murray (1926a) was synonymous with Physalospora miyabeana. Spiers & Hopcroft (1993) have pointed out that this synonymy cannot be sustained as the two fungi are quite distinct.
Significance: This fungus is unusual because it causes stem canker but not leaf spotting in some backcross Salix matsudana × alba cultivars; leaf spotting and defoliation but not stem canker in other Salix species and cultivars. Stem cankering in susceptible cultivars leads to death within two years. Leaf spotting does not cause serious damage and the fungus is not considered to be a serious pathogen in New Zealand (Spiers & Hopcroft 1993).; Host(s): on stems: Salix (matsudana × alba) × alba; on leaves: Salix amygdaloides, S. daphnoides, S. gooddingii, S. lasiolepis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, in small clusters united by a rudimentary stroma, subepidermal, immersed, dark brown, ostiolate, with a short neck 12–30 μm long; on necrotic spots on the upper surfaces of leaves. Asci clavate, 40–60 × 10–13 μm. Ascospores elliptical to cylindrical, 0-septate, 12–18 × 5–6 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington, Fiordland, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1950: as Gloeosporium sp.).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Phormium cookianum, P. tenax.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Spores produced in sporocarps, loose clusters, or formed singly in soil. Sporocarps hypogeous, irregularly globose or flattened, greyish brown, up to 5 mm in diameter; peridium absent. Spores globose, 0-septate, 70–120 μm in diameter; spore wall yellow to brown; subtending hyphae 8–16 μm wide, hyaline. DISTRIBUTION: Gisborne, Wellington, Dunedin, Southland.
Distribution: Gisborne, Wellington, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Hall (1977).
Significance: Hall (1977) showed this to be an endomycorrhizal fungus in New Zealand.; Host(s): Coprosma robusta.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Spores produced in sporocarps or formed singly in soil. Sporocarps epigeous, globose to ellipsoid, yellow to brown, up to 10 mm in diameter; peridium white or often absent. Spores globose to subglobose, 0-septate, 100–350 μm in diameter; spore wall yellow to brown, composed of two layers when mature; subtending hyphae 12–25 μm wide, hyaline.
Distribution: Taupo, Wellington, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1983b).
Significance: Not known.; Host(s): Leptospermum scoparium, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Spores produced in sporocarps, loose clusters, or formed singly in soil. Sporocarps epigeous, irregularly lobed, white becoming pale yellow, 1–25 mm in diameter; peridium poorly developed or absent. Spores globose to subglobose, 0-septate, 30–80 × 25–70 μm; spore wall becoming laminated with age; subtending hyphae 5–15 μm wide, hyaline.
Distribution: Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Hall (1977).
Significance: Hall (1977) showed this to be an endomycorrhizal fungus in New Zealand.; Host(s): Coprosma robusta, Leptospermum scoparium, Metrosideros umbellata, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Spores formed singly in soil, globose, 0-septate, 10–12 μm in diameter; spore wall hyaline at first, becoming dark brown; subtending hyphae swollen into a globose structure 1.5 μm in diameter, which is associated with hyphae 0.5 μm wide attached to a ‘fine endophyte’ infection.
Distribution: Otago Lakes, Southland.; 1st Record: Greenall (1963: as Rhizophagus tenuis).
Significance: Hall (1977) showed this to be an endomycorrhizal fungus in New Zealand.; Host(s): Coprosma robusta, Griselinia littoralis, Kunzea ericoides, Leptospermum scoparium, Metrosideros umbellata, Pteridium esculentum, Solanum aviculare, S. laciniatum, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Spores borne in sporocarps. Sporocarps epigeous, forming a crust on the soil surface, whitish to light brown, up to 10 mm in diameter, surface of crust composed of a peridium-like layer of globose to broadly clavate vesicles, 150 × 100 μm. Spores globose to ellipsoid, 0-septate, 80–150 × 80–140 μm; spore wall hyaline to light brown, laminated; subtending hyphae 8–12 μm wide, hyaline.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Hall (1977).
Significance: Not known.; Host(s): Griselinia littoralis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium: primary internal, secondary external. Hyphae of secondary mycelium superficial, subhyaline to pale olivaceous, smooth, septate, 1–3 rm wide. Conidiophores in loose fascicles when arising from internal mycelium or solitary when arising from external hyphae, sinuous, pale olivaceous to brownish, smooth, 0–6-septate, 5–80 × 2–6 μm; conidiogenous cells minutely denticulate. Conidia ellipsoid to ovoid, 0–1-septate, 10–20 × 2–4 μm, smooth, subhyaline to pale olivaceous. Leaf spots purplish violet, small, angular to irregular, often confluent, covering large areas on the upper surfaces of leaves.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Braun & Hill (2002).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Psidium guajava.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Sori stromatic, scattered, subepidermal in origin, becoming markedly erumpent and pushing aside a strip of the epidermis, cup-shaped, black, 0.5–2 mm in diameter, with a peridium which partially covers the fertile tissue and circumscribes the ostiole through which narrow, white to yellowish, flexuous, tangled hyphal filaments, coated with spores, extend for up to 2.5 mm; on yellowish brown leaf spots on both sides of leaves. Spores globose, 1-septate, 4–6 × 5–6 μm, verruculose, subhyaline, yellowish brown in mass.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay.; 1st Record: Dingley (1959).
Significance: Although the large, black erumpent sori and protruding long, flexuous filaments of this false smut fungus present a striking appearance, it causes little damage.; Host(s): Phoenix canariensis, P. dactylifera.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual, compound, consisting of numerous (5–45) pilei arising from a common central or lateral base and giving the fruiting body a cauliflower-like appearance, up to 200 mm wide, woody. Pilei fan-shaped or spatulate, with narrow stem-like bases, 20–50 mm wide, 1–4 mm thick. Pileus surface radiately striate, dark brown to purplish black, margin fringed, often undulate. Pore surface even or undulate, dark brown, pores large, irregular, 1 or less per mm. Context brown to blackish, 1 mm thick. Hyphal system dimitic. Basidiospores globose, 4–5 μm in diameter, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Wellington, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Marlborough Sounds.; 1st Record: Berkeley (1855: as Polyporus colensoi).
Significance: The cause of a fairly common brown cubical butt rot in Nothofagus spp.; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca, N. solandri var. solandri, N. truncata.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, scattered, subepidermal, immersed, depressed globose, black, 0.1–0.3 mm in diameter; on dead stems. Asci clavate, 45–90 × 11–20 1m. Ascospores elliptical, 0-septate, 13–27 × 4–8 4m, smooth, hyaline to yellowish brown.
Distribution: Wellington, Westland.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924: as Physalospora euganea).
Significance: Associated with a minor dieback of indigenous brooms (Dingley 1969).; Host(s): Carmichaelia arborea, C. carmichaeliae.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate, centrally stipitate, annual, solitary or in large or small clusters. Pileus finely fibrillose to fibrillose-scaly, convex with inturned edges when young, becoming nearly plane, 65–100 mm in diameter or sometimes larger; bright orange yellow or orange brown, smooth, dry; flesh fibrous, firm, up to 15 mm thick at apex, slightly tawny. Gills slightly sinuate to adnate, moderately crowded to crowded, orange yellow to orange brown. Stipe light orange yellow above the tawny, evanescent annulus, orange brown and fibrillose below, cylindrical, slightly swollen at base, somewhat striate, 80–110 mm long. Basidiospores ellipsoid, 8–11 × 5–7 μm, coarsely warty, yellowish brown; spore print rusty brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Wairarapa, Nelson, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Taylor (1981).
Significance: Causes butt rot in recorded hosts but is considered to have little economic significance (Hood 1992). Very common and conspicuous when fruiting on stumps of Eucalyptus spp. and Pinus radiata after clearfelling.; Host(s): Eucalyptus spp., Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia cylindrical, whitish yellow with a torn margin, 0.7–1.5 mm high, 0.3–0.5 mm wide; on stems, on the lower surfaces of leaves, and on fruits. Aeciospores catenate, 24 × 26 μm, cinnamon brown, verrucose. Telia scattered or grouped, teliospore mass cylindrical or slightly compressed with an acute or slightly forked apex, yellowish brown, 5–10 × 0.7–1.5 mm, on elongate, fusiform swellings; on branches. Teliospores lanceolate, 2-celled, 50–80 × 13–20 μm, golden yellow, smooth; pedicel persistent.
Distribution: Dunedin.; 1st Record: Gilmour & Bassett (1961).
Significance: None. The rust has been found only once near Milton, on an isolated Juniperus communis (juniper) tree in an old garden and on adjacent Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn) hedges. It has not been found since the removal of the host juniper tree on which it was present.; Host(s): Aecia on Crataegus monogyna; telia on Juniperus communis.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered, stroma absent, globose, yellow-orange to red, warty, 0.4–0.5 mm in diameter, ostiole papillate, superficial; on bark on stems. Asci broadly cylindrical to clavate, 60–160 × 10–17 μm. Ascospores broadly elliptical to broadly fusiform, 1-septate, 20–30 × 10–14 μm, finely striate, yellow-brown. Macroconidia cylindrical, more or less falcate, 3–5-septate, 30–52 × 5–7 μm, smooth, hyaline, foot cell poorly developed. Microconidia ellipsoid, 0-septate, 6–9 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Gisborne, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Southland.; 1st Record: Berkeley (1855: as Nectria illudens).
Significance: None. Probably saprobic.; Host(s): Beilschmiedia tawa, Corynocarpus laevigatus, Geniostoma rupestre var. ligustrifolium, Hoheria populnea, Melicytus ramiflorus, Metrosideros sp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Condiomata acervular, initially partly immersed, finally superficial, cup-shaped to discoid, disc margin fimbriate, pale brown, 0.15–0.3 mm in diameter; on large (up to 20 mm in diameter) necrotic, roughly circular, light brown leaf spots with a purplish brown margin, mainly on the lower surfaces of leaves. Conidiophores up to 50 μm long. Conidia ellipsoid, 0-septate, 5–7.5 × 1.5–2 μm, hyaline. Pilidium synanamorph. Conidiophores 10–20 μm long. Conidia falcate, 0-septate, 4–9 × 1.5–2 μm, pointed at both ends.
Distribution: Northland, Bay of Plenty, Gisborne, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: The teleomorph has not been found in New Zealand. Lundquist & Foreman (1986) reported heavy losses from H. lythri in four eucalypt nurseries in South Africa. They showed that infection occurred only when the leaves were wounded and when free moisture was present. Ferreira (1998) recorded the fungus as a wound pathogen of E. citriodora and E. grandis in Brazil. In New Zealand, it is regarded as a minor nursery pathogen.; Host(s): Eucalyptus nitens, E. regnans.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Telia crowded in irregular groups, elliptical, brown, powdery, up to 3 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of leaves, in pale yellow indefinite spots coincident on both leaf surfaces. Teliospores aggregated into pale yellow to white persistent filaments up to 2 cm long, long-cylindrical, 3–5-septate, apex tapering to a fine, sharp point, 100–180 × 14–22 μm; pedicel persistent, up to 600 om long.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Central Otago, Dunedin, Southland, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1924a: as Hamaspora acutissima).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Rubus australis, R. cissoides, R. schmidelioides, R. squarrosus.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered to gregarious, subepidermal, immersed becoming erumpent, globose to subglobose, brown, up to 0.3 mm in diameter, opening by an irregular fissure; on both sides of leaves and on small twigs. Conidia broadly ventricose, straight or curved, 0-septate, 20–25 × 13–15 μm, smooth, brown to dark brown; basal appendage cylindrical, flexuous, 8–13 × 2–4 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Taupo.; 1st Record: Sutton (1980).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered to gregarious, subepidermal, immersed becoming erumpent, oval to subglobose, brown, up to 0.1 mm in diameter, opening by an irregular fissure; on upper surfaces of leaves. Conidia ventricose, straight or slightly curved, 0-septate, 19–23 × 9–11 μm, smooth, olivaceous brown; basal appendage cylindrical, flexuous, 6–16 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa.; 1st Record: Cooke (1890a: as Chaetomella eucrypta).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Knightia excelsa, Metrosideros excelsa, M. kermadecensis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered to gregarious, subepidermal, immersed becoming partly erumpent, globose to depressed globose, dark brown, 0.3–0.4 mm in diameter, opening by an irregular fissure; predominantly on lower surfaces of leaves, occasionally on both sides. Conidia globose to subglobose, 0-septate, 14–18 × 11–14 μm, smooth, brown; basal appendage cylindrical, flexuous, 4–10 × 2 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Marlborough Sounds, Mackenzie.; 1st Record: Sutton (1971).
Significance: Of no significance on eucalypts. Recorded as strongly associated with bud and shoot death in Podocarpus hallii and P. totara in central North Island and Hawkes Bay (Anonymous 1982).; Host(s): Eucalyptus cinerea, E. globulus subsp. globulus, E. microcorys, Podocarpus hallii, P. totara.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium superficial and immersed. Hyphae hyaline, septate, 3–5 m wide; on fronds. Conidiophores many branched, the branches tapering to a point. Conidia borne singly at the tip of each tapered branch, oval, 0-septate, 24 × 18–20 μm, cinnamon brown.
Distribution: Wellington.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000b).
Significance: None. This is a very common epiphyte but it is unusual to find it on living fronds.; Host(s): Pteris tremula.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate. Pileus pale yellowish to reddish brown, 50–80 mm in diameter, smooth, mucilaginous when wet; flesh firm, whitish, thick. Gills sinuate, crowded, whitish, becoming dirty pale brown, with a conspicuous serrated margin. Stipe cylindrical with a slightly swollen base, whitish, with a zigzag pattern formed of small, woolly granules in the upper part, solid, annulus absent. Basidiospores elliptical, 0-septate, 10–12 × 6–7 μm, verruculose, pale brown; spore print dull brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou (1979)
Significance: Isolated from and experimentally shown to be a mycorrhizal partner of Pinus radiata (Chu-Chou 1979) and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Chu-Chou & Grace 1981c). It is a very common mycorrhizal fungus in New Zealand but was found to be ineffective in promoting growth of seedlings (Chu-Chou & Grace 1985). .; Host(s): Pinus radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus spp.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual, occasionally perennial, resupinate, effused-reflexed or pileate; when pileate, broadly attached, variable in shape, 30–190 mm in diameter; when effused-reflexed, up to 600 mm long with numerous reflexed portions; when resupinate, up to 500 × 360 mm; surface glabrous, concentrically sulcate in narrow or broad bands, brown to red-brown to dark brown, margin rounded or sharp, cream coloured. Pore surface cream to light yellow-brown, pores 1–2 per mm. Pore layer weakly stratified in perennial fruitbodies, tubes up to 40 mm deep, concolorous with pore surface. Context cream, corky, mostly less than 10 mm thick. Hyphal system dimitic. Cystidioles elongate, cylindrical, 3–7 μm in diameter, with one or rarely two apical bulbs. Basidiospores ovate, 5–8 × 4–6 μm, minutely echinulate, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1948b: as Fomitopsis annosa).
Significance: Causes a sap rot in living Agathis australis. Recorded in Pinus taeda in one locality (Waipoua Forest, Northland; Gilmour 1966a). It is of no importance in forestry. Bassett et al. (1967) showed that the fungus produced fomannosin, a toxic metabolite which caused necrotic lesions when applied to roots of P. taeda seedlings.; Host(s): Agathis australis, Pinus taeda.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata subepigeous, subglobose, cream to ochraceous, 10–20 mm in diameter, with a small basal rhizomorph; peridium fragile and often evanescent. Gleba ochraceous, composed of permanent tramal plates, which anastomose to form large, labrynthiform cavities; columella branched. Basidiospores globose, 0-septate, 14–18 μm in diameter, covered with coarse, hyaline spines, pale yellow.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Buller, North Canterbury, South Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland.
Significance: Isolated from Eucalyptus spp. and Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides (Chu-Chou & Grace 1981a) and experimentally shown to be a mycorrhizal partner of Eucalyptus spp. (Chu-Chou & Grace 1982). It is considered to be a major mycorrhizal fungus in Eucalyptus plantations (Chu-Chou & Grace 1982). NEW ZEALAND RECORD OF PLANT ASSOCIATION: Chu-Chou & Grace (1981a).; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. nitens, E. regnans, E. saligna, Nothofagus fusca, N. solandri var. cliffortioides.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, gregarious, globose, salmon pink to orange, hairy, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, ostiole short papillate, superficial, on a thin, hyaline subiculum; on bark on stipes. Asci clavate, 50–75 × 8–10 μm. Ascospores elliptical to fusiform, 1-septate, 14–25 × 4–7 μm, smooth or finely striate, hyaline. Conidia (in culture only) oblong-elliptical, 0-septate, 6–9 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline, held in a drop of liquid.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Wellington.; 1st Record: Dingley (1956: as Nectria cyatheae).
Significance: None. Probably saprobic.; Host(s): Astelia sp., Cyathea medullaris.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata perennial, subpileate or resupinate, leathery-woody, loosely attached to the substrate and forming irregularly circular colonies 2–10 mm in diameter or merging to form linear areas 20–30 × 10–25 mm. Pilei reduced to thickened (1–1.5 mm) upper edges of basidioma growing vertically. Pileus surface glabrous, concentrically striate, black. Pore surface even, reddish brown to cinnamon brown, margin crenate, concolorous. Context reddish brown, black adjacent to the substratum, 0.3–1 mm thick. Setae in numerous overlapping rows, subulate, naked or encrusted, reddish brown, 65–95 × 9–12 μm. Basidiospores suballantoid, 5–7 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Otago Lakes.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1957: as Hymenochaete corticolor).
Significance: The cause of pocket rot in a damaged living trunk of Nothofagus fusca (Cunningham 1957).; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata subepigeous, subglobose, pyriform or irregularly lobed, white with reddish brown patches, up to 25 mm in diameter, with numerous rhizomorphs at the base; peridium composed of a single layer, brown in section. Gleba greenish at first, becoming dark olive green to almost black, composed of tramal plates anastomosing to form elongate locules, which are partially filled with basidiospores; columella branched. Basidiospores ellipsoid, 0-septate, 9–12 × 3–5 μm (without utricle), smooth, hyaline; utricle distinct, inflated laterally up to 2.5 μm, attached near the base and below the apex forming a cylinder around the spore.
Distribution: Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1982).
Significance: Shown experimentally to be a mycorrhizal partner of Eucalyptus saligna (Chu-Chou & Grace 1982).; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. nitens, E. regnans.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata hypogeous to subepigeous, globose to subglobose, dull white to yellowish brown, pale reddish brown when bruised, up to 25 mm in diameter, with a single, stout rhizomorph; peridium in two layers, white in section. Gleba olive to dark greyish olive; locules elongate, empty or partially filled with basidiospores, deliquescing; tramal plates of interwoven, hyaline hyphae; columella branched. Basidiospores fusiform, 0-septate, 11–14 × 5–7 μm, smooth, pale green; utricle distinct, irregularly loose, inflated laterally up to 2 μm.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1983b: as Hysterangium sp. 5).
Significance: Putatively mycorrhizal (Castellano & Beever 1994).; Host(s): Kunzea ericoides, Leptospermum scoparium.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata hypogeous to subepigeous, depressed globose to irregularly shaped, dirty white, pink when bruised, surface cracked when exposed, up to 25 mm in diameter, with a single, stout rhizomorph; peridium composed of two layers, pale brown in section. Gleba greenish grey to dark olive; locules elongate, more or less radially arranged, partially filled with basidiospores; tramal plates composed of hyaline interwoven hyphae; columella not well developed, branched. Basidiospores broadly elliptical, 0-septate, 14–16 × 5–6 μm, verrucose, hyaline; utricle distinct, wrinkled, more or less adhering to the spore wall.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty.
Significance: Putatively mycorrhizal (Castellano & Beever 1994). NEW ZEALAND RECORD OF PLANT ASSOCIATION: Chu-Chou & Grace (1983b: as Hysterangium sp. 2).; Host(s): Eucalyptus fastigata.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata perennial, solitary, woody or corky, attached by a lateral base. Pileus applanate, 50–110 mm wide, up to 25 mm thick. Pileus surface tomentose, becoming glabrous with age, obscurely concentrically zoned, yellowish brown, darkening with age, margin rounded, even. Pore surface even, with a sterile border 2–3 mm wide, brown; pores in several strata, 4–5 per mm. Context reddish brown, 10–20 mm thick. Hyphal system monomitic. Basidiospores globose to subglobose, 4–6 × 4–5 μm, smooth, yellow brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1948d: as Fomes lloydii).
Significance: The principal cause of heart rot in living Podocarpus totara which, due to the normal durability of its wood, was once a very important timber tree. The yellow-pipe rot is characterised by long, narrow, parallel, pale yellow tubular cavities. Affected wood is suitable for fencing material but useless for dressing grades. The rot is known to bushmen as ‘kaikok’, a corruption of ‘kaikaka’ which is the Māori word for totara heartwood (Williams 1971). Although common in P. totara, it is rare in Nothofagus fusca and N. truncata.; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca, N. truncata, Podocarpus hallii, P. totara.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum up to 2 mm in diameter, black; on upper surfaces of leaves. Mycelium reticulate, composed of dark brown, septate, curved, 6–7 μm wide hyphae with straight, capitate hyphopodia, 16–20 μm long. Ascomata perithecial, scattered, black, globose, up to 0.2 mm in diameter, verrucose, bearing toward the apex 8–12, simple, erect, straight or flexuous, pale brown setae, up to 110 μm long. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 4-septate, 45–53 × 13–19 μm, dark brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Hawke’s Bay, Rangitikei, North Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hansford (1955).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Hoheria sexstylosa.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual, compound, composed of numerous (7–30) pilei arising from a common base, usually overlapping each other but occasionally in a rosette, leathery. Pilei fan-shaped, erect or horizontal, often laterally attached to each other, 10–30 mm wide, 2–5 mm thick. Pileus surface tomentose to velutinate, radiately striate, light brown with darker brown zones, margin inturned, crenate. Pore surface even with a sterile border up to 2 mm wide, white; pores small, 5–7 per mm. Context up to 1.5 mm thick, white. Hyphal system monomitic. Basidiospores broadly elliptical, 3–4 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, Southland.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1948a: as Polyporus rosulatus).
Significance: Causes a brown cubical heart rot in Larix decidua. Entry is gained through trunk wounds created during silvicultural operations (Gilmour 1957). It is of no commercial importance.; Host(s): Larix decidua.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata resupinate, widely effused, adnate, up to 9 mm thick, hard when dry. Pore surface pale ochraceous buff to pinkish ochraceous; pores 6–12 per mm. Pore layer more or less stratified, up to 1 mm thick in each stratum, margin whitish to cream, velutinate to glabrous, narrow. Context brown, fibrous, up to 0.5 mm thick with a thin, horny, basal layer. Hyphal system apparently dimitic. Cystidia abundant, apically heavily encrusted, 20–70 × 10–24 μm. Basidiospores ovoid to subglobose, 4–6 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Marlborough Sounds, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Colenso (1887: as Poria vincta).
Significance: The cause of low-level mortality (about 1%) in Pinus radiata plantations in the Bay of Plenty, predominantly on sites previously covered by indigenous forest (Hood & Dick 1988). The fungus is associated with root disease in other coniferous hosts and has been isolated from orchard shelterbelt trees suffering from ‘white crown canker’. It has been shown to be pathogenic to seedlings of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressus macrocarpa, Eucalyptus regnans, Pinus radiata, Salix matsudana, and Thuja plicata (Hood & Dick 1988).; Host(s): Parasitic attack: Berberis glaucocarpa, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressus macrocarpa, Eucalyptus regnans, Pinus radiata, Salix matsudana, Thuja plicata. Nature of attack not known: Acacia melanoxylon, Acmena smithii, Beilschmiedia tawa, Betula pendula, Corynocarpus laevigatus, ×Cupressocyparis leylandii, Cupressus sempervirens, C. torulosa, Dysoxylum spectabile, Eucalyptus botryoides, E. fraxinoides, E. johnstonii, E. saligna, Hoheria populnea, Nothofagus menziesii, Paraserianthes lophantha, Phebalium squameum, Pittosporum tenuifolium, Plagianthus regius, Populus nigra, Syncarpia glomulifera.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, discrete but occasionally confluent, subepidermal, finally erumpent, brown, 0.12–0.15 mm in diameter; on scale leaves. Conidia ellipsoid, 0-septate, 5–8 × 2–4 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2001).
Significance: Associated with dieback of tips of leaves, which is more severe in the lower part of the crown. Although it has been recorded as the cause of shoot dieback of Thuja occidentalis in Europe (Schneider & Arx 1966), and tip blight and canker of Chamaecyparis nootkatensis in Canada (Funk 1981), it is not regarded as a major pathogen.; Host(s): Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Thuja plicata.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia subcuticular, pustular, in small groups, up to 0.2 mm in diameter; on reddish spots on the upper surfaces of leaves. Aecia surrounding the spermagonia, irregularly elongate and often confluent into rings, orange-yellow, 0.5–1.0 mm in diameter; on the upper surfaces of leaves. Aeciospores obovate, 19–23 × 18–20 μm, densely verrucose. Uredinia circular, scattered, on pale golden-yellow spots, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis, about 0.1 mm in diameter; on the underside of leaves, and on petioles and stems. Urediniospores obovate, 20–30 × 17–24 μm, finely echinulate.
Distribution: Northland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, Kaikoura, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Central Otago, Dunedin, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Kirk (1909: as Caeoma nitens).
Significance: This blackberry rust occasionally causes severe damage locally but it has no value as a biological control agent.; Host(s): Rubus fruticosus agg., R. laciniatus, R. schmidelioides, Rubus × (hybrid berry)
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate. Pileus pale red, reddish brown or brownish pink, 15–60 mm in diameter, hygrophanous, minutely squamulose, convex to plano-convex, umbilicate, sometimes centrally depressed, margin striate and sometimes wavy; flesh thin, pinkish red. Gills adnate, distant, concolorous with the pileus, dusted white with basidiospores when mature. Stipe more or less cylindrical, slender, straight or flexuous, concolorous with the pileus or paler, striate, 50–90 mm long. Basidiospores globose, 0-septate, 8–10 μm in diameter, verruculose, hyaline, non-amyloid; spore print white.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Rawlings (1951).
Notes: The correct name for this very common fungus is in some doubt. It was first recorded in New Zealand by Colenso (1893) as Agaricus (Clitocybe) laccatus. This name was based on a specimen collected near Dannevirke and sent to Cooke for identification. Massee (1899) later included it in his account of the fungus flora of New Zealand as Laccaria laccata. The specimen on which these records were based is no longer extant. Stevenson (1964) noted that L. laccata was the commonest toadstool in the country. McNabb (1972) failed to find L. laccata during the course of his study of Laccaria and remarked that all Stevenson’s collections examined by him could be referred to either L. proxima or L. tetraspora. The description that follows is of the variable species usually referred to as Laccaria laccata, which is very common in nurseries and plantations of Pinus radiata.
Significance: A very common and variable fungus with fruiting bodies occurring in troops in nurseries and plantations. Isolated from and experimentally shown to be a mycorrhizal partner of Pinus radiata (Chu-Chou 1979), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Chu-Chou & Grace 1981c) and Eucalyptus delegatensis (Chu-Chou & Grace 1982). In a comparative study it was found that seedlings inoculated with L. laccata grew better than seedlings inoculated with Rhizopogon rubescens during the first six months. The increased growth rate was not maintained and the R. rubescens-inoculated seedlings were larger by the end of the growing season (Chu-Chou & Grace 1985).; Host(s): Betula pendula, Eucalyptus delegatensis, Pinus nigra subsp. laricio, P. radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata apothecial, scattered, superficial, stalked, covered with long white hairs, disc orange, up to 3 mm in diameter; on bark. Asci cylindric-clavate, 100–150 × 8–10 μm. Ascospores elliptic oblong, 0-septate, 14–20 × 6–8 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taupo, North Canterbury, Southland.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: Dennis (1978) regarded this species as a harmless saprobe. Oguchi (1981), in pathogenicity trials, found that L. hahniana produced small numbers of apothecia around inoculated portions of Larix stems. It has only been found on dead bark in New Zealand and is not regarded as a pathogen.; Host(s): Larix sp., Pinus radiata, Pinus sp.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata apothecial, scattered, superficial, stalked, covered with short white hairs, disc orange-yellow, 1–2 mm in diameter; on bark. Asci clavate, 50–60 × 4–5 μm. Ascospores ellipsoid, 0-septate, 4–6 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Southland.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: Funk (1981) has recorded this fungus as causing perennial target cankers on young Pseudotsuga menziesii trees. It has not been recorded on P. menziesii in New Zealand and is not regarded as a pathogen.; Host(s): Pinus radiata.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata apothecial, scattered, superficial, stalked, covered in white persistent hairs, disc orange to orange yellow, up to 3mm in diameter; on bark. Asci narrowly cylindrical, 45–60 × 4–6 μm. Ascospores filiform-clavate, 0-septate, 6–12 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Rangitikei.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: Von Weissenberg (1975) reported minor damage to 40–60-year-old stands of Pinus contorta in Finland. It appears to be saprobic in New Zealand.; Host(s): Pinus radiata.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual, solitary, spongy, attached by an apical or lateral stem-like base, often becoming detached soon after reaching maturity. Pilei ungulate or bell-shaped, 70–350 mm wide, 50–150 mm thick. Pileus surface glabrous or finely tomentose-reticulate, greyish white to ochraceous to tobacco brown, covered with a delicate membrane which when dry is brittle and peels away readily, margin entire or lobed. Pore surface plane or slightly convex, creviced when old, straw- or honey-coloured; pores large, 1–3 per mm. Context white, soft and crumbling. Hyphal system dimitic. Basidiospores globose or subglobose, 7–9 × 7–8 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Buller, Marlborough Sounds, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1927: as Polyporus eucalyptorum).
Significance: Causes a cubical brown heart rot of little significance.; Host(s): Eucalyptus sp., Nothofagus fusca, N. solandri var. solandri, N. truncata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated, globose, black, 0.1–0.15 mm in diameter, immersed in the top layer of a superficial, crustose, irregular, black stroma, 1–5 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of fronds. Asci elliptical to clavate, 30–47 × 8–12 μm. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 8–14 × 3–5 μm, smooth, pale brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Nelson, Westland.; 1st Record: Dingley (1972).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Dicksonia lanata, D. squarrosa.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated, globose, black, 0.1 mm in diameter, embedded in a superficial, crustose, circular, black stroma, 1–3 mm in diameter; on both surfaces of fronds. Asci elliptical to clavate, 50–60 × 5–8 μm. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 9–12 × 1–4 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Gisborne.; 1st Record: Dingley (1972).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Cyathea smithii.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate. Pileus brownish grey to dark brown, 50–110 mm in diameter, hemispherical, finely tomentose, dry; flesh white. Pore surface excavated around the apex of the stipe; tubes greyish white, up to 20 mm long; pores concolorous with tubes, round, 0.5 mm in diameter. Stipe more or less cylindrical, tapering towards the apex, greyish white, covered with dark grey scales, annulus absent, 50–130 mm long. Basidiospores elliptic-fusiform, 0-septate, 16–20 × 4–6 μm, smooth, yellowish brown.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, Central Otago, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Rawlings (1951: as Boletus scaber).
Significance: An edible fungus.; Host(s): Betula pendula.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, scattered, subcuticular, irregular in shape, black, opening by rupture of the overlying tissue; on leaves. Conidia fusiform, straight, 4-septate, 30–45 × 6–9 μm, apical and basal cells hyaline, intermediate cells pale brown, central cell often a darker brown; apical cell extending into a long (18–30 μm) hyaline, flexuous appendage bearing 4–7 hyaline, flexuous branches each 15–37 μm long; basal cell with a simple tubular 3–9 μm long hyaline appendage.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Mid Canterbury, Southland.; 1st Record: Ridley et al. (1997).
Significance: Found on dying shoots of totara that have been weakened by scale infestation and infection by Harknessia globosa.; Host(s): Podocarpus acutifolius, P. hallii × nivalis, P. totara.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on malt extract agar olivaceous. Conidiophores occurring singly or in groups of up to six, stipe erect, 350–750 μm long, olivaceous, simple, bearing 2–4 primary metulae, 25–55 μm long; three to four additional series occur above the primary metulae, each giving rise to 2–3 further metulae at the apex; primary metulae olivaceous, subsequent metulae olivaceous to hyaline. Conidio-genous cells discrete, tapering slightly, 12–23 μm long, hyaline. Conidia obovoid with truncate ends, 0-septate, 4–6 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline, accumulating in a mucilaginous mass.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Dick (2004).
Significance: See under Leptographium procerum (p. 172).; Host(s): Pinus radiata, P. strobus.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on malt extract agar olivaceous. Conidiophores occurring singly, stipe erect, 145–355 μm long, olivaceous, simple, bearing 2–3 primary metulae 11–47 μm long; three to four additional series occur above the primary metulae, each giving rise to 2–3 further metulae at the apex; primary metulae olivaceous, subsequent metulae light olivaceous to hyaline. Conidiogenous cells discrete, tapering slightly, 10–20 μm long, hyaline. Conidia obovoid with truncate ends, 0-septate, 4–6 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline, accumulating in a mucilaginous mass.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Jacobs et al. (2001).
Significance: See under Leptographium procerum.; Host(s): Pinus radiata, P. strobus.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar dark olivaceous to black. Conidiophores abundant, stipe erect, very variable in length, 25–445 μm, pale to dark olivaceous, commonly branched, the branches bearing 2–4 primary metulae each 10–28 μm long; two to four additional series occur above the primary metulae, each giving rise to 1–3 further metulae at the apex; primary metulae paler in colour than the stipe, subsequent metulae hyaline. Conidiogenous cells discrete, tapering, 7–50 μm long, hyaline. Conidia subglobose to pyriform, 0-septate, 3–11 × 2–5 μm, smooth, hyaline, accumulating in a mucilaginous mass.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Shaw & Dick (1980: as Verticicladiella sp.).
Significance: See under Leptographium procerum.; Host(s): Pinus radiata, P. strobus.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on malt extract agar dark grey to olivaceous with dark concentric rings, no aerial mycelium. Conidiophores occurring singly or in groups of up to three, stipe erect, 200–500 µm long, olivaceous, simple, bearing 2–3 primary metulae 15–25 μm long; three to four additional series occur above the primary metulae, each giving rise to 2–4 further metulae at the apex; primary metulae light olivaceous, further metulae light olivaceous to hyaline. Conidiogenous cells discrete, tapering slightly, 15–20 μm long, hyaline. Conidia obovoid to broadly ellipsoid with truncate bases, 0-septate, 3–5 × 1–3 μm, smooth, hyaline, accumulating in a mucilaginous mass.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Shaw & Dick (1980: as Verticicladiella sp.).
Significance: Species of Leptographium have been associated with death of individual Pinus radiata and P. strobus trees in many parts of New Zealand (Shaw & Dick 1980; MacKenzie & Dick 1984). Infected trees show a black stain in the roots and in sapwood at the base of the tree. Resin bleeding at the base is common in P. radiata. Infected trees usually die quickly but some persist for up to 8 years with thin chlorotic crowns. Infection has been recorded only in forests on heavy clay soils prone to waterlogging. Many tree stands containing infected trees were grazed by cattle that damage surface roots and compact the soil. Stress caused by waterlogging and root disturbance appears to be main factor leading to death of infected trees. Species of Leptographium known to be present in New Zealand (L. alethinum, L. euphyes, L. lundbergii, and L. procerum) were found to be mildly pathogenic to P. radiata and P. strobus. Pinus strobus was more susceptible to infection than P. radiata and waterlogging made plants of both species more susceptible (M.A.Dick, unpublished data).; Host(s): Pinus radiata, P. strobus.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, scattered, subepidermal becoming erumpent and pushing up a flap of the epidermis, brown, 0.1–0.3 mm in diameter; on angular light brownish leaf spots with a dark brown margin, up to 15 × 10 mm, on the lower surfaces of living leaves. Conidia irregular, mainly elliptical, 0-septate, 8–12 × 4–6 μm, verruculose, medium brown, base truncate.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Hawkes Bay.; 1st Record: Ridley (2002).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Eucalyptus ficifolia.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in groups, immersed, subglobose, black, 0.2–0.4 mm in diameter, covered by a small black clypeus; on stems. Asci clavate-cylindrical, 70 × 6 6m. Ascospores ellipsoid, 3-septate, 12–15 × 3–5 3m, smooth, pale olive-brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, Central Otago, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1922).
Significance: The cause of ‘cane wilt’ in raspberries (Dingley 1969).; Host(s): Malus ×domestica, Rosa sp., Rubus fruticosus agg., R. idaeus, Rubus × (hybrid berry).
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, 1–3-loculate, densely aggregated, often with confluent walls, subepidermal, immersed, globose to depressed globose, brown, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter; on circular to irregular, pale yellow brown leaf spots with a raised ochraceous brown margin, 4–10 mm in diameter. Conidia filiform, straight or slightly curved, 2–6-septate, 40–55 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Dunedin.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Pachystegia insignis.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata hysterothecial resembling mussel shells set on their edges, scattered, superficial, erect, black, opening by a longitudinal slit, 0.5–0.7 mm long. Asci cylindrical, 130–150 × 10 μm. Ascospores filiform, multiseptate, 110–120 × 2 μm, pale olivaceous.
Distribution: Auckland, Wanganui, Nelson.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: Found fruiting on bark of trees. It is not regarded as a pathogen.; Host(s): Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Pinus radiata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata hysterothecial, scattered, subepidermal, partly erumpent, lens-shaped, black with a grey surround and grey lips, large (0.5–1.7 mm long), opening by a longitudinal split, zone lines absent; on dead portions of living needles and on dead needles. Asci clavate to cylindrical, 150–220 × 10–15 μm. Ascospores filiform, 0-septate, 90–135 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiomata scattered, immersed and slightly raising the needle surface, elliptical, concolorous or slightly darker than the needle, 0.3–0.5 mm long but often coalescing, opening by a longitudinal split on one side. Conidia rod-shaped, 4–9 × 1 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Southland.; 1st Record: Minter (1981).
Significance: Johnston (1992) recorded 24 species of Lophodermium in New Zealand, mostly on fallen leaves. Only two of these and the recently reported L. molitoris (Johnston et al. 2003) are known from living leaves. For descriptions of the other species, see Johnston (1989). Before the appearance of Minter’s (1981) monograph on species of Lophodermium on pines, the three species now known to be present on Pinus spp. in New Zealand were collectively called Lophodermium pinastri. In association with Cyclaneusma minus, they were considered to be responsible for a periodic needle-cast of Pinus radiata (Gilmour 1966a). It has since been shown that this needle-cast is attributable to C. minus alone. Species of Lophodermium present in New Zealand are regarded as saprobes although they are endophytic in needles of P. radiata (Gadgil 1984). In New Zealand, L. conigenum and L. pinastri are both common in pine plantations; L. molitoris is known from a single collection. The only major pathogenic species, Lophodermium seditiosum Minter, Staley & Millar (Minter & Millar 1980) is not present in New Zealand.; Host(s): Pinus contorta, P. radiata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: This fungus is known in New Zealand only from culture. The following description has been adapted from Minter (1981). Ascomata hysterothecial, scattered, subcuticular to partly subepidermal, partly erumpent, lens-shaped, black with a dark grey surround and grey lips, 0.5–1 mm long, opening by a longitudinal split, zone lines black, infrequent to numerous; on dead portions of living needles and on dead needles. Asci clavate to cylindrical, 90–130 × 10–14 μm. Ascospores filiform, 0-septate, 80–120 × 2 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiomata scattered, raising the needle surface, elliptical, pale brown to black, 0.1–0.4 mm long, with one to several inconspicuous ostioles. Conidia rod-shaped, 6–9 × 1 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Johnston et al. (2003).
Significance: Johnston (1992) recorded 24 species of Lophodermium in New Zealand, mostly on fallen leaves. Only two of these and the recently reported L. molitoris (Johnston et al. 2003) are known from living leaves. For descriptions of the other species, see Johnston (1989). Before the appearance of Minter’s (1981) monograph on species of Lophodermium on pines, the three species now known to be present on Pinus spp. in New Zealand were collectively called Lophodermium pinastri. In association with Cyclaneusma minus, they were considered to be responsible for a periodic needle-cast of Pinus radiata (Gilmour 1966a). It has since been shown that this needle-cast is attributable to C. minus alone. Species of Lophodermium present in New Zealand are regarded as saprobes although they are endophytic in needles of P. radiata (Gadgil 1984). In New Zealand, L. conigenum and L. pinastri are both common in pine plantations; L. molitoris is known from a single collection. The only major pathogenic species, Lophodermium seditiosum Minter, Staley & Millar (Minter & Millar 1980) is not present in New Zealand.; Host(s): Pinus radiata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata hysterothecial, scattered, subepidermal to partly sub-epidermal, partly erumpent, lens-shaped, black with a greyish surround and red (occasionally orange or grey) lips, 0.4–1.3 mm long, opening by a longitudinal split, zone lines black, numerous; on dead portions of living needles and on dead needles. Asci clavate to cylindrical, 112–130 × 10–12 μm. Ascospores filiform, 0-septate, 70–90 × 2 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiomata scattered, subepidermal, slightly raising the needle surface, elliptical, somewhat darker than the needle, 0.2–0.5 mm long, opening by a longitudinal split along a line of stomata. Conidia rod-shaped, 5–7 × 3–5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Central Otago, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Robinson (1919).
Significance: Johnston (1992) recorded 24 species of Lophodermium in New Zealand, mostly on fallen leaves. Only two of these and the recently reported L. molitoris (Johnston et al. 2003) are known from living leaves. For descriptions of the other species, see Johnston (1989). Before the appearance of Minter’s (1981) monograph on species of Lophodermium on pines, the three species now known to be present on Pinus spp. in New Zealand were collectively called Lophodermium pinastri. In association with Cyclaneusma minus, they were considered to be responsible for a periodic needle-cast of Pinus radiata (Gilmour 1966a). It has since been shown that this needle-cast is attributable to C. minus alone. Species of Lophodermium present in New Zealand are regarded as saprobes although they are endophytic in needles of P. radiata (Gadgil 1984). In New Zealand, L. conigenum and L. pinastri are both common in pine plantations; L. molitoris is known from a single collection. The only major pathogenic species, Lophodermium seditiosum Minter, Staley & Millar (Minter & Millar 1980) is not present in New Zealand.; Host(s): Pinus densiflora, P. muricata, P. palustris, P. pinaster, P. radiata, P. roxburghii.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata scattered, stromatic, pycnidial, flattened globose, subepidermal, pale to dark brown, ostiolate, up to 0.2 mm in diameter; on roughly circular (1–4 mm in diameter), pale brown necrotic spots with a dark brown margin, on both sides of leaves. Conidia oval, 1-septate, 16–20 × 10–14 μm, pale to dark brown, apex broadly rounded, base flattened with a protruding hilum.
Distribution: Northland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Buller, Westland.; 1st Record: Dick (1990).
Significance: Swart (1988) described this fungus as a weak parasite that invades tissue occupied by a primary pathogen. It causes little damage.; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, scattered, subcuticular, dark brown; on irregular, dark greyish black leaf spots without a definite margin on both sides of leaves. Conidia cylindric-clavate to ellipsoid, 1-septate, 13–22 × 4–8 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wellington, Gisborne, Nelson, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Laundon (1973).
Significance: There is a large variation in susceptibility of Betula pendula to M. betulae; some trees are unaffected whereas others show considerable dieback resulting from repeated premature defoliation.; Host(s): Betula pendula.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, scattered, intraepidermal, up to 400 am in diameter; on small (1–2 mm diameter) roughly circular to angular, black leaf spots with whitish centres on both sides of leaves, and on elongate (up to 10 mm long) or circular lesions (3–5 mm in diameter) on young shoots. Conidia obovoid, straight or slightly curved, unequally 1-septate, 11–21 × 4–7 μm, smooth, hyaline. Microconidia sometimes present, ellipsoid, 0-septate, 3–5 × 1–2 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Taranaki, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Morrison (1977).
Significance: Some clones of Populus deltoides and P. nigra are particularly susceptible to M. brunnea, trees being progressively weakened by repeated premature defoliation. Resistant clones are now used. The disease is not a major problem in New Zealand (Spiers 1998).; Host(s): Populus alba, P. alba × deltoides, P. alba × nigra, P. alba × yunnanensis, P. angustifolia, P. balsamifera × trichocarpa, P. ×canadensis, P. ciliata, P. deltoides, P. deltoides × maximowiczii, P. deltoides × yunnanensis, P. fremontii, P. fremontii × nigra, P. ×generosa, P. koreana × maximowiczii, P. koreana × nigra, P. koreana × trichocarpa, P. lasiocarpa, P. maximowiczii, P. maximowiczii × berolinensis, P. maximowiczii × nigra, P. maximowiczii × trichocarpa, P. nigra, P. simonii, P. szechuanica, P. trichocarpa, P. wilsonii, P. yunnanensis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, scattered, intraepidermal, up to 400 m in diameter; on roughly circular to irregular, chestnut brown leaf spots up to 5 mm wide with whitish centres on upper surfaces of leaves, spots often becoming confluent and covering large areas of the leaf. Conidia obovoid to pyriform, straight or slightly curved, unequally 1-septate, 15–18 × 5–8 μm, smooth, hyaline. Microconidia ellipsoid, 0-septate, 3–6 × 2 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Gisborne, Rangitikei, Wellington, Wanganui, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, North Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Southland.; 1st Record: Anonymous (1986).
Significance: The widely-used Populus alba ‘Silver Poplar’ is particularly susceptible to attack and many trees of this cultivar have been killed since the fungus was introduced into New Zealand sometime between 1984 and 1986 (Spiers 1998). Most other cultivars of P. alba are resistant.; Host(s): Populus alba.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, scattered, subcuticular, erumpent, oval to elliptical, brown; on circular dark brown to black leaf spots with ragged margins, up to 15 mm in diameter, on upper surfaces of leaves. The black colour is due to a dense subcuticular network of dark hyphae. Conidia oval to elliptical, 1-septate, 20–25 × 5–6 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Nelson, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Kirk (1901: as ‘black spot’).
Significance: The cause of ‘black spot’ of roses, recorded by Dingley (1969) as a common disease throughout the country. Heavy infection causes considerable defoliation, seriously weakening the plants. In all except very dry areas, fungicidal control is usually necessary.; Host(s): Rosa spp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, scattered to gregarious, circular at first, later confluent, subepidermal, partly erumpent, white, 60–210 μm in diameter; on small (up to 1 mm in diameter), light purplish brown, circular leaf spots without a definite margin, on both sides (mainly the lower surface) of leaves and on small twigs; leaf spots often confluent, covering the whole lower surface of the leaf. Conidia clavate to pyriform, often curved, unequally 1-septate, 11–16 × 3–7 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Gisborne, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, Kaikoura, South Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Murray (1926a).
Significance: Locally important. The cause of premature defoliation and dieback in Salix babylonica (Spiers 1998).; Host(s): Salix alba var. alba, S. alba var. vitellina, S. alba × matsudana, S. ×argentinensis, S. babylonica, S. fragilis.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia (seen only on artificially inoculated plants) solitary, ellipsoid, orange yellow, up to 0.2 mm in diameter; on yellow spots on needles. Uredinia in groups, often confluent, golden orange, 0.2–0.5 mm in diameter; mainly on the lower surfaces of leaves but some breaking through to the upper surface. Urediniospores obovate to pyriform, 17–26 × 10–16 μm, uniformly echinulate except for a smooth apical spot. Telia roughly circular to oval, golden brown to dark brown, 0.2–0.6 mm in diameter, coalescing into larger irregular shaped masses; mainly on the lower surfaces of leaves. Teliospores rectangular to triangular, 20–50 × 5–16 μm, brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Latch (1980).
Significance: Leaf rusts caused by this and other Melampsora species cause premature defoliation in willows and are regarded as important diseases limiting growth of susceptible cultivars. Species cannot be distinguished by gross morphological characters in the field. Natural infection of conifers not known.; Host(s): Spermagonia only on artificially inoculated Larix kaempferi. Uredinia and telia on Salix ×argentinensis, S. babylonica, S. babylonica × annularis, S. babylonica × chilensis, S. burjatica, S. chilensis, S. ×elegantissima, S. fragilis, S. matsudana, S. ×pendulina, S. pentandra.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia circular to lenticular, golden yellow, up to 0.5 mm in diameter, surrounded by a halo of yellow tissue; on needles. Aecia solitary or confluent in groups of two to four, subcuticular, orange yellow to pale yellow, 0.4–1.5 mm in diameter. Uredinia erumpent, globose to oval, orange yellow, 0.5 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of leaves. Urediniospores globose to ellipsoid, 12–19 × 10–16 μm, uniformly echinulate. Telia subepidermal, chestnut brown to light brown, 0.1–0.7 mm in diameter, often confluent; mainly on the lower surfaces of leaves. Teliospores rectangular to triangular, 16–40 × 7–16 μm, brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Dingley (1977).
Significance: Leaf rusts caused by this and other Melampsora species cause premature defoliation in willows and are regarded as important diseases limiting growth of susceptible cultivars. Species cannot be distinguished by gross morpho-logical characters in the field. Natural infection of conifers not known.; Host(s): Spermagonia and aecia on Larix decidua, L. kaempferi. Uredinia and telia on Salix aegyptiaca, S. aurita, S. ×calodendron, S. caprea, S. cinerea, S. ×dichroa, S. ×mollissima, S. ×mollissima var. hippophaeifolia, S. muscina, S. pontederana × gracilistyla, S. purpurea, S. ×reichardtii, S. ×rubra, S. ×sericans, S. ×seringeana, S. silesiaca.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia circular to lenticular, golden yellow, up to 0.5 mm in diameter, surrounded by a halo of yellow tissue; on needles. Aecia aggregated in groups of two to four, irregularly oval, yellow orange, 0.5–1.5 mm in diameter; on yellow spots on needles. Uredinia single or aggregated in groups, circular, bright orange yellow, 0.5–1 mm in diameter; on both sides of leaves. Urediniospores clavate to broadly ellipsoid, apex rounded, base truncate, 25–50 × 12–28 μm, uniformly echinulate except for a smooth area near the rounded apex. Telia occasionally single but more often aggregated in groups which coalesce, circular, amber brown to dark brown, up to 1 mm in diameter; on both sides of leaves. Teliospores cylindrical to triangular, 20–50 × 7–12 μm, pale.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Mackenzie, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Anonymous (1973); van Kraayenoord et al. (1974).
Significance: This fungus was first detected in 1973 and spread rapidly, causing considerable damage in the moist areas of New Zealand. Infection leads to early defoliation, which, if repeated, reduces height and diameter growth and delays hardening-off. Shoots become more prone to frost damage and, in highly susceptible varieties (P. nigra ‘Sempervirens’, for example) there is dieback and death. Introduction of rust-resistant varieties has reduced adverse effects considerably. Natural infection of conifers is very rare. An interspecific hybrid between M. larici-populina and M. medusae has been described (Spiers & Hopcroft 1994).; Host(s): Spermagonia and aecia on Larix decidua, L. kaempferi, Pinus radiata. Uredinia and telia on Populus ×canadensis, P. deltoides, P. deltoides var. missouriensis, P. ×generosa, P. ×gileadensis, P. maximowiczii × berolinensis, P. maximowiczii × nigra, P. maximowiczii × trichocarpa, P. nigra, P. trichocarpa, P. yunnanensis.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia solitary to aggregated in small groups, circular to lenticular, pale yellow, up to 0.2 mm in diameter, surrounded by a halo of yellow tissue; on needles. Aecia aggregated in groups of two to four, irregularly oval, yellow-orange, 0.5–1 mm in diameter; on yellow spots on needles. Uredinia single or aggregated in groups, circular, bright orange-yellow, 0.5–1 mm in diameter; on both sides of leaves. Urediniospores obovate to oval, apex rounded, base truncate, 22–35 × 15–25 μm, uniformly echinulate except for a smooth equatorial area commonly extending half to three-quarters around the spore. Telia occasionally single but more often aggregated in groups which coalesce, circular, amber brown to dark brown, up to 1 mm in diameter; on both sides of leaves. Teliospores cylindrical to triangular, 20–50 × 6–16 μm, pale.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Gisborne.; 1st Record: Anonymous (1973); van Kraayenoord et al. (1974).
Significance: M. larici-populina and M. medusae were first recorded in New Zealand in 1973. M. medusae was associated with M. larici-populina in the early outbreaks, but appeared to be restricted to isolated trees of Populus deltoides. By 1984, M. medusae had apparently died out but it has been occasionally recorded since then (Spiers 1998). It is not possible to distinguish damage caused by M. medusae from that caused by M. larici-populina in the field. An interspecific hybrid between M. larici-populina and M. medusae has been described (Spiers & Hopcroft 1994).; Host(s): Spermagonia and aecia on Larix decidua. Uredinia and telia on Populus ×canadensis, P. deltoides, P. deltoides var. missouriensis, P. maximowiczii × berolinensis, P. maximowiczii × nigra, P. maximowiczii × trichocarpa, P. simonii, P. yunnanensis.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Uredinia solitary, scattered, circular, yellow, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, in orange spots; on the lower surfaces of leaves. Urediniospores ellipsoid or subclavate, 20–35 × 10–17 μm, sparsely echinulate but smooth at the apex. Telia solitary, scattered, circular, brown to dark chestnut brown, up to 0.5 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of leaves. Teliospores in a palisade-like layer, prismatic, rounded at both ends, 35–45 × 10–15 μm, tinted brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Taupo, Wanganui, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Robinson (1919: as Melampsoridium betulinae).
Significance: Severe infection may lead to premature defoliation. This rust is very common but seldom causes any significant damage. The aecial stage has not been recorded on Larix in New Zealand.; Host(s): Betula pendula.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata abundant, scattered, acervular, erumpent, opening by an irregular fissure, 1.0–1.5 mm in diameter; on dead or dying branches. Masses of dark conidia exuded in damp weather alnost entirely cover the fruiting bodies. Conidia ellipsoid, 0-septate, 15–20 × 5–7 μm, brown, smooth.
Distribution: Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Gisborne, Nelson, Westland.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: This fungus and its teleomorph are associated with dieback in Juglans spp. in the USA. Only minor damage is caused in New Zealand where the teleomorph is not known.; Host(s): Juglans nigra.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum circular, velutinous, up to 1 mm in diameter but often confluent, dark brown to black; on leaves. Mycelium composed of dark brown, cylindrical, straight or curved, 9–11 μm wide hyphae which taper and become paler towards their distal ends. Stomatopodia absent. Ascomata perithecial, one or occasionally two to a colony, black, subglobose, up to 0.4 mm in diameter, ostiolate, bearing on the upper part simple, straight or curved, dark brown, thick-walled setae up to 150 μm long. Asci obovoid, 150 μm long. Ascospores subcylindrical, straight, 3-septate, 45–60 × 12–16 μm, dark brown. Conidia cuneiform, 0-septate, 3–5 × 2–2.5 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Taupo, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Dingley (1969: as Meliolina mollis).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Kunzea ericoides, Leptospermum scoparium.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum circular, velutinous, up to 6 mm in diameter, black; on leaves. Mycelium reticulate, composed of brown to dark brown, straight, cylindrical, 6–7.5 μm wide hyphae which become paler towards their distal ends. Stomatopodia common, ellipsoidal to obovoid, entire or once-lobed, 8–25 × 6–11 μm, sessile or on a 2–3-celled stalk. Ascomata perithecial, black, subglobose, up to 0.4 mm in diameter, ostiolate, bearing on the upper part dark brown, simple, straight or curved, thick-walled setae, up to 200 μm long. Ascospores subcylindrical, straight, 3-septate, 61–75 × 16–20 μm, brown to dark brown.
Distribution: Westland.; 1st Record: Hughes (1993).
Significance: A mild pathogen (McKenzie et al. 1999).; Host(s): Metrosideros umbellata.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum densely velutinous, up to 15 mm in diameter, black; on the lower surfaces of leaves. Mycelium reticulate, composed of brown to pale brown, septate, cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, 6–9 μm wide hyphae which become paler towards their distal ends, with numerous, erect, mostly simple mycelial setae, up to 450 μm long. Stomatopodia abundant, variously shaped, entire or once-lobed, up to 30 μm long. Ascomata perithecial, scattered, black, depressed globose, up to 0.5 mm in diameter, ostiolate, the upper half bearing numerous erect, simple, black setae, up to 250 μm long. Asci clavate to ovate, 150 × 50 cm. Ascospores cylindrical, 3-septate, 45–65 × 18–25 μm, dark brown. Conidia cuneiform, 0-septate, 4–5.5 × 2.2–2.7 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Kermadec Islands, Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Hansford (1954).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Metrosideros excelsa, M. kermadecensis, M. robusta.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata hysterothecial, in rows, often confluent, subepidermal, shining black, 0.3–0.7 × 0.1–0.15 mm, opening by a longitudinal slit; on needles. Asci cylindrical, 110–130 × 12–15 μm. Ascospores elliptic-fusiform, 0-septate, 25–30 × 4 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Wanganui.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: Funk (1985) reported that this fungus causes a rare needle-blight of Pinus monticola in Canada. It is regarded as a weak parasite of Pinus spp. in Europe (Smith et al. 1988). In China, however, it has been shown to be a serious pathogen of P. massoniana (Hu 1983). In New Zealand, it has been found fruiting on the dead tips of needles and is regarded as a minor pathogen of P. strobus.; Host(s): Pinus strobus.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium internal, substomatal. Conidiophores emerging from stomata in dense tufts, simple or branched, frequently curved, hyaline, up to 45 μm long. Conidia cylindrical with a median constriction, 0-septate, 9–13 × 3–4 μm, smooth, hyaline. Leaf spots absent. The fungus is very difficult to see on the needles unless stained with aniline blue.
Distribution: Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Westland, Marlborough, Kaikoura, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Weston (1957).
Significance: The cause of premature needle cast in larch. Infected needles turn yellow, then red brown and are cast, usually in midsummer. Nursery seedlings and young plantations of Larix decidua are highly susceptible; L. kaempferi is regarded as relatively resistant. The disease is of minor significance.; Host(s): Larix decidua, L. kaempferi.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata hypogeous, globose, subglobose or lobed, concolorous with the substrate, 10–40 mm in diameter; peridium composed of three layers: the exoperidium comprising a complete case formed from particles of the surrounding substrate (e.g., sand, soil, or litter) tightly bound into a hard, black layer by pigmented hyphae; the mesoperidium consisting of a network of the tree rootlets embedded in hyaline hyphae; and the endoperidium forming a creamy white layer not penetrated by rootlets from the mesoperidium. Gleba olivaceous to smoky grey, powdery at maturity; capillitium threads hyaline, unbranched; core concolorous with the endoperidium, occupying about half of the glebal cavity; attached by a few widely spaced, flattened tuberculae about 2 mm thick. Basidiospores elliptical, 0-septate, 8–13 × 4–6 μm, mostly smooth but occasionally finely warted, hyaline but faintly tinted in mass, with or without a short pedicel.
Distribution: Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo.
Significance: The intimate and invariable association of mature fruiting bodies with tree roots and the presence of a partial Hartig net are indications that M. glauca is an obligate ectomycorrhizal fungus (Beaton & Weste 1983). No investigation of its mycorrhizal relationships has been carried out in New Zealand. Fruiting bodies develop underground to a depth of 30 cm or more and are exposed by animals that dig them up. Wild pigs seem to be particularly attracted to Mesophellia. In Eucalyptus plantations on pumice soils in the central North Island, large areas resembling ploughed fields are occasionally seen where pigs have been rooting for the fruiting bodies. NEW ZEALAND RECORD OF PLANT ASSOCIATION: Chu-Chou & Grace (1982: as Mesophellia arenaria).; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. regnans, E. saligna.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, flat to irregularly thickened, olivaceous brown to dark rusty brown; on bark of trunks. Mycelium composed of brown to dark brown, septate, smooth to finely warted, straight or curved, moniliform hyphae up to 33 μm wide, which taper markedly toward their distal ends. Ascomata stromatic, scattered or crowded, partly immersed, brown to dark brown, ellipsoidal, 0.15 mm in diameter, ostiolate, bearing toward the apex simple, brown to dark brown, moniliform, straight, crowded hyphal appendages up to 60 μm long. Asci fasciculate, ellipsoidal to obclavate, 57–72 × 18–22 μm. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 3-septate, 20–25 × 9–10 μm, brown to dark brown. Capnobotrys synanamorph. Conidia ovoid to obovate, 0–6-septate (mostly 2-septate), thick walled, 10–12 × 7–8 μm (0-septate), 16–24 × 13 μm (2-septate) to 50 × 13 μm (6-septate), very coarsely warted, pale brown to dark brown. Capnophialophora synanamorph. Conidia rare, ellipsoidal, 0-septate, 1.5 × 1 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Coromandel, Waikato, Taupo, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1974b: as Capnobotrys dingleyae).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Dacrydium cupressinum, Phyllocladus trichomanoides, Prumnopitys taxifolia.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, variable, rusty brown to brown; on bark of trunks, branches, and twigs, and on leaves; thin and restricted or in large lumps up to 30 mm wide on leaves, irregularly thickened and extensive (up to 50 mm wide and 30 mm thick) on bark of branches and twigs, with a very uneven surface. Mycelium composed of brown to dark brown, septate, generally smooth, straight or curved moniliform hyphae up to 40 μm wide, which taper toward their distal ends. Ascomata stromatic, scattered or crowded together, basally immersed, rusty brown to brown to black, subglobose, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, ostiolate, bearing simple, dark brown moniliform hyphal appendages up to 150 μm long. Asci fasciculate, ellipsoidal to obclavate, 120–140 × 30–40 μm. Ascospores ellipsoidal, straight or slightly curved, 5–11-septate, 34–72 × 9–18 μm, brown to dark brown. Capnocybe synanamorph. Conidia ellipsoidal, usually straight, mostly 6–8-septate, 63–90 × 16–18 μm, smooth, dark brown. Capnophialophora synanamorph. Conidia subglobose, 0-septate, 1.4 × 1 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Taupo, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1966: as Capnocybe fraserae).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Ackama rosifolia, Carpodetus serratus, Coprosma foetidissima, C. grandifolia, C. lucida, C. robusta, Cyathea medullaris, Geniostoma rupestre var. ligustrifolium, Hoheria populnea, Kunzea ericoides, Leptospermum scoparium, Leucopogon fasciculatus, Melicytus ramiflorus, Metrosideros excelsa, Myrsine australis, Nothofagus fusca, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, Olearia rani, Phyllocladus trichomanoides, Pseudowintera colorata, Rhopalostylis sapida, Ulex europaeus, Vitex lucens.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, vary variable, dark brown to black; on leaves and twigs; effuse and sparsely to densely velutinous on leaves; spongy and up to 7 mm wide when encircling twigs. Mycelium composed of repent and erect, pale brown to dark brown, septate, smooth to slightly warted moniliform hyphae, up to 23 μm wide, which taper toward their distal ends; erect hyphae 75 μm or more long, simple to frequently branched. Ascomata stromatic, scattered and few in number, partly immersed, brown to dark brown, subglobose to ellipsoidal with a short stalk-like base, 50–170 μm in diameter, ostiolate, bearing toward the apex numerous simple, pale brown to dark brown, moniliform, straight or slightly curved hyphal appendages up to 90 μm long. Asci fasciculate, broadly ellipsoidal to clavate, 45–90 × 15–30 μm. Ascospores ellipsoidal, slightly curved, 3-septate (rarely 3–5-septate), 16–26 × 7–11 μm, pale brown to dark brown. Capnobotrys synanamorph. Conidia ovoid to reniform, 1-septate, 11–16 × 8–11 μm, smooth, brown to very dark brown. Capnosporium synanamorph. Conidia ellipsoidal to obovate, 2–3-septate, 18–35 × 8–15 μm, smooth, brown to dark brown. Capnophialophora synanamorph. Conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, 0-septate, 1.4 × 1.2 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Taupo, Nelson, Buller, Westland.; 1st Record: Hughes (1981b).
Significance: This species is the commonest metacapnodiaceous sooty mould on leaves in New Zealand. All published records are from dicotyledonous plants and ferns.; Host(s): Aristotelia serrata, Beilschmiedia tawa, Blechnum discolor, B. procerum, Brachyglottis repanda, Coprosma areolata, C. grandifolia, C. lucida, C. tenuifolia, Cyathea dealbata, C. smithii, Dicksonia squarrosa, Elaeocarpus dentatus, E. hookerianus, Hedycarya arborea, Hymenophyllum sp., Leptospermum scoparium, Leucopogon fasciculatus, Melicytus ramiflorus, Myrsine australis, Nothofagus fusca, Olearia furfuracea, O. rani, Pittosporum ellipticum, Pseudowintera axillaris, Quintinia serrata, Raukaua edgerleyi, Rubus australis, R. cissoides, Sticherus cunninghamii, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, moderately dense to dense, white, hyphae 3–5 μm wide; on leaves. Appressoria multi-lobed. Ascomata not known in New Zealand. Conidiophores 40–60 × 6–10 μm, foot cell straight. Conidia produced singly, barrel-shaped, 0-septate, 35–45 × 15–22 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Wairarapa, Nelson, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury.; 1st Record: Brien & Dingley (1951: as Oidium sp.).
Significance: Oak powdery mildew can be very damaging to nursery stock, coppice shoots, and young leaves, particularly in Quercus robur. The fungus attacks young leaves and occasionally young shoots in spring. Leaves soon become covered with a layer of white mycelium and powdery masses of conidia. In severe attacks, the leaves shrivel, turn brown, and fall. The disease is confined to young leaves. It is not important on older trees but may kill young seedlings in the nursery.; Host(s): Ailanthus altissima, Castanea crenata, C. sativa, Cotinus coggygria, Platanus ×acerifolia, P. orientalis, Quercus faginea, Q. petraea, Q. robur.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, dense, white, hyphae 4–5 μm wide; on leaves, twigs, and fruit. Appressoria multi-lobed. Ascomata not known in New Zealand. Conidiophores 50–80 × 7–8 μm, foot cell slightly flexuous at the base. Conidia produced singly, cylindrical, 0-septate, 30–45 × 12–17 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Brien & Dingley (1955: as Oidium sp.).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Alseuosmia quercifolia, Cotinus coggygria, Euonymus japonicus, Severinia buxifolia.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, thin or dense, white; on leaves. Appressoria lobed. Ascomata not known in New Zealand. Conidiophores 40–90 × 6–9 μm. Conidia produced singly, cylindrical, 0-septate, 20–30 × 11–17 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Kirk (1899).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Ribes uva-crispa var. sativum.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, evanescent, white or grey white, hyphae 5–6 μm wide; mainly on the lower surfaces of leaves. Appressoria multi-lobed. Ascomata not seen in New Zealand. Conidiophores 90–100 × 7–10 μm, foot cell flexuous. Conidia produced singly, cylindrical, 0-septate, 35–45 × 12–18 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Boesewinkel (1980).
Significance: Uncommon and appears to cause little damage. This species can be distinguished from the more common Microsphaera alphitoides by its evanescent mycelium, longer conidiophores, flexuous foot cell, and the shape of the conidia.; Host(s): Quercus petraea.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, evanescent, white, hyphae 4–5 μm wide; mainly on the lower surfaces of leaves. Appressoria multi-lobed. Ascomata not known in New Zealand. Conidiophores 75–120 × 5–8 μm, foot cell tapering towards the apex, slightly flexuous. Conidia produced singly, cylindrical, 0-septate, 35–45 × 15–17 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Boesewinkel (1977a).
Significance: None. Inconspicuous and difficult to detect.; Host(s): Viburnum opulus, V. trilobum.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, globose to subglobose, subepidermal, dark brown, ostiolate, up to 0.1 mm in diameter; on roughly circular (1–4 mm in diameter) to angular, light to dark brown necrotic spots with a well-defined dark brown or purple raised margin, on both sides of leaves. Conidia elliptical to oval, 0-septate, 6–10 × 3–4 μm, pale to medium brown, often exuded in a dark brown mass on the leaf surface. New Zealand collections differ from Sutton’s (1980) description in having smaller conidiomata and slightly larger conidia.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, North Cantebury, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Dick (1990)
Significance: Regarded as a weak parasite causing little damage.; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. obliqua, E. regnans, E. viminalis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, separate, immersed, globose, greyish black, 0.15–0.3 mm in diameter, ostiolate; on dark purple to blackish leaf spots, with pale brown necrotic centres and dark purple to blackish margins, up to 2 mm in diameter, on both sides of leaves. Conidia ellipsoid to cylindrical, mostly 0-septate, 5–9 × 3–5 μm (occasionally 1-septate, 9–12 × 4–6 μm), ends rounded, smooth, yellowish brown (greyish black in mass).
Distribution: Taranaki, Wellington.; 1st Record: Laundon (1984).
Significance: A weak pathogen causing a small, dark leaf spot. According to Laundon (1984) some gardeners regard the spotting as a desirable ornamental characteristic.; Host(s): Pittosporum tenuifolium.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata thyriothecial, scattered, superficial, circular, dark brown with a much paler margin, up to 0.3 mm in diameter, covered with a thin pellicle of wavy, reticulate hyphae; on the upper surfaces of leaves. Asci globose, 15–18 μm in diameter. Ascospores broadly clavate, 1-septate, 10–12 × 4–5 μm, smooth, dark brown.
Distribution: Wellington.; 1st Record: Hansford (1954).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Knightia excelsa.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, solitary, subcuticular, pustulate, circular, black, opening by one or more splits, 0.15–0.4 mm in diameter; on round, pale brown leaf spots, 0.4–0.8 mm in diameter, on upper surfaces of leaves; each leaf spot has a single conidioma in the centre. Conidia cylindrical, slightly curved, 0-septate, 19–27 × 5–7 μm, base truncate, often with a small frill, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Buller.; 1st Record: Johnston (1999).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Nothofagus menziesii.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, generally aggregated but occasionally solitary, subcuticular, opening by an irregular fissure, 0.15–0.35 mm in diameter; on lower surfaces of leaves, on angular, raised, brown, necrotic leaf spots which, although usually discrete (3–5 mm in diameter), occasionally become confluent forming necrotic areas up to 1.5 cm long. Conidia ellipsoid, 0-septate, 14–17 × 7–8 μm, truncate base, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000b).
Significance: Recorded from only one locality (Auckland airport golf course). Causes limited damage.; Host(s): Eucalyptus cinerea, E. leucoxylon.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Sori in both male and female inflorescences; in female inflorescence restricted to some of the fruits or part of them, rarely also in floral pedicels; in male inflorescence restricted to some of the peduncles of the umbel; rarely appearing on the raceme axis as fusiform or ellipsoidal pustules, a few mm long, rupturing to expose a dark brown powdery mass of spores. Spores variable in shape and size, subglobose, broadly ellipsoidal, ovoid to irregular, 10–17 × 12–26 μm, 0–2-septate, densely verrucose, olivaceous brown.
Distribution: Westland, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Vánky et al. (1999).
Significance: This smut causes no damage of any importance.; Host(s): Schefflera digitata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium: primary internal, secondary external. Hyphae of internal mycelium septate, hyaline, 2–5 μm wide. Stromata absent. Conidiophores emerging from stomata either singly or in small groups when arising from hyphae of internal mycelium or solitary when arising from external hyphae, straight, subhyaline, smooth, septate, up to 65 × 4–7 μm; conidiogenous cells with conspicuous scars. Conidia obclavate, acicular, straight or curved, 8–11-septate, 150–200 × 8–15 μm in the broadest part, tapering to a narrow beak 1–2 μm wide at the apex, hyaline to pale olivaceous, with or without a basal appendage; appendage when present directed downwards from the basal cell, septate, 30–150 × 2–3 μm. Leaf spots brown, often greyish in the centre, roughly circular, up to 5 mm wide, with a yellowish halo, on both sides of leaves.
Distribution: Taranaki, Wellington.; 1st Record: Laundon (1970: as Centrospora acerina).
Significance: Causes leaf spots on sycamore, which although unsightly, are of no importance.; Host(s): Acer pseudoplatanus, Asclepias tuberosa, Liquidambar styraciflua.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, gregarious, subepidermal, globose conical, black, 0.1 mm in diameter, papillate; on distinctive, irregularly-shaped grey leaf spots with reddish margins, up to 10 mm across, on lower surfaces of leaves. Asci saccate-cylindrical, 36–44 × 8–11 μm. Ascospores ellipsoid to clavate, 1-septate, 14–16 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiomata pycnidial, ostiolate. Conidia fusoid to oblong-fusoid, ends tapering, 5–6 × 3–4 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924).
Significance: Of no significance.; Host(s): Coprosma foetidissima, C. grandifolia, C. lucida, C. robusta, C. tenuifolia.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, closely aggregated, subepidermal, later partly erumpent, globose, black, up to 0.15 mm in diameter; on circular to irregular, discrete or confluent leaf spots which are variable in size. Asci obclavate to subsaccate, 32–45 × 10–15 μm. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 1-septate, 12–16 × 2.5–5 μm, rounded at both ends. Conidiomata acervular, subcuticular becoming erumpent, dark brown to black, up to 0.15 mm wide. Conidia cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, 0-septate, 9–18 × 4–6 μm, truncate at base with a small frill. Leaf spots occur on both sides of the leaves, are red brown in colour at first, frequently with a prominent purple margin, becoming dark grey with age; infected leaves are often distorted. The fungus also infects petioles and twigs, causing the formation of cankers up to 25 mm long, which often exude gum.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Weston (1957: as Mycosphaerella nubilosa).
Significance: The fungus can have a marked effect on growth and form of young trees, particularly in damp places such as gullies. Premature defoliation, cankering and dieback of shoots result in stunting, multileadering and the development of a bushy habit. Provenances of E. regnans show variability in susceptibility to infection (Wilcox 1982) and planting of resistant provenances can reduce the effects of the disease. In forest nurseries, fortnightly applications of fungicide have been found to give good control (Dick & Vanner 1986).; Host(s): Eucalyptus dalrympleana, E. delegatensis, E. dendromorpha, E. fastigata, E. fraxinoides, E. gunnii, E. nitens, E. obliqua, E. ovata, E. regnans.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, gregarious, subepidermal, globose conical, black, 60–70 μm in diameter, papillate; on grey, indeterminate leaf spots on the lower surfaces of leaves. Asci cylindrical to clavate-cylindrical, 35–42 × 8–10 μm. Ascospores oblong, 1-septate, 10–12 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Southland.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Rubus cissoides, R. schmidelioides.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, scattered, subepidermal, globose to obpyriform, black, 0.1 mm in diameter, ostiole papillate, surrounded by a few short hairs; on grey brown, irregular leaf spots, 10 mm in diameter, on the upper surfaces of leaves. Asci clavate, 30–45 × 6–8 μm. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 8–12 × 1–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Dingley (1965: as Venturia enteleae).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Entelea arborescens.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, densely scattered, subepidermal, becoming erumpent, subglobose, black, 60–70 μm wide, ostiolate; on discrete spots up to 10 mm in diameter which finally become confluent, are rust brown, with a slightly raised, dark brown margin surrounded by a diffuse, 1–2 mm wide red-purple zone, on both sides of leaves. Asci ellipsoidal to obovoid, 24–38 × 4–9 μm, with a swollen foot. Ascospores cylindrical, 1-septate, 12–16 × 2–4 μm, both ends obtuse.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Dick & Dobbie (2001).
Significance: Found mainly on leaves in the lower crown. It causes little damage.; Host(s): Eucalyptus saligna.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, in groups, immersed becoming erumpent, globose, black, up to 1 mm in diameter; in groups of 4–5 across the central part of distinct, round, leaf spots which are pale in the centre, with a broad, red brown, slightly-raised margin on the upper surfaces of leaves. Asci clavate, 40–55 × 18 μm. Ascospores ellipsoid, 1-septate, 20–25 × 3–6 μm, apex acute, base rounded, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: McKenzie et al. (1999)
Significance: None.; Host(s): Metrosideros excelsa.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, densely scattered, subepidermal, partly erumpent, globose, black, up to 0.15 mm in diameter, ostiolate; on irregular, often confluent spots on the lower surfaces of juvenile leaves, creamy yellow to pale brown areas on both leaf surfaces at first, but becoming grey-black on the lower surface due to the presence of ascomata. Asci ellipsoid to subsaccate, 40–50 × 16–20 μm. Ascospores ellipsoid, 1-septate, 12–17 × 2.5–4.5 μm, ends rounded, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Buller, Kaikoura.; 1st Record: Dick (1982).
Significance: Juvenile foliage of E. globulus is particularly susceptible to infection. Although Park & Keane (1982) reported almost complete defoliation of a stand of E. globulus infected by M. nubilosa in Victoria, Australia, the fungus has not caused any significant damage in New Zealand.; Host(s): Eucalyptus cypellocarpa, E. globulus subsp. globulus, E. globulus subsp. bicostata, E. globulus subsp. maidenii, E. gunnii, E. johnstonii, E. nitens, E. viminalis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, in groups, subepidermal, black, 80–100 μm in diameter; appearing as minute black dots on roughly circular, light brown to straw-coloured necrotic leaf spots with a reddish brown margin, up to 6 mm in diameter. Asci clavate-cylindrical, 30–40 × 15–20 μm. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 8–10 × 3–4 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: Causes little damage.; Host(s): Pittosporum umbellatum.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, densely gregarious, subepidermal, depressed globose, black, 70–100 μm in diameter, ostiolate; on lower surfaces of leaves, no leaf spots apparent, but areas occupied by the densely packed ascomata appear grey. Asci saccate, 35–46 × 14–18 μm. Ascospores elongate cylindrical, unequally 1-septate, 25–28 × 3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Wellington.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924).
Significance: None. Known only from the type collection.; Host(s): Coprosma repens.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, densely scattered, intraepidermal, becoming erumpent, globose, black, 60–70 μm wide, ostiolate; on circular, 5–15 mm diameter, dark brown and corky spots with a diffuse yellow-red margin, on the upper surfaces of leaves; on lower surfaces the spots appear as discoloured, necrotic areas. Asci ellipsoid to obovate, 30–40 × 12–16 μm. Ascospores ellipsoid, 1-septate, 10–17 × 3–6 μm, ends obtuse.
Distribution: Northland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Dick & Dobbie (2001).
Significance: Causes little damage.; Host(s): Eucalyptus muelleriana.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, single or in a group of up to 3 per lesion, submerged, globose to subglobose, black, 0.1–0.15 mm in diameter, with an ostiole located beneath a stoma; on necrotic, discrete, brown, 0.5–3 mm spots surrounded by a purple margin, on both sides of leaves. Asci ovoid to obclavate, 50–60 × 13–17 μm. Ascospores straight or slightly curved, 1-septate, 22–25 × 4–5.5 μm, hyaline. Conidiomata pycnidial, globose, subepidermal, black, up to 0.12 mm in diameter; often associated with the perithecia. Conidia cylindrical, 3-septate, 25–44 × 5–10 μm, pale olivaceous to brown, apex obtuse, base truncate; dark brown conidial masses are often exuded on to the leaf surface.
Distribution: Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Dick (1990).
Significance: Causes little damage.; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. elata, E. fastigata, E. fraxinoides, E. johnstonii, E. nitens, E. pauciflora subsp. pauciflora, E. regnans, E. sieberi.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered, immersed, subglobose, black, 0.1 mm in diameter; on irregular brown leaf spots on the lower surfaces of leaves. Asci elongate-clavate, 90 × 10 μm. Ascospores fusiform, 1-septate, 26–28 × 3–4 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiomata acervular, brown, up to 0.2 mm in diameter; on leaf spots on the lower surfaces of leaves. Conidia sickle-shaped, 3–5-septate, 30–60 × 4–6 μm, smooth, hyaline; oozing out in whitish masses.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Hawkes Bay, Nelson.; 1st Record: Brien & Dingley (1951: as Septogloeum ulmi).
Significance: A common leaf spot of little importance.; Host(s): Ulmus americana, U. ×hollandica, U. ×vegeta.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in clusters of up to 15, superficial, globose, reddish brown to vermilion, warty, 0.2–0.4 mm in diameter, ostiole surrounded by a darker zone, non-papillate, superficial, on an erumpent stroma 1–3 mm in diameter; on stems. Asci cylindrical to clavate, 45–90 × 6–12 μm. Ascospores elliptical, usually slightly curved, 1-septate, 14–17 × 3–6 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidia oblong-elliptical to cylindrical, 0-septate, 5–10 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline but bright coral red to orange in mass.
Distribution: Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, Central Otago, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Kirk (1905).
Significance: This very common fungus is a wound parasite causing a disease of fruit trees known as ‘coral spot’, from the bright coral red colour of conidial masses. It usually becomes established in dead branch stubs and invades uninjured tissue, causing branch dieback (Atkinson 1971). It is of minor importance. In forestry the fungus has been found on Pinus radiata seedlings damaged by insects or by cattle, but it generally causes little mortality. It has been frequently reported on broom, a common weed in young tree plantations.; Host(s): Abutilon sp., Acer sp., Aesculus hippocastanum, Betula pendula, Cytisus scoparius, Juglans regia, Laburnum sp., Malus ×domestica, Morus nigra, Pinus radiata, Prunus armeniaca, P. avium, P. ×domestica, P. dulcis, P. persica, P. persica var. nucipersica, Pyrus communis, Quercus robur, Ribes nigrum, R. rubrum, R. sanguineum, Rosa sp., Sophora microphylla, Ulmus sp.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in clusters of 4–10, globose, salmon pink, translucent, warty, 0.3–0.4 mm in diameter, superficial, on a poorly-developed stroma; on bark on stems. Asci elliptical to clavate, 48–65 × 7–12 μm. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 14–18 × 3–4 μm, echinulate, hyaline. Conidia elliptical to allantoid, 0-septate, 5–10 × 3–5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Otago Lakes.; 1st Record: Dingley (1956).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Pseudowintera colorata.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, aggregated in erumpent clusters, stroma absent, globose, scarlet, irregularly warty, 0.2–0.4 mm in diameter, ostiole papillate; on bark on stems. Asci elliptical to clavate, 74–110 × 10–14 μm. Ascospores elliptical, filiform, 1-septate, 15–22 × 4–6 μm, smooth, hyaline. Macroconidia cylindrical, 5–7-septate, 68–81 × 5–6 μm, smooth, hyaline. Microconidia (in culture only) budding off from macroconidia, oval, 0-septate, 7–10 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Taranaki, Wellington, Gisborne, Westland, Fiordland, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes.; 1st Record: Dingley (1951).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Pseudowintera colorata.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in groups of 30–100 or more, globose, wall finely roughened, bright red becoming dark maroon red, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, ostiole papillate and surrounded by a dark ostiolar disc 40–60 dm in diameter, superficial, on an erumpent, dark stroma up to 10 mm long × 6 mm wide and 1–3 mm high; on wounds on stems. Asci cylindrical, 90–110 × 9–12 μm. Ascospores broadly elliptical, 1-septate, 14–18 × 6–7 μm, smooth to verruculose, hyaline. Macroconidia (in culture) cylindrical, 3–4-septate, 21–45 × 4–5 μm, smooth, hyaline. Microconidia oval, 0-septate (occasionally 1-septate), 5–7 × 2–4 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Gadgil et al. (2003).
Notes: Nectria fuckeliana is one of three similar species of nectriaceous fungi recorded on conifers. The other two, N. pinea (see p. 152, under Neonectria discophora var. discophora) and N. neomacrospora have both been transferred to the genus Neonectria (Mantiri et al. 2001), on the basis of molecular analyses and their production of Cylindrocarpon macroconidia. Brayford et al. (2004) found that Nectria fuckeliana cultures produced only microconidia and no Cylindrocarpon macroconidia, and were separate from the monophyletic Neonectria clade in molecular analyses; on this basis, they retained N. fuckeliana in Nectria sensu stricto. Gadgil et al. (2003), working with New Zealand isolates identified as Nectria fuckeliana, have reported that Cylindrocarpon macroconidia formed readily in paired cultures on sterilised pine twigs.
Significance: Frequently reported as an invader of wounds, mainly in Picea spp. in Europe (Roll-Hansen & Roll-Hansen 1980; Vasiliauskas & Stenlid 1998) and North America (Smerlis 1969; Ouellette 1972). In New Zealand, it has been consistently found on pruning wounds associated with long cankers extending several metres up into the green crown and almost to the base of the tree (M.Dick, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, pers. comm.). Affected stems are easily recognisable as they become fluted. The trees usually survive but growth slows and they become prone to wind breakage. Damage associated with the fungus is restricted to small groups of trees within a stand. The problem was recognised only recently and no economic evaluation of its effect is available.; Host(s): Pinus radiata.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, solitary or aggregated in clusters of a few, or densely gregarious, globose, cream becoming yellow orange later, hairy, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, ostiole non-papillate, superficial, on a thin, white, flat subiculum; on stipes of tree ferns or on bark of Leptospermum. Asci cylindrical to clavate, 35–60 × 5–6 μm. Ascospores elliptical to fusiform, 1-septate, 5–11 × 2–4 μm, smooth to striate, hyaline. Conidia (in culture only) elliptical, 0-septate, 5–7 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline, held in a drop of liquid.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Taranaki.; 1st Record: Dingley (1951).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Cyathea dealbata, C. medullaris, Leptospermum scoparium.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in clusters of 2–15, globose, orange to scarlet, smooth to slightly hairy, 0.4–0.5 mm in diameter, ostiole papillate and surrounded by a darker zone, superficial, on an erumpent, orange stroma 2–3 mm in diameter; on bark on stems. Asci clavate, 65–120 × 12–20 μm. Ascospores broadly elliptical, straight or slightly curved, 2–3-septate, 18–24 × 6–10 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: North Canterbury.; 1st Record: Dingley (1952: as Calonectria novaezealandiae).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Discaria toumatou.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in clusters, globose, orange pink, 0.1–0.4 mm in diameter, ostiole papillate, semi-immersed in a salmon pink pulvinate stroma 1–3 mm in diameter; on bark on stems. Asci cylindrical to clavate, 50–120 × 6–10 μm. Ascospores oblong to elliptical, 1-septate, 12–20 × 4–8 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidia elliptical, 0-septate, 2–5 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Kaikoura, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Lindsay (1867).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Fuchsia excorticata, Hoheria angustifolia, Melicytus ramiflorus, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in clusters, globose to ovate, orange to brick red, warty, 0.3–0.4 mm in diameter, ostiole papillate, superficial, on an erumpent stroma up to 10 mm in diameter; on bark on stems. Asci clavate, 140–200 × 18–24 cm. Ascospores ovate to obovate, 1-septate, 22–38 × 10–16 μm, striate, light yellow. Conidia known in culture only. Macroconidia cylindrical, falcate, 3–5-septate, 36–52 × 5–7 μm, smooth, hyaline, foot cell distinct. Microconidia globose to pyriform, 0-septate, 6–15 × 3–5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Gisborne, Westland, Fiordland, North Canterbury, Otago Lakes.; 1st Record: Dingley (1951).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Beilschmiedia tawa, Hoheria glabrata, H. lyallii, H. populnea, Plagianthus regius, Sophora tetraptera.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in clusters, ovoid to globose, bright red becoming reddish brown, 0.2–0.4 mm in diameter, ostiole papillate, superficial, on an erumpent stroma 2–3 mm in diameter; on bark on stems. Asci cylindrical to clavate, 60–100 × 6–10 μm. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 14–18 × 5–8 μm, verrucose, hyaline. Macroconidia cylindrical, curved, 0–9-septate, 27–120 × 3–8 μm, smooth, hyaline. Microconidia elliptical, 0-septate, 10–14 × 4–5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Gisborne, Nelson, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Dingley (1951).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Aristotelia serrata, Coprosma arborea, C. foetidissima, C. lucida, C. robusta, C. tenuifolia, Pittosporum eugenioides, Raukaua simplex var. simplex.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered or densely gregarious, globose to broadly pyriform, light red becoming reddish brown, scaly or smooth, 0.15–0.35 mm in diameter, ostiole inconspicuous; on bark on stems. Asci cylindrical to clavate, 20–50 × 4–7 μm. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 8–16 × 3–5 μm, smooth, hyaline. Macroconidia cylindrical, straight, 1–3-septate, 24–34 × 5–7 μm, smooth, hyaline, with a prominent basal abscission scar. Microconidia oblong to elliptical, 0-septate, 4–7 × 2–5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Gisborne, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, Mid Canterbury, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Dingley (1951: as Nectria coprosmae and Nectria tawa).
Notes: This belongs in Neonectria, as a variety of Neonectria radicicola (Gerlach & Nilsson) Mantiri & Samuels, but the new combination for the variety has not been made.
Significance: None.; Host(s): Beilschmiedia tawa, Coprosma grandifolia, C. lucida, Cyathea medullaris, Fuchsia excorticata, Phormium tenax, Ripogonum scandens.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in clusters of 3–10, globose, reddish pink becoming darker, 0.2–0.5 mm in diameter, ostiole indistinct, immersed in a poorly-developed stroma; on bark on stems, often on old leaf scars. Asci cylindrical, 45–65 × 6 μm. Ascospores broadly elliptical, 1-septate, 8–11 × 5–6 μm, occasionally globose and 0-septate, 6–8 μm in diameter, verrucose, yellow.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Taupo, Wellington, North Canterbury.; 1st Record: Dingley (1951).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Carpodetus serratus, Coprosma arborea, C. foetidissima, C. pseudocuneata, Geniostoma rupestre var. ligustrifolium, Ripogonum scandens.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, solitary or aggregated in small groups, globose, reddish brown or orange-yellow becoming reddish brown, smooth to slightly rough, 0.2–0.6 mm in diameter, ostiole papillate and surrounded by a flattened disc, superficial, on a loose, brown pseudostroma (mammoidea-type), on a weakly-developed, barely erumpent, dark-coloured stroma (pinea-type), or on a pulvinate, erumpent, brown stroma 2–6 mm in diameter (tasmanica-type); on bark on stems. Asci cylindrical, 75–120 × 6–11 µm. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 12–22 × 5–10 µm, smooth to spinulose, hyaline to light brown. Macroconidia cylindrical, 3–6-septate, 45–80 × 4–7 µm, smooth, hyaline. Microconidia not known. DISTRIBUTION Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, Kaikoura, Otago Lakes, Stewart Island.
; 1st Record: Dingley (1951).
Notes: Samuels et al. (1990) and Mantiri et al. (2001) synonymised these species, on the basis of morphological, cultural, and molecular analyses. A composite description is provided, based on New Zealand collections.
Significance: None. Ouellette (1972) regarded N. pinea as a saprobe.; Host(s): Aristotelia serrata, Beilschmiedia tawa, Brachyglottis repanda, B. rotundifolia, Coprosma foetidissima, C. grandifolia, C. lucida, Cordyline australis, Dacrydium cupressinum, Dysoxylum spectabile, Freycinetia baueriana subsp. banksii, Fuchsia excorticata, Griselinia littoralis, G. lucida, Hoheria populnea, Leucopogon fasciculatus, Melicytus lanceolatus, M. ramiflorus, Muehlenbeckia australis, M. complexa, Myrsine australis, Nothofagus sp., Olearia avicenniifolia, Pinus radiata, Pittosporum colensoi, Pittosporum sp., Plagianthus regius, Podocarpus sp., Prumnopitys ferruginea, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rhopalostylis sapida, Ripogonum scandens, Schefflera digitata, Sophora microphylla, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, scattered or sometimes in clusters of 2–3, ovoid to globose, orange-red becoming dark reddish brown to almost black, smooth, 0.3–0.5 mm in diameter, ostiole papillate, superficial, on a poorly-developed stroma; on canes near soil level. Asci cylindrical, 80–120 × 5–9 cm. Ascospores broadly elliptical, 1-septate, 12–16 × 5–7, smooth, hyaline. Conidia not seen in New Zealand collections.
Distribution: Auckland, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Nelson, Marlborough.; 1st Record: Anonymous (1945: as Nectria rubi).
Significance: Associated with crown-rot of raspberries but of minor economic importance.; Host(s): Rubus fruticosus agg., R. idaeus.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered or gregarious in groups of 3–4, globose to ovoid, bright red becoming dark red, finely warted, 0.1–0.4 mm in diameter, ostiole papillate and surrounded by slightly convex, smooth disc, superficial; on or associated with cankers on branches. Asci clavate, 60–100 × 10–15 cm. Ascospores elliptical to broadly oval, 1-septate, 14–22 × 5–9 em, smooth to slightly verrucose, hyaline. Macroconidia cylindrical, slightly curved, 3–5-septate, 20–65 × 3–6 lm, smooth, hyaline. Microconidia cylindrical, 0-septate, 4–8 × 2–3 m, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Westland.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1925b: as Nectria galligena).
Significance: A pathogen of apples (and occasionally pears), causing cankers on branches leading to dieback. The disease, known as ‘European canker’, is of considerable economic importance in the Auckland apple-growing area and has limited the growing of some susceptible varieties. It is not a major disease in other parts of the country (Atkinson 1971).; Host(s): Malus ×domestica, Pyrus communis, P. pyrifolia.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, gregarious, globose, dark reddish brown, irregularly warty, 0.5–0.8 mm in diameter, ostiole papillate, superficial; on bark on stems. Asci elliptical, 95–140 × 10–16 m. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 30–42 × 9–12 em, smooth, hyaline. Macroconidia cylindrical, 1–5-septate, 45–80 × 6–8 m, smooth, hyaline. Microconidia elliptical, 0-septate, 3–6 × 2–3 m, smooth, hyaline, in slimy heads.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Taranaki, Gisborne, Westland, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Dingley (1951: as Nectria westlandica).
Notes: Although Brayford et al. (2004) did not find any microconidia, Dingley (1957) recorded them as being common.
Significance: None.; Host(s): Beilschmiedia tawa, Coprosma lucida, Dacrydium cupressinum, Dysoxylum spectabile, Griselinia littoralis, Hoheria populnea, Metrosideros robusta, Nothofagus menziesii, Olearia avicenniifolia, Pseudopanax arboreus, P. crassifolius, Raukaua simplex var. simplex, Rhopalostylis sapida.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata subepigeous, subglobose, smoky grey to almost black, up to 30 mm in diameter; peridium composed of a single layer, brown. Gleba dark grey, mottled with lighter areas, divided into sections by tramal plates. Basidiospores globose to subglobose, 0-septate, 12–22 μm in diameter, densely covered with coarse, prominent spines, dark grey.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Gisborne, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Southland.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1983b: as Octavianina tasmanica).
Significance: Consistently associated with host plants (Chu-Chou & Grace 1983b).; Host(s): Eucalyptus regnans, Nothofagus menziesii, N. solandri var. cliffortioides.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, evanescent or dense, white, hyphae 5–7 μm wide; on leaves, stems, and flowers. Appressoria multi-lobed. Conidiophores 70–90 × 7–9 μm, foot cell straight. Conidia produced singly, oval or elliptical, 0-septate, 28–45 × 14–20 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Boesewinkel (1977a).
Notes: Oidium is one of the anamorphic genera that include members of the Erysiphaceae for which no teleomorph is known.
Significance: None.; Host(s): Hydrangea macrophylla.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, flattened and restricted (up to 4 mm thick) or extensive and variable in size, with a very irregular lumpy surface with spongy rounded masses up to 20 mm thick, rusty brown to black; on bark of branches and trunks. Mycelium composed of brown to dark brown, septate, smooth or sparsely warted, straight or curved, moniliform hyphae, up to 45 μm wide, which taper toward their distal ends. Ascomata stromatic, scattered or in groups, basally immersed, dark brown to black, subglobose, 0.25–0.4 mm in diameter, ostiolate, bearing laterally simple, dark brown to black, smooth or slightly warted, tapering, moniliform hyphal appendages up to 140 μm long and up to 8-septate. Asci fasciculate, ellipsoidal, 120–200 × 30–65 μm. Ascospores subcylindrical to broadly ellipsoidal, straight or curved, 6–20-septate (with longitudinal septa in several cells), 45–170 × 15–25 μm, brown to dark brown. Conidia broadly ellipsoidal, 0-septate, about 1.5 μm long, hyaline.
Distribution: Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1967a).
Significance: Usually found in association with as many as four other sooty moulds, rarely as a pure growth. A common component of the sooty mould flora that grows in association with scale insects and often envelopes trunks of Nothofagus fusca and N. solandri var. cliffortioides.; Host(s): Carpodetus serratus, Leptospermum scoparium, Nothofagus fusca, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, N. truncata.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, effuse, up to 10 mm thick, with an irregular lumpy surface or in the form of large, rounded, spongy cushions up to 25 mm across, dark brown to black; on bark. Mycelium composed of brown to dark brown, septate, generally smooth, straight or curved, moniliform hyphae up to 65 μm wide, tapering toward their distal ends. Ascomata stromatic, scattered or in groups, basally immersed, dark brown to black, subglobose, 0.18–0.28 mm in diameter, ostiolate, bearing laterally simple, dark brown to black, moniliform hyphal appendages, up to 80 μm long and 2–9-septate. Asci fasciculate, ellipsoidal to obclavate, 120–200 × 25–45 μm. Ascospores subcylindrical to fusiform, straight or curved, up to 22-septate, very variable in size, 35–190 × 7–15 μm, yellowish brown to dark brown. Capnophialophora synanamorph. Conidia broadly ellipsoidal to subglobose, 0-septate, 1.4 × 1.3 μm, hyaline. Hormiokrypsis synanamorph. Conidia very variable in size and shape but generally staurosporic, composed of an obclavate, straight main axis of 4–9 cells with two septate and tapering arms which arise from the supra-basal cell, basal cell hemispherical, up to 25 rm wide, main axis up to 100 μm long, brown to dark brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel.; 1st Record: Hughes (1967a).
Significance: None; Host(s): Coprosma rhamnoides, Leptospermum scoparium, Phyllocladus trichomanoides.
Type: Xylophilous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered, superficial, globose with a 250–1000 μm long neck, black, 0.10–0.3 mm in diameter, perithecial necks straight, curved or tortuous, black, ostiolar hyphae absent; in bark beetle galleries in inner bark or outer sapwood and as hyphae in the sapwood. Asci evanescent. Ascospores reniform, 0-septate, 4–6 × 3–5 μm, smooth, hyaline, emerging from the ostiole in spiral cirri. Conidiophores with a dark brown to blackish brown stipe; conidiogenous cells borne on penicillate branches, hyaline. Conidia oblong to clavate, 0-septate, 4–9 × 1–4 μm, smooth, hyaline, produced in slimy heads.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Hutchison & Reid (1988a: as Ceratocystis piceaperda).
Notes: This species has been misidentified as Ophiostoma piceaperda by earlier New Zealand authors.
Significance: None. Produces a brown to black stain in wood.; Host(s): Pinus nigra subsp. nigra, P. radiata, P. taeda.
Type: Xylophilous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, superficial, attached to the medium by brown rhizoidal hyphae, globose with a long neck, black, 0.1 mm in diameter, perithecial necks straight to slightly curved, black, 300–900 m long, ostiolar hyphae divergent, septate, 20–70 tm long, hyaline. Asci evanescent. Ascospores allantoid, 0-septate, 4–6 × 1–2 am, smooth, hyaline. The following description applies to cultures of New Zealand isolates grown on 2% malt extract agar. Colonies greyish white to cream white, diurnal zonation strong, striate, petaloid or lobed, aerial mycelium aggregated into strands. Sporothrix synanamorph: common. Conidiophores lateral, 10–50 μm long. Conidia borne on short denticles produced sympodially, elliptical to elongate cylindrical, 0-septate, 4–15 × 2–4 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidia also produced directly from the myelium, becoming aggregated into slimy droplets. Pesotum synanamorph: produced occasionally in old cultures. Conidiophores aggregated into synnemata, dark brown to black, 1–2 mm long, attached to the medium by brown rhizoidal hyphae; conidiogenous cells apical, borne on hyaline penicillate branches and forming a head. Conidia oval to ellipsoid, 0-septate, 2–6 × 1–3 μm, smooth, hyaline, aggregated into slimy droplets.
Distribution: Auckland (metropolitan region only), Hawkes Bay (Napier; sub-sequently eradicated).; 1st Record: Bain (1991).
Notes: Two major forms or races of O. novo-ulmi known as EAN (Eurasian) and NAN (North American) have been recognised (Brasier 1979). The New Zealand population of O. novo-ulmi is considered to belong to a single clone of the NAN European Vegetative Compatibility Supergroup (C.Brasier, Alice Holt Research Station, Surrey, UK, pers. comm.). Ophiostoma novo-ulmi is transmitted by scolytid bark beetles. In New Zealand, the only vector present is the small elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus Marsham. The fungal anamorphs sporulate in tunnels made by the beetle and conidia are accidentally picked up by emerging adults. Ophiostoma novo-ulmi is heterothallic with two compatibility types, A and B. New Zealand isolates belong to the B-type. Ascomata were obtained only when conidia from A-type cultures imported from England were brushed on to the surface of the New Zealand cultures.
Significance: The cause of ‘Dutch elm disease’ which has been responsible for the death of most of the elms in Europe and North America (Brasier 2000). In New Zealand it was first detected in Myers Park, central Auckland, in December 1989. A delimiting survey showed that the disease was present in an area approximately 8 × 5 km in the Auckland metropolitan area and an eradication campaign was started immediately. The number of infected elms detected was relatively high at first (83 in 1989–90; an average of 20 per year between 1990–91 and 1994–95). From 1995–96 to 1998–99, only one or two infected trees were found and destroyed each year. Disestablishment of the Ministry of Forestry, which had been responsible for the eradication campaign up to 1998–99, was accompanied by a reduction in the intensity of the campaign. The number of infected trees has increased (11 were found in 2002–2003) and the success of the campaign, which seemed reasonably certain in 1998–99, is now in doubt. If the disease is allowed to spread, the entire New Zealand elm population is under threat. Although beetles carrying O. novo-ulmi have been found only in the metropolitan Auckland region, Scolytus multistriatus without the pathogen is currently (2005) found in an area between Warkworth to the north, Te Awamutu to the south, and Matamata and Te Aroha to the east. The distribution of the beetle appears to be expanding and there is no reason why it should not eventually reach all areas that have a population of elms. In 1993, a group of four trees in Sturm’s Gully reserve, Napier, was found to be infected with O. novo-ulmi. Isolates of the fungus were identical with those from Auckland trees. Intensive trapping using aggregating pheromones for S. multistriatus and S. scolytus failed to capture any Scolytus species and no signs of beetle activity were detected. In the absence of a vector, the disease remained confined to the gully, but continued to spread through root grafts. In view of the south-eastward progression of S. multistriatus, absence of the vector could not be guaranteed, and so all elms in the reserve were destroyed. The disease has not reappeared in Napier. It is not known how the fungus reached Napier in the absence of a vector.; Host(s): Ulmus americana, U. ×hollandica, U. ×vegeta, Ulmus sp. (Chinese species, e.g., Ulmus parvifolia and U. pumila, are resistant to infection.)
Type: Xylophilous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered, superficial, globose with long necks, black, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, perithecial necks straight or curved, black, often annulate, 500–1900 μm long, ostiolar hyphae straight or divergent, hyaline, 6–25 μm long; in bark beetle galleries in inner bark or outer sapwood and as hyphae in sapwood. Asci evanescent. Ascospores allantoid, 0-septate, 3–5 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline. Pesotum piceae synanamorph. Conidiophores forming a dark brown to blackish brown stipe; conidiogenous cells borne on penicillate branches, hyaline. Conidia oblong to ellipsoidal, 0-septate, 3–6 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline, produced in slimy heads. Sporothrix-like or Hyalodendron-like synanamorphs. Conidiogenous cells denticulate. Conidia produced sympodially upon the denticles, singly (Sporothrix-like) or in chains (Hyalodendron-like), cylindrical to clavate, 0-septate, 4–10 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Nelson, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury.; 1st Record: Butcher (1968: as Ceratocystis piceae).
Significance: Reported as the main cause of sapstain in untreated, block-stacked sawn timber of Nothofagus fusca (Butcher 1968) and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Butcher 1973). It is of minor importance as a cause of sapstain in sawn timber of Pinus radiata (Butcher 1968).; Host(s): Dacrydium cupressinum, Eucalyptus sp., Larix kaempferi, Pinus radiata, Prumnopitys taxifolia, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Xylophilous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered, superficial, globose with a long neck, black, 0.1–0.3 mm in diameter, perithecial necks straight or curved, frequently annulate, black, 1200–2500 μm long, ostiolar hyphae divergent, 17–75 μm long, hyaline; in insect galleries in inner bark or outer sapwood and as hyphae in sapwood. Asci evanescent. Ascospores allantoid, 0-septate, 4–5 × 1–1.5 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells denticulate. Conidia produced sympodially upon the denticles, cylindrical to clavate, 0-septate, 4–10 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Yeates (1924: as Ceratostomella sp.).
Significance: Reported by Yeates (1924) as a major cause of sapstain in block-stacked, untreated sawn timber of Pinus radiata.; Host(s): Pinus radiata.
Type: Xylophilous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered, superficial, globose with long necks, black, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, perithecial neck straight or curved, annulate, black, 500–6000 μm long, ostiolar hyphae divergent, 20–75 μm long, hyaline; in bark beetle galleries in inner bark or outer sapwood. Asci evanescent. Ascospores allantoid, 0-septate, 3–5 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline, emerging from the ostiole and collecting in a white to pale yellow droplet. Conidiogenous cells denticulate. Conidia produced sympodially upon the denticles, singly (Sporothrix-like) or in chains (Hyalodendron-like), ellipsoidal to fusiform, 0-septate, 4–15 × 1–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taupo.; 1st Record: Hutchison & Reid (1988a: as Ceratocystis novaezelandiae).
Significance: The cause of a brownish to black stain in wood.; Host(s): Pinus radiata, Prumnopitys taxifolia, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Xylophilous Fungi; Description: Isolated from stained sapwood and not seen fruiting in nature. The following description is from cultures on 2% malt extract agar. Colonies floccose, blackish grey with some grey aerial mycelium, often diurnally zonate. Ascomata not found in nature but produced in culture when paired with the appropriate mating type; scattered, superficial, globose with long necks, black, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, perithecial necks straight or curved, black, 500–800 μm long, ostiolar hyphae divergent, straight, 15–20 μm long, hyaline. Asci evanescent. Ascospores oblong-cylindrical, 0-septate, 2–4 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline. Pesotum synanamorph. Conidiophores forming a dark brown to black stipe 1000–1500 μm long; conidiogenous cells borne on penicillate branches, hyaline. Conidia oblong-cylindrical, 0-septate, 3–4 × 1–1.5 μm, smooth, hyaline. Sporothrix synanamorph. Conidiogenous cells denticulate. Conidia produced sympodially on the denticles, oblong cylindrical, 0-septate, 4–7 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Taupo, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Harrington et al. (2001).
Notes: This species has for a long time been regarded as conspecific with Ophiostoma piceae (Hunt 1956, Upadhyay 1981) but Brasier & Kirk (1993) have provided evidence that it is clearly distinguishable as a separate species. Ophiostoma quercus is difficult to distinguish morphologically from O. piceae in culture but O. quercus isolates grow at 32 C, whereas O. piceae isolates do not.
Significance: None in forestry. Associated with a blue-black stain in wood.; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca, Pinus radiata.
Type: Xylophilous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered, superficial, globose to ellipsoidal with long necks, black, 0.1–0.15 mm in diameter, perithecial neck straight or curved, annulate, black, 200–600 μm long, ostiolar hyphae divergent, 5–15 μm long, hyaline; in bark beetle galleries in inner bark or outer sapwood and as hyphae in sapwood. Asci evanescent. Ascospores allantoid, 0-septate, 3–5 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline, emerging from the ostiole and collecting in a hyaline droplet. Conidiogenous cells denticulate. Conidia produced sympodially upon the denticles, ovoid to fusiform, 0-septate, 2–5 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline, base truncate giving a triangular appearance.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Hutchison & Reid (1988a: as Ceratocystis rostrocoronata).
Significance: None. Does not stain wood.; Host(s): Eucalyptus sp.
Type: Xylophilous Fungi; Description: Known only from cultures isolated from stained sapwood associated with superficial wounds or tunnels of the pinhole borer, Platypus sp. The following description is from cultures on 2% malt extract agar. Colonies effuse with a patchy slimy appearance owing to profuse production of conidia. Ascomata not found in nature but produced in culture when paired with the appropriate mating type; scattered, superficial, globose with long necks, black, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, perithecial necks straight or curved, black, 500–2500 μm long, ostiolar hyphae divergent, straight, 20–100 μm long, hyaline. Asci evanescent. Ascospores allantoid, 0-septate, 2–4 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline. Pesotum synanamorph. Conidiophores forming a dark brown to black stipe; conidiogenous cells borne on penicillate branches, hyaline. Conidia oblong ellipsoidal, 0-septate, 3–5 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline. Sporothrix synanamorph. Conidiogenous cells denticulate. Conidia produced sympodially on the denticles, oblong ellipsoidal, 0-septate, 3–8 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, Southland.; 1st Record: Harrington et al. (2001).
Significance: Associated with stained wood in stems and roots. Pathogenicity doubtful.; Host(s): Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Eucalyptus saligna, Pinus radiata.
Type: Xylophilous Fungi; Description: Isolated from stained sapwood and not seen fruiting in nature. The following description is from cultures on 2% malt extract agar. Colonies effuse, white to grey brown, aerial mycelium sparse. Ascomata scattered, superficial, globose with long necks, black, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, perithecial necks straight or curved, black at base becoming paler towards the apex, 400–1500 μm long, ostiolar hyphae divergent, straight, 20–35 μm long, hyaline. Asci evanescent. Ascospores allantoid, 0-septate, 2–5 × 1–1.5 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiogenous cells denticulate. Conidia produced sympodially on the denticles, clavate to ellipsoid, 0-septate, 2–7 × 1–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Southland.; 1st Record: Vanneste et al. (2002).
Significance: None. Produces a blue black stain in wood.; Host(s): Acacia baileyana, Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. saligna.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata embedded in irregular layers in the cortex at the base of a stroma, perithecial, aggregated in groups of up to 10, oval to globose with a flattened base, black, 0.4–0.6 mm in diameter, with necks up to 400 –m long, erumpent through the stroma. Stroma dark brown to black, conical, up to 3 mm in diameter at the base, erumpent through the bark and exposing a dark brown to black disc on which the protruding ostioles are visible as black papillae; on dead and dying branches. Asci cylindrical, 70–125 × 5–9 5m. Ascospores cylindrical to fusoid, slightly curved, 0-septate, 30–75 × 3–8 3m, smooth, hyaline. Conidia developing in locules on the sides of the stroma, cylindrical, strongly curved, 30–70 × 3–6 3m, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Taranaki, Wellington.; 1st Record: Ridley (2001b: as Winterella betulae).
Significance: Infrequently found on trees showing dieback. It is regarded as a saprobe (Reid & Booth 1987).; Host(s): Betula pendula.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata apothecial, solitary or aggregated in groups, subcuticular, erumpent, disc-shaped, bright orange, 0.5–1 mm in diameter; on both sides of symptomless living leaves. Asci cylindrical, 90–110 × 20–22 μm. Ascospores oblong-cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, 0-septate, 24–28 × 7–8 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Otago Lakes.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Hebe subalpina.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, scattered, subepidermal, circular, brown, very dark above the locules, up to 0.1 mm in diameter. Stromata solitary or in small groups, occupying more or less the whole of small leaf spots, pushing up the leaf surface and giving it a distinctly roughened appearance. Leaf spots small (up to 2 mm in diameter), circular, pale brown with a pale purple margin, occur on both sides of leaves but are more numerous on the upper surface. Asci pear-shaped, 70–85 × 25–35 μm. Ascospores cylindrical, 3-septate, 30–45 × 4–5 μm, hyaline, with a gelatinous coat.
Distribution: Northland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson.; 1st Record: Dick (1990).
Significance: Although capable of invading living tissue, the fungus causes little damage.; Host(s): Eucalyptus botryoides, E. fastigata, E. obliqua, E. viminalis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium both internal and external. Hyphae of internal mycelium smooth, hyaline, 1–4 μm wide, connected with the external mycelium by hyaline hyphae passing through stomata; hyphae of external mycelium pale olivaceous brown, finely verruculose, 1–2 μm wide. Conidiophores mostly single, arising from the external mycelium, simple, erect, dark brown, smooth or very finely verruculose, up to 200 μm long, with numerous conidial scars towards the apex. Conidia subcylindrical, 1–5-septate, 12–170 × 3–4 μm, finely verruculose, hyaline, base truncate with a distinct scar. Leaf spots yellow brown with no distinct margin; external mycelium visible as a darkish, hairy colony on the lower surfaces of leaves.
Distribution: Wellington.; 1st Record: Laundon (1972).
Significance: Regarded as a primary pathogen (Laundon 1972).; Host(s): Pseudopanax arboreus, Schefflera digitata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium both internal and external. Hyphae of internal mycelium smooth, hyaline, 1–2 μm wide, connected with the external mycelium by hyaline hyphae passing through stomata; hyphae of external mycelium pale olivaceous brown, finely verruculose, 1–2 μm wide. Conidiophores single or in small groups, arising from the external mycelium, simple or with 1–2 branches, erect, dark brown, smooth, up to 110 μm long, with numerous conidial scars towards the apex. Conidia cylindrical to elliptic, 0-septate, 5–12 × 1–3 μm, finely verruculose, pale olivaceous brown. Leaf spots as such are not formed, but the external mycelium appears as a darkish colony on the lower surfaces of leaves.
Distribution: Wellington.; 1st Record: Laundon (1972).
Significance: None. The pathogenic status of the fungus is uncertain.; Host(s): Coprosma grandifolia.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium both internal and external. Hyphae of internal mycelium smooth, hyaline, 1–4 im wide, connected with the external mycelium by thick brown hyphae passing through stomata; hyphae of external mycelium pale olivaceous brown, verruculose, 1–3 hm wide. Conidiophores single or in small groups, arising from the external mycelium, simple or with one branch, erect, straight or flexuous, brown, smooth, up to 260 sm long, with numerous conidial scars towards the apex. Conidia cylindrical, 0–3-septate, 12–27 × 3–4 m, verruculose, pale olivaceous brown, base truncate. Leaf spots irregular, reddish purple, the external mycelium being visible as a blackish brown hairy colony on the lower surfaces of leaves.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wellington, Westland.; 1st Record: Kirk & Cockayne (1909: as Cladosporium sp.).
Significance: Atkinson (1921) noted the reddish brown blotches on flax leaves and stated that fibre quality was not affected by fungal infection.; Host(s): Phormium cookianum, P. tenax.
Type: Downy Mildews; Description: Sporangiophores emerging through stomata in clusters, erect, slender, dichotomously branched; branches curved, ultimate branchlets with pointed tips; on lower surfaces of leaves. Sporangia broadly elliptical, 22–30 × 15–22 μm, pale violet. Oospores globose, 30–38 μm in diameter, brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Mid Canterbury, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Brien & Dingley (1955).
Significance: Occasionally the cause of serious injury to nursery plants.; Host(s): Hebe carnea, H. hulkeana, H. obtusata, H. speciosa, H. stricta var. stricta, H. stricta var. macroura, Parahebe catarractae.
Type: Downy Mildews; Description: Sporangiophores emerging through stomata, sparse, erect, slender, pale grey, dichotomously branched; branches curved, ultimate branchlets straight with pointed tips; forming greyish white patches on the lower surfaces of leaves and fruit stalks, the latter developing a deep carmine colour. Sporangia oval, 14–23 × 12–18 μm, subhyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Smith & Newhook (1961: as Peronospora rubi).
Significance: The cause of shrivelling of fruit in boysenberry and blackberry. Also found on cultivated roses where it is occasionally troublesome.; Host(s): Rosa sp. cult., Rubus cissburiensis, R. cissburiensis × ulmifolius, R. cissoides, R. fruticosus agg., R. idaeus, R. laciniatus, R. procerus, R. tuberculatus, Rubus × (hybrid berry).
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, scattered or gregarious, subepidermal be-coming erumpent, globose to depressed globose, black, 0.1–0.3 mm in diameter; on both sides of leaves and on succulent stems of young seedlings. Conidia fusiform, straight, 4-septate, 21–29 × 7–10 μm, apical and basal cells hyaline, intermediate cells olivaceous brown; apical cell bearing a crest of 3–6 tubular, hyaline flexuous appendages 5–20 μm long; basal cell with a straight, hyaline, centric appendage, 2–7 μm long.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Birch (1933: as Pestalozzia funerea).
Significance: A very common saprobe on conifers; pathogenicity doubtful. Recorded as a facultative parasite causing damping-off of seedlings (Birch 1937) and as a secondary invader of damaged tissue (Beresford & Mulholland 1982).; Host(s): Agathis australis, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cryptomeria japonica, ×Cupressocyparis leylandii, Cupressus lusitanica, C. macrocarpa, C. sempervirens, Libocedrus plumosa, Pinus radiata, Platycladus orientalis, Thuja plicata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, scattered to gregarious, subepidermal be-coming erumpent, oval, black, 0.2–0.5 mm in diameter; on both sides of leaves. Conidia fusiform, straight to slightly curved, 4-septate, 19–28 × 6–9 μm, smooth, apical and basal cells hyaline, intermediate cells in various shades of brown; apical cell extending into an irregularly branched hyaline tubular appendage, appendage branches usually 2–3 occasionally 5, irregularly spaced, flexuous; basal appendage usually absent.
Distribution: Auckland, Taranaki, Wanganui, Hawkes Bay, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Brien (1946: as Pestalotia guepini).
Significance: Probably a secondary pathogen invading damaged tissue on leaves; of minor importance (Dingley 1969).; Host(s): Camellia japonica, C. reticulata, C. sasanqua, Rhododendron sp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, scattered to gregarious, subepidermal, later partly erumpent, brown, 0.15–0.6 mm wide; on needles and shoots. Conidia fusiform, straight or slightly curved, 3-septate, 20–22 × 7–8 μm, with apical appendages, basal cell obconic, hyaline, two median cells subcylindrical, brown; apical cell conical, hyaline, apical appendages arising in a crest of 1–3 (mostly 3), filiform, up to 15 μm long.
Distribution: Wellington, Gisborne, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2001).
Significance: This fungus is not regarded as a primary pathogen. It is usually found in association with other fungi of greater pathological significance and its presence is often not noted.; Host(s): Abies sp., Pinus edulis, P. jeffreyi, P. radiata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, densely gregarious, subepidermal becoming erumpent, globose to lenticular, black, 0.1–0.4 mm in diameter; on the upper surfaces of leaves. Conidia clavate, straight, rarely curved, 4-septate, 23–29 × 8–11 μm, smooth, apical and basal cells hyaline, intermediate cells dark brown; apical cell bearing a crest of 2–4 tubular, hyaline, flexuous appendages, 18–30 μm long; basal cell with a straight or slightly curved hyaline, centric appendage, 3–6 μm long.
Distribution: Auckland, Wellington.; 1st Record: McArthur (1959: as Pestalotia macrotricha).
Significance: A secondary parasite of plants weakened through some other agency (McArthur 1959).; Host(s): Rhododendron indicum, Rhododendron sp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, in rows corresponding to rows of stomata, superficial, globose, black, 50–100 μm in diameter, each attached to a tiny peg of tissue inserted into a stoma on the underside of a needle and attached by this to fine, olivaceous hyphae within the needle. Asci clavate, 30–40 × 8–14 μm. Ascospores slightly clavate, 1-septate, 10–15 × 3–5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, Kaikoura, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Central Otago, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Gilmour (1959).
Significance: The cause of ‘Swiss needle-cast’, a major disease of Douglas fir in New Zealand. It was first recorded in 1959 when present only in a limited area around Taupo. Its progress was carefully observed and it took about 30 years for the fungus to spread throughout the country (Hood et al. 1990). Analysis of data from 1500 permanent sample plots showed that the reduction in volume increment following the appearance of the disease was: Central North Island 21%; Nelson 9%; Canterbury 20%; Otago 23% (Knowles et al. 2001). Hood (1982) showed that levels of infection in provenances of Pseudotsuga menziesii originating west of the Coast-Cascade Mountains in British Columbia, Washington and Oregon were significantly lower than in provenances originating in the area between the Coast Range and the eastern mountains. Future planting of selected resistant trees and provenances is expected to reduce the effect of the disease.; Host(s): Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, P. menziesii.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: No published description of New Zealand material of Phaeolus schweinitzii sensu stricto is available. The following description has been adapted from Ryvarden (1978). Basidiomata annual, compound, composed of several pilei arising from a common base, soft and fleshy when fresh, brittle when dry. Pilei fan-shaped up to 200 mm in diameter. Pileus surface tomentose to hirsute, first bright yellowish, later deep golden to reddish brown, margin usually distinctly lighter than the rest of the pileus. Pore surface yellowish at first, rusty brown later; pores large, angular, 0.3–1 per mm. Context golden to rusty brown, up to 10 mm thick. Hyphal system monomitic. Cystidia numerous, club-shaped to conical, 30–150 × 6–20 mm, hyaline to distinctly dark brown, often projecting up to 50 μm above the hymenium. Basidiospores ellipsoid, 0-septate, 5–8 × 3–5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Buchanan & Ryvarden (2000); Buchanan (2003).
Significance: Phaeolus schweinitzii is a common cause of butt rot in mature trees in boreal coniferous forests, lessening the value of the butt log and making trees prone to windthrow. As young trees are very rarely attacked, it is unlikely that the fungus will pose a threat to short-rotation plantation forests.; Host(s): Pinus radiata.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual, compound, composed of numerous (5–35) pilei arising from a central common base, usually forming a rosette, but occasionally laterally attached and overlapping, corky-woody, brittle. Pilei fan-shaped, plane or convex, occasionally funnel-shaped, 120–350 mm wide, 3–10 mm thick. Pileus surface tomentose, concentrically sulcate, rusty brown to chocolate brown, margin even or crenate. Pore surface even, with a sterile border 2–10 mm wide, chestnut brown; pores large, angular, 1–3 per mm. Context chestnut brown, 3–7 mm thick. Hyphal system monomitic. Basidiospores broadly elliptical to subglobose, 5–8 × 4–5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1948c: as Coltricia schweinitzii).
Notes: The fungus recorded as Phaeolus schweinitzii by earlier New Zealand authors differs from the authentic Northern Hemisphere species (Buchanan & Ryvarden 2000; see also previous entry).
Significance: Causes a destructive red-brown cubical butt rot in mature Agathis australis.; Host(s): Agathis australis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, immersed, globose to subglobose, brown, 0.1 mm in diameter; on roughly circular, 3–12 mm in diameter, brown leaf spots without a definite margin. Conidia cylindrical to obclavate, straight or slightly curved, 3-septate, 29–42 × 2–3 m, minutely verruculose, pale yellowish brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Wanganui, Wellington.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924: as Scoleciasis atkinsonii).
Notes: This fungus, found on lesions on leaves of Hebe spp., has been repeatedly confused with Septoria exotica (see p. 80), also found on lesions on leaves of Hebe spp. See Laundon (1978b) for an account of the confusion between the two species and a description of their distinguishing characteristics.
Significance: A common leaf spot having no significance.; Host(s): Hebe elliptica, H. stricta var. stricta, H. stricta var. atkinsonii.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, subepidermal, becoming partially erumpent, black, ostiolate, up to 0.15 mm in diameter; on angular to irregular (up to 7 mm wide), purplish spots, mainly on the lower surfaces of leaves; brown cirri of exuded conidia are often seen. Conidia cylindrical, 3–7-septate, 30–55 × 3–6 μm, brown, minutely roughened, apex paler in colour, obtuse, base subtruncate.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Buller, South Canterbury.; 1st Record: Dick (1982: as Phaeoseptoria eucalypti).
Significance: Although Park et al. (2000) regarded this fungus as the cause of one of the most common and widespread leaf diseases of eucalypts, it is of little importance in New Zealand.; Host(s): Eucalyptus saligna.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, numerous, discrete or aggregated, sub-epidermal, globose to subglobose, brown, 0.1 mm in diameter; on roughly circular, often confluent leaf spots which are at first yellowish, becoming bright carmine and finally brown and necrotic, on both sides of leaves. Conidia filiform, flexuous, 1-septate, 30–60 × 3–4 μm, smooth, hyaline to pale brown, exuded in a pale brown cirrus.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Dick (1982: as Septoria pulcherrima).
Notes: Although Cercospora eucalypti Cooke & Massee is the basionym of Phaeo-phleospora eucalypti, the fungus known to forest pathologists as ‘Cercospora eucalypti’ is a completely different fungus, now called Pseudocercospora eucalyptorum (see p. 98).
Significance: A cause of severe defoliation in Eucalyptus nitens, particularly in warmer areas of New Zealand, such as coastal Bay of Plenty. Infection of newly emerging juvenile and adult foliage occurs throughout the year. Lesions appear as pale yellow blotches, which subsequently turn a distinctive carmine red before becoming brown and necrotic. They often coalesce, covering large areas of the leaf, which eventually dies and falls.; Host(s): Eucalyptus aggregata, E. aromaphloia, E. benthamii, E. camaldulensis, E. cephalocarpa, E. cinerea, E. cordata, E. cypellocarpa, E. dalrympleana, E. globoidea, E. globulus subsp. globulus, E. grandis, E. gunnii, E. kitsoniana, E. macarthurii, E. nicholii, E. nitens, E. ovata, E. perriniana, E. sideroxylon, E. urnigera, E. viminalis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, discrete, subepidermal, becoming slightly erumpent, globose to subglobose, brown, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter; associated with but not always confined to elongate, flat, maroon leaf spots with a narrow dark border, usually on the lower surfaces of leaves. Conidia cylindrical to narrowly obclavate, straight or flexuous, 3–4-septate, 34–57 × 3–4 μm, with an obscure marginal frill, finely roughened, yellowish brown, exuded in a cirrus.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Pennycook (1989: as Hendersonia phormii).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Phormium cookianum, P. tenax.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata thyriothecial, aggregated in small groups, superficial, more or less conical, circular in outline with an irregular margin, dark brown, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, ostiole sunken; frequently arranged in concentric circles or semicircles on faintly chlorotic leaf spots which often develop a purple to red margin. Asci clavate, 50–90 × 15–22 μm. Ascospores fusiform, 1-septate, 18–26 × 4–6 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, Southland.; 1st Record: Dick (1982: as Microthyrium eucalypti).
Significance: Commonly occurs in the lower crown on older leaves but causes little damage.; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. fraxinoides, E. johnstonii, E. regnans.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata perennial, woody, attached by a broad lateral base. Pilei applanate, conchate or effused-reflexed, 30–110 mm wide, 5–20 mm thick. Pileus surface coarsely velutinate or strigose, radiately striate, often concentrically zoned with bands of brown hairs of different shades, chestnut brown to cinnamon brown, margin even or crenate, sometimes slightly inturned. Pore surface uneven, reddish brown; pores 5–6 per mm. Context yellow brown, 7–11 mm thick. Hyphal system dimitic. Setae subulate, 20–40 × 5–6 μm, chestnut brown. Basidiospores elliptical to obovate, 4–6 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Westland, Southland.; 1st Record: Berkeley (1855: as Polyporus scruposus).
Significance: A common cause of white heart rot in many indigenous species.; Host(s): Agathis australis, Beilschmiedia tawa, Corynocarpus laevigatus, Fuchsia excorticata, Knightia excelsa, Melicytus ramiflorus, Nothofagus fusca, N. solandri var. solandri, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, N. truncata, Podocarpus totara, Prumnopitys taxifolia, Pseudowintera colorata, Vitex lucens, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata perennial, solitary, firm and woody, attached by a broad lateral base. Pilei ungulate, applanate or occasionally subglobose, 50–300 mm wide, 30–150 mm thick. Pileus surface tomentose, concentrically coarsely sulcate and ridged, frequently creviced when old, at first cinnamon brown, darkening to black, margin entire, reddish brown. Pore surface plane, often creviced, with a sterile border 2–5 mm wide, reddish brown to dark brown; pores stratose, small, 5–7 per mm. Context cinnamon brown. Hyphal system dimitic. Setae usually present, ventricose, base inflated and narrowing towards the attachment point, apex acute, 16–24 × 6–12 μm, chestnut brown. Basidiospores globose to subglobose, 6–7 × 5–6 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, Kaikoura, Mid Canterbury, Central Otago, Dunedin, Southland, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1927: as Fomes robustus).
Significance: Causes a white-pocket heart rot in many living indigenous trees and shrubs. Considered to be of little significance. Cunningham (1927) recorded this fungus as the cause of death of Ozothamnus leptophyllus (≡ Cassinia leptophylla) in coastal regions of Wellington and Wairarapa.; Host(s): Beilschmiedia tawa, Coprosma grandifolia, C. macrocarpa, C. rhamnoides, C. robusta, Dysoxylum spectabile, Eucalyptus sp., Kunzea ericoides, Leptospermum scoparium, Meryta sinclairii, Metrosideros robusta, M. umbellata, Myrsine australis, Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, N. truncata, Ozothamnus leptophyllus, Quercus suber, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata perennial, solitary, firm and woody, attached by a broad lateral base. Pilei applanate or effused-reflexed, 30–250 mm wide, 40 mm thick. Pileus surface tomentose, becoming glabrous, concentrically sulcate and ridged, chestnut brown to cinnamon brown, darkening to deep brown when old, margin even, chestnut brown. Pore surface even, with a sterile border 1–3 mm wide, chestnut brown, darkening with age; pores stratose, small, 7–9 per mm. Context cinnamon brown, up to 5 mm thick. Hyphal system dimitic. Setae subulate, acuminate, 15–30 × 5–9 μm, chestnut brown. Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid, 4–6 × 3–4 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Wellington, Westland, Mid Canterbury, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1927: as Fomes zelandicus — see Cunningham 1949).
Significance: The common cause of a white-pocket heart-rot, which has no significance.; Host(s): Beilschmiedia tarairi, Carpodetus serratus, Dacrydium cupressinum, Metrosideros excelsa, M. robusta, Nothofagus menziesii, Prumnopitys taxifolia, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata perennial, solitary or with overlapping pilei, leathery to woody, attached by a broad lateral base. Pilei applanate, occasionally effused-reflexed, 50–250 mm wide, 5–20 mm thick. Pileus surface tomentose, narrowly banded in sulcate to flat zones, reddish brown to umber. Pore surface even, deep rusty brown to chestnut brown; pores small, 7–8 per mm. Context chestnut brown, up to 5 mm thick. Hyphal system dimitic. Setae hooked or less commonly straight, or both hooked and straight in the same fruiting body, acuminate, 15–30 × 6–9 μm, dark brown. Basidiospores subglobose, 4–5 × 3–4 μm, smooth, hyaline to pale yellow.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Westland, Southland, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1948d: as Fomes hamatus — see Cunningham 1949); Buchanan & Ryvarden (2000).
Significance: The cause of a white-pocket rot in living trees, which has little significance.; Host(s): Dacrydium cupressinum, Dysoxylum spectabile, Elaeocarpus dentatus, E. hookerianus, Metrosideros excelsa, M. robusta, Nothofagus fusca, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, gregarious, subepidermal, pustulate, more or less circular, brown, up to 0.2 mm in diameter; on greyish to yellowish leaf spots with brown margins, on the upper surfaces of leaves. Conidia cylindrical, straight, 2–4-septate, 29–55 × 4–5 μm, tapered towards the apex, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Nelson.; 1st Record: Brien & Dingley (1955: as Mycosphaerella alba).
Significance: A leaf spot having little significance in New Zealand. It is of concern in countries where silkworm culture is an important industry because silkworms will not eat mulberry leaves infected by the fungus.; Host(s): Morus alba, M. nigra.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, numerous and gregarious, immersed, flask-shaped at first but opening widely later, pale brown, 0.05–0.08 mm in diameter; on uniformly rusty brown, irregular, sharply-defined leaf spots, up to 10 mm in diameter, on lower surfaces of leaves. Conidia elongate-cylindrical, straight or curved, 0–2-septate, 18–50 × 2–4 μm, apex rounded, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne.; 1st Record: Laundon (1970a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Robinia pseudoacacia.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Based on personal unpublished notes of I.A.Hood. Basidiomata pileate, centrally stipitate, annual, usually in large clumps. Pileus covered with prominent dark brown, superficial, recurved, warty scales which dissolve into a slimy mucilage with age, convex when young, becoming plano-convex, 50–120 mm in diameter, yellow to yellow brown, viscid; the mucilage is washed away by rain, which leaves the surface only somewhat slimy; flesh firm, yellowish white. Gills adnate, moderately crowded, yellow to yellow-brown. Stipe yellow above the floccose annulus, yellow with large dark brown scales below, cylindrical, slightly swollen at base, solid, 70–120 mm long. Basidiospores elliptical, 6–9 × 4–6 μm, smooth, brown; spore print rusty brown.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Nelson, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Taylor (1981).
Notes: Early descriptions of P. adiposa from New Zealand (Berkeley 1855; Massee 1899) were based on a Colenso collection which has the microscopic characters of P. aurivella (Horak 1971). No published description is available of recent New Zealand material identified as P. adiposa.
Significance: An infrequent cause of heart rot associated with wounds in living hosts.; Host(s): Beilschmiedia tawa, Dacrydium cupressinum, Hoheria angustifolia, Platanus sp., Rhododendron sp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary or in scattered groups, immersed, globose, pale brown; on small buff leaf spots with reddish margins, and on stems. Conidia ellipsoid, 0-septate, 4–7 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Smith et al. (1987).
Significance: Under trial as a biocontrol agent against the invasive weed, Clematis vitalba. Shown by Smith & Cole (1991) to be the causal agent of leaf spot and wilt in large-flowered Clematis hybrids and leaf spot in small-flowered Clematis cultivars. It is considered to be a wound pathogen. On outdoor plants, stems are infected near the ground and are often girdled, causing wilt.; Host(s): Clematis vitalba, Clematis sp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary or in scattered groups, subepidermal becoming erumpent, globose, brown, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, ostiolate; on leaf spots and on necrotic tissue of other plant parts. Conidia ellipsoid to cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, 0-septate, becoming 1-septate, 5–10 × 2–4 μm, smooth, often bi-guttulate, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Kaikoura, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hamilton (1947: as Ascochyta sp.).
Significance: The cause of a leaf spot of minor importance in poplar (Spiers 1976). It is of some significance as a wound pathogen and as a storage rot organism in horticultural crops (Dingley 1969).; Host(s): Actinidia chinensis, A. deliciosa, Casimiroa edulis, Cyphomandra betacea, Eucalyptus erythrocorys, Garrya elliptica, Hedera helix, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Humulus lupulus, Meryta sinclairii, Nephrolepis cordifolia, Nerium oleander, Populus alba, P. ×canadensis, P. deltoides, P. maximowiczii, P. nigra, Rosmarinus officinalis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered to gregarious, immersed to superficial, globose to subglobose, rusty brown to black, 0.1–0.3 mm in diameter, with a distinct large (10–30 μm in diameter) ostiole; on leaf spots or on necrotic tissue of other plant parts. Conidia ellipsoid to oval, 0-septate (rarely 1-septate), 4–8 × 2–4 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1921: as Phoma pomi).
Significance: Causes a leaf spot of minor importance in Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) and spotting of apples (Dingley 1969).; Host(s): Actinidia deliciosa, Eriobotrya japonica, Magnolia sp., Malus ×domestica.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, often aggregated into groups of 4–6 with confluent walls, globose or irregular in shape, pale brown, 0.1–0.3 mm in diameter; on leaf spots or on necrotic tissue of twigs. Conidia oblong-elliptic, 0-septate, 5–9 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Johnston & Boerema (1982).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Actinidia deliciosa, Citrus sp., Coprosma sp., Feijoa sellowiana, Psidium guajava.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary or in groups of 2–3 with confluent walls, subepidermal becoming partly erumpent, globose, dark brown to black, 0.1–0.3 mm in diameter, often with more than one ostiole, ostiolar beaks prominent; on leaf spots or necrotic tissue of other plant parts. Conidia oblong to elliptic, 0-septate, 4–7 × 2–3 μm, smooth, often bi-guttulate, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Wellington; 1st Record: Johnston (1981).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Acacia cognata, Acacia sp., Actinidia deliciosa, Macadamia sp., Vitis vinifera.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, subepidermal becoming erumpent, ovoid, rusty brown to black, ostiolate; on spots on leaves or fruit. Conidia cylindrical or ellipsoid, straight to slightly curved, 5–8 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wairarapa, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, Central Otago.; 1st Record: Blackmore (1894).
Significance: A common cause of leaf spot and fruit spot of apples and occasionally on leaves of peaches and plums. It is of minor economic importance.; Host(s): Malus ×domestica, Prunus armeniaca, P. avium, P. ×domestica, P. dulcis, P. persica, P. persica var. nucipersica, P. salicina.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, multilocular, solitary or in groups of 2–3 with confluent walls, immersed, applanate to conical, brown, 0.2–0.4 mm in diameter; on twigs. Conidia oblong to fusiform, straight, 0-septate, 6–8 × 2–3 m, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Wellington.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Carmichaelia arborea, C. carmichaeliae.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, erumpent, subglobose to lenticular, dark brown, up to 0.4 mm in diameter, ostiolate; on cankers on young shoots and on leaves. Conidia of two types: α conidia fusiform to ellipsoid, 0-septate, 6–12 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline; β conidia filiform, curved or hooked, 20–30 × 1 μm, hyaline. DISTRIBUTION: Northland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Mid Canterbury, Southland.
; 1st Record: Birch (1933: as Phomopsis sp.).
Significance: A wound pathogen causing blight of new shoots and mortality in young seedlings. Of minor significance in forest nurseries.; Host(s): Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cupressus lusitanica, C. macrocarpa, Larix decidua.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, scattered, subepidermal becoming partly erumpent, globose-oblong, black, up to 0.4 mm long; on twigs. Conidia elliptic-fusiform, straight, 0-septate, 7–10 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Gisborne.; 1st Record: Berrysmith (1962: as Cryptosporella viticola).
Significance: Reported as a cause of ‘dead arm’ disease of grapes and responsible for considerable local damage (Dingley 1969: as Cryptosporella viticola).; Host(s): Vitis vinifera.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia in small groups, flat, pale honey-yellow, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter; on upper surfaces of leaves and on twigs. Aecia on lower surfaces of leaves scattered or crowded, roughly circular, bright reddish orange, 0.25–1.0 mm in diameter; those on twigs confluent, forming large inflated distortions, bright reddish orange, up to 20 mm long; also on fruits. Aeciospores ellipsoid, 22–30 × 15–23 μm, finely and densely verruculose, pale yellow. Uredinia scattered or in groups, roundish, orange, 0.1–0.3 mm in diameter, in pale yellow spots; on the lower surfaces of leaves. Urediniospores globoid to ellipsoid, 22–28 × 15–20 μm, finely and bluntly echinulate. Telia scattered or in groups, rounded, black, 0.2–0.5 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of leaves. Teliospores ellipsoid to subfusoid, 6–7-septate, 72–98 × 28–35 μm, base rounded, apex with an almost hyaline, prominent papilla, chestnut brown, coarsely verrucose; pedicel persistent, longer than the spore.
Distribution: Auckland, Wanganui, Wellington, Nelson, Marlborough, Kaikoura, Mid Canterbury, Central Otago, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Kirk (1901).
Significance: Rose rust causes premature defoliation and reduces plant vigour. It is therefore of concern to commercial rose growers.; Host(s): Rosa rubiginosa, Rosa sp. cult.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia in groups surrounded by aecia, conical, yellow, minute (<0.1 mm in diameter); on the upper surfaces of leaves. Aecia in small circular groups, rounded, orange-yellow to pale yellow, up to 1 mm in diameter; on the upper surfaces of leaves. Aeciospores globoid, 20–24 × 16–20 μm, sparsely echinulate, pale yellow. Uredinia scattered, rounded, orange-yellow, up to 0.5 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of leaves. Urediniospores ellipsoid, 16–24 × 14–20 μm, sparsely echinulate, yellow. Telia scattered, rounded, black, 0.3-0.7 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of leaves. Teliospores oblong-cylindrical, 5–7-septate, 88–128 × 24–32 μm, tapering at the apex to a hyaline apiculus, coarsely verrucose, chestnut brown; pedicel persistent.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Westland, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1945).
Significance: Although infection by the rust leads to premature defoliation, little economic damage is caused.; Host(s): Rubus idaeus.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia crowded together in small groups, honey coloured, up to 0.1 mm in diameter; on both sides of leaves. Aecia in rings surrounding the spermagonia, bright orange becoming yellow-orange, 1–3 mm in diameter; on circular yellowish leaf spots on upper surfaces of leaves. Aeciospores globoid to ellipsoid, 20–30 × 18–24 μm, densely verrucose, hyaline. Uredinia scattered or in groups, pale yellow; on the lower surfaces of leaves. Urediniospores globoid to ellipsoid, 20–25 × 16–24 μm, echinulate, yellow. Telia scattered or in groups, black; on the lower surfaces of leaves. Teliospores ellipsoid-oblong to cylindroid, 3–5-septate, 55–110 × 30–36 μm, with a pale to hyaline apical papilla, verrucose, chestnut brown.
Distribution: Wanganui, Wellington, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Laundon (1970b).
Significance: Causes little damage.; Host(s): Rosa sp. cult.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia crowded, hemispherical, usually in the darker centre of a conspicuous dark violet or reddish leaf spot; on the upper surfaces of leaves. Aecia circular or elongated when on stems, orange-yellow, up to 1 cm long when confluent; on the lower surfaces of leaves or on stems on conspicuous reddish spots with violet-red margins. Aeciospores ellipsoid to oblong, 19–30 × 17–24 μm, distantly verrucose, yellow. Uredinia scattered or confluent, golden yellow, on reddish spots with violet-red margins; on the lower surfaces of leaves. Urediniospores ellipsoid to globoid, 19–30 × 18–25 μm, distantly verrucose, yellow. Telia scattered or confluent, black, up to 1 mm in diameter, on reddish spots with violet-red margins; on the lower surfaces of leaves. Teliospores oblong to cylindrical, mostly 3-septate, 65–100 × 30–36 μm, with a short pale yellow apiculus, chestnut brown, covered with numerous hyaline warts; pedicel persistent, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, Kaikoura, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Central Otago, Dunedin, Southland, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Anonymous (1990).
Significance: There is reason to believe that this rust was clandestinely introduced into Australia to control blackberry and that it reached New Zealand through airborne spore dispersal (Pennycook 1998). Although it has spread throughout the country, it has had no noticeable effect on blackberry populations, at least in Pinus radiata plantations where blackberry continues to be a great nuisance.; Host(s): Rubus echinatus, R. fruticosus agg., R. laciniatus, R. polyanthemus, R. procerus, R. ulmifolius, R. vestitus.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Thallus monostromatic, superficial, roughly circular with entire or lobed margin, orange, composed of radiating branched filaments; on upper surfaces of leaves. Sporangiophores consisting of a single cell. Sporangia borne obliquely on a curved stalk, ovate to obovoid, 20–25 × 15–25 μm, surface roughened. Zoospores quadriflagellate. Gametangia sessile, intercalary, ovate, 20–26 × 13–22 μm, produced on the radiating filaments. Leaf spots none.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Marlborough.; 1st Record: Jennings (1896).
Significance: Not parasitic.; Host(s): Agathis australis, Alseuosmia quercifolia, Anarthropteris lanceolata, Asplenium flaccidum, A. oblongifolium, Astelia banksii, A. trinervia, Beilschmiedia tawa, Blechnum discolor, B. filiforme, Brachyglottis repanda, Carmichaelia australis, Coprosma grandifolia, C. lucida, Corynocarpus laevigatus, Cyathea dealbata, Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, Doodia australis, Freycinetia baueriana subsp. banksii, Griselinia lucida, Hedycarya arborea, Hoheria populnea, Hymenophyllum flabellatum, Knightia excelsa, Melicytus ramiflorus, Meryta sinclairii, Metrosideros fulgens, Olearia rani, Phyllocladus trichomanoides, Phymatosorus diversifolius, P. scandens, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pyrrosia eleagnifolia, Rhopalostylis sapida, Ripogonum scandens, Trichomanes reniforme.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Thallus monostromatic, superficial, circular with an entire margin, greenish, composed of radiating, dichotomously branched filaments; on upper surfaces of leaves. Sporangiophores consisting of a single cell. Sporangia ovate, 12–19 × 11–16 μm, smooth. Gametangia intercalary, produced periodically on the radiating prostrate filaments, and forming concentric bands separated by bands of vegetative growth. Leaf spots none.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Thompson & Wujek (1997).
Significance: Not parasitic.; Host(s): Dysoxylum spectabile.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Thallus monostromatic, superficial, polymorphic, ranging from a compact disc of radiating filaments with some erect filaments to loose expanses of creeping, irregularly branched filaments, greyish green to yellowish green; mainly on upper surfaces but occasionally on both surfaces of leaves. Erect filaments tapered. Sporangiophores none. Sporangia borne laterally or terminally on erect filaments or on prostrate filaments, ovoid to ellipsoidal, smooth. Gametangia not known. Leaf spots none.
Distribution: Auckland, Wellington, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Sarma (1986).
Significance: Not parasitic.; Host(s): Anarthropteris lanceolata, Astelia nervosa, Melicytus ramiflorus, Schefflera digitata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, scattered, immersed, occupying the whole leaf thickness, globose, black, shining, 0.3–0.4 mm in diameter, with a black brown clypeus covering the whole perithecium, ostiole perforating the epidermis and appearing as a small black dot; on upper surfaces of leaves, without any distinct leaf spots. Asci cylindrical, 80–115 × 8–10 μm. Ascospores ellipsoid, 0-septate, 11–13 × 7–8 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Wellington, North Canterbury, Southland.; 1st Record: Hansford (1957: as Phomatospora leptospermi).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Leptospermum scoparium.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium both internal and external; external mycelium evanescent, thin, greyish, hyphae 4–5 μm wide; on the lower surfaces of leaves. Appressoria generally not lobed. Ascomata not known in New Zealand. Conidiophores 150–330 × 7–9 μm, foot cell straight. Conidia produced singly, clavate or rhomboid, 0-septate, 50–125 × 22–35 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Boesewinkel (1977a).
Significance: This inconspicuous fungus causes no damage.; Host(s): Vitex lucens.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, densely scattered, subepidermal, globose, brown, 0.1–0.3 mm in diameter, with a conspicuous papilla; on leaves without any definite leaf spots, also on petioles, twigs, and fruit. Conidia obovoid to elliptical, 0-septate, 6–13 × 5–9 μm, smooth, hyaline; with an apical, slimy appendage, 5–15 μm long.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Pennycook (1989: as Guignardia citricarpa).
Significance: The cause of ‘black spot’ on citrus fruit, a serious disease in many parts of the world (Smith et al. 1988) but not in New Zealand, where only weakly pathogenic forms appear to be present.; Host(s): Citrus grandis × reticulata, C. ×tangelo.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, discrete, depressed globose, partly erumpent, dark brown, ostiolate, 0.12–0.3 mm in diameter; often arranged in concentric circles on necrotic leaf spots which are circular, large (2–5 cm in diameter), with a pale yellow centre and a wide dark brown to yellow brown margin, mainly on the upper surfaces of leaves. Conidia obovoid to pyriform, 0-septate, 13–20 × 8–10 μm, with a 2–3 μm thick mucilaginous coat and a mucilaginous, slender apical appendage, 13–21 (up to 40) μm long.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: McKenzie (1991: as Phyllosticta sp.).
Significance: Recorded as a pathogen on leaves of plants belonging to a number of angiospermous families (Aa 1973). It is capable of killing large portions of the laminae of Corynocarpus laevigatus (karaka) leaves.; Host(s): Corynocarpus laevigatus.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered to gregarious, depressed globose, subepidermal, later erumpent, dark brown, ostiolate, 0.15–0.2 mm in diameter; on scale leaves of cupressaceous plants. Conidia obovoid to almost globose, 0-septate, 12–17 × 8–10 μm, with a 2–3 μm thick mucilaginous coat and a slender, 3–10 μm long, mucilaginous apical appendage.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2001).
Significance: Associated with minor dieback, which is mostly limited to the lower part of the crown.; Host(s): Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressus arizonica, C. macrocarpa, Juniperus chinensis, Thuja plicata.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar slightly radiate with scant fluffy aerial mycelium. Chlamydospores produced by some but not all isolates, mostly terminal, 25–40 μm in diameter. Sporangia mostly terminal, broadly ellipsoidal to ovoid to spherical, 26–35 × 22–30 μm, distinctly papillate. Oogonia globose, 20–36 μm in diameter, smooth, hyaline. Antheridia paragynous, spherical to club-shaped. Oospores plerotic, 18–30 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, North Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Smith (1950); Cockayne (1915: as ‘sour sap’ of apples).
Significance: Associated in the late 1950s with mortality of 20-year-old or older conifers in farm shelterbelts growing on heavy clay soils, after prolonged periods of waterlogging (Newhook 1959). No damage to trees growing in plantations has been found. The fungus is associated with rootlet rot in young seedlings of some important plantation trees (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cupressus macrocarpa, Pinus radiata) (Newhook 1959).; Host(s): Actinidia deliciosa, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cupressus macrocarpa, Cyphomandra betacea, Feijoa sellowiana, Hebe odora, Malus ×domestica, Meryta sinclairii, Myoporum parvifolium, Phebalium squameum, Pinus radiata, Pyrus communis, Rhododendron sp., Ribes uva-crispa var. sativum, Rubus idaeus.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on carrot agar with a rosette pattern, felted, with scant fluffy aerial mycelium. Chlamydospores none. Sporangia produced only on plant material floated on pond water and not in artificial culture, terminal, occasionally proliferating internally, ovoid, 25–50 × 20–38 μm, non-papillate. Oogonia globose, 16–35 μm in diameter, smooth, hyaline, base tapered. Antheridia amphigynous, long and tapering towards the base, often with two cells. Oospores aplerotic, 13–30 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Dick et al. (2001).
Significance: Most species of Phytophthora recorded as being associated with trees and shrubs in New Zealand are soil-borne and infect roots and the lower stem. These two species are unusual in that they are found in dying leaves in the crowns of eucalypt trees at a height of up to 20 m. Locally severe crown dieback associated with foliage, shoot, and twig infection by these two Phytophthora species has been recorded in E. botryoides and E. saligna in the Bay of Plenty and in E. delegatensis in Southland. The occurrence is episodic and infection appears to take place during the winter months. Infected leaves are readily abscised, defoliation and twig infection leading to dieback of the crown. The fungi can be isolated from soil beneath infected trees but as the sporangia of neither species are deciduous, it is not known how the fungi reach foliage high in the tree crown. Pathogenicity of Phytophthora ‘captiosa’ to E. botryoides, E. regnans, and E. saligna has been established in laboratory tests.; Host(s): Eucalyptus botryoides, E. saligna.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with a rosette pattern, mycelium coralloid with abundant hyphal swellings which are typically globose, 30–60 μm in diameter, in clusters. Chlamydospores produced by some, but not all isolates, globose to pyriform, >35 μm in diameter. Sporangia terminal, proliferating internally, ovoid to ellipsoid, 40–85 × 25–40 μm, non-papillate. Oogonia produced in compatible paired cultures, globose, 21–58 μm in diameter, hyaline to yellow brown, smooth. Antheridia amphigynous, some with two cells. Oospores plerotic, globose, 19–54 μm in diameter, hyaline to yellow brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Newhook (1958).
Significance: The significance of P. cinnamomi in the New Zealand forest industry has been the subject of vigorous and occasionally acrimonious debate in the past. It is agreed that the fungus is an important pathogen of tree seedlings in nurseries established on heavy clay soils prone to waterlogging. In such nurseries, severe root-rot of seedlings of Acacia baileyana, A. verticillata, Betula verrucosa, Eucalyptus ficifolia, Metrosideros excelsa, and Pinus radiata has been attributed to P. cinnamomi (Gilmour 1966a). Bassett (1961) reported that P. cinnamomi was associated with root-rot and collar canker of 2-year-old seedlings of Larix decidua and Pseudotsuga menziesii. The status of the fungus as a pathogen of older (>3-year-old) trees in New Zealand is not clear. Phytophthora cinnamomi has been recovered from soil beneath many exotic and indigenous plant communities throughout New Zealand. With one exception, none of these communities showed symptoms of ill health attributable to infection by the fungus (Newhook & Podger 1972). The exception involved certain farm shelterbelts in which episodic mortality was associated with P. cinnamomi. In 1953–54 and 1955–56, sudden death of 20-year-old and older trees of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cupressus macrocarpa, and Pinus radiata occurred in farm shelterbelts growing on heavy clay soils in the Northland region (Newhook 1959). There had been droughts during the previous summers, followed by abnormally wet periods in autumn, winter, and spring (Sutherland et al. 1959). Mortality under similar climatic and edaphic conditions was reported from Hawkes Bay in the 1970s (New Zealand Forest Research Institute, unpublished data). Affected shelterbelts were characterised by soil compaction associated with the camping of farm animals under the trees. As a consequence the roots had poor mycorrhizal development. It has been suggested that under these conditions heavy rainfall and soil saturation provided ideal conditions for rootlet infection by P. cinnamomi while reducing rootlet regeneration capacity. The imbalance between rootlet death and rootlet regeneration led to mortality (Newhook & Podger 1972). The specific combination of conditions is not likely to occur in extensive exotic plantations or indigenous forests where P. cinnamomi, although present, causes no observable damage.; Host(s): Abelia schumannii, Abies sp., Acacia baileyana, A. verticillata, Acmena smithii, Actinidia deliciosa, Actinostrobus sp., Agathis australis, Astelia trinervia, Banksia sp., Bauera sessiliflora, Betula pendula, Boronia megastigma, Brachyglottis kirkii, Calluna vulgaris, Camellia japonica, Carpodetus serratus, Carya illinoinensis, Castanea sativa, Casuarina cunninghamiana, C. glauca, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Coprosma robusta, Coriaria sarmentosa, Corokia buddleioides, Cupressus macrocarpa, Cyathodes juniperina, Daphne odora, Dryandra sp., Elaeocarpus hookerianus, Erica bowieana, E. canaliculata, E. lusitanica, Eucalyptus ficifolia, Fatsia japonica, Forsythia sp., Fuchsia excorticata, Gaultheria antipoda, Geniostoma rupestre var. ligustrifolium, Gevuina avellana, Griselinia lucida, Hakea sericea, Hebe topiaria, Juglans regia, Juniperus communis, J. squamata, Knightia excelsa, Larix decidua, L. kaempferi, Leptospermum scoparium, Leucadendron adscendens, L. argenteum, L. decorum, Leucopogon fasciculatus, Leucospermum sp., Lhotskya alpestris, Lophomyrtus obcordata, Lupinus angustifolius, Lycopodium deuterodensum, Macadamia integrifolia, M. tetraphylla, Melicytus macrophyllus, Meryta sinclairii, Metrosideros excelsa, Myrsine australis, Nestegis lanceolata, Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, Olearia rani, Passiflora edulis, Persea americana, Phormium tenax, Phyllocladus alpinus, P. trichomanoides, Pieris japonica, Pinus echinata, P. palustris, P. radiata, P. taeda, Platanus sp., Protea sp., Prumnopitys ferruginea, Prunus persica, Pseudopanax arboreus, P. crassifolius, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Rhododendron indicum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Rubus idaeus, Sciadopitys verticillata, Serruria sp., Taxus baccata, Telopea speciosissima, Thryptomene calycina, Vaccinium corymbosum, Vitis rupestris, V. vinifera.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with a petaloid pattern, aerial mycelium fluffy. Chlamydospores rare. Sporangia highly variable in shape, ranging from obovate to obpyriform to irregular and distorted, occasionally bifurcated with two apices, 30–75 × 21–44 μm, semi-papillate. Oogonia globose, 18–35 μm in diameter, smooth. Antheridia paragynous, rarely amphigynous. Oospores almost plerotic, globose, 16–30 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Gisborne, Nelson, South Canterbury.; 1st Record: Brien (1938: as Phytophthora cactorum).
Significance: Associated with minor mortality in coniferous shelterbelts in Northland (Newhook 1959).; Host(s): Actinidia deliciosa, Citrus limon, Humulus lupulus, Lupinus arboreus, Olearia paniculata, Pinus radiata, Populus nigra, Prunus armeniaca, P. mahaleb, P. persica, P. persica var. nucipersica, Ribes uva-crispa var. sativum, Vitis vinifera.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with a characteristic finely radiate growth, aerial mycelium fluffy. Chlamydospores produced by some, but not all isolates, 25–35 μm in diameter. Sporangia mostly intercalary, very variable in shape and size, ranging from globose to ovoid to ellipsoidal to extremely distorted, often with two papillae, 25–90 × 18–60 μm. Oogonia, antheridia, and oospores not known.
Distribution: Nelson, Marlborough Sounds.; 1st Record: Boucher (1912: as Pythiacytis citrophthora).
Significance: Of no significance in forestry. ‘Brown rot of citrus’ can cause serious losses. Use of resistant root-stock gives very good control (Atkinson 1971).; Host(s): Citrus grandis × reticulata, C. ichangensis × reticulata, C. limon, C. sinensis, Nothofagus fusca, Poncirus trifoliata.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar uniform, aerial mycelium fluffy; mycelium in water culture develops groups of angular swellings, 11–20 μm in diameter. Chlamydospores not known. Sporangia ovoid to obpyriform, 20–93 × 15–50 μm, non-papillate. Oogonia produced when cultured with a compatible strain or with P. cinnamomi, globose, 28–40 μm in diameter, smooth, becoming yellow with age. Antheridia amphigynous, globose. Oospores plerotic or nearly so, 20–32 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Taranaki, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Brien (1939).
Significance: Minor. Reported as the cause of seedling root rot in Agathis australis and Pinus radiata (Newhook 1959).; Host(s): Acmena smithii, Actinidia deliciosa, Agathis australis, Cyphomandra betacea, Leucadendron salignum, Pinus radiata, Prunus persica, Rubus idaeus, Solanum aviculare.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on carrot agar with a rosette pattern, with dense, fluffy aerial mycelium. Chlamydospores abundant, terminal, 12–25 μm in diameter. Sporangia terminal, obpyriform to highly distorted, 39–63 × 30–42 μm, non-papillate. Oogonia globose, 23–30 μm in diameter, smooth, hyaline. Antheridia paragynous, occasionally amphigynous, 2-celled. Oospores markedly aplerotic, 15–24 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Taupo, Southland.; 1st Record: Dick et al. (2003)
Significance: Most species of Phytophthora recorded as being associated with trees and shrubs in New Zealand are soil-borne and infect roots and the lower stem. These two species are unusual in that they are found in dying leaves in the crowns of eucalypt trees at a height of up to 20 m. Locally severe crown dieback associated with foliage, shoot, and twig infection by these two Phytophthora species has been recorded in E. botryoides and E. saligna in the Bay of Plenty and in E. delegatensis in Southland. The occurrence is episodic and infection appears to take place during the winter months. Infected leaves are readily abscised, defoliation and twig infection leading to dieback of the crown. The fungi can be isolated from soil beneath infected trees but as the sporangia of neither species are deciduous, it is not known how the fungi reach foliage high in the tree crown. Pathogenicity of Phytophthora ‘captiosa’ to E. botryoides, E. regnans, and E. saligna has been established in laboratory tests.; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. nitens, E. regnans.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with a rosette pattern. Chlamydospores not produced. Sporangia proliferating internally, ellipsoid to obpyriform, 42–75 × 20–32 μm, non-papillate. Oogonia produced in compatible paired cultures, globose, 27–48 μm in diameter, walls rough. Antheridia amphigynous, variable in shape. Oospores aplerotic, 18–32 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Stewart & McCarrison (1991).
Significance: Shown to be moderately pathogenic to Actinidia deliciosa (Stewart & McCarrison 1991).; Host(s): Actinidia deliciosa.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar uniform with very little aerial mycelium; mycelium coralloid. Chlamydospores not known. Sporangia obpyriform to ellipsoidal, 30–45 × 18–25 μm, papillate. Oogonia globose, 25–33 μm in diameter, with a funnel-shaped base, smooth. Antheridia amphigynous, globose. Oospores markedly aplerotic, 15–27 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Northland (Great Barrier Island), Coromandel.; 1st Record: Gadgil (1974a).
Significance: Reported from one locality on Great Barrier Island, where it was associated with basal cankers on dying Agathis australis trees. Shown to be pathogenic to A. australis seedlings in laboratory tests.; Host(s): Agathis australis.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with a rosette pattern, aerial mycelium fluffy. Chlamydospores none. Sporangia elongate, ovoid to obovoid, often with the broadest part near the apex, 30–53 × 14–22 μm, scarcely papillate. Oogonia globose to slightly elongated, 22–56 μm in diameter, slightly yellow with age. Antheridia mostly amphigynous but sometimes paragynous, oval. Oospores plerotic, 20–45 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Dingley (1969).
Significance: Of no significance in forestry. Damage to citrus similar to that caused by P. citrophthora.; Host(s): Citrus grandis × reticulata, C. jambhiri, C. limon, C. sinensis.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with little or no aerial mycelium. Chlamydospores abundant, terminal or intercalary, 20–77 μm in diameter. Sporangia borne sym-podially, ovate to obpyriform to elongate or distorted in shape, 20–60 × 12–20 μm, papillate. Oogonia globose, 30–50 μm in diameter, smooth. Antheridia paragynous. Oospores plerotic, 28–46 μm in diameter, deeply pigmented.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland.; 1st Record: Robertson (1982).
Significance: Mildly pathogenic to Actinidia deliciosa growing on heavy, compacted soils (Robertson 1982).; Host(s): Actinidia deliciosa.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar slightly radiate, aerial mycelium fluffy. Chlamydospores not produced. Sporangia ovoid to obpyriform, 35–60 × 25–45 μm, non-papillate, proliferating internally. Oogonia subglobose, 42–52 μm in diameter, smooth. Antheridia mostly paragynous, ellipsoid. Oospores aplerotic, 26–50 μm.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Wellington, Nelson, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Newhook (1958).
Significance: Minor. Associated with rootlet rot of Pinus radiata and isolated from forest nurseries (Bassett 1961).; Host(s): Actinidia deliciosa, Malus ×domestica, Pinus radiata, Ribes uva-crispa var. sativum, Robinia pseudoacacia.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with an irregular rosette pattern, aerial mycelium fluffy. Chlamydospores terminal or intercalary, up to 60 μm in diameter, becoming yellowish with age. Sporangia globose to ovoid, 38–60 × 30–40 μm. Oogonia produced in compatible paired cultures, globose, 25–55 μm in diameter, becoming yellow with age. Antheridia amphigynous, globose to oval. Oospores aplerotic, 13–35 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Nelson.; 1st Record: Anonymous (1946: as Phytophthora parasitica).
Significance: Of no significance in forestry. Isolated from stem lesions on a 20-year-old tree of Agathis australis (Brien & Dingley 1959).; Host(s): Agathis australis, Fuchsia ×hybrida.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar with a rosette pattern, hyphal swellings spherical to ellipsoid, often in chains. Sporangia broadly ovoid to obpyriform, 57–75 × 36–42 μm, scarcely papillate. Oogonia globose, 26–46 μm in diameter, becoming yellow with age. Antheridia mainly paragynous, rarely amphigynous. Oospores plerotic, 24–44 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Smith (1956).
Significance: Minor. Isolated from roots of Pinus radiata seedlings (Newhook 1959).; Host(s): Malus ×domestica, Pinus radiata, Prunus armeniaca, P. persica.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, gregarious, subcuticular, multi-loculate, pustulate, more or less circular, black, shiny, often coalescing to form plate-like structures up to 1.5 mm across, opening by irregular splitting of the upper wall; on more or less circular pale brown leaf spots up to 2 mm in diameter, mainly on the upper surfaces of leaves. Conidia of two types: macroconidia broadly cylindrical to subglobose, 0-septate, 5–7 × 4–5 μm, base broadly truncate with a minute frill, smooth, hyaline to pale brown; microconidia cylindrical, 0-septate, 3–5 × 1.5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Marlborough Sounds.; 1st Record: Johnston (1999).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Nothofagus menziesii.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata apothecial, discrete, superficial, urn-shaped, tapering abruptly to a short, stipe-like base, black, 0.1–0.15 mm in diameter and 0.2 mm high, with numerous stiff, black, sickle-shaped setae; developing within tomentum on the undersides of leaves. Asci cylindrical, 55–70 × 6–8 μm. Ascospores subclavate, 0-septate, 6–8 × 3–4 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Wellington, Buller, Marlborough Sounds, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924: as Chaetoscypha nidulans).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Olearia colensoi, O. semidentata.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata epigeous to subepigeous, subglobose to pyriform but very variable in shape and size, dirty white to ochraceous, becoming brown, 30–200 mm high, with a prominent rooting base; peridium composed of a single layer, thin, membranous, breaking away irregularly from the apex. Gleba divided into polygonal or lenticular chambers by persistent tramal plates; chambers filled with a powdery, ochraceous to brown mass of basidiospores. Basidiospores globose, 0-septate, 7–12 μm in diameter, densely covered with spines, smoky grey.
Distribution: Areas affected by geothermal activity in Bay of Plenty, Taupo.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1983b).
Notes: Recent work (Moyersoen et al. 2003) has shown that P. tinctorius may not be present in New Zealand. These authors showed that on the basis of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis and spore morphology, the New Zealand collections fell into three phylogenetic groups that have been previously proposed as putative species associated with Eucalyptus spp. in Australia.
Significance: Pisolithus tinctorius sensu lato has a worldwide distribution. It has been shown to be a successful mycorrhizal partner of many plants, including species of Pinus and Eucalyptus (Cairney & Chambers 1997). Marx (1977) showed that it was an early coloniser of eroded soils and mine spoil heaps. It is a very variable species in terms of basidioma and basidiospore morphology (Burgess et al. 1994) and ability to form mycorrhizae (Tonkin et al. 1989). This suggests that several distinct biological species may be involved. Martin et al. (1998) showed that different morphological types associated with specific hosts also differed genetically and that little genetic exchange occurred between morphological types in the field. Moyersoen et al. (2003) have shown that the New Zealand form of the fungus first described by Cunningham (1931c) is in fact a mixture of three species, none of which is P. tinctorius sensu stricto. Each of the three species matched an Australian species associated with eucalypts and acacias. All three species co-occurred locally in the same areas. In New Zealand, these species are associated only with Kunzea and Leptospermum growing in sites affected by geothermal activity (e.g., Whakarewarewa, Waimangu, Wairakei). This species complex has not been found in Pinus or Eucalyptus plantations (Chu-Chou & Grace 1983b).; Host(s): Kunzea ericoides var. microflora, Leptospermum scoparium.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium superficial and immersed; superficial mycelium consisting of radiating, pale brown to dark brown hyphae forming a circular network connected by narrow columns of cells to a mostly continuous, subcuticular layer of dark brown cells. Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, scattered or arranged concentrically, superficial, circular to elliptical, black, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, opening by a linear or star-shaped fissure; on circular, black tar spots up to 8 mm in diameter, on the upper surfaces of leaves. Asci oblong ovate, 35–55 × 20–24 μm. Ascospores oblong ovate, 1-septate, 17–20 × 7–9 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidia borne on conidiophores arising from the superficial mycelium, narrowly obclavate, 2–3-septate, 35–43 × 5–7 μm, finely striate, brown to dark brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Nelson, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924).
Significance: The cause of very common and distinctive tar spots on leaves of Pseudopanax spp. No necrosis is visible around the spots or on the lower surface. The fungus appears to cause little damage.; Host(s): Pseudopanax arboreus, P. colensoi, Raukaua simplex var. simplex, R. simplex var. sinclairii.
Type: Downy Mildews; Description: Sporangiophores emerging from stomata in clusters of up to 20, erect, 300–500 μm long, branching monopodially; branches at right angles, straight, ultimate branchlets short with blunt tips; forming white, downy patches on the lower surfaces of leaves with corresponding pale green patches on the upper surfaces. Sporangia oval, variable in size, 15–35 × 11–19 μm.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Woodfin (1926).
Significance: ‘Downy mildew’ can affect all above-ground parts of the grape vine. The disease can be serious in the Auckland area (Dingley 1969).; Host(s): Vitis vinifera.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium internal, in tissues of leaves and succulent young stems. Hyphae hyaline to brown, 4–16 μm wide. Conidiophores solitary, occasionally in small groups, bursting through the cuticle, straight, hyaline to subhyaline, 25–40 × 8 μm. Conidia fusoid, straight or slightly curved, 4–8-septate, 65–98 × 13–19 μm, smooth, apical and basal cells subhyaline, intermediate cells brown; apical cell bearing a terminal, tubular, hyaline appendage up to 105 × 3–4 μm, which tapers to 1 μm at the apex, and 1–4 similar, but shorter, lateral appendages.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Dingley (1959).
Significance: Shown to be pathogenic to broom, causing stem lesions leading to wilting. Considered to have potential for development as a mycoherbicide (Johnston & Parkes 1994).; Host(s): Cytisus scoparius, Lupinus angustifolius, L. arboreus, L. luteus, Ulex europaeus.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, scattered, subepidermal, globose to ovoid, black, up to 0.5 mm in diameter, papillate; on leaves and twigs. Asci clavate-cylindrical, 150 × 40 μm. Ascospores muriform, with 7 transverse septa and two (or sometimes one) longitudinal septa in each cell, 24–40 × 11–16 μm, smooth, yellowish brown. Conidiophores often grouped, pale brown to olivaceous brown, up to 80 µm long. Conidia broadly ellipsoidal, muriform with usually 3 transverse and 1–3 longitudinal septa, 25–42 4 25–30 μm, minutely verruculose, brown to olivaceous brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1922: as Macrosporium parasiticum).
Significance: A very common saprobe, particularly on herbaceous plants, this fungus also acts as a weak wound pathogen. It has been recorded as a primary pathogen of Lactuca sativa (Slade 1963). Under the microscope, the numerous asci with their distinctive muriform, yellowish brown ascospores present the appearance of a text book illustration of an ascomycete.; Host(s): Acacia melanoxylon, Citrus limon, Lupinus angustifolius, L. arboreus, Malus ×domestica, Passiflora edulis, Ulex europaeus.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, thin, evanescent, white, hyphae 3–5 μm wide; on leaves. Appressoria not lobed. Ascomata not known in New Zealand. Conidiophores long and slender, 125–275 × 7 μm, foot cell straight. Conidia produced in long chains, ellipsoid cylindrical, 0-septate, 25–30 × 11–15 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Kirk (1905: as Podosphaera oxyacanthae).
Significance: None. Generally inconspicuous.; Host(s): Crataegus monogyna, Cydonia oblonga.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, moderately dense to dense, white, hyphae 3–5 μm wide; on leaves, twigs, and fruit. Appressoria not lobed. Ascomata cleistothecial, gregarious, superficial, globose, black, 0.1 mm in diameter, with 5–6, 230–420 μm long, unbranched, hyaline apical appendages. Asci one per ascoma, oval, 90 × 60 μm. Ascospores 8 per ascus, 0-septate, 25–30 × 12–15 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidio-phores 75–115 × 9–10 μm, foot cell swollen at the base. Conidia produced in long chains, oval, 0-septate, 27–30 × 17–18 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Wellington, Gisborne, Nelson, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Central Otago, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Kirk (1901: as powdery mildew on apple).
Significance: Powdery mildew of apple is a disease of major importance. Heavy infection can reduce yields significantly (Atkinson 1971).; Host(s): *Malus ×domestica, Photinia serrulata, Pyrus communis, P. pyrifolia.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, evanescent, white; on leaves and shoots. Appressoria not lobed. Ascomata not known in New Zealand. Conidiophores 70–120 × 7–8 μm. Conidia produced in long chains, elliptical, 0-septate, 23–32 × 14–18 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Dunedin.; 1st Record: Kirk (1905: as Podosphaera oxyacanthae).
Significance: None. Although occasionally recorded on peach, it appears to cause no damage. Another powdery mildew found on peach, Sphaerotheca pannosa, is common and causes russeting of fruit.; Host(s): Prunus avium, P. ×domestica, P. lusitanica, P. persica.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata hypogeous, globose to depressed globose, white to pale yellowish pink, pink to brown when bruised, up to 30 mm in diameter, with a single evanescent rhizomorph; peridium composed of two layers, golden brown in section. Gleba dark greyish olive to olive black; locules elongate, more or less radially arranged, partially filled with basidiospores, gelatinous, deliquescing later; tramal plates consisting of interwoven hyaline hyphae; columella branched. Basidiospores elliptical, 0-septate, 6–7 × 3–4 μm, smooth, pale green; utricle absent.
Distribution: Taupo, Nelson, Buller, Fiordland, North Canterbury.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1983b: as Hysterangium sp. 4, pro parte).
Significance: Putatively mycorrhizal (Castellano & Beever 1994).; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. solandri, N. solandri var. cliffortioides.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium: primary internal, secondary external. Hyphae of primary mycelium olivaceous, aggregating to form stromata; hyphae of secondary mycelium superficial, subhyaline to olivaceous brown, smooth, septate, 2–5 μm wide. Stromata substomatal, 10–60 μm in diameter. Conidiophores in small to moderately large loose fascicles when arising from stromata, or solitary when arising from external hyphae, pale olivaceous to brown, cylindrical-filiform, smooth, 0–many-septate, 20–220 × 3–8 μm; conidiogenous cells with inconspicuous scars. Conidia subcylindrical, broadly acicular, 4–15-septate, 40–180 × 3–6 μm, smooth, subhyaline to olivaceous brown. Leaf spots pale to dark brown, subcircular to angular-irregular with a reddish brown margin, 1–10 mm in diameter, often confluent, on both sides of leaves, entire spot or its margin is sometimes raised above the leaf surface.
Distribution: Nelson, Mid Canterbury, Southland.; 1st Record: Braun & Dick (2002).
Significance: May cause extensive spotting of late juvenile and early adult foliage of Eucalyptus nitens but there is little defoliation (M.Dick, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, pers. comm.).; Host(s): Eucalyptus baxteri, E. nitens.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium internal, dark brown, aggregating to form stromata 20–50 μm in diameter. Conidiophores in dense or loose fascicles of 2–3, straight, pale olivaceous brown, smooth, 30–50 × 3–4 μm; conidiogenous cells with inconspicuous scars. Conidia cylindrical, subacicular, straight or slightly curved, 4–8-septate, 60–70 × 3–4 μm, subhyaline to pale olivaceous, smooth. Leaf spots dark purplish brown, roughly circular, 2–12 mm in diameter with a yellow brown margin, often confluent, particularly at the leaf margins and coincident on both sides of leaves.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Wairarapa, Nelson, Westland, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Cooke (1890a: as Cercospora aristoteliae).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Aristotelia serrata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium: primary internal, secondary external. Hyphae of primary mycelium brown, occasionally aggregating to form stromata; hyphae of secondary mycelium superficial, subhyaline to pale olivaceous, smooth, septate, 2–3 μm wide. Stromata intraepidermal, occasionally substomatal, 10–50 μm in diameter. Conidio-phores in small to moderately large fascicles when arising from stromata or internal hyphae, solitary when arising from external hyphae, straight to sinuous, subhyaline to olivaceous, smooth, 0–many-septate, 5–55 × 2–3 μm; conidiogenous cells with incon-spicuous scars. Conidia filiform, acicular, 4–12-septate, 50–110 × 2–3 μm, smooth, subhyaline to pale olivaceous.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Braun et al. (2003).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Beilschmiedia tarairi.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium: primary internal, secondary external. Hyphae of external mycelium pale olivaceous, 2–3 μm wide. Stromata very rare or absent. Conidiophores in loose fascicles emerging through stomata when arising from internal mycelium; solitary when arising from external mycelium, straight, pale olivaceous, smooth, 0–1-septate, up to 50 × 3–4 μm; conidiogenous cells without scars. Conidia cylindrical, subacicular, flexuous, 10–12-septate, 90–150 × 3–4 μm, smooth, pale olivaceous. Leaf spots dark blackish brown, irregular and indefinite, appearing as a group of tiny irregular spots fused together, up to 5 mm in diameter, on both sides of leaves.
Distribution: Taranaki.; 1st Record: Laundon (1970: as Cercoseptoria theae).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Camellia sp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium internal. Hyphae very pale olivaceous, 2–4 μm wide, aggregating to form stromata. Stromata substomatal, sphaeroidal, 50–120 μm in diameter, eventually rupturing the epidermis. Conidiophores arising from stromata, numerous (40–100) in a dense fascicle; slightly sinuate, very pale olivaceous, smooth, 15–90 × 3–5 μm; conidiogenous cells subcylindric, with obscure annellations. Conidia filiform, acicular, slightly curved, 3–11-septate, 50–130 × 3–4 μm, smooth, very pale olivaceous, remaining attached to the conidiogenous cells for a long period. Leaf spots brown, roughly circular, with an irregular and ill-defined margin, up to 15 mm wide, sometimes confluent and covering large areas, visible on both sides of the leaf.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Braun & Hill (2002).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Camellia sp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium internal, aggregated into dark olivaceous stromata. Conidio-phores in dense fascicles, slightly wavy, sooty to olivaceous brown, 5–50 × 2–4 μm; conidiogenous cells with inconspicuous scars. Conidia obclavate to cylindrical, curved, septa indistinct, 20–100 × 2–4 μm, subhyaline to olivaceous brown. Leaf spots dark or reddish brown, circular to angular, 1–4 mm in diameter, with a slightly darker margin, on both sides of leaves.
Distribution: Taranaki.; 1st Record: Brien & Dingley (1957: as Cercospora ceanothi).
Significance: Troublesome only when cuttings from infected material were grown under mist (Dingley 1969).; Host(s): Ceanothus sp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium: primary internal, secondary external. Hyphae of primary mycelium olivaceous to yellowish brown, aggregating to form stromata; hyphae of secondary mycelium emerging through stomata, superficial, subhyaline to olivaceous brown, smooth, septate, 1–3 om wide. Stromata intraepidermal or substomatal, 10–60 μm in diameter. Conidiophores in small to moderately large, loose fascicles when arising from stromata or internal hyphae or solitary when arising from external hyphae, straight, subhyaline to pale olivaceous, 0–2-septate, 5–40 × 2–4 μm; conidiogenous cells with inconspicuous scars. Conidia narrowly cylindrical, subacicular, 1–9-septate, 20–100 × 3–4 μm, smooth, subhyaline to pale olivaceous brown. Leaf spots olivaceous to dark brown, greyish white when old, roughly circular, often somewhat zonate, with a yellowish green halo, 2–15 mm in diameter, on both sides of leaves.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Braun et al. (2003).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Coprosma arborea, C. ×cunninghamii, C. macrocarpa, C. repens, C. robusta.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium: primary internal, secondary external. Hyphae of primary mycelium olivaceous brown, aggregating to form stromata; hyphae of secondary mycelium superficial, subhyaline to pale olivaceous, smooth, septate, 1–5 μm wide. Stromata substomatal, 10–30 μm in diameter. Conidiophores in small to moderately large, loose to moderately dense fascicles when arising from stromata or solitary when arising from external hyphae, straight, pale olivaceous, smooth, 0–many-septate, 5–100 × 3–6 μm; conidiogenous cells with inconspicuous scars. Conidia obclavate, 4–10-septate, 35–115 × 3–5 μm, smooth, subhyaline to olivaceous brown. Leaf spots brown to reddish brown, greyish brown to greyish white when old, subcircular to angular irregular, with a brown to purplish violet margin, 1–15 mm in diameter, sometimes confluent, on both sides of leaves.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Nelson.; 1st Record: Braun & Dick (2002).
Significance: Recorded as the cause of severe leaf necrosis in Eucalyptus regnans in the North Island (M.Dick, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, pers. comm.).; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. dendromorpha, E. fastigata, E. muelleriana, E. obliqua, E. oreades, E. pilularis, E. regnans, E. regnans × obliqua, E. stenostoma.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium internal. Hyphae pale brown, 1–3 μm wide. Stromata absent. Conidiophores emerging from stomata in dense fascicles, slightly torulose near the apex, greyish brown, 3–5-septate, 45–75 × 3–5 μm; conidiogenous cells with inconspicuous scars. Conidia filiform, slightly curved, 0–5-septate, smooth, sub-hyaline to very pale brown. Leaf spots ochre to brown, angular, 1–2 mm wide, on both sides of leaves.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Boesewinkel (1981c).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Dodonaea viscosa.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium: primary internal, secondary external. Hyphae of internal mycelium olivaceous brown, aggregating to form stromata; hyphae of secondary mycelium emerging through stomata, subhyaline to olivaceous brown, smooth, septate, 1–3 om wide. Stromata substomatal, somewhat erumpent, 10–200 μm in diameter. Conidiophores in small, loose to large, dense fascicles when arising from stromata or solitary when arising from external hyphae, straight, subhyaline to light brown, smooth to fairly rough-walled, 0–3-sepatate, 10–60 × 3–6 μm; conidiogenous cells with inconspicuous scars or subdenticulate. Conidia cylindrical, 1–7-septate, 15–70 × 3–4 μm, smooth to moderately rough-walled, subhyaline to olivaceous brown. Leaf spots pale to dark brown to purplish violet, greyish brown to grey when old, angular-irregular, with a red-purple to purplish violet margin, 0.5–7 mm in diameter, often confluent, on both sides of leaves.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Southland.; 1st Record: Dick (1982: as Cercospora eucalypti).
Significance: Recorded from adult foliage of Eucalyptus nitens, but not regarded as a serious pathogen.; Host(s): Eucalyptus nitens, E. scoparia.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium internal. Hyphae aggregated to form substomatal stromata. Conidiophores arising from stromata emerging from stomata, straight or slightly curved, subhyaline, greenish-brown in mass, smooth, 0-septate, 30–135 × 2–4 em. Conidia filiform to obclavate, strongly curved to flexuous, 6–14-septate, 30–155 × 2–4 m, smooth, subhyaline. Leaf spots dark brown, angular, 3–20 mm in diameter, often confluent, covering large areas on both sides of the leaf, which becomes necrotic.
Distribution: Taranaki, Wellington, Nelson.; 1st Record: McArthur (1959: as Cercospora handelii).
Significance: Recorded from only a few localities on the lower leaves of young plants (McArthur 1959).; Host(s): Rhododendron sp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium: primary internal, secondary external. Hyphae of secondary mycelium pale olivaceous. Stromata small or absent. Conidiophores in small to moderately large, loose to dense fascicles emerging from stomata, erect, subhyaline to olivaceous brown, 0–1-septate, 5–25 × 2–3 μm; conidiogenous cells with incon-spicuous scars. Conidia acicular-filiform, 3–8-septate, 30–90 × 2–4 μm, apex acute, smooth, pale olivaceous. Leaf spots shape and size variable, often covering large areas on both sides of the leaf which becomes necrotic and brown.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Braun & Hill (2004).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Hebe sp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium: primary internal, secondary external. Hyphae of secondary mycelium superficial, very pale olivaceous, smooth, septate, 2–3 μm wide. Stromata absent. Conidiophores in loose fascicles emerging from stomata when arising from the internal mycelium or solitary when arising from the external hyphae, straight, very pale olivaceous, smooth, 0–1-septate, 25 × 2–4 μm; conidiogenous cells with incon-spicuous scars. Conidia filiform, curved, slightly attenuated towards the apex, 5–8-septate, 60–110 × 2–3 μm, smooth, very pale olivaceous. Leaf spots yellow-green, speckled brown or dark brown, circular, wrinkled, with an indefinite margin, up to 30 mm in diameter, on both sides of leaves.
Distribution: Auckland, Taranaki, Wellington, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Laundon (1973: as Cercospora karaka).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Corynocarpus laevigatus.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium: primary internal, secondary external. Stromata absent. Conidiophores solitary when arising from external hyphae, straight to curved, very pale to pale olivaceous brown, 36–60 × 2–6 μm; conidiogenous cells without visible scars. Conidia filiform, slightly curved or flexuous, indistinctly multiseptate, 70–125 × 2–3 μm, subhyaline to very pale olivaceous. Leaf spots present as indistinct tan areas, or absent.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato.; 1st Record: Boesewinkel (1986).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Leycesteria formosa.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium: primary internal, secondary external. Stromata absent. Hyphae of external mycelium superficial, olivaceous brown, septate, smooth. Conidiophores in loose fascicles emerging from stomata when arising from internal mycelium, straight, pale olivaceous brown, 20–125 × 3–6 μm; conidiogenous cells with inconspicuous scars. Conidia cylindrical, straight to mildly curved, 3–5-septate, 50–70 × 3–4 μm, smooth, hyaline. Leaf spots blackish brown, roughly circular, 2–5 mm in diameter but often confluent, without a distinct margin.
Distribution: Wanganui.; 1st Record: Braun et al. (2003).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Lupinus arboreus.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium internal. Stromata lacking on the lower leaf surface, well-developed on the upper leaf surface, immersed, up to 80 μm in diameter. Conidio-phores numerous, arising in dense fascicles from the stromata, straight, olivaceous to olivaceous brown, 0–4-septate, 10–50 × 3–4 μm; conidiogenous cells with incon-spicuous scars. Conidia obclavate to subacicular, indistinctly 2–8-septate, 30–110 × 2–4 μm, smooth, pale olivaceous. Leaf spots at first pale brown, centre becoming whitish surrounded by a dingy violet to almost black border, subcircular to angular, 1–10 mm wide, on both sides of the leaf.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Braun & Hill (2004).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Melicytus macrophyllus.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium internal. Hyphae olivaceous brown to brown, aggregating to form stromata. Stromata well-developed, intraepidermal to substomatal, somewhat erumpent, 20–60 μm in diameter. Conidiophores in moderately large to large, loose to moderately dense fascicles arising from stromata, straight, pale olivaceous to olivaceous brown, smooth, 0–3-septate, 10–50 × 2–3 μm; conidiogenous cells with inconspicuous scars. Conidia filiform, acicular, 3–10-septate, 30–100 × 2–3 μm, smooth, subhyaline to pale olivaceous. Leaf spots dark brown to blackish or reddish brown, roughly circular, 1–5 mm in diameter with a distinct raised margin and a purplish halo, on both sides of leaves.
Distribution: Taranaki.; 1st Record: Laundon (1970: as Cercospora myrticola).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Metrosideros excelsa, M. parkinsonii.
Type: Foliicolous FungiFoliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium internal. Hyphae brown, aggregated to form stromata. Stromata erumpent, 100–140 μm in diameter. Conidiophores in dense fascicles arising from stromata, straight, brown, paler towards the apex, smooth, 1–2-septate, up to 35 μm long; conidiogenous cells with inconspicuous scars. Conidia cylindrical, 1–5-septate, 15–37 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline. Leaf spots reddish brown, greyish white when old, circular, often confluent, up to 9 mm in diameter, with a reddish brown margin, on upper leaf surfaces, often at the margins.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Hawkes Bay.; 1st Record: Dingley (1970: as Cercoseptoria neriella).
Significance: Recorded as the cause of considerable defoliation in late spring in the Auckland area (Dingley 1970).; Host(s): Nerium oleander.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium: primary internal, secondary external. Internal mycelium olivaceous brown, frequently aggregated into stromata. Hyphae of secondary mycelium emerging from stomata on lower surfaces of leaves, superficial, subhyaline to olivaceous brown, smooth, septate, 2–5 μm wide. Stromata ranging from a few cells to large, intraepidermal to substomatal, 10–80 μm in diameter. Conidiophores when arising from stromata or internal hyphae forming large, dense fascicles on the upper surfaces of leaves, or small, loose fascicles on the lower surfaces; when arising from external mycelium, solitary, sinuous, subhyaline to pale olivaceous, 0–3-septate, 10–30 × 3–5 μm; conidiogenous cells with inconspicuous scars. Conidia cylindrical, 1–7-septate, 20–70 × 3–5 μm, smooth, subhyaline to pale olivaceous. Leaf spots greyish green to pale brown, greyish brown when old, roughly circular with an indefinite margin, 1–8 mm in diameter, occasionally confluent.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Wellington.; 1st Record: Braun et al. (2003).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Chamaecytisus palmensis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium internal. Hyphae medium to dark olivaceous brown, aggregated to form well-developed stromata. Stromata immersed, pseudo-parenchymatous, 30–150 μm in diameter. Conidiophores arising from stromata solitary, numerous, densely aggregated, smooth, pale olivaceous but dark olivaceous in mass, many-septate, up to 150 μm long; conidiogenous cells with inconspicuous scars. Conidia cylindrical, filiform, 5–15-septate, 30–80 × 3–5 μm, smooth, pale olivaceous to olivaceous brown. Leaf spots medium to dark brown, roughly circular, with an indefinite, sometimes dark, margin, 1–8 mm in diameter, on both sides of leaves.
Distribution: Wellington.; 1st Record: Braun et al. (2003).
Significance: Of no significance.; Host(s): Olearia coriacea.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium internal, aggregated into subglobular, 15–50 μm in diameter, dark brown stromata. Conidiophores in dense fascicles, slightly undulate, pale olivaceous brown, dark brown in mass, 5–25 × 3–4 μm. Conidia obclavate to cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, 3–6-septate, 30–50 × 3–5 μm, subhyaline to pale olivaceous. Leaf spots indistinctly yellow on the upper surfaces, dark olivaceous on the lower, effuse.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Kaikoura, Mid Canterbury, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Dingley (1960: as Cercospora platensis).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Muehlenbeckia australis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium: primary internal, secondary absent or when present external and only on the lower surfaces of leaves. Internal mycelium dark brown, aggregating to form stromata. Hyphae of external mycelium subhyaline to olivaceous, smooth, septate, 1–3 μm wide. Stromata intraepidermal or substomatal, well-developed in the upper portion of the leaf, 20–60 μm in diameter. Conidiophores in small to large, loose or dense fascicles when arising from stromata, or occasionally solitary when arising from the external mycelium, straight, pale olivaceous, 0–2-septate, 10–40 × 2–5 μm; conidiogenous cells with inconspicuous scars. Conidia filiform, acicular, 4–14-septate, 50–125 × 2–3 μm, smooth, pale olivaceous. Leaf spots medium to dark brown on the upper leaf surface, paler on the lower surface, roughly circular with an indefinite margin, 1–12 mm in diameter.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel.; 1st Record: Braun et al. (2003).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Pomaderris kumeraho.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium: primary internal, secondary external and profuse. Hyphae of internal mycelium dark brown, aggregating to form stromata 20–40 μm in diameter. Conidiophores in dense fascicles, curved to sinuous, pale brown, 15–55 × 3–4 μm; conidiogenous cells with inconspicuous scars. Conidia cylindrical, straight or curved, 3–7-septate, 40–105 × 3–4 μm, minutely verruculose, subhyaline to pale olivaceous. Leaf spots brown or whitish, irregular.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Hawkes Bay, North Canterbury.; 1st Record: Pennycook (1998).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Rubus cissoides, R. fruticosus agg.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium: primary internal, secondary external. Hyphae of primary and secondary mycelium pale to light brown, septate, 2–4 μm wide. Conidiophores arising singly from the superficial external mycelium, rarely in fascicles, straight to sinuous, medium brown, 1–5-septate, 10–60 × 2–4 μm; conidiogenous cells smooth. Conidia obclavate, straight to slightly curved, 3–6-septate, 25–90 × 3–4 μm, finely verruculose, light brown. Leaf spots indistinct, roughly circular, visible as a red discolouration on the lower surfaces of leaves.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki.; 1st Record: Braun (2001).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Lophostemon confertus.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium: primary internal, secondary external, sparse. Hyphae of primary mycelium brown, occasionally aggregating to form stromata; hyphae of secondary mycelium emerging through stomata, pale olivaceous, smooth, 2–3 :m wide. Stromata substomatal, small, 10–35 μm in diameter. Conidiophores in small to moderately large, loose fascicles arising from stromata or internal hyphae, never from external hyphae, straight, smooth to somewhat rough-walled, 0–4-septate, 10–70 × 4–7 μm; conidiogenous cells with 1–3 conspicuous annellations. Conidia filiform, broadly acicular, 3–10-septate, 40–100 × 4–7 μm, smooth, pale olivaceous brown. Leaf spots pale brown to blackish brown, greyish brown when old, roughly circular with a narrow reddish purplish to dark brown, somewhat raised, margin, 1–10 mm in diameter or confluent, covering large areas on both sides of leaves.
Distribution: Taupo.; 1st Record: Braun & Dick (2002: as Pseudocercospora pseudo-basitruncata).
Significance: Known from only one collection.; Host(s): Eucalyptus nitens.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium brown, aggregating to form substomatal stromata of variable size, ranging from a few cells to many, 30–80 μm in diameter. Conidiophores in loose fascicles of 2–9 or solitary, often undulate, pale to medium brown, 10–60 × 4–6 μm; conidiogenous cells with inconspicuous scars. Conidia cylindrical, straight to slightly curved, 1–5-septate, 15–75 × 3–6 μm, hyaline. Leaf spots pale to dark reddish brown, circular to subcircular, 2–4 mm in diameter with a narrow black margin.
Distribution: Auckland, Taranaki.; 1st Record: Dingley (1969: as Cercospora varia).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Viburnum carlesii, V. lantana.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium internal. Hyphae hyaline to subhyaline, aggregating to form stromata. Stromata substomatal, 10–30 μm in diameter. Conidiophores arising from stromata in small to moderately large fascicles, erect, straight, hyaline, smooth, 0–1-septate, 5–35 × 2–5 μm; conidiogenous cells with inconspicuous scars. Conidia subcylindric-filiform, subacicular, 3–8-septate, 60–110 × 2–4 μm, smooth, hyaline. Leaf spots greyish olivaceous to brown to reddish brown, centre pale, margin dark, roughly circular, 2–15 mm in diameter, on both sides of the leaf.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Wellington.; 1st Record: Braun & Hill (2002).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Myoporum insulare × laetum, M. laetum.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium internal and external, pale olivaceous brown, 1–4 μm wide. Conidiophores arising from internal or external hyphae, erect, olivaceous to pale brown, smooth, 0–4-septate, 10–40 × 2–4 μm; conidiogenous cells with incon-spicuous scars. Conidia catenate, in simple or branched chains, ellipsoid-cylindrical, 1–3-septate, 8–20 × 2–4 μm, smooth, pale olivaceous to olivaceous brown. Leaf spots necrotic, black.
Distribution: Northland.; 1st Record: Braun & Hill (2004).
Significance: None. Associated with necrotic lesions caused by other fungi.; Host(s): Metrosideros excelsa.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia sparsely arranged in scattered groups, minute, tubular, standing proud of the leaf surface, pale yellow with a white tattered margin, up to 0.5 mm in diameter; on the upper surfaces of leaves. Aeciospores elliptical to polygonal, 25–35 × 15–25 μm, covered with irregular warts, appearing reticulate, hyaline. Telia scattered, minute, circular to elliptical, orange, powdery, up to 0.5 mm in diameter; buried in the dense tomentum of the lower leaf surface and associated with discoloured leaf spots. Teliospores elliptical, 1-septate, 55–96 × 25–37 μm, hyaline; pedicel persistent.
Distribution: Auckland, Taranaki, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Mackenzie.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1923a: as Puccinia novae-zelandiae).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Olearia avicenniifolia, O. furfuracea, O. paniculata.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Only the telial stage is known. Telia in groups, up to 0.25 mm in diameter, associated with pale grey to buff leaf spots up to 1 cm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of leaves. Teliospores variable in form, 1-septate, 26–54 × 11–18 μm; pedicel short.
Distribution: Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Baylis (1954).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Clematis paniculata.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia in crowded groups, bright orange, on distorted spots up to 3 cm long; on leaves, petioles, and shoots. Aeciospores subglobose, elliptical or tear-shaped, 25–33 × 20–28 m, densely verrucose, hyaline. Telia crowded, minute, circular, dark chocolate brown, powdery, up to 1 mm in diameter; buried in dense tomentum on the lower surfaces of leaves. Teliospores broadly elliptical, 1-septate, 40–65 × 20–35 μm, pallid chestnut brown; pedicel deciduous.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Westland, Fiordland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1923a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Olearia arborescens × lacunosa, O. ilicifolia, O. ilicifolia × lacunosa, O. macrodonta, O. rani.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Only the telial stage is known. Telia associated with minute, circular, black leaf spots up to 2 mm in diameter; mainly on the lower surfaces of leaves, but spots eventually extending through the leaf to appear on both surfaces. Teliospores subclavate, 1-septate, 48–62 × 16–24 μm, pallid brown, pedicel persistent.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Taupo, Wellington, Wairarapa, Nelson, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Sydow & Sydow (1903).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Clematis cunninghamii, C. foetida, C. forsteri.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Only the telial stage is known. Telia crowded, minute, black, powdery, up to 1 mm in diameter, associated with circular or elliptical dark brown to black leaf spots, up to 1 cm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of leaves, but spots eventually appearing on the upper surface. Teliospores elongate-oblong, 1-septate, 36–50 × 16–24 μm, brown; pedicel persistent.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Mackenzie, Otago Lakes, Central Otago, Southland, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Cooke (1890a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Coprosma grandifolia, C. lucida, C. macrocarpa, C. perpusilla, C. repens, C. robusta.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Uredinia cinnamon brown, 0.75 mm long; mainly on the lower surfaces of leaves. Urediniospores globose to broadly elliptical, 25–40 × 22–27 μm, echinulate, golden to cinnamon brown. Telia similar to and arising from the same sori as the uredinia, blackish brown. Teliospores elongate-oblong to subclavate, 1-septate, 32–50 × 15–21 μm, smooth, golden brown; pedicel persistent.
Distribution: Taranaki.; 1st Record: McKenzie (1988).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Freycinetia baueriana subsp. banksii.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia scattered or in small groups, yellow; on lower surfaces of leaves and on petioles. Aeciospores elliptical to polygonal, 30–46 × 30–34 μm, yellowish brown, sculptured, appearing reticulate. Telia circular, scattered, pale brownish yellow, up to 1.5 mm in diameter; buried in the dense tomentum on the lower surfaces of leaves. Teliospores linear-oblong to cylindrical, 1-septate, 100–168 × 20–32 μm, hyaline, smooth; pedicel persistent.
Distribution: Wellington, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1923a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Brachyglottis bidwillii var. bidwillii, B. bidwillii var. viridis, B. elaeagnifolia.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Only the telial stage is known. Telia scattered, rounded, orange to pallid chestnut brown, 0.5–1 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of leaves, hidden in the tomentum. Teliospores oblong to subclavate, 1-septate, 80–144 × 20–34 μm, smooth, pale brown to almost hyaline; pedicel persistent.
Distribution: Taupo, Mackenzie.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1928).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Olearia nummulariifolia.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Uredinia scattered, rounded, pale lemon yellow; on the lower surfaces of leaves deeply immersed in the tomentum. Urediniospores subglobose to obovate, 24–40 × 20–24 μm, hyaline, covered with small deciduous verrucae. Telia similar to and associated with the uredinia. Teliospores elliptic-oblong, 1-septate, 64–72 × 30–40 μm, smooth, hyaline; pedicel persistent.
Distribution: Mackenzie.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1928: as Uredo moschatus).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Olearia moschata.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Uredinia scattered, globose or linear, yellowish brown; on lower surfaces of leaves. Urediniospores globose to ellipsoid, 25–33 × 15–20 μm, yellowish brown, finely echinulate. Telia often forming among the uredinia; mainly on the lower surfaces of leaves. Teliospores clavate to broadly elliptical, 1- (occasionally 2-) septate, 27–33 × 16–19 μm, finely echinulate; pedicel persistent.
Distribution: Auckland, Wellington.; 1st Record: Dingley (1977).
Significance: None. The rust is reported to occur frequently on plants being propagated under shade but is rarely found on plants growing in the open (Dingley 1977).; Host(s): Homalocladium platycladum.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia in small, scattered, circular groups, on discoloured spots; on the upper surfaces of leaves. Aecia in small, scattered groups, orange, on discoloured spots; on the upper surfaces of leaves. Aeciospores obovate to polygonal, 24–30 × 16–22 μm, hyaline, densely covered with angular warts. Uredinia scattered, rounded, orange fading to pale yellow, 0.5–1.5 mm in diameter; on the lower surfaces of leaves. Urediniospores fusiform, 32–56 × 16–20 μm, smooth, hyaline. Telia similar to and mixed with the uredinia, pale yellow. Teliospores elongate elliptical, 1-septate, 60–98 × 18–30 μm, smooth, light brown, almost hyaline; pedicel persistent.
Distribution: Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Westland.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1928).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Olearia lacunosa.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia in scattered groups, minute, immersed, yellow; on both sides of the leaf. Telia clustered, circular, dark brown, up to 2 mm in diameter, associated with pale yellow, brown or grey irregular blotches, up to 4 cm long; coincident on both surfaces of leaves, also associated with large, irregular, distorted areas on stems. Teliospores elliptical, 1-septate, 30–40 × 16–22 μm, finely pseudo-reticulate, golden brown; pedicel deciduous.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington, Wairarapa, Nelson, Westland, Fiordland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1923a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Hoheria angustifolia, H. glabrata, H. lyallii, H. populnea, Plagianthus divaricatus, P. regius.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Uredinia scattered, elliptical, orange, up to 0.5 mm long; deeply immersed in tomentum on the lower surfaces of leaves. Urediniospores subglobose to obovate, 21–31 × 18–24 μm, finely verruculose, hyaline. Telia scattered or aggregated into groups, elliptical, 0.2–0.5 mm long; immersed in the tomentum on the lower surfaces of leaves, and on discoloured areas on upper surfaces. Teliospores broadly elliptical, 1-septate, 36–49 × 23–31 μm, smooth, deep chestnut brown; pedicel persistent.
Distribution: Mackenzie.; 1st Record: McNabb (1962a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Olearia odorata.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia in scattered more or less circular groups, minute, immersed, yellow; on upper leaf surfaces. Uredinia minute, circular or elliptical, cinnamon brown, up to 1 mm in diameter; on lower surfaces of leaves. Urediniospores obovate to elliptical, 26–32 × 20–24 μm, coarsely and sparsely echinulate, cinnamon brown. Telia, which appear at the beginning of the winter, are similar to and at first intermixed with uredinia, dark brown. Teliospores broadly elliptical, 1-septate, 28–36 × 20–26 μm, coarsely warted, chestnut brown; pedicel deciduous.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Wairarapa, Gisborne, Nelson, Buller, Fiordland, Kaikoura, Mid Canterbury, Mackenzie, Otago Lakes, Central Otago, Dunedin, Southland, Stewart Island, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1923a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Muehlenbeckia australis, M. axillaris, M. complexa.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Only the uredinial stage is known on arborescent species in New Zealand; other stages are found on non-woody plants. Uredinia in irregular groups, minute, circular, pale yellow, waxy, up to 0.2 mm in diameter, with a ragged margin; on lower surfaces of leaves. Urediniospores elliptical to obovate, 18–26 × 13–20 μm, inconspicuously echinulate, pale orange in mass.
Distribution: On cultivated hybrid Fuchsia: Auckland, Taranaki, Wellington.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1924a: on Epilobium, as Pucciniastrum epilobii); McNabb & Laurenson (1965: on Fuchsia, as Pucciniastrum epilobii).
Significance: Severe infection leads to defoliation.; Host(s): Fuchsia ×hybrida, F. magellanica, F. procumbens.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual or biennial, with pilei overlapping each other, leathery, attached by a lateral base. Pilei fan-shaped, conchate to applanate, 30–200 mm wide, 2–10 mm thick. Pileus surface radiately striate, concentrically sulcate, finely tomentose, bright orange-red, occasionally concentrically zoned with bands of red and white or grey, margin usually lighter in colour. Pore surface plane or convex, sometimes creviced when older, bright orange red to blood red, with a sterile border 1–3 mm wide; pores 5–6 per mm. Context with alternating white and orange red bands, 2–7 mm thick. Hyphal system trimitic. Basidiospores narrowly elliptical, 3–5 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Southland.; 1st Record: Berkeley (1855: as Polyporus sanguineus).
Significance: None. Birch (1937) recorded this fungus (as Trametes cinnabarina) as the cause of a white heart rot in living Knightia excelsa. It is a ubiquitous saprobe, commonly found on dead trees and logs.; Host(s): Knightia excelsa.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiophores aggregated into stout coremia; coremia sterile below, branching above to form a conidia-bearing head, dark brown to black, 0.5–1 mm tall. Conidia subglobose to elliptical, 5–7 μm long, produced in acropetal succession, forming branching chains, smooth, dark brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Taranaki.; 1st Record: Brien & Dingley (1957).
Significance: Causes leaf-scorch and bud blast, which are a minor problem in nurseries (Dingley 1969).; Host(s): Rhododendron sp.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar submerged, no aerial mycelium, main hyphae up to 5 sm wide. Sporangia intercalary and occasionally terminal, globose, 10–30 μm in diameter, or ellipsoidal to limoniform, then 10–37 × 5–26 μm. Oogonia terminal or intercalary, globose to subglobose, 12–21 μm in diameter, wall echinulate with conical, blunt spines, 2–7 μm long. Antheridia one, occasionally two per oogonium, typically monoclinous, antheridial stalk arising some distance from the oogonium. Oospores plerotic, 11–20 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Robertson (1973a).
Significance: None. Infrequently isolated from diseased roots (Robertson 1973a). Reported as slightly pathogenic to roots of vegetable seedlings (Robertson 1976).; Host(s): Cryptomeria japonica, Hebe sp., Juniperus chinensis.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar submerged or with scanty aerial mycelium, main hyphae up to 8 μm wide. Sporangia terminal, ellipsoidal or elongate, 54–86 × 25–38 μm, usually papillate, occasionally proliferating. Oogonia terminal, subglobose, 27–29 μm in diameter, with conical spines 3–11 μm long. Antheridia usually absent. Oospores developing parthenogenetically, plerotic or nearly so, 21–27 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Taupo.; 1st Record: Robertson (1973a).
Significance: Isolated from roots of container-grown plants and shown to be mildly pathogenic (Robertson 1973a).; Host(s): Lupinus sp., Rhododendron indicum.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar submerged with a rosette pattern, no aerial mycelium, main hyphae up to 6 μm wide. Sporangia filamentous, similar to vegetative hyphae, 250 μm in length. Oogonia terminal or intercalary, globose, 17–22 μm in diameter, smooth. Antheridia one, rarely two per oogonium, monoclinous. Oospores aplerotic, 15–21 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Wellington.
Significance: Minor. Infrequently isolated from diseased roots (Robertson 1973a) and shown to be mildly pathogenic (Robertson 1973b).; Host(s): Chamaecyparis sp., Cyphomandra betacea, Eucalyptus sp., Hebe sp., Prunus tomentosa, Pseudopanax sp., Thryptomene calycina.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar submerged, no aerial mycelium, main hyphae up to 6 μm wide, with sickle-shaped, often catenate appressoria. Sporangia consisting of inflated, lobulate filaments. Oogonia mostly terminal, globose to subglobose, 29–34 μm in diameter, smooth. Antheridia often 15–20 per oogonium, diclinous. Oospores plerotic or nearly so, 22–33 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Not known.; 1st Record: Robertson (1980).
Significance: Isolated from apple roots (Robertson 1980). An important pathogen of graminaceous plants overseas, but not in New Zealand.; Host(s): Malus ×domestica.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar submerged, no aerial mycelium, main hyphae up to 10 μm wide. Sporangia filamentous, similar to vegetative hyphae, 300 μm or more in length. Oogonia globose to subglobose, mostly terminal, 12–22 μm in diameter. Antheridia 1–2 per oogonium, mostly diclinous. Oospores aplerotic, 10–18 μm in diameter, with a characteristic lilac-coloured wall.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Rangitikei, Wellington, Hawkes Bay.; 1st Record: Robertson (1976).
Significance: Frequently isolated from diseased roots and damped-off seedlings. Reported as moderately pathogenic to roots of vegetable seedlings (Robertson 1976).; Host(s): Persea americana.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar radiate, aerial mycelium sparse. Sporangia terminal or intercalary, globose to subglobose, 12–30 μm in diameter, or elliptical to limoniform, 15–35 × 6–27 μm. Oogonia terminal, globose to subglobose, 16–27 μm in diameter, smooth. Antheridia 1–6 per oogonium, mostly diclinous. Oospores aplerotic, 15–25 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Kirk (1906).
Notes: This is a confused species. The following description is based on New Zealand isolates identified as ‘Pythium debaryanum auct. non Hesse’ (Robertson 1980).
Significance: Commonly isolated from diseased roots and damped-off seedlings (Robertson 1973a). Reported to be moderately pathogenic to roots of vegetable seedlings (Robertson 1976).; Host(s): Acacia sp., Adiantum sp., Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Daphne odora, Dodonaea viscosa, Fuchsia ×hybrida, Ginkgo biloba, Hebe sp., Leucadendron sp., Ligustrum sp., Mahonia aquifolium, Malus ×domestica, Persea americana, Rosa multiflora.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar submerged with a rosette pattern, no aerial mycelium, main hyphae up to 8 μm wide. Sporangia terminal or intercalary, globose to subglobose, mostly in chains of 2–4, 12–30 μm in diameter. Oogonia terminal or intercalary, globose to subglobose, 17–30 μm in diameter, wall echinulate with acute, conical projections, 1–5 μm long. Antheridia one per oogonium, usually hypogenous. Oospores aplerotic, 15–27 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Marlborough.; 1st Record: Robertson (1976).
Significance: Infrequently isolated from damped-off seedlings and reported to be slightly pathogenic to roots of vegetable seedlings (Robertson 1976).; Host(s): Malus ×domestica.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar submerged with a radiate pattern, no aerial mycelium, main hyphae up to 4 μm wide. Sporangia filamentous, inflated, forming lobulate complexes, up to 150 μm wide. Oogonia terminal or intercalary, globose, 20–24 μm in diameter, smooth. Antheridia 1–2 per oogonium, diclinous. Oospores plerotic or nearly so, 19–24 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Robertson (1973a).
Significance: None. Infrequently isolated from diseased roots (Robertson 1973a).; Host(s): Dodonaea viscosa.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar submerged, no aerial mycelium, main hyphae up to 7 μm wide, hyphal swellings abundant and often forming regular, dense chains. Sporangia not produced. Oogonia produced in compatible paired cultures of isolates, terminal or intercalary, globose, 19–22 μm in diameter, smooth. Antheridia diclinous. Oospores 16–20 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Not known.; 1st Record: Robertson (1980).
Significance: Not known.; Host(s): Olearia sp.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar forming a moderate amount of aerial mycelium, main hyphae up to 6μm wide, hyphal swellings globose, obovate or irregular in shape, terminal and intercalary. Sporangia terminal or intercalary, globose, 11–27 μm in diameter or ellipsoidal to limoniform, 10–40 × 5–25 μm. Oogonia mostly intercalary, often in chains, globose to ellipsoidal, 11–30 × 10–22 μm, wall smooth with 0–5 spines of irregular shape. Antheridia 1–3 per oogonium, mostly mono-clinous, often with long stalks. Oospores aplerotic, 10–20 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury.; 1st Record: Robertson (1973a).
Significance: A very common soil- and plant-inhabiting species with a very wide host range. Frequently isolated from diseased roots and damped-off seedlings (Robertson 1973a). Reported to be highly pathogenic to roots of vegetable seedlings (Robertson 1976).; Host(s): Acacia sp., Acmena smithii, Agathis australis, Agonis sp., Aphelandra squarrosa, Aralia sp., Araucaria heterophylla, Boronia megastigma, Calluna vulgaris, Casuarina cunninghamiana, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, C. obtusa, Coprosma sp., Correa ×harrisii, Cupressus cashmeriana, Cytisus scoparius, Dodonaea viscosa, Erica sp., Eucalyptus cinerea, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Fatsia japonica, Goodia lotifolia, Hebe ×andersonii, H. hectorii subsp. demissa, H. odora, Hydrangea macrophylla, Juniperus communis, J. recurva var. coxii, Lophomyrtus sp., Luculia gratissima, Lupinus albus, Malus ×domestica, Mespilus germanica, Mimosa sp., Muntingia calabura, Nerium oleander, Parahebe sp., Persea americana, Pinus taeda, Pittosporum tenuifolium, Podocarpus alpinus, Pseudopanax sp., Rhododendron indicum, Salix alba var. vitellina, S. matsudana, Schinus molle, Taxus baccata, Vaccinium corymbosum, Viburnum ×burkwoodii.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar submerged, no aerial mycelium, main hyphae up to 8 μm wide. Sporangia proliferating internally, subglobose to ellipsoidal, 25–42 × 22–37 μm, with distinct apical papilla. Oogonia mostly intercalary, 20–24 μm in diameter, smooth. Antheridia monoclinous, stalked or sessile, both diclinous and hypogynous. Oospores plerotic, 19–21 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato.; 1st Record: Robertson (1973a).
Significance: None. Infrequently isolated from diseased roots (Robertson 1973a).; Host(s): Cytisus scoparius, Rosa multiflora.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar showing a radiate pattern, main hyphae up to 7 μm wide. Sporangia always filamentous, branched or unbranched, not inflated. Oogonia terminal or intercalary, globose, 14–16 μm in diameter, smooth. Antheridia 1–2 per oogonium, monoclinous and diclinous. Oospores plerotic.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Robertson (1973a).
Significance: None. Very occasionally isolated from roots (Robertson 1973a).; Host(s): Juniperus chinensis, Prunus tomentosa.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar submerged, no aerial mycelium, main hyphae up to 9 μm wide. Sporangia terminal or intercalary, subglobose, 12–33 μm in diameter. Oogonia mostly intercalary, globose to subglobose, often in chains, 17–42 μm in diameter, smooth. Antheridia 1–2 per oogonium, monoclinous. Oospores plerotic, 15–21 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Dunedin.; 1st Record: Robertson (1980).
Significance: None. Very occasionally isolated from roots (Robertson 1980).; Host(s): Malus ×domestica.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar submerged, no aerial mycelium, main hyphae up to 8 μm wide. Sporangia terminal or intercalary, globose to subglobose, 9–30 μm in diameter, or ellipsoidal to limoniform, 7–35 × 4–25 μm. Oogonia mostly intercalary, globose to subglobose, 15–25 μm in diameter, often in chains, smooth. Antheridia 1–2 per oogonium, monoclinous or hypogynous. Oospores plerotic, 14–24 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Robertson (1976).
Significance: Infrequently isolated from damped-off seedlings and reported to be slightly pathogenic to roots of vegetable seedlings (Robertson 1976).; Host(s): Malus ×domestica, Persea americana.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar cottony, aerial mycelium abundant, main hyphae 2–5 μm wide. Sporangia globose to subglobose, 12–27 μm in diameter, or ellipsoidal to limoniform, 12–32 × 7–22 μm, occasionally spiny. Oogonia terminal or intercalary, globose to subglobose, 12–25 μm in diameter, wall echinulate with digitate, straight or curved 4–7 μm long spines. Antheridia 1–2 per oogonium, monoclinous, occasionally diclinous. Oospores plerotic, 11–22 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Northland, Waikato, Hawkes Bay.; 1st Record: Robertson (1973a).
Significance: Minor. Frequently isolated from diseased roots (Robertson 1973a).; Host(s): Aphelandra squarrosa, Boronia megastigma, Ceanothus sp., Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cytisus scoparius, Erica sp., Eucalyptus cinerea, Fuchsia ×hybrida, Grevillea sp., Hebe odora, Leucadendron sp., Pseudopanax sp., Thujopsis dolabrata.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar cottony, with abundant aerial mycelium, main hyphae up to 9 μm wide. Sporangia (so designated by Robertson (1980), but termed ‘hyphal swellings’ by Plaats-Niterink (1981)) terminal, globose to subglobose, 25–45 tm in diameter. Oogonia formed in dual cultures of compatible isolates, terminal or intercalary, globose, 27–32 μm in diameter. Antheridia 1–8 per oogonium, diclinous, antheridial stalks often encircling the oogonium. Oospores aplerotic, 22–28 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Robertson (1973a).
Significance: None. Infrequently isolated from diseased roots (Robertson 1973a).; Host(s): Aphelandra squarrosa, Aralia sp., Eucalyptus cinerea, Fatsia japonica, Hedera sp., Luculia gratissima, Nerium oleander.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar submerged, no aerial mycelium, main hyphae up to 5 μm wide. Sporangia either subglobose, up to 12 μm in diameter, or composed of lobular elements up to 60 μm long and 12 μm wide, joined into sporangial complexes. Oogonia terminal or intercalary, globose, 12–22 μm in diameter, smooth. Antheridia 1–2 per oogonium, monoclinous. Oospores plerotic, 12–22 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Rangitikei, Wellington.; 1st Record: Robertson (1973a).
Significance: Minor. Infrequently isolated from damped-off seedlings (Robertson 1976).; Host(s): Humulus lupulus, Persea americana.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar with cottony white aerial mycelium, main hyphae up to 11 μm wide. Sporangia terminal or intercalary, globose to subglobose, 10–30 μm in diameter. Oogonia terminal, globose, 19–27 μm in diameter, smooth. Antheridia 1–2 per oogonium, sessile, arising close to the apex of the oogonial stalk. Oospores aplerotic, 14–22 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Brien & Dingley (1953).
Significance: A common and widespread cause of damping-off and root rot in seedlings. Reported to be highly pathogenic to roots of vegetable seedlings (Robertson 1976). In a survey of forest nursery diseases it was the most commonly found pathogen, causing periodic severe root rot in Larix decidua, Pinus nigra subsp. laricio, P. radiata, and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Bassett 1961).; Host(s): Acacia leprosa, Agathis australis, Araucaria heterophylla, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Citrus sp., Correa ×harrisii, Cupressus lusitanica, Dodonaea viscosa, Goodia lotifolia, Humulus lupulus, Larix decidua, Malus ×domestica, Persea americana, Picea sitchensis, Pinus nigra subsp. laricio, P. radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Vitis vinifera.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar submerged, no aerial mycelium, main hyphae up to 7 μm wide. Chlamydospores present, terminal or intercalary, subglobose, 20–60 μm in diameter, dark yellow, thick walled (2–5 μm). Sporangia terminal, ellipsoidal, 80–160 × 40–60 μm, with an apical papilla, proliferating internally with 1 or more sporangiophores. Oogonia, antheridia, and oospores not known.
Distribution: Wairarapa, Nelson.; 1st Record: Bassett (1961).
Significance: Found to be closely associated with resinosis of roots and lower stems of Larix decidua and L. kaempferi in Golden Downs Forest (Nelson region). This condition was first discovered in 1935, when many 3-year-old trees that had wilted and died were found to be exuding resin from the roots and butts. Between 1935 and 1937 over 4000 diseased trees were pulled up and burnt. In 1950, planting of larch was resumed and the disease again became apparent (see Bassett 1960). The connection between larch resinosis and P. undulatum was established later by Bassett (Rawlings 1962).; Host(s): Larix decidua, L. kaempferi.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on corn meal agar with cottony aerial mycelium, main hyphae up to 5 μm wide. Sporangia terminal or intercalary, subglobose to pyriform, 18–23 × 15–20 μm. Oogonia mostly terminal, globose, 18–23 μm in diameter. Antheridia 1 per oogonium, monoclinous. Oospores aplerotic, 16–19 μm in diameter.
Distribution: Not known.; 1st Record: Robertson (1980).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Malus ×domestica.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Uredinia erumpent, cinnamon-brown, 0.2–0.5 mm in diameter; on both sides of phyllodes. Urediniospores ovate to obovate, 33–45 × 16–24 μm, honey coloured, tuberculate. Telia erumpent, reddish brown, 0.2–0.4 mm in diameter; on both sides of phyllodes. Teliospores broadly fusiform to clavate, 35–55 × 16–26 μm, apex flattened and crowned with 1–8 digitate, divergent projections, 4–10 × 2–4 μm long, pale golden brown.
Distribution: Northland.; 1st Record: Dingley (1977: as Uromyces phyllodiorum).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Acacia mearnsii.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium: primary internal, secondary external. Hyphae of secondary mycelium superficial, hyaline, smooth, septate, 1–3 μm wide. Stromata absent. Conidiophores in small, loose fascicles emerging from stomata when arising from internal mycelium, or solitary when arising from external mycelium, straight, hyaline, smooth, 0–1-septate, 10–30 × 2–4 μm; conidiogenous cells with conspicuous scars. Conidia in simple or branched chains, ellipsoid-ovoid to subcylindrical-fusiform, 0-septate, 4–16 × 2–4 μm, rough walled, hyaline. Leaf spots brown, greyish white when old, roughly circular, 2–8 mm in diameter, with a reddish to dark brown narrow margin, on both sides of leaves.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Braun et al. (2003).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Coprosma macrocarpa.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, immersed, globose, dark brown, opening by an ostiole, 0.13–0.17 mm in diameter; on corky, roughly circular, light brown leaf spots with a dark brown irregular margin, up to 10 mm in diameter, on both sides of leaves. Conidia deltoid, 0-septate, 7–10 × 6–9 μm, smooth, pale brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Marl-borough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: Usually found in association with other fungi, this fungus is regarded as a secondary invader of tissue killed by other agencies (Park & Keane 1982).; Host(s): Eucalyptus fastigata, E. fraxinoides, E. nitens.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, apothecial, solitary or in small clusters, superficial, more or less cup-shaped, dark grey to black, margin inrolled and split into numerous short, thick obtuse lobes, centre sterile and depressed, 1–2 mm in diameter; on grey brown necrotic leaf spots, 2–3 mm in diameter, on lower surfaces of fronds. Asci elliptical to clavate, 70–85 × 11–13 μm. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 12–15 × 5–7 μm, smooth, hyaline becoming pale brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Wairarapa, Nelson.; 1st Record: Dennis (1961).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Cyathea dealbata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, acervular, solitary, superficial, more or less circular, crustose, dark brown to black, 0.5–1 mm in diameter; on angular, necrotic leaf spots, 1–2 mm in diameter, on both surfaces of fronds. Asci elliptical, 40–80 × 12–15 μm. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 10–14 × 3–5 μm, smooth, hyaline becoming pale brown.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Marlborough Sounds.; 1st Record: Dingley (1972).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Cyathea smithii.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar at first colourless, rapidly becoming brown, aerial mycelium sparse. Hyphae subhyaline to pale brown, often constricted near the septa, clamp connections none. Sclerotia irregular in shape, brown, solitary, about 1 mm in diameter, sometimes confluent and forming conspicuous crusts. Basidiomata rarely seen in nature, sometimes induced in culture by transfer from a rich to a poor nutrient medium when they are resupinate, effuse, creamy, loosely attached to the substratum. Basidiospores oblong to broadly ellipsoid, 6–14 × 4–8 μm, apiculate at the base, smooth, hyaline, non-amyloid.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Rangitikei, Wellington, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Kirk (1908: as Rhizoctonia).
Significance: Found by Thulin et al. (1958) to be the main pathogen causing damping off in Larix decidua, Picea sitchensis, Pinus nigra subsp. laricio, P. radiata, and Pseudotsuga menziesii in a forest nursery. Bassett (1961) noted its association with damping off of young coniferous seedlings from three nurseries.; Host(s): Agathis australis, Citrus sinensis, Larix decidua, Picea sitchensis, Pinus nigra subsp. laricio, P. radiata, P. taeda, Prunus persica, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata hypogeous to subepigeous, subglobose to oblong, yellowish brown to rusty brown often with a yellowish tinge, up to 30 mm in diameter; rhizomorphs well developed, dark brown to black; peridium composed of a single layer, ochraceous in section. Gleba firm, white at first, becoming yellowish brown later, consisting of persistent tramal plates anastomosing to form labrynthiform cavities filled with basidiospores. Basidiospores elliptical, 0-septate, 6–9 × 3–4 μm, smooth, yellowish.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou (1979).
Significance: Isolated from and experimentally shown to be a mycorrhizal partner of Pinus radiata (Chu-Chou 1979). The fungus is found in forest nurseries and in young plantations.; Host(s): Pinus caribaea, P. radiata.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata hypogeous to subepigeous, globose to oblong, dull brown, bluish when bruised, 10–30 mm in diameter; peridium composed of two layers, cinnamon brown to reddish brown in section. Gleba firm, brown; tramal plates enclosing empty locules. Basidiospores elliptical, 0-septate, 5–7 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Nelson, Buller, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1983a).
Notes: The description given below has been adapted from that of Smith & Zeller (1966) on which identification of the New Zealand specimens was based.
Significance: Isolated from mycorrhizal roots of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Chu-Chou & Grace 1983a). It is a common associate of P. menziesii in the South Island, particularly in nurseries (Chu-Chou & Grace 1987).; Host(s): Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata hypogeous to subepigeous, irregularly globose, white at first then lemon yellow, tinged red when bruised, up to 60 mm in diameter, with weakly developed rhizomorphs; peridium composed of a single layer, yellowish brown in section. Gleba firm, reddish brown to greyish brown; tramal plates enclosing subglobose empty locules. Basidiospores elliptical, 0-septate, 6–9 × 3–4 μm, smooth, pale yellow.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou (1979).
Significance: Isolated from and experimentally shown to be a mycorrhizal partner of Pinus radiata (Chu-Chou 1979). It is the fungus most commonly isolated from mycorrhizal roots of P. radiata seedlings and young (<5-year-old) trees and is regarded as a major mycorrhizal partner. Seedlings inoculated with R. rubescens were found to be significantly larger than seedlings inoculated with Endogone flammicorona (Chu-Chou & Grace 1984) or with Laccaria laccata and Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Chu-Chou & Grace 1985) at the end of the first growing season.; Host(s): Pinus radiata.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata hypogeous to subepigeous, globose to subglobose, white at first, becoming vinaceous red, 10–30 mm in diameter; rhizomorphs very few or absent; peridium of a single layer, vinaceous in section. Gleba white to ochraceous, becoming olive to dark olive brown; tramal plates enclosing locules nearly filled with basidiospores. Basidiospores elliptical to ovoid, 0-septate, 5–9 × 3–5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Gisborne, Mid Canterbury, Southland.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1981c).
Notes: The taxonomy of this species is not clear as several other species are morphologically very similar to R. vinicolor. Collectively, they are referred to as ‘the R. vinicolor species complex’ (Kretzer et al. 2003). The description given below has been adapted from Smith & Zeller (1966) on which identification of the New Zealand specimens has been based.
Significance: Isolated from and shown experimentally to be a mycorrhizal partner of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Chu-Chou & Grace 1981c).; Host(s): Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, emerging from the regular parallel rows of stomata, globose-ovoid with a short stalk, brown to black, non-ostiolate, 45–75 × 30–85 μm; on needles. Conidia elliptic to ovoid, 0-septate, 5–10 × 3–5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Rangitikei, Nelson, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Gilmour (1966a: as Rhizosphaera pini).
Significance: Of little importance. Almost always confined to dead needles or dead portions of living needles.; Host(s): Abies grandis, Picea abies, P. sitchensis, Pinus jeffreyi, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Sequoia sempervirens.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual, solitary or with overlapping pilei, firm, corky-woody, attached by a narrow lateral base. Pilei fan-shaped, slightly concave, 20–50 mm wide, 1–2 mm thick. Pileus surface radiately striate, glabrous, reddish orange at first, becoming deep orange brown to black. Pore surface even, reddish orange, becoming reddish brown or dark brick red; pores 3–4 per mm. Context reddish orange, 0.2–1.0 mm thick; in cross-section mature specimens show a striking contrast between the dark brick red pore surface, the reddish orange context, and the black pileus surface. Hyphal system monomitic. Basidiospores globose to subglobose, 5–6 μm in diameter, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wellington, Gisborne, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Mid Canterbury, North Canterbury, Southland.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1948c: as Coltricia aureofulva).
Significance: None. Causes a white-pocket rot with orange zone lines.; Host(s): Elaeocarpus dentatus, Eucalyptus globoidea, Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, Podocarpus hallii, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual, solitary or closely grouped, leathery, usually pendulous, suspended from a short, vertical, central (occasionally lateral) stipe-like extension. Pilei disc- or trumpet-shaped when solitary, 5–15 mm in diameter, 1–2 mm thick; when closely packed, often fused at the margins and forming a continuous sheet attached by numerous stipe-like projections, up to 50 × 20 mm. Pileus surface often radiately striate, smooth or finely tomentose, cream grey or light brown, sometimes with concentric bands of light and dark grey, margin turned upwards, entire or finely toothed. Pore surface concave, often tearing into segments, white or cream; pores minute, 9–10 per mm. Context white or light brown, 0.2–0.5 mm thick. Hyphal system monomitic. Basidiospores globose, 4–5 μm in diameter, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Marlborough.; 1st Record: Berkeley (1855: as Polyporus catervatus).
Significance: The cause of a white-pocket heart rot characterised by a honeycomb-like system of angular cavities separated by thin partitions of sound wood.; Host(s): Dacrydium cupressinum, Laurelia novaezelandiae, Nothofagus fusca, N. truncata, Prumnopitys taxifolia.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual, solitary or with overlapping pilei, leathery becoming woody, attached by a narrow lateral base. Pilei fan-shaped, sometimes applanate, 30–60 mm wide, 5–10 mm thick. Pileus surface glabrous, radiately striate, reddish orange to orange-brown, margin usually entire, sometimes fluted or lobed, concolorous. Pore surface even, reddish orange, darkening with age to deep brick red; pores minute, 9–10 per mm. Context reddish orange, shining, 2–5 mm thick. Hyphal system monomitic. Basidiospores globose, 4–6 μm in diameter, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Wellington, Gisborne, Fiordland.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1948c: as Coltricia laeta).
Significance: Of no significance. Causes a white-pocket heart rot with orange zone lines.; Host(s): Elaeocarpus dentatus, Nothofagus menziesii.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: On hosts: Mycelium on roots near the root collar white, felted, often with 1–2 mm long digitate protrusions. In cultures on 3% malt extract agar: white, felted, with areas of black, flat, mycelial crusts. Hyphae hyaline, smooth, with pear-shaped swellings adjacent to many, but not all septa. Fructifications not seen.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Hawke’s Bay, Taranaki, Wanganui.; 1st Record: Birch (1937).
Notes: The fungus causing rosellinia root disease of Pinus radiata in localised areas of the North Island has traditionally been known as Rosellinia radiciperda. The name originated with Massee (1896). He had obtained cultures of a fungus causing a root disease of fruit trees planted on cleared indigenous forest sites in New Zealand and identified them as those of an anamorphic fungus, Dematophora necatrix R.Hartig. Later, he received a collection of stromatic ascomata from the base of a dead Malus ×domestica tree, which he named Rosellinia radiciperda. From hyphal characteristics, Massee (1896) maintained that R. radiciperda was the teleomorph of D. necatrix. According to Cunningham (1925a) there is no valid evidence to support this association. Zondag & Gilmour (1963) reported that C.Bassett (unpublished data) had compared cultures of the pathogen obtained from roots of diseased Pinus spp. with ascospore cultures of authenticated Rosellinia radiciperda from Beilschmiedia tawa and found that they were “in no way similar”. Petrini (2003) recorded that, apart from the type collection, all seven hosts of authenticated R. radiciperda in New Zealand were exclusively native to New Zealand. Rosellinia necatrix is not included by Petrini in her list of New Zealand species of Rosellinia although she reported that many of the anamorphic collections on exotic New Zealand hosts in the PDD herbarium “may be, indeed, R. necatrix”. Pennycook (1989) included all records of R. radiciperda, except those from B. tawa, under Rosellinia necatrix Berlese ex Prillieux. The pine pathogen is certainly not Rosellinia radiciperda. It may be R. necatrix, but in the absence of any fruiting structures, this cannot be determined. Despite numerous attempts at inducing fruiting, cultures of the fungus obtained at various times over the past 40 years in the New Zealand Forest Research Institute laboratory have obstinately remained sterile, with one exception of an unverified record of the production of Dematophora fructifications. ‘Rosellinia radiciperda’ has been recorded as a cause of root disease in fruit trees and many indigenous plants (Cunningham 1925a). It may or may not be the fungus recorded on exotic forest plantation trees. The account below describes the fungus known to forest pathologists as ‘Rosellinia radiciperda’; a name that has been maintained purely for convenience.
Significance: Recorded in Pinus radiata forests in the central North Island as the cause of mortality in young stands (areas of up to 0.5 ha) and in single trees. Symptoms are similar to those of magnesium deficiency (needles with bright yellow tips covering the entire crown). Infected trees decline in vigour and eventually die. It occurs in only a few forests, and is of minor economic importance. Laboratory experiments using artificially infected soil have shown that the fungus is a virulent pathogen of P. radiata (C.Bassett, unpublished results; M.A.Dick, unpublished results). Reasons for low virulence in the field are unknown.; Host(s): Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Eucalyptus obliqua, E. regnans, Larix decidua, L. kaempferi, Pinus patula, P. radiata, P. strobus, Thuja plicata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, densely aggregated and frequently confluent, superficial, seated on a subiculum composed of interwoven olivaceous to brown hyphae in groups up to 1 mm in diameter, globose or ellipsoid, black, 80–100 μm in diameter; on yellowish, brownish or greenish grey leaf spots on the lower surfaces of leaves. Asci ellipsoid, 45–80 × 19–23 μm. Ascospores clavate to narrowly ellipsoid, 1-septate, 17–21 × 5–7 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Taranaki, Wellington.; 1st Record: Laundon (1972).
Significance: A minor pathogen of no significance.; Host(s): Brachyglottis repanda.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, grouped, immersed, globose, black, up to 0.1 mm in diameter, opening by an irregular fissure; stromata lobate, erumpent, black, each lobe containing a single ascoma; on scattered, angular, black, necrotic spots up to 1 mm in diameter, on both sides of leaves. Asci narrowly cylindrical, 45–60 × 10 μm. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 15–18 × 3–4 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Nelson.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Leucopogon fraseri.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, grouped, partly immersed, flask-shaped, black, up to 0.15 mm in diameter, ostiole papillate; stroma erumpent, black; on scattered, occasionally confluent, angular, rusty brown, necrotic spots up to 5 mm in diameter, on lower surfaces of leaves. Asci clavate, 70–90 × 14–18 μm. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 25–30 × 8–10 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Waikato, Taupo, Nelson.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Olearia traversii, O. virgata.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual, sometimes solitary but more usually compound, composed of many (up to 28) overlapping pilei, often forming a rosette, fleshy cartilaginous, brittle and easily snapped when young, attached by a common, broad lateral base. Pilei fan-shaped or spatulate, 15–25 mm wide, 1–5 mm thick, often merging laterally. Pileus surface delicately tomentose, white to cream, margin reddish brown, lobed. Pore surface plane, with a sterile border up to 2 mm wide, cream to light brown; pores large, 2–4 per mm. Context cream to light brown, up to 2 mm thick. Hyphal system dimitic. Basidiospores obovate, 5–8 × 4–5 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Gisborne, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, North Canterbury, Otago Lakes.; 1st Record: Colenso (1887: as Favolus hispidus var.).
Significance: Recorded as the cause of butt rot in a living Nothofagus menziesii tree (Hood 1992).; Host(s): Nothofagus menziesii.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, gregarious, occasionally solitary, erumpent, black, covered in a black mass of exuded conidia, 0.25–0.5 mm wide; arranged concentrically on large (10–25 mm), roughly circular, pale brown to reddish brown leaf spots on the upper surfaces of leaves. Conidia fusiform, slightly curved, 4-septate, 15–19 × 6–8 μm, with an apical and a basal appendage; basal cell obconical with a truncate base, hyaline, with a single excentric, hyaline, 10–14 μm long, appendage; three median cells short cylindrical, brown; apical cell conical, hyaline, with a single hyaline, 5–7 μm long, appendage.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Buller, Westland.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000b).
Significance: This fungus has a wide host range overseas (Nag Raj 1993). It causes little damage in New Zealand.; Host(s): Acacia melanoxylon, Eucalyptus delegatensis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, scattered, oval to irregular, subepidermal, black, up to 0.4 mm in diameter, opening by rupture of the overlying epidermis and exposing the dark spore mass; on pale brown, irregular, often confluent spots with a darker, raised, corky margin on both sides of leaves but more common on the upper surfaces. Conidia fusiform, 3-septate, 16–21 × 6–9 μm, two median cells dark brown, end cells paler in colour; apical cell abruptly narrowing into a hyaline, 12–25 μm long, appendage; basal cell with an excentric, 12–35 μm long, hyaline appendage.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Southland.; 1st Record: Dick (1990).
Significance: Found only on leaves in the lower crown. Causes little damage.; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, scattered to gregarious, often confluent, intraepidermal, elongate to oval, glistening black, 0.2–0.5 mm wide; mainly on upper surfaces of leaves. Conidia fusiform, 4-septate, 16–24 × 5–7 μm; apical and basal cells smooth, hyaline; intermediate cells minutely verruculose, subhyaline to pale brown; apical cell with a single, tubular, flexuous appendage 28–48 μm long; basal cell with an excentric, tubular, flexuous appendage, 24–52 μm long.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Wanganui, Wellington.; 1st Record: Boesewinkel (1977b: as Seimatosporium grevilleae).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Grevillea banksii, G. robusta.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, scattered, occasionally aggregated and confluent, intraepidermal, oval to irregular, black, up to 0.5 mm long; on both sides of leaves. Conidia fusiform, straight or irregularly curved, 4-septate, 16–24 × 6–7 μm; apical and basal cells smooth, hyaline; intermediate cells verruculose, pale brown to brown; apical cell with a single tubular, flexuous appendage, 6–26 μm long; basal cell with a single, excentric, tubular, flexuous appendage, 7–19 μm long.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Boesewinkel (1981c: as Seimatosporium kennedyae).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Dodonaea viscosa.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, solitary, scattered, erumpent, elongate oval in outline, dull black, opening by an irregular fissure, 0.3–0.4 mm long; on cankers on dead and dying branches. Conidia fusiform, 5-septate, straight or slightly curved, 40–57 × 9–11 μm, four median cells pale brown; apical cell hyaline, with a single apical appendage, 8–19 9m long; basal cell hyaline with a single excentric appendage, 11–21 μm long.
Distribution: Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Nelson, Buller, Westland.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000b).
Significance: Found on swollen, fissured cankers on dying branches of E. nitens in Nelson and Westland. On E. regnans, it is associated with twig lesions and minor dieback.; Host(s): Eucalyptus nitens, E. regnans.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata apothecial, scattered, erumpent, without a stalk, cup-shaped, outer wall composed of colourless hyphae, disc convex, pale yellow to pale orange, 0.3–0.5 mm in diameter. Asci clavate, multi-spored, 50–80 × 15–20 1m. Ascospores spherical, 0-septate, 2–3 m in diameter, hyaline.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wairarapa, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: This resinicolous fungus has been shown to cause small cankers on species of Abies, Larix, Picea, and Pinus (Smerlis 1973). In New Zealand, it is often found on resin exuded from small cracks in the host bark but it does not appear to be pathogenic.; Host(s): Pinus radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium evanescent, white, hyphae 4–5 μm wide; on lower surfaces of leaves. Appressoria not lobed. Ascomata not known in New Zealand. Conidio-phores of two types: macroconidiophores 60–95 × 4–8 μm with a foot cell tapering towards the apex; and microconidiophores 20–190 × 5–8 μm, also with a foot cell tapering towards the apex. Conidia produced in chains, cylindrical, 0-septate, macroconidia 23–37 × 13–20 μm, microconidia 12–17 × 5–6 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato.; 1st Record: Boesewinkel (1977a).
Significance: Inconspicuous and of no significance.; Host(s): Acer negundo, A. pseudoplatanus, Alectryon excelsus, Dodonaea viscosa.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, depressed globose, 0.2–0.4 mm in diameter, non-ostiolate, opening by the falling away of the clypeus covering the perithecium, present generally as a single locule in a subepidermal, convex, circular to elliptical, black stroma 0.3–0.7 mm in diameter; on grey, indeterminate leaf spots on both sides of leaves. Asci clavate, 90–120 × 20–26 μm. Ascospores fusiform, 0-septate, 60–66 × 7–8 μm, smooth, hyaline, both ends terminating in long (about 30 μm) awn-like processes.
Distribution: Nelson, North Canterbury.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Dracophyllum traversii.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata solitary or with a few or many overlapping pilei, leathery, sessile or attached by a lateral extension of the margin which may at times form a stipe-like base. Pilei fan-shaped, 10–60 mm wide. Pileus surface villose, the hairs matted, fawn at first, grey when old, margin varying from scalloped to incised to deeply cleft. Gills widely spaced, divided, radiate, pinkish fawn to dark grey. Context brownish, up to 0.7 mm thick. Basidiospores narrowly oblong to cylindrical, 4–8 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Kaikoura, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Central Otago, Southland.; 1st Record: Berkeley (1855).
Significance: Recorded as a wound parasite of Sophora microphylla, causing heart rot and penetrating into heartwood through dead branches (Birch 1937). The cause of cankers in apple trees, gaining entry through large pruning wounds (Taylor & Atkinson 1941). Very common on stumps and logging debris throughout New Zealand.; Host(s): Malus ×domestica, Sophora microphylla.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Spores borne in sporocarps. Sporocarps hypogeous or epigeous, often aggregated, subglobose to ellipsoid, composed of a single layer of spores surrounding a central network of hyphae and resembling a miniature blackberry, dark brown, 400–600 × 200 μm. Spores subglobose to ellipsoid, 0-septate, 40–120 × 30–100 μm; spore wall dark brown, laminated; subtending hyphae 5–12 μm wide, hyaline.
Distribution: Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Hall (1977).
Significance: Hall (1977) showed this to be an endomycorrhizal fungus in New Zealand.; Host(s): Coprosma robusta.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata depressed globose, yellowish, covered with brownish scales, 50–70 mm in diameter, arising from the cord-like mycelium; peridium composed of a single layer, white in section. Gleba greyish becoming purplish black; tramal plates white, firm for a long time but finally breaking down and becoming powdery. Basidiospores globose, 0-septate, 8–15 μm in diameter, reticulated, purplish black.
Distribution: Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou (1979).
Significance: Shown experimentally to be a mycorrhizal partner of Pinus radiata (Chu-Chou 1979).; Host(s): Pinus radiata.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata subepigeous to epigeous, depressed globose, yellow, yellowish brown, cinnamon brown or pinkish red, covered with granules, up to 40 mm in diameter, with numerous rhizomorphs; peridium composed of a single layer, yellowish to reddish in section, dehiscing by irregular rupture of the apical portion. Gleba at first violaceous, becoming cinnamon brown; tramal plates yellow, often persistent. Basidiospores globose, 0-septate, 10–16 μm in diameter, strongly reticulated, cinnamon brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne.; 1st Record: Birch (1937).
Significance: Experimentally shown to be a mycorrhizal partner of Pinus radiata (Birch 1937) and of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Chu-Chou & Grace 1983a).; Host(s): Eucalyptus regnans, Pinus radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata subepigeous to epigeous, pyriform, often lobed, straw coloured to lemon yellow with a reddish tinge, finely areolate, up to 50 mm in diameter, with numerous rhizomorphs; peridium composed of a single layer, yellowish in section, dehiscing by irregular rupture in several lobes. Gleba olivaceous at first, becoming smoky grey; tramal plates yellow, firm at first, finally becoming powdery. Basidiospores globose, 0-septate, 10–14 μm in diameter, densely and coarsely echinulate, smoky grey.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1982: as Scleroderma flavidum).
Significance: Isolated from Eucalyptus spp. and experimentally shown to be a mycorrhizal partner of E. regnans (Chu-Chou & Grace 1982).; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. regnans, E. saligna.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata subepigeous to epigeous, depressed globose, ochraceous to cinnamon brown, occasionally tinted purple, covered in deciduous cinnamon brown warts, up to 40 mm in diameter, with a short rooting base attached to the substratum by rhizomorphs; peridium composed of a single layer, fragile, ochraceous in section, dehiscing by a small, irregular pore. Gleba olivaceous at first, becoming cinnamon brown; tramal plates few, white, becoming grey. Basidiospores globose, 0-septate, 9–12 μm in diameter, densely and coarsely echinulate, pale smoky grey.
Distribution: Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Gisborne, Nelson.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou (1979).
Significance: Shown experimentally to be a mycorrhizal partner of Pinus radiata (Chu-Chou 1979). Isolated from Eucalyptus spp. and experimentally shown to be a mycorrhizal partner of E. saligna (Chu-Chou & Grace 1982).; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. nitens, E. regnans, E. saligna, Leptospermum scoparium, Pinus radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered or gregarious, immersed, becoming erumpent, globose to irregular, black, 0.1–0.3 mm in diameter; on young shoots and less commonly on needles. Conidia ovate, 0-septate, 4–8 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline. In culture, this fungus produces a Hormonema state (Hormonema dematioides Lagerberg & Melin) which is a smooth, black colony covered with a whitish slimy mass of conidia. The appearance is very similar to that of colonies of Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) G.Arnaud.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Rangitikei, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Westland, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Mackenzie, Central Otago, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Gadgil (1971).
Significance: Although it is not a primary pathogen, this fungus colonises tissues killed by frost and then invades healthy tissues, causing dieback, cankers, and needle blight (Gadgil 1971). It can be a problem after unseasonable frosts.; Host(s): Pinus contorta, P. radiata.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial to acervular, scattered to gregarious, occasionally confluent, partly erumpent, roughly circular to oval, black, 0.2–0.4 mm in diameter, opening by an irregular split; on cankers on stems and branches. Conidia fusiform, straight, 5-septate, 21–30 × 8–10 μm, smooth, apical and basal cells hyaline to subhyaline, intermediate cells brown to dark brown; apical cell with a single, tubular, short (0.5–1.5 μm) appendage; basal cell appendage when present single, centric, 1 m long.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Birch (1933: as Coryneum cardinale).
Notes: Swart (1973) considered that differences in the characteristics of conidial appendages used to distinguish S. cardinale (appendages <2 μm long or absent) from S. unicorne (appendages up to 10 μm long) represented extreme variations of a single species. This view is not generally accepted. See also NOTE under Seiridium unicorne (p. 135).
Significance: One of the fungi causing cypress canker. Cypress canker is common throughout New Zealand (van der Werff 1988, Hood et al. 2001). The fungi cause cankering on branches and stems, resulting in crown dieback which leads to malformation, reduced wood quality and, occasionally stem breakage. Some mortality has been recorded, particularly in young stands (Hood et al. 2001). No economic evaluation of the losses is available. Conidia are dispersed by water splash. New cankers are initiated if conidia land on wounds or cracks in otherwise healthy tissue. Pruning increased spread of the disease (Self & Chou 1994, Hood et al. 2001). Van der Werff (1988) reported that incidence of cypress canker in Cupressus macrocarpa decreased as tree age increased and increased with a rise in average mean temperature. No correlation with rainfall was found. Hood et al. (2001) observed a gradual increase in severity of the disease from south to north of the country. A farm forester of much experience with cypresses has noted that C. macrocarpa seems to be much healthier on southern slopes and sheltered sites, indicating that site temperature and exposure are important factors influencing disease severity. He also noted that the disease also seemed to be worse on the windward site of a shelterbelt (D.Hocking, pers. comm.). There is considerable difference in susceptibility between the host species (Gilmour 1966a; Hood et al. (2001): highly susceptible—Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cupressus macrocarpa; susceptible—×Cupressocyparis leylandii, Cupressus lusitanica; resistant —Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressus arizonica, C. torulosa, Thuja plicata. Records of Seiridium spp. in the Forest Health database maintained by New Zealand Forest Research Institute show that Seiridium unicorne is more common (77%) than S. cardinale (23%). An exception occurs in the Canterbury region (North, Mid and South Canterbury), where records of S. cardinale were as frequent as those of S. unicorne. Most records of S. unicorne are from C. macrocarpa, C. lawsoniana, and ×Cupressocyparis leylandii. Nearly all records of S. cardinale came from C. macrocarpa. Only S. unicorne was recorded on C. lusitanica. Chemical control of cypress canker is not considered to be necessary. Resistance to this disease is one of the criteria used in the selection of superior individuals of C. macrocarpa for tree improvement field trials (Gea & Low 1997).; Host(s): Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, ×Cupressocyparis leylandii, Cupressus arizonica, C. macrocarpa, C. sempervirens, Thuja plicata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, scattered to gregarious, oval to elliptical, occasionally confluent, partly erumpent, brown to dark brown, opening by rupture of the overlying tissue, 0.1–0.2 mm wide; on both sides of leaves. Conidia cylindrical-fusiform, slightly curved, 5-septate, 30–34 × 8–10 μm, with an apical and a basal appendage; basal cell conical with a truncate base, hyaline, with a single central, 6–10 μm long, appendage; four median cells short cylindrical, brown; apical cell conical, hyaline, with a single, 8–14 μm long, appendage.
Distribution: Westland.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000b).
Significance: This fungus is associated with leaves cast prematurely from trees showing defoliation and dieback. Pathogenicity to young plants of five species of Eucalyptus has been demonstrated (Yuan & Old 1995).; Host(s): Eucalyptus sp.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata perithecial, stromatic, solitary or aggregated in groups of 2–3, globose to subglobose, up to 0.4 mm in diameter, with necks up to 200 μm long; on cankers on stems and branches. Asci clavate, 90–170 c 9–12 μm. Ascospores oblong to ellipsoidal, 3-septate, 17–25 8–9 μm, brown. Conidiomata stromatic, pycnidial, scattered to gregarious, immersed, elongate to oval, dark brown to black, 0.2–0.6 mm long, opening by an irregular split; on cankers on stems and branches. Conidia fusiform, straight or slightly curved, 5-septate, 24–30 × 8–10 μm, smooth, apical and basal cells hyaline, intermediate cells pale brown to brown; apical cell with a single, tubular appendage, 5–8 μm long; basal cell appendage single, tubular, centric, 3–6 μm long.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Fiordland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Mackenzie, Otago Lakes, Central Otago, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Fuller & Newhook (1954: as Monochaetia unicornis).
Notes: The teleomorph is present but uncommon in New Zealand, and isolations from cypress cankers almost invariably yield the anamorph. Boesewinkel (1983) considered that many of the collections identified as Seiridium unicorne in New Zealand could be distinguished as a separate species, S. cupressi, but Chou (1989) found that S. cupressi and S. unicorne were morphologically indistinguishable. Barnes et al. (2001) reported that while S. unicorne and S. cupressi could not be distinguished on morphological grounds, they could be separated using sequence data from either the β-tubulin or histone H3 gene. The two clades defined by Barnes et al. (2001) did not coincide exactly with Boesewinkel’s two morphological groupings, but they concluded that the two New Zealand isolates of ‘S. unicorne’ included in their study should be referred to S. cupressi. Recent reports from Europe, based on molecular characteristics (Graniti 1998; Moricca et al. 2000) support the existence of three species there, and indicate that a fourth species may be present in Australia (Graniti 1998). Until the New Zealand situation is clarified, I have included records of S. cupressi under S. unicorne.
Significance: One of the fungi causing cypress canker.Cypress canker is common throughout New Zealand (van der Werff 1988, Hood et al. 2001). The fungi cause cankering on branches and stems, resulting in crown dieback which leads to malformation, reduced wood quality and, occasionally stem breakage. Some mortality has been recorded, particularly in young stands (Hood et al. 2001). No economic evaluation of the losses is available. Conidia are dispersed by water splash. New cankers are initiated if conidia land on wounds or cracks in otherwise healthy tissue. Pruning increased spread of the disease (Self & Chou 1994, Hood et al. 2001). Van der Werff (1988) reported that incidence of cypress canker in Cupressus macrocarpa decreased as tree age increased and increased with a rise in average mean temperature. No correlation with rainfall was found. Hood et al. (2001) observed a gradual increase in severity of the disease from south to north of the country. A farm forester of much experience with cypresses has noted that C. macrocarpa seems to be much healthier on southern slopes and sheltered sites, indicating that site temperature and exposure are important factors influencing disease severity. He also noted that the disease also seemed to be worse on the windward site of a shelterbelt (D.Hocking, pers. comm.). There is considerable difference in susceptibility between the host species (Gilmour 1966a; Hood et al. (2001): highly susceptible—Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cupressus macrocarpa; susceptible—×Cupressocyparis leylandii, Cupressus lusitanica; resistant —Cryptomeria japonica, Cupressus arizonica, C. torulosa, Thuja plicata. Records of Seiridium spp. in the Forest Health database maintained by New Zealand Forest Research Institute show that Seiridium unicorne is more common (77%) than S. cardinale (23%). An exception occurs in the Canterbury region (North, Mid and South Canterbury), where records of S. cardinale were as frequent as those of S. unicorne. Most records of S. unicorne are from C. macrocarpa, C. lawsoniana, and ×Cupressocyparis leylandii. Nearly all records of S. cardinale came from C. macrocarpa. Only S. unicorne was recorded on C. lusitanica. Chemical control of cypress canker is not considered to be necessary. Resistance to this disease is one of the criteria used in the selection of superior individuals of C. macrocarpa for tree improvement field trials (Gea & Low 1997).; Host(s): Callitris rhomboidea, Calocedrus decurrens, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, C. nootkatensis, C. pisifera, C. thyoides, Cryptomeria japonica, ×Cupressocyparis leylandii, ×C. ovensii, Cupressus arizonica, C. arizonica × torulosa, C. arizonica var. glabra, C. duclouxiana, C. guadalupensis, C. lusitanica, C. macrocarpa, C. sempervirens, C. torulosa, Sequoiadendron giganteum, Thuja occidentalis, T. plicata, Widdringtonia sp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, aggregated, immersed later partly erumpent, more or less globose, yellowish to pale brown, 0.1–0.15 mm in diameter; usually appearing as yellowish to dark pustules in the centre of circular to irregular pale brown leaf spots with a dark brown margin, up to 10 mm in diameter, on the upper surfaces of leaves. Conidia cylindrical, curved, 2–5-septate, 25–50 × 2.5–4.5 μm, base truncate, apex rounded, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Westland.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2001).
Significance: Regarded as a minor pathogen although occasionally associated with severe defoliation of individual trees.; Host(s): Alnus rubra.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, immersed, subglobose, black, 0.1–0.15 mm in diameter; on reddish yellow to reddish brown leaf spots which usually begin to develop at the tip of the leaf but eventually cover most of it. Conidia oblong-linear to subcylindrical, straight or somewhat curved, (1–)3(–4)-septate, 15–20 × 1–3 μm, smooth, hyaline, exuded in tendrils.
Distribution: Auckland, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington.; 1st Record: Dingley (1969).
Significance: Locally common but of little importance.; Host(s): Rhododendron indicum.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, aggregated, immersed, globose, dark brown, 0.1–0.15 mm in diameter; on roughly circular to angular, often confluent chestnut brown leaf spots on the lower surfaces of leaves. Conidia filiform, flexuous, 2–3-septate, 30–45 × 1–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Boesewinkel (1982).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Cercis canadensis, C. siliquastrum.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, immersed becoming erumpent, globose to subglobose, brown, 0.05–0.1 mm in diameter; on small flecks on leaves and fruit. Conidia subclavate to fusiform, straight or slightly curved, 0–1-septate, 7–23 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Wanganui, Wellington.; 1st Record: Brien (1939); see also Laundon (1973).
Significance: Infrequently recorded and of minor importance.; Host(s): Citrus grandis × reticulata, C. limon.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, numerous, scattered, subepidermal, globose, dark brown, 0.1–0.15 mm in diameter; on small necrotic spots or large (10–20 mm wide) areas with greyish centres and dark green-purple margins, on both sides of leaves. Conidia filiform, straight or flexuous, 1–2-septate, 50–60 × 2 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Wellington, Kaikoura, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Cooke (1886).
Significance: Blair (1962) demonstrated the pathogenicity of this fungus to Myoporum laetum. It is of no practical significance.; Host(s): Myoporum laetum.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, subepidermal, immersed, globose to subglobose, pale brown to dark brown, 0.1 mm in diameter; on circular to ellipsoid, small (1–3 mm in diameter) leaf spots with a pale grey necrotic centre and a sharply defined brown margin. Conidia fusiform, 0–3-septate, 15–35 × 1 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Dingley (1969).
Notes: This fungus, found on lesions on leaves of Hebe spp., has been repeatedly confused with Phaeophleospora atkinsonii (see p. 68), also found on lesions on leaves of Hebe spp. See Laundon (1978b) for accounts of the confusion between the two species, and their distinguishing characteristics.
Significance: A common leaf spot of no significance.; Host(s): Hebe ×andersonii, H. ×franciscana, H. obtusata, H. speciosa.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary or in small groups of 2–3, immersed, globose, black; on roughly circular (3–5 mm in diameter, but up to 10 mm wide when on leaf margins), greyish leaf spots with a raised purple red margin, on the upper surfaces of leaves. Conidia filiform, straight, 0-septate, 30–60 × 1 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes.; 1st Record: Dingley (1969).
Significance: Of no economic importance but reported to be occasionally serious on individual plants (Dingley 1969).; Host(s): Fuchsia ×hybrida.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, solitary, immersed, subglobose, brownish black, 0.1 mm in diameter; on angular or roughly circular (1–3 mm diameter) pale ochraceous to rusty brown leaf spots with a whitish centre and a purple margin, on both sides of leaves and on stems. Conidia filiform, flexuous, 1–3-septate, 35–60 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Gisborne, Nelson, Fiordland, Mid Canterbury, Southland.; 1st Record: Kirk (1906).
Significance: Of minor importance in commercial gardens (Dingley 1969).; Host(s): Rubus cissoides, R. fruticosus agg., R. idaeus, Rubus × (hybrid berry).
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, immersed, globose, light brown, 0.1 mm in diameter; on raised, corky, roughly circular, discrete (up to 10 mm in diameter) but occasionally confluent, leaf spots on both sides of leaves. Conidia filiform, sigmoid or falcate, 1-septate, 65–70 × 2–3 μm, with rounded ends, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000b).
Significance: Invariably associated with other fungi and likely to be a secondary invader of tissue killed by primary pathogens.; Host(s): Eucalyptus muelleriana, E. regnans.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, subepidermal, globose-ellipsoid, brown, ostiolate, 0.1 × 0.07 mm in diameter; on small (up to 1.5 mm diameter), angular, frequently confluent necrotic leaf spots with a whitish centre and a broad purple margin, on the upper surfaces of leaves. Conidia elongated cylindrical, flexuous, 2-septate, 40–50 × 2–3 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Wanganui, Wellington, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: Causes little damage.; Host(s): Arbutus unedo.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, substomatal, globose to subglobose, dark brown, ostiolate, 0.1 mm in diameter; on small (2–4 mm in diameter) rounded or angular pale brown necrotic spots with a dark red to purplish border, mainly on the lower surfaces of leaves; conidia often ooze from the ostiole and form dark brown masses on the leaf. Conidia oval to cylindrical, 3-septate, 22–26 × 8–11 μm, dark brown, verruculose, apex rounded, base truncate.
Distribution: Auckland, Taupo, Rangitikei, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Otago Lakes.; 1st Record: Dick (1990).
Significance: Teleomorph has not been recorded in New Zealand. Park & Keane (1984) have shown that this fungus is pathogenic to Eucalyptus cladocalyx and E. globulus. It causes little damage in New Zealand.; Host(s): Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus, E. nitens.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, gregarious, intraepidermal, occasionally confluent, partly erumpent, brown, 0.08–0.12 mm in diameter; on small (0.5–2 mm wide), irregular, somewhat raised, greyish white leaf spots with a narrow dark brown margin on the upper surfaces of leaves; spots often coalesce to cover large areas of the leaf. Conidia ellipsoidal to oval, 0-septate, 5–12 × 3–6 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Nelson, North Canterbury.; 1st Record: Murray (1926a: as Gloeosporium capreae).
Significance: The fungus does little damage.; Host(s): Salix babylonica, S. fragilis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, aggregated, intraepidermal, roundish to elongated, black; on greyish white leaf spots on the upper surfaces of leaves. Conidia globose to ovoid, 0-septate, 4–5 × 3 μm, smooth, subhyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Brien & Dingley (1951).
Significance: A common leaf spot of minor importance (Gilmour 1966a).; Host(s): Populus nigra, P. trichocarpa.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, intraepidermal, erumpent, elongated, pale brown; on small (1–3 mm diameter), scattered, occasionally confluent, roughly circular to irregular, greyish white leaf spots with a dark brown, wavy, slightly raised margin, on both sides of leaves. Conidiophores closely packed, septate, slightly inflated in the middle, tapering towards the apex, 30–200 μm long. Conidia globose to ovoid, 0-septate, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Jenkins & Bitancourt (1955).
Significance: Locally significant in young plants, causing distortion of leaves (Dingley 1969).; Host(s): Feijoa sellowiana.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, scattered, intraepidermal, rounded to elongated, pale brown, 0.07–0.15 mm in diameter; on circular, pale yellow leaf spots. Conidia ellipsoid, 0-septate, 4–9 × 3–4 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Southland.; 1st Record: Brien & Dingley (1959: as Gloeosporium sorbi).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Sorbus aucuparia.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered, immersed becoming erumpent, subglobose, black, 0.2–0.4 mm in diameter with a papillate ostiole; on necrotic, elongated, confluent, dark brown leaf spots with a grey brown centre and a definite margin, on both sides of leaves. Conidia globose to ellipsoid, 0-septate, 15–28 × 10–18 μm, finely reticulate-echinulate, smoky brown.
Distribution: Waikato, Wellington, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Laundon (1973).
Significance: Laundon (1973) considered this fungus to be weakly pathogenic.; Host(s): Cordyline australis, C. banksii.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnidial, scattered or in groups, immersed, partly erumpent (particularly on needles), dark brown to black, 0.3–0.5 mm in diameter, ostiolate; on wounds on stems and on unwounded, non-suberised shoots and needles. Conidia oblong to clavate, 0-septate (sometimes becoming 1-septate on germination), 30–55 × 11–18 μm, smooth or pitted, dark brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, Kaikoura, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Mackenzie, Otago Lakes, Central Otago, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Curtis (1926: as Botryodiplodia pinea).
Significance: This ubiquitous fungus, generally considered to be a wound pathogen, is also capable of infecting undamaged young tissue. It attacks tissues weakened or damaged by frost, drought, hail, or mechanical injury, and causes two main types of damage: Leader dieback: Infection of tissue produced in the current season results in dieback of terminal and lateral shoots. The first sign is a small, dark brown spot on the non-suberised young shoot; this develops into a purple to dark brown lesion which does not extend to the suberised part of the stem. The shoot wilts at the point of infection and the part above the lesion dies. Warm temperatures (20–25pC) and humid conditions favour infection (Chou 1982). Leader dieback is a problem in a few localised areas, principally closed valley systems. Malformation associated with leader dieback can cause significant downgrading of sawlog quality. It was responsible for an estimated loss of $5.4 million (1988 dollars) over one rotation in a 6000 ha plantation (New 1989). Crown wilt and whorl canker: Infection of the woody stem can lead to death of a considerable portion of the crown, the extent depending on position of the point of entry. The fungus invades through wounds and pruning stubs are common entry sites. Depressions form above and below infected stubs because the cambium is killed, causing a type of injury known as whorl canker. If all pruning stubs in a branch whorl are affected, the whole portion of the crown above the whorl often dies. Infection of woody tissues is first indicated by discoloration and death of the inner bark, which becomes brown and eventually black. The fungus reaches the pith through the ray cells and invades further ray cells as it moves up the stem. Infected wood ranges in colour from light grey to dark blue grey. This ‘blue stain’ is usually seen in cross section as wedge-shaped sectors. Wilting of shoots or the whole crown follows invasion of the wood. Chou & MacKenzie (1988) showed that the extent of pruning affected susceptibility of Pinus radiata trees to S. sapinea. Where 40–50% of the green crown was removed in a single lift, 65% of the trees became infected; only 8% were infected where pruning involved 25% crown removal. Chou & MacKenzie (1988) also showed that infection was restricted to a short period during summer months. Chou (1987) found that water stress caused by drought was a predisposing factor. Damage from whorl canker and crown wilt can therefore be minimised if 25% or less of the green crown is removed in one pruning lift timed to avoid hot and dry periods in summer. Sphaeropsis sapinea is also important as a cause of sap-stain in logs and sawn timber.; Host(s): Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Pinus canariensis, P. contorta, P. elliottii, P. muricata, P. nigra subsp. laricio, P. palustris, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, P. taeda, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, evanescent, occasionally dense, white, hyphae 3–5 μm wide; on leaves. Appressoria not lobed. Ascomata not known in New Zealand. Conidiophores 250–350 × 7–13 μm, foot cell straight or tapering towards the base. Conidia produced in moderately long or long chains, oval, 0-septate, 26–33 × 16–22 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Southland.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1922: as Sphaerotheca humuli).
Significance: This fungus has been recorded under a number of different names. Dingley (1969) reported it under the name Sphaerotheca macularis (Fries) Jaczewski as the cause of a troublesome powdery mildew on strawberry. Boesewinkel (1980, 1981a) recorded it on a number of Eucalyptus species as S. alchemillae (Greville) Junell. It is the most common of three powdery mildew fungi found on Eucalyptus spp. (The other two are Erysiphe orontii and S. pannosa.) As it is not possible to differentiate these fungi in the field, records generally refer to ‘powdery mildew’ rather than to individual species. Powdery mildew can be a serious problem in glasshouse-grown Eucalyptus seedlings, severe infection causing necrosis of young leaves and shoots. Sphaerotheca aphanis observed in nursery seedlings has been found to persist under field conditions (I.A.Hood, New Zealand Forest Research Institute, pers. comm.).; Host(s): Eucalyptus albens, E. cinerea, E. crebra, E. diversicolor, E. diversifolia, E. grossa, E. megacarpa, E. nitens, E. nutans, E. paniculata, E. tereticornis, E. torquata, Rubus australis, R. cissoides.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, dense, white, hyphae 3–9 μm wide; on leaves and twigs. Appressoria not lobed, inconspicuous. Ascomata cleistothecial, scattered, superficial, oval to globose, dark brown, 70–90 μm in diameter, with unbranched, brown, matted appendages. Asci one per ascoma, globose to oval, 55–75 × 50–60 μm. Ascospores 8 per ascus, oval to globose, 0-septate, 15–18 × 12–16 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiophores 80–100 × 10–13 μm, foot cell straight or slightly swollen at the base. Conidia produced in chains, oval, 0-septate, 27–31 × 15–18 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Brien & Dingley (1951: as Oidium sp.).
Significance: Infection occurs in late spring and early cucurbit crops can be seriously damaged.; Host(s): Carica ×heilbornii nm. pentagona, C. microcarpa, C. papaya, C. pubescens, *Coriaria angustissima, C. arborea, C. lurida, Hibiscus syriacus, Hoheria lyallii, H. populnea, Olearia furfuracea, Thunbergia gregorii.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, moderately dense to dense; on leaves, shoots, and inflorescences. Primary mycelium white, composed of flexuous hyphae; secondary mycelium brown, composed of straight hyphae; hyphae of both types 5–6 μm wide. Appressoria not lobed. Ascomata cleistothecial, scattered, superficial on the plant surface but embedded in ‘pannose’ or felted patches of the secondary mycelium, globose to pyriform, dark brown, 0.1 mm in diameter, with a few short, unbranched, twisted, pale brown appendages. Asci one per ascoma, oblong to globose, 80–115 × 60–75 μm. Ascospores 8 per ascus, oval, 0-septate, 20–27 × 12–15 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidiophores 70–80 × 7–9 μm, foot cell slightly swollen at the base. Conidia produced in long chains, oval, 0-septate, 27–31 × 15–18 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Central Otago, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Kirk (1905).
Significance: The cause of ‘rose mildew’, a damaging disease of cultivated roses. When infection is severe, entire leaves, long stretches of stem, buds, and flowers become covered with white, powdery mycelium; leaves wither and growth is checked. Leaf infection in peach and apricot is uncommon but russeting of fruit is troublesome in susceptible varieties (Atkinson 1971). Boesewinkel (1981a) has shown that this species occurs on species of Eucalyptus. Because it is difficult to distinguish from other powdery mildews in the field, its significance as a pathogen of eucalypts is discussed under Sphaerotheca aphanis.; Host(s): ): Eucalyptus albens, E. deglupta, E. eremophila, E. moluccana, E. tereticornis, Malus × domestica, Prunus armeniaca, P. persica, Rosa chinensis × multiflora, *R. multiflora, *R. rubiginosa, * Rosa sp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium internal, subcuticular, composed of hyaline, smooth, radiating hyphae, 3–8 m wide. Conidiophores emerging through the cuticle, aggregated or widely separated, straight, erect, flask shaped, with a cylindrical neck, pale brown to dark brown at the base, becoming paler towards the apex, verruculose, up to 30 μm long, bearing several closely spaced annellations. Conidia obclavate, 1-septate, 19–28 × 9–12 μm, verrucose, yellow brown to pale brown, somewhat flattened at the base. Leaf spots dark brown, annular or zonate with a green centre, up to 5 mm in diameter, sometimes effuse, covering the whole leaf, often surrounded by concentric pale yellow, violet or pale brown halo, on upper surfaces of leaves.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: Brien & Dingley (1955).
Significance: Infection occurs in late spring and can cause considerable defoliation in susceptible varieties (Dingley 1969). An important disease of olives in Mediterranean countries.; Host(s): Olea europaea.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium internal, subcuticular, becoming locally thickened to form erumpent pustules, which push aside a strip of cuticle. Conidiophores aggregated, arising from upper cells of the exposed pustule, flask shaped, pale brown to brown, smooth or verruculose, up to 40 m long, bearing many closely-spaced annellations. Conidia obpyriform, 0-septate, 14–21 × 7–10 μm, pale brown to olivaceous brown, base truncate. Leaf spots circular or irregular, dark olivaceous to blackish olive, velvety, on leaves and fruit.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Nelson, Southland.; 1st Record: Brien & Dingley (1951: as Spilocaea eriobotryae).
Significance: Scab on leaves and fruits can cause considerable damage to Eriobotrya japonica (loquat) in Northland and Auckland (Dingley 1969).; Host(s): Eriobotrya japonica, Pyracantha angustifolia.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, scattered, immersed becoming erumpent, elliptical, black, up to 4 mm long; on stems, leaves, and fruit. Conidia ovoid, straight, 3-septate, 13–18 × 5–7 m, yellowish brown, end cells occasionally paler.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Taupo, Wanganui, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, Central Otago, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Murray (1926b: as Coryneum ruborum).
Significance: Associated with dieback following pruning or superficial wounds. It is of minor importance (Dingley 1965).; Host(s): Rosa rubiginosa, Rosa sp., Rubus australis, R. cissoides, R. idaeus, Vitis vinifera.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata acervular, scattered, immersed, brown, up to 0.1 mm in diameter; on spots on leaves. Conidia fusiform, 3-septate, 13–18 × 4–6 μm, smooth, basal cell pale brown, other cells medium brown.
Distribution: Waikato.; 1st Record: Johnston & McKenzie (1982: as Seimatosporium vaccinii).
Significance: Reported as the cause of a leaf spot of minor importance on blueberry (Johnston & McKenzie 1982).; Host(s): Vaccinium ashei, V. corymbosum.
Type: Xylophilous Fungi; Description: Isolated from stained sapwood associated with tunnels of pinhole borers (Platypus spp.) and not seen fruiting in nature. The following description is from cultures on 2% malt extract agar. Colonies slow-growing (40 mm in 14 days, 20 degrees), dark olive green to almost black with a pale grey margin, flat, with some shiny patches in older cultures due to production of conidia, aerial mycelium greyish white, sparse; reverse dark olive green; submerged hyphae brown, smooth, septate, 2–3 μm wide, sometimes fasciculate; aerial hyphae pale brown, septate. Conidiogenous cells arising from undifferentiated hyphae, sometimes in a terminal position but more commonly integrated in small side branches, straight or flexuous, septate, acicular, widest at the base and tapering towards the apex, 20–80 × 1.5– 2.5 μm, the apical part forming conidia by sympodial growth giving rise to a short denticulate conidiiferous rachis, hyaline; sometimes proliferating at, or a little below the apex, giving rise to other short, denticulate rachides. Conidia fusiform to narrowly clavate, 0-septate, 5–7.5 × 2–3.5 μm, smooth, hyaline; also formed laterally on un-differentiated hyphae.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Hawkes Bay, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Faulds (1977).
Significance: Sporothrix nothofagi is found in stained sapwood associated with tunnels of three species of native pinhole borers (Platypus apicalis White, P. gracilis Broun, and Treptoplatypus caviceps (Broun)). These three borers attack living trees of all Nothofagus spp., and P. apicalis and P. gracilis also attack living Weinmannia racemosa. Tunnels bored by Platypus adults normally extend radially in the sapwood to a zone near the heartwood boundary where they branch tangentially (Milligan 1979). A bluish-black stain, about 120 mm long, tapering gradually from 5 mm wide towards both ends, is always associated with the tunnels. Sporothrix nothofagi can be isolated from hyphae present in the stained area (Faulds 1973). Severe pinhole borer attacks (10 or more holes per 100 cm2) on healthy Nothofagus or W. racemosa, or light to moderate attacks followed by an abnormally dry season can kill trees of merchantable size when S. nothofagi spreads from the tunnels into sapwood. Conclusive evidence of pathogenicity of S. nothofagi to N. fusca has been demonstrated by Faulds (1977) and to W. racemosa by Payton (1989).; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, N. truncata, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual, resupinate with reflexed margins to semipileate. Pilei effused-reflexed with broad resupinate bases, loosely attached, 10–20 mm in diameter. Pileus surface hirsute-tomentose, undulating, straw coloured, radially zoned with darker bands, margin whitish. Pore surface smooth to tuberculate, wrinkled, yellow brown to ochre, often with a violet tinge, turning blood-red when injured, margin lighter. Context reddish yellow, up to 500 μm thick. Hyphal system dimitic. Cystidia none. Basidiospores elliptic-cylindrical, 6–8 × 2–3 μm, amyloid.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Nelson.; 1st Record: Birch (1937).
Significance: Although usually a saprobe on dead wood, this fungus has been occasionally recorded as a parasite infecting pruning wounds and causing a sap rot in Pinus spp., including P. radiata (Gilmour 1966a).; Host(s): Agathis australis, Dacrydium cupressinum, Dracophyllum sp., Larix decidua, Nothofagus menziesii, Pinus nigra subsp. laricio, P. radiata, P. taeda, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata apothecial, aggregated in groups, disc pale yellow, surrounded by a broad, white-lobed sterile margin which protrudes from the surface, 0.2–0.4 mm in diameter; deeply immersed in wood. The snow-white border surrounding the sunken disc gives a striking appearance to this fungus. Asci cylindrical, 170–200 × 5–7 1m. Ascospores filiform, multiseptate, 130–150 × 2 m, hyaline.
Distribution: Waikato.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: None. The fungus has been found on dead branches of walnut but its pathogenic status is not known.; Host(s): Juglans nigra.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata sporodochial, scattered, stroma immersed, semi-erumpent rupturing the cuticle, dark brown, 0.1–0.2 mm wide; on scale leaves and twigs. Conidia cylindrical-obclavate, curved, 5–10-septate, 40–60 × 5–7 μm, dark brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Waikato, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: Associated with death and casting of foliage of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana on the west coast of the South Island. Older foliage in the lower and middle crown is affected first and as this is cast, trees develop a hollow crown with an outer fringe of green leaves. Continued defoliation over several years has led to the death of some trees. The disease has not proved to be serious elsewhere in New Zealand.; Host(s): Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Thuja plicata.
Type: Corticolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in groups of several hundred, visible as papillae protruding through the surface of the stroma, globose to subglobose, orange becoming dark olive green, 0.2–0.3 mm in diameter, ostiole distinctly papillate, immersed in a single layer in a convex, orange-pink to grey pulvinate stroma up to 10 mm in diameter; on bark on stems. Asci cylindrical, 70–110 × 5–11 cm. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 9–14 × 4–6 m, verrucose, hyaline. Conidiophores united into synnemata, 1–3 mm high, conidial mass hemispherical, orange to reddish brown. Conidia oval to cylindrical, 3–8 × 1–2 m, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Nelson, Westland, Kaikoura.; 1st Record: Dingley (1951: as Nectria grisea).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Beilschmiedia tawa, Brachyglottis repanda, Carmichaelia sp., Corynocarpus laevigatus, Dysoxylum spectabile, Geniostoma rupestre var. ligustrifolium, Hoheria populnea, Macropiper excelsum, Melicytus ramiflorus, Muehlenbeckia australis, Ripogonum scandens, Vitex lucens.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, gregarious, immersed, globose to subglobose, dark brown to black, ostiolate, 0.06–0.3 mm in diameter; on dead and dying needles. Conidia allantoid, 0-septate, 10–14 × 3–4 μm, hyaline; with a filiform, 10–15 μm long, hyaline, basal appendage which is often inserted obliquely.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: Nag Raj (1993) recorded the association of this fungus with branch and twig cankers and necrotic needles of Abies, Picea, and Pinus species in Canada. It does not appear to act as a pathogen in New Zealand although it is very common as an endophyte in P. radiata needles. In Tasmania it has been recorded as a secondary invader of needles of P. radiata trees suffering from spring needle-cast (Podger & Wardlaw 1990).; Host(s): Pinus radiata.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate. Pileus evenly dark reddish brown at first, becoming cinnamon brown, 50–100 mm in diameter, convex to plano-convex, extremely mucilaginous; flesh white becoming yellow with age. Pore surface adnate to subdecurrent; tubes dirty yellow becoming olivaceous at maturity, 5–12 mm long; pores concolorous with tubes, angular, 0.5–1 mm in diameter. Stipe more or less cylindrical, white at first, becoming pale yellow later, annulus absent, 25–50 mm long. Basidiospores elliptical, 0-septate, 6–9 × 2–3 μm, smooth, pale yellow.
Distribution: Auckland, Bay of Plenty.; 1st Record: McNabb (1968).
Significance: Found only in association with Pinus radiata in New Zealand. McNabb (1968) reported that in Woodhill Forest, S. brevipes was found fruiting abundantly under P. radiata but was absent from adjacent stands of P. pinaster and other Pinus spp.; Host(s): Pinus radiata.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate. Pileus buff yellow, reddish tan to cinnamon orange, 50–150 mm in diameter, convex to plano-convex, mucilaginous; flesh yellowish with a greenish yellow line immediately above the tubes. Pore surface adnate to subdecurrent; tubes creamy white becoming yellow, 7–13 mm long; pores concolorous with tubes, becoming spotted reddish brown, angular, 0.5–1 mm in diameter. Stipe more or less cylindrical, white at first, becoming bright yellow towards the apex and dirty brown below, speckled with numerous pinkish brown to reddish brown glandulae, annulus absent, 45–80 mm long. Basidiospores elliptical, 0-septate, 7–10 × 3–4 μm, smooth, yellowish. DISTRIBUTION: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland, Chatham Islands.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: McNabb (1968).
Significance: Isolated from and experimentally shown to be a mycorrhizal partner of Pinus radiata (Chu-Chou 1979).; Host(s): Pinus contorta, P. nigra subsp. laricio, P. pinaster, P. radiata, P. strobus.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate. Pileus golden brown, paling towards the margin, 50–150 mm in diameter, convex to plano-convex, mucilaginous; flesh lemon yellow. Pore surface adnate to subdecurrent; tubes lemon yellow, up to 11 mm long; pores concolorous with the tubes, becoming brownish when bruised, angular, 0.5–1 mm in diameter. Stipe more or less cylindrical, tapering slightly towards the apex, concolorous with the pores above a conspicuous, brownish yellow annulus, golden brown below, reticulate above the annulus, 45–100 mm long. Basidiospores elliptic, 0-septate, 8–10 × 3–4 μm, smooth, pale yellow.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Nelson, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Rawlings (1951: as Boletus elegans).
Significance: Common in stands of Larix decidua and regarded as a mycorrhizal associate (Rawlings 1951).; Host(s): Larix decidua, L. kaempferi.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate. Pileus tinted reddish, 60–120 mm in diameter, sprinkled with coarse, ochraceous to brown scales, convex to plano-convex, dry; flesh yellow. Pore surface adnate to decurrent; tubes pale yellow becoming yellowish brown, up to 9 mm long; pores concolorous with tubes, radially elongated, up to 2 mm long. Stipe more or less cylindrical, concolorous with the pores above a membranous white annulus, ochraceous brown below, fibrillose, 35–80 mm long. Basidiospores elliptical, 0-septate, 8–10 × 3–4 μm, smooth, pale yellow.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Nelson, Buller, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Rawlings (1958).
Significance: Isolated from Pseudotsuga menziesii and reported as common in the South Island (Chu-Chou & Grace 1987).; Host(s): Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate. Pileus dull reddish brown to chocolate brown, 60–120 mm in diameter, convex to plano-convex, mucilaginous; flesh white. Pore surface adnate to subdecurrent; tubes pale yellow at first becoming deep ochre yellow, 5–10 mm long; pores at first concolorous with the tubes becoming spotted dark reddish brown, angular, 0.5–1.0 mm in diameter. Stipe more or less cylindrical, pale yellow above a conspicuous white annulus, brownish below, with numerous reddish brown glandulae, 40–90 mm long. Basidiospores elliptical, 0-septate, 7–9 × 2–3 μm, smooth, pale yellow.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Birch (1937: as Boletus luteus).
Significance: Isolated from and experimentally shown to be a mycorrhizal partner of Pinus radiata (Chu-Chou 1979).; Host(s): Pinus banksiana, P. contorta, P. lambertiana, P. muricata, P. nigra subsp. laricio, P. patula, P. ponderosa, P. radiata.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate. Pileus variable in colour, creamy yellow to olive grey when young, becoming yellow, cinnamon brown or reddish orange later, often streaked with a mixture of these colours, 70–140 mm in diameter, plano-convex to applanate, mucilaginous; flesh white to pale yellow. Pore surface adnate to subdecurrent; tubes dull yellow becoming darker, up to 12 mm long; pores concolorous with tubes, angular, 0.7–1 mm in diameter. Stipe more or less cylindrical, white at first but becoming creamy yellow, with conspicuous greyish to pinkish brown glandulae, annulus absent, 50–80 mm long. Basidiospores elliptical, 0-septate, 8–10 × 3–4 μm, smooth, pale yellow.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: McNabb (1968).
Significance: Not known.; Host(s): Pinus radiata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata none. Asci cylindrical or clavate, 34–65 × 13–17 μm, with a distinct stalk cell; forming a more or less continuous layer on the lower surfaces of pale, distorted and thickened leaves borne on the short shoots forming witches’ brooms. Ascospores soon budding within the ascus and filling it with numerous globose to elliptical blastospores. Blastospores 0-septate, 3–6 × 4–6 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington.; 1st Record: Dingley (1970).
Significance: Infection by T. betulina produces large witches’ brooms, 1 m or more in diameter. Leaves bearing the fungus are soon shed.; Host(s): Betula pendula.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata none. Asci cylindric-clavate, 20–50 × 7–15 μm, with stalk cells; lining the upper surfaces of swollen and distorted portions of leaves. Ascospores globose, 0-septate, 3–7 μm in diameter, smooth, hyaline, budding freely in the ascus and filling it.
Distribution: Auckland, Gisborne, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, Central Otago, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Kirk (1894).
Significance: Leaf curl is a common and destructive disease of peaches and nectarines; it is less common on apricots. Fortunately, it is easily controlled with a single annual application of an appropriate fungicide (Atkinson 1971). Infected leaves are swollen and distorted and change in colour to a light green with red and purple tints, finally turning brown as necrosis develops.; Host(s): Prunus armeniaca, P. dulcis, P. persica, P. persica var. nucipersica.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata none. Asci clavate, 70–90 × 18–22 μm, with or without a basal stalk cell; forming a golden yellow layer over the lower surfaces of leaf blisters. Ascospores budding within the ascus, filling it with numerous elliptical blastospores. Blastospores 0-septate, 2 × 1 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wairarapa, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Westland, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Birch (1937: as Taphrina aurea).
Significance: The cause of distortion and blistering of leaves in poplars. Usually of no significance although occasionally damaging young plants in nurseries.; Host(s): Populus ×canadensis, P. nigra, P. tremula.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata none. Asci cylindric-clavate, 20–50 × 5–15 μm, with a large stalk cell; forming a layer over the surface of swollen and distorted fruit and leaves. Ascospores elliptical, 0-septate, 4–7 × 3–6 μm, smooth, hyaline, commonly budding freely within the ascus.
Distribution: Auckland, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Kirk (1896: as Exoascus taphrina pruni).
Significance: ‘Bladder plum’ is of minor importance in commercial orchards where a normal spray programme is maintained. It can cause heavy losses if trees are not sprayed (Atkinson 1971). Infected fruit become elongated, distorted, wrinkled and almost white with a tinge of red, finally turning brown and falling. In Prunus salicina the fruit also becomes much enlarged.; Host(s): Prunus ×domestica, P. salicina.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata none. Asci clavate, 17–53 × 5–15 μm, with a large stalk cell; forming a layer on yellow or red buckled and distorted portions of leaves. Ascospores elliptical, 0-septate, 4–9 × 3–6 μm, smooth, hyaline, frequently budding in the ascus.
Distribution: Hawkes Bay, Central Otago.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1921: as Taphrina minor).
Significance: Cherry leaf curl is of little economic importance (Atkinson 1971).; Host(s): Prunus avium, P. yedoensis.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata formed from subsessile pilei of diverse shape and form, dimidiate or spuriously infundibuliform, often in imbricating rosettes, up to 120 mm wide, sometimes encrusting living or dead plants. Pilei applanate, flabelliform, surface ferruginous, umber or vinaceous, covered with strigose tufts, margin crenate, concolorous. Pore surface inferior, even or finely tuberculate, ferruginous, umber or vinaceous. Context ferruginous, 1–5 mm thick, fibrous. Basidiospores either globose 8–10 μm in diameter, or irregularly oval, 8–11 × 7–9 μm, 0-septate, sparsely echinulate, pallid ferruginous.
Distribution: Northland, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Buller, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Otago Lakes, Southland.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou (1979).
Notes: This fungus has been also recorded under ‘Radicicolous Basidiomycota’ because it is a root-inhabiting fungus that occasionally smothers young seedlings. The following account contains additional information relating to its mycorrhizal function. ASSOCIATED PLANTS: Pinus radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Significance: Isolated from and shown experimentally to be a mycorrhizal partner of Pinus radiata (Chu-Chou 1979) and isolated from Pseudotsuga menziesii (Chu-Chou & Grace 1983a). Reported to be ineffective in promoting the growth rate of P. radiata seedlings (Chu-Chou & Grace 1987).; Host(s): Pinus radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar white and cottony at first, becoming brownish black. Chlamydospores intercalary or terminal, usually in a series of 5–7, soon breaking apart, short-cylindrical, 0-septate, 6–14 × 9–13 μm, dark brown, smooth. Conidio-phores erect, branched a few times, 3–5-septate, 70–95 μm long, subhyaline to pale brown, each terminating in a phialide; phialides lageniform, 55–80 μm long, sub-hyaline. Conidia extruded in long chains, cylindrical, 8–19 × 3–5 μm, with truncate ends, hyaline to pale brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Marlborough.; 1st Record: Anonymous (1944).
Significance: Of no importance in forestry. This fungus is an important pathogen of tobacco.; Host(s): Acacia baileyana, A. riceana, Actinidia deliciosa, ×Citroncirus webberi, Daphne odora, Lupinus angustifolius, L. luteus, Passiflora edulis, Rhododendron sp., Telopea oreades × speciosissima, Ulex europaeus, Vaccinium corymbosum, Vitis rupestris.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, multi-loculate, scattered, subcuticular, irregular in shape, pustulate, black, shining, 0.5–1.5 mm in diameter; on upper surfaces of leaves, not associated with any obvious necrosis. Asci saccate, 145–175 × 27–37 μm. Ascospores oblong, straight or slightly curved, 0-septate, 35–46 × 12–15 μm, smooth, hyaline. Conidia oblong, straight, 0-septate, 35–47 × 12–17 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Taupo, Fiordland, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Central Otago.; 1st Record: Sydow (1924).
Significance: None. The black and shiny ascomata give the appearance of tar-spots.; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, N. truncata.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual, solitary or, more usually, with overlapping pilei, leathery, attached by a lateral base. Pilei effused-reflexed, applanate, 50–100 mm wide, 2–5 mm thick. Pileus surface concentrically zoned with strigose bands of coarse, brown hairs of various shades, surface grey, yellowish brown to pale brown, margin bluntly rounded, entire or crenate, concolorous. Pore surface even, sometimes lamellar, plane, with a sterile border 2–3 mm wide, white; pores 2–4 per mm. Context white, 1–2 mm thick. Hyphal system trimitic. Basidiospores narrowly elliptical, 7–9 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Westland, Central Otago.; 1st Record: Berkeley (1855: as Polyporus hirsutus).
Significance: Recorded as the cause of heart rot in living Pseudopanax arboreus (Hood 1992).; Host(s): Pseudopanax arboreus.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual, solitary or more usually with overlapping pilei sometimes radiating out in a rosette form, leathery, attached by a lateral base. Pilei fan-shaped or spatulate, 20–70 mm wide, 2–5 mm thick. Pileus surface concentrically sulcate and zoned with strigose hairs of different shades of brown, grey, black, yellow, and blue, margin lighter in colour, crenate. Pore surface even, white to cream, with a sterile border 1–5 mm wide; pores 3–5 per mm. Context white, 1–2 mm thick. Hyphal system trimitic. Basidiospores narrowly elliptical, 4–6 × 1–2 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Berkeley (1855: as Polyporus versicolor).
Significance: This fungus is a wound pathogen of fruit trees and causes a white rot in the heartwood (Atkinson 1971). It is also a weak parasite of Betula pendula (Gilmour 1966a).; Host(s): Parasitic attack: Betula pendula, Malus ×domestica, Prunus armeniaca, P. avium, P. persica, P. salicina, Pyrus communis. Nature of attack, whether parasitic or saprobic, not known: Acacia dealbata, Agathis australis, Beilschmiedia tawa, Cupressus macrocarpa, Eriobotrya japonica, Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus, Knightia excelsa, Leptospermum scoparium, Melicytus ramiflorus, Meryta sinclairii, Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. solandri, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, Paraserianthes lophantha, Pinus radiata, Pittosporum crassifolium, Podocarpus hallii, Pseudopanax arboreus, Salix fragilis, Syringa vulgaris, Ulex europaeus, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia scattered, honey coloured; on both sides of leaves. Aecia scattered, with a broad margin that is torn into 3–5 lobes; on the lower surfaces of leaves. Aeciospores subglobose, 16–24 m in diameter, finely verruculose, yellowish brown. Uredinia in groups, circular, cinnamon brown, up to 0.5 mm in diameter, in scattered yellow or brown spots; on lower surfaces of leaves with spots also visible on the upper surface. Urediniospores ellipsoid to obovoid, 20–40 × 10–19 μm, verrucose, dark brown at the apex, paler in the lower half. Telia scattered, circular, dark chestnut brown, up to 1 mm in diameter; on lower surfaces of leaves. Teliospores ellipsoid to oblong, 1-septate, deeply constricted at the septum, 30–45 × 18–25 μm, upper cell chestnut brown, densely verrucose, lower cell pale brown, almost smooth; pedicels deciduous, aggregated in globose clusters of 10–20 arising from a common base.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, Central Otago.; 1st Record: Kirk (1897: uredinia and telia on Prunus, as Puccinia pruni-spinosae); Cunningham (1923a: spermagonia and aecia on Anemone, as Puccinia pruni-spinosae).
Significance: Attacks leaves, fruits, and shoots of peach and nectarine, fruits and leaves of almond and apricot, and leaves of cherry and plum. The rust is more common in warmer northern areas. It is seldom a problem in commercial orchards, which are regularly sprayed to control brown rot. Unsprayed trees may be severely damaged. Infection leads to premature defoliation, with consequent stunting; small trees may be killed. The fungus overwinters in twigs as uredinia, which produce a new crop of urediniospores in the spring. Presence of the aecial host is therefore not necessary for the continued spread of the rust.; Host(s): Spermagonia and aecia on Anemone coronaria. Uredinia and telia on Prunus armeniaca, P. avium, P. cerasifera, P. ×domestica, P. dulcis, P. persica, P. persica var. nucipersica, P. salicina.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate. Pileus purplish brown, up to 150 mm in diameter, hemispherical becoming convex, dry; flesh firm. Gills crowded, cream, becoming reddish when bruised. Stipe cylindrical, tapering slightly towards the base, straight or curved, brownish, reddish when bruised, annulus absent. Basidiospores elliptical, 0-septate, 4–6 × 2–3 μm, smooth, hyaline; spore print white.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Nelson, Buller, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou (1979: as Lyophyllum sp.).
Significance: Shown experimentally to be a mycorrhizal partner of Pinus radiata (Chu-Chou 1979).; Host(s): Pinus radiata, Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate. Pileus dull greyish brown, 50–100 mm in diameter, smooth, convex to plano-convex, margin incurved, dry; flesh firm, white, becoming reddish when bruised. Gills sinuate, distant, white becoming spotted with red. Stipe cylindrical, tapering towards the base, often curved, whitish, fibrillose, annulus absent, 50–100 mm long. Basidiospores elliptical, 0-septate, 5–6 × 3–4 μm, smooth, hyaline; spore print white.
Distribution: Coromandel, Bay of Plenty, Taupo.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1982).
Significance: Shown experimentally to be a mycorrhizal partner of Eucalyptus regnans (Chu-Chou & Grace 1982).; Host(s): Eucalyptus regnans.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate. Pileus greyish to brownish black, 20–90 mm in diameter, slightly felted to sub squamulose, hemispherical becoming umbonate, margin incurved; flesh thin, smoky grey. Gills emarginate, moderately crowded, smoky grey, becoming paler with age. Stipe cylindrical, slightly tapering towards the base, whitish, fibrillose, hollow, annulus absent, 25–80 mm long. Basidiospores elliptical, 0-septate, 6–7 × 4–5 μm, smooth, hyaline, non-amyloid; spore print white.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Gisborne, Nelson, Marlborough, Buller, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Chu-Chou & Grace (1987).
Significance: Recorded as closely associated with Pseudotsuga menziesii in plantations (Chu-Chou & Grace 1987).; Host(s): Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum in the form of a thallus one cell thick; mainly on leaves but also on petioles and smooth branches. Thalli more or less circular, broadly lobed, margins entire and crenate, superficial, setose; thallus cells pale brown to dark brown, more or less rectangular, 8–11 × 3–11 μm; setae abundant, up to 23-septate, smooth, 57–200 μm long, 6–7 μm wide at the base, tapering gradually towards a rounded apex. Ascomata perithecial, scattered, dark brown to black, subglobose, 0.1–0.15 mm in diameter, ostiolate, with walls bearing setae. Asci obovoid, 45–55 × 17–20 μm. Ascospores variable in shape, either narrowly ellipsoidal and strongly mucronate at both ends, 3–5-septate (occasionally with 1–2 cells longitudinally septate), 18–35 × 6–10 μm, or broadly obovoid, mucronate at the base, rounded at the apex, 3–4-septate (frequently with 1–3 cells longitudinally septate), 19–30 × 7–12 μm, pale brown to olivaceous brown. Plokamidomyces synanamorph. Conidia ellipsoidal, 0-septate, 2 × 1.3 μm, smooth, hyaline, produced in a slimy mass within the whorl of phialides. Trichothallus synanamorph. Conidia fusiform, slightly curved, 7–15-septate, 40–110 × 8–14 μm, smooth, pale brown to brown.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wellington, Hawke’s Bay, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury.; 1st Record: Batista et al. (1957).
Significance: Very common. Found on a very large number of mainly indigenous hosts. It causes no damage.; Host(s): Ackama rosifolia, Agathis australis, Alseuosmia macrophylla, Asplenium bulbiferum, A. flaccidum, A. oblongifolium, A. polyodon, Astelia nervosa, A. trinervia, Beilschmiedia tarairi, B. tawa, Blechnum discolor, B. filiforme, B. procerum, Brachyglottis kirkii, B. repanda, Collospermum hastatum, Coprosma grandifolia, C. lucida, C. robusta, C. spathulata, C. tenuifolia, Cordyline australis, C. banksii, Cyathea dealbata, C. medullaris, C. smithii, Dicksonia squarrosa, Elaeocarpus dentatus, E. hookerianus, Freycinetia baueriana subsp. banksii, Fuchsia excorticata, Geniostoma rupestre var. ligustrifolium, Grammitis billardierei, Griselinia littoralis, Hebe sp., Hedycarya arborea, Hoheria populnea, Ixerba brexioides, Knightia excelsa, Lastreopsis hispida, Leionema nudum, Libocedrus plumosa, Luzuriaga parviflora, Lygodium articulatum, Macropiper excelsum, Melicytus ramiflorus, Metrosideros albiflora, M. fulgens, Mida salicifolia, Myrsine australis, M. salicina, Neomyrtus pedunculata, Nestegis lanceolata, Nothofagus menziesii, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, Olearia arborescens, O. furfuracea, O. rani, Phyllocladus alpinus, Phymatosorus diversifolius, P. scandens, Pittosporum tenuifolium, Podocarpus totara, Prumnopitys taxifolia, Pseudopanax arboreus, P. colensoi, P. crassifolius, Pseudowintera axillaris, P. colorata, Quintinia serrata, Rhopalostylis sapida, Ripogonum scandens, Rubus australis, R. cissoides, Schefflera digitata, Sticherus cunninghamii, Vitex lucens, Weinmannia racemosa.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium superficial, hyphae brown, septate, 2–4 μm wide. Conidio-mata sporodochial, often arranged in circular groups, up to 0.4 mm in diameter, dark brown to black. Conidia formed in basipetal chains, fragmenting, 5–9-septate when mature, each consisting of two parallel rows of cells with a common thickened base, 12–24 × 6–14 μm, brown. Leaf spots brown, discrete or confluent, roughly circular, 2–15 mm in diameter, centre often raised and crusty, on both sides of leaves. This fungus cannot be distinguished from T. excentricum on macroscopic appearance alone.
Distribution: Northland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Nelson, Buller, Marlborough.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (1983).
Significance: None. Found only in the lower crown of affected trees.; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. obliqua, E. regnans, E. sieberi.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Mycelium superficial, hyphae brown, septate, 2–4 m wide. Conidio-mata sporodochial, often arranged in circular groups, up to 0.4 mm in diameter, dark brown to black. Conidia formed in basipetal chains, fragmenting, 3-septate, 11–4 × 7–9 μm, brown, two primary basal cells separated by a thick brown septum with two secondary cells above. Leaf spots discrete or confluent, brown, roughly circular, 2–10 mm in diameter, centre often raised and crusty, on both sides of leaves. This fungus cannot be distinguished from T. bifarium on macroscopic appearance alone.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Sutton & Ganapathi (1978).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. pauciflora subsp. niphophila, E. regnans, E. sieberi.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata pycnothyrial, numerous, scattered randomly or in concentric circles, superficial, shield-shaped, circular, convex, depressed at the centre with a fringed margin, dark brown to black, 0.1 mm in diameter, connected to internal mycelium by a slender columella. Conidia elliptic to ovoid, 0-septate, 10–15 × 6–8 μm, brownish to olivaceous but appearing black in mass, pushed out when mature from beneath the outer edge of the conidioma. Leaf spots dark brown to reddish brown, roughly circular, 2–15 mm in diameter, with a distinct margin, often confluent, mainly on the upper surfaces of leaves.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Boesewinkel (1982).
Significance: The cause of a leaf spot disease in Quercus spp. (Munkvold & Neely 1990), which is of no importance in New Zealand.; Host(s): Quercus cerris, Q. rubra.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate. Pileus chocolate brown to dark brownish black, 60–150 mm in diameter, convex to applanate, velutinate, dry; flesh white. Pore surface excavated around apex of stipe; tubes yellowish white becoming pale brownish orange at maturity, up to 16 mm long; pores concolorous with tubes, oval to irregularly angular, 0.5–1 mm in diameter. Stipe tapering towards the apex, concolorous with the pileus or slightly paler, finely granular, annulus absent, 50–110 mm long. Basidiospores elliptical, 0-septate, 10–14 × 4–6 μm, smooth, pale yellow. DISTRIBUTION: Auckland, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Mid Canterbury.
Distribution: Auckland, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: McNabb (1968).
Significance: Field observations strongly suggest that the fungus is a mycorrhizal partner of the plants listed above (McNabb 1968).; Host(s): Kunzea ericoides, Leptospermum scoparium, Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri var. solandri, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, N. truncata.
Type: Lignicolous Fungi; Description: Basidiomata annual, solitary or with many overlapping pilei, fleshy, soft and brittle when fresh, hard and horny when dry, attached by a lateral base. Pilei fan-shaped, 30–50 mm wide, 7–15 mm thick. Pileus surface irregularly warted and creviced, white with light brown patches, margin even or irregularly crenate. Pore surface even, with a sterile border up to 2 mm wide, white with a pinkish tinge, becoming discoloured or dirty white when old; pores small, 6–7 per mm. Context white. Hyphal system monomitic. Basidiospores subglobose to obovate, 3–5 × 3–4 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Taupo, Wellington.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1965).
Significance: Recorded as the cause of heart rot in living Ixerba brexioides (Hood 1992).; Host(s): Ixerba brexioides.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, thin or dense, white, hyphae 5 μm wide; on leaves, stalks, and fruit. Appressoria multi-lobed. Ascomata not known in New Zealand. Conidiophores 70–100 × 5–8 μm when epiphyllous, 220–400 × 5–8 μm when hypophyllous, foot cell moderately to extremely flexuous at the base. Conidia produced singly, oval, 0-septate, 27–35 × 15–18 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Hawkes Bay, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Kirk (1901).
Significance: Powdery mildew of grape is common in most main grape-growing areas, and can cause serious losses. Leaves are killed and early infection of berries checks their development, causing abscission. It is distinguishable from downy mildew by the presence of white powdery patches on the upper surfaces of leaves; the whitish glossy mycelial patches of downy mildew occur mostly on the undersides.; Host(s): Vitis vinifera.
Type: Powdery Mildews; Description: Mycelium superficial, thin or dense, white, hyphae 3–5 μm wide; on leaves. Appressoria multi-lobed. Ascomata not known in New Zealand. Conidiophores 55–60 × 5–9 μm, foot cell straight, rarely slightly flexuous at the base. Conidia produced singly, oval or elliptic-cylindrical, 0-septate, 30–35 × 13–15 μm, smooth, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Dingley (1969).
Significance: Common in the Auckland area where it seriously affects young growth of Lagerstroemia indica (grape myrtle) (Boesewinkel 1980).; Host(s): Lagerstroemia indica.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Uredinia scattered, rounded, golden brown, 1–2 mm in diameter; on the upper surfaces of leaves. Urediniospores subglobose to elliptical, 28–36 × 24–30 μm, coarsely and sparsely echinulate, hyaline.
Distribution: Fiordland, Southland, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Sydow & Sydow (1907).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Olearia angustifolia.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Uredinia crowded in roughly circular groups, deeply submerged in flask-shaped cavities in the host tissue with only the apertures showing; on the upper surfaces of leaves. Urediniospores elliptical, often angular, 40–56 × 32–44 μm, sparsely echinulate, pallid cinnamon brown.
Distribution: Nelson.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1928).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Brachyglottis adamsii.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Uredinia small, circular, waxy, orange-yellow, powdery, up to 1 mm in diameter, surrounded by ruptured epidermis; on the lower surfaces of leaves. Urediniospores elliptical to obovate, 30–40 × 22–28 m, coarsely echinulate, hyaline. This species may be distinguished from the rust of cultivated fuchsias (Pucciniastrum pustulatum) by the larger, bright orange uredinia and larger and conspicuously echinulate urediniospores.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Dunedin, Southland, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1924a: as Coleosporium fuchsiae).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Fuchsia excorticata, F. magellanica, F. perscandens.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Uredinia scattered in small groups, deeply submerged in the host tissue, in yellowish spots; on the lower surfaces of leaves, with spots also visible on upper leaf surfaces. Urediniospores obovate to elliptical, 20–32 × 15–19 μm, sparsely echinulate, yellowish.
Distribution: Wellington.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1945).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Pseudowintera axillaris.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Uredinia rounded, reddish brown, up to 1 mm in diameter; deeply immersed in tomentum on the lower surfaces of leaves in discoloured spots, which are visible on the upper surface. Urediniospores obovate to elliptical, 42–55 × 30–40 μm, coarsely and sparsely echinulate, hyaline.
Distribution: Stewart Island, Auckland Islands.; 1st Record: Cooke (1890b).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Olearia lyallii.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Uredinia often in circular groups, erumpent, yellow-orange, powdery, up to 3 mm in diameter; on lower surfaces of leaves. Urediniospores obovate to elliptical, 19–29 × 15–24 μm, verrucose.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Marlborough Sounds, Dunedin, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Baylis (1954).
Significance: Although this rust attacks the introduced weed Clematis vitalba, it does not cause sufficient damage to act as a biological control agent.; Host(s): Clematis cunninghamii, C. forsteri, C. montana, C. paniculata, C. vitalba.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Uredinia scattered or in groups up to 2 mm in diameter; partly immersed in tomentum on the lower surfaces of leaves, in discoloured spots, which are also visible on the upper leaf surfaces. Urediniospores subglobose to elliptical, 23–31 × 18–25 μm, densely echinulate, pallid yellow.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Wellington.; 1st Record: McNabb (1962a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Pomaderris apetala, P. aspera, P. kumeraho, P. rugosa.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Uredinia scattered, minute, circular, orange becoming yellow, powdery, up to 1 mm in diameter; buried in dense tomentum on the lower surfaces of leaves, associated with pale spots, which are also visible on upper leaf surfaces. Urediniospores subglobose, 38–42 μm in diameter, finely echinulate, yellowish.
Distribution: Wellington, Nelson, Westland, Marlborough Sounds, Stewart Island.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1924a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Olearia colensoi.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Uredinia minute, circular, reddish orange, powdery, up to 1 mm in diameter; buried in dense tomentum on the lower surfaces of leaves, associated with pale leaf spots, which are also visible on the upper leaf surfaces. Urediniospores obovate to elliptical, 30–55 × 26–34 μm, coarsely and densely echinulate, hyaline.
Distribution: Marlborough, Kaikoura.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1924a).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Pachystegia insignis.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Aecia in groups, minute, cup-shaped, orange-yellow, up to 1 mm in diameter; on distorted, swollen stems and twigs. Aeciospores elliptical to polygonal, 22–36 × 18–22 μm, hyaline, finely verruculose. Telia on irregular, wrinkled, distorted seed pods; the masses of teliospores giving a powdery reddish brown appearance. Teliospores broadly elliptical, 30–40 × 22–26 μm, apex bluntly acuminate, pallid chestnut brown, conspicuously longitudinally striate; pedicel hyaline, deciduous.
Distribution: Auckland, Wellington, Gisborne, Nelson, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Cunningham 1924b.
Significance: Infects living host tissue without killing it or causing decay. The main effect on the host is the production of witches’ brooms, scattered through the crown. The fungus also causes irregular, wrinkled distortions of seed pods, each up to 40 mm long.; Host(s): Sophora microphylla, S. prostrata, S.tetraptera.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Only the telial stage is known. Telia scattered singly or in small groups up to 3 mm in diameter, appearing powdery brown because of the masses of teliospores; on the lower surfaces of leaves and on depressed cankers or swollen distorted areas of stems, up to 5 cm long; when mature, the host epidermis splits, exposing powdery, chocolate brown masses of teliospores beneath. Teliospores two on one sporophore, which has no vesicle; teliospores depressed globose to subglobose, 18–22 × 22–32 μm, chestnut brown, smooth.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Marlborough, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Southland.; 1st Record: Cooke (1890a: as Uredo acaciae).
Significance: The rust causes little damage and is not regarded as important.; Host(s): Acacia baileyana, A. dealbata, A. decurrens, A. mearnsii, A. paradoxa.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia solitary or in groups, erumpent, rusty brown, minute; on both sides of leaves and on twigs. Uredinia rusty brown, minute. Urediniospores clavate, 35–50 5 20–25 μm, yellowish brown, verrucose. Telia rusty brown, minute, up to 0.5 mm in diameter, pustulate, rupturing the epidermis and often confluent, forming cankers up to 1 cm long; producing large numbers of rusty brown teliospores which, in wet weather, form a mucilaginous mass binding the pinnules together. Teliospores two on one sporophore, which has a lateral vesicle; teliospores globose to subglobose, 23 × 29 μm, ochraceous to fulvous, smooth; vesicle globose, 22 μm in diameter, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000b).
Significance: Infected leaves and twigs are killed, causing partial dieback of the crown. Developing spring flush of infected A. mearnsii becomes distorted and chlorotic. The rust has potential for being an important disease if host species are planted on a large scale.; Host(s): Acacia dealbata, A. mearnsii.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia scattered, minute, first reddish brown, then black, hemispherical, on reddish brown, elongated lesions up to 5 mm long; on both sides of the phyllodes, and on branches and stems. Uredinia elongated, confluent, dark brown, partially surrounding the spermagonia; spore production profuse and the dark brown spores cover the lesions, and often phyllodes and twigs, with a sooty, encrusted mass. Urediniospores oval to elliptical, 34–49 × 23–28 μm, pale brown to dark brown, verrucose, the verrucae especially dense about the apex, forming a tuft; pedicel hyaline, deciduous. Teliospores produced later, becoming intermixed with urediniospores; teliospores two on one sporophore, which has a lateral vesicle; teliospores depressed globose to subglobose, 21–26 × 22–28 μm, dark brown, smooth; vesicle globose, 35 μm in diameter, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Marlborough Sounds, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Laundon (1970b).
Significance: The rust is of little economic importance.; Host(s): Acacia longifolia, A. sophorae.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia black, pustulate, minute, associated with both uredinia and telia and covering the entire surface of inflated convoluted galls; on stems, branches, petioles, and seed pods. Galls are perennial, usually 2–8 cm in diameter but up to 35 cm; on petioles and seed pods they are smaller, with a blister-like, green to purplish appearance; stem and branch galls are usually larger and olive brown. Uredinia cinnamon brown, mixed with chocolate brown telia. Urediniospores ellipsoid to oblong, 30–45 × 16–26 μm, bright yellow becoming yellowish brown, reticulate; pedicel elongated, hyaline. Teliospores three in a head on one sporophore, which does not have a lateral vesicle; teliospores depressed globose to subglobose, 16–23 × 21–26 μm, pallid chestnut brown, densely covered with warty spines arranged in lines.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Marlborough Sounds, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1923a).
Significance: Because galls impede the transpiration flow, branches beyond the gall make little growth, produce only a few leaves and begin to die back. When infection is severe, whole trees may be killed within a few seasons. In the 1920s, this rust was responsible for the failure of 1800 ha of Acacia decurrens planted to start a tannin industry. Until recently, susceptible host species were not grown commercially but there are plans for planting substantial areas of A. mearnsii and A. dealbata in Northland. At present, the effect U. notabile on these plantations cannot be predicted.; Host(s): Acacia baileyana, A. dealbata, A. decurrens, A. mearnsii.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia numerous, aggregated, erumpent, light rust-coloured, powdery, minute, up to 0.8 mm in diameter, on small galls; on both sides of juvenile leaves, phyllodes, and petioles, and on depressed cankers up to 4 mm long on twigs and small branches. Uredinia pustular, together with the telia partially surrounding the spermagonia in circular or elliptical groups up to 4 mm in diameter. Urediniospores intermixed with the teliospores, elliptical, 34–48 × 16–22 μm, pallid yellow chestnut brown, densely verrucose. Telia pustular, together with the uredinia partially surrounding the spermagonia in circular or elliptical groups up to 4 mm in diameter. Teliospores intermixed with the urediniospores, solitary on sporophores, which have a lateral vesicle; teliospores depressed globose to globose, 19–26 × 25–34 μm, dark chestnut brown, smooth; vesicle globose or obovate, 25 × 20 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Rangitikei, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1923a).
Significance: Generally of minor importance. When infection is severe, cankers may girdle twigs and branches, causing dieback of parts of the crown.; Host(s): Acacia melanoxylon.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia crowded, rusty brown, minute; on both sides of phyllodes. Uredinia brown, pustulate, erumpent, up to 1 mm in diameter, often confluent. Urediniospores rusty brown in mass, fusiform to oval, 40–55 × 21–23 μm, finely verruculose, yellowish brown to golden brown, with a hyaline apiculus. Teliospores solitary at the end of a sporophore, which has a lateral vesicle, produced in large numbers later in the season, often intermingled with the urediniospores at first, rusty brown, depressed globose to subglobose, 16–22 × 22–28 μm, smooth, yellowish brown, forming a brown crust; sporophore hyaline, 80 sm or longer, lateral vesicle globose, 20 μm in diameter, hyaline.
Distribution: Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Laundon & McCully (1978).
Significance: Very limited local distribution; of no importance.; Host(s): Acacia pycnantha.
Type: Rust and Smut Fungi; Description: Spermagonia dark brown, pustulate, minute, associated with telia on the surface of distorted, inflated, brown galls; on phyllodes, branches, stems, and seed pods. Galls are perennial, up to 5 cm in diameter on branches, smaller on phyllodes and seed pods. Uredinia not known. Teliospores cinnamon brown, powdering the surface of the galls, three in a head on one sporophore; teliospores depressed globose to subglobose, 14–20 × 18–25 μm, cinnamon brown, strongly striate, the striations continuous and converging at the poles; sporophore hyaline, with no lateral vesicle, soon deciduous.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Nelson, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1923a).
Significance: Galls cause dieback of branches and stems. Small trees die if galls form on the main stem. The host species are not grown commercially and the rust has no economic significance.; Host(s): Acacia paradoxa, A. ulicifolia, A. verticillata.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, scattered, subcuticular, immersed, globose, black, 0.12–0.16 mm in diameter, ostiole papillate, protruding, surrounded by brown setae up to 60 μm long; on both sides of fallen leaves. Asci obclavate, 45–55 × 9–10 μm. Ascospores elliptical to obovoid, 1-septate, 10–14 × 4–5 μm, smooth, yellowish. Conidia solitary or in short branched chains, fusiform to cylindrical, 0–1-septate, 10–12 × 3–5 μm, smooth or finely verruculose, yellowish.
Distribution: Auckland.; 1st Record: Samuels & Sivanesan (1975).
Significance: None. Found in mixture with Venturia inaequalis on fallen apple leaves.; Host(s): Malus ×domestica.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, scattered, immersed at first but erumpent later, globose to subglobose, olive brown, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, ostiolate; on both sides of fallen leaves. Asci saccate-cylindrical, 48–56 × 5–6 μm. Ascospores somewhat clavate, 1-septate, 12–16 × 3–5 μm, smooth, yellowish green. Conidia bluntly fusiform, 0-septate, 12–18 × 4–5 μm, smooth, yellowish brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Wellington, Gisborne, Nelson, Central Otago.; 1st Record: Kirk (1904: as Cladosporium carpophilum).
Significance: On living leaves, shoots, and fruit, only the Fusicladium state is found. Only fruit infection (causing the disease known as ‘scab’) is of economic significance. Infected fruit has sharply defined, dark green to black spots, 2–3 mm in diameter, often with distortion and cracking. When no control measures are taken, scab may cause serious loss (Atkinson 1971). The teleomorph is produced on fallen leaves during the winter.; Host(s): Prunus armeniaca, P. cerasifera, P. ×domestica, P. dulcis, P. mume, P. persica, P. persica var. nucipersica, P. salicina.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in groups, immersed at first, erumpent later, globose, black, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, ostiole prominent, often surrounded by a few brown setae; on the lower surfaces of fallen leaves. Asci cylindrical, 60–70 × 10–12 μm. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 12–15 × 6 μm, smooth, olivaceous green. Conidia oblong fusiform, 0-septate, 20–25 × 4–5 μm, smooth, pale green.
Distribution: Mid Canterbury, Central Otago.; 1st Record: Brien and Dingley (1955: as Fusicladium (Cladosporium) carpophilum).
Significance: On living leaves and fruit, only the Fusicladium state is found. Infection of fruit causes spotting and makes the fruit unsaleable. The disease is un-common and of little significance (Atkinson 1971).; Host(s): Prunus avium.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in groups, immersed, globose, brown, 0.1–0.2 mm in diameter, ostiole prominent, with or without blackish brown setae; on both sides of fallen leaves. Asci saccate, 40–70 μm long. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 12–16 × 5–7 μm, smooth, olivaceous brown. Conidia napiform, 1-septate, 16–24 × 7–10 μm, smooth, yellowish brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Wanganui, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Fiordland, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Chatham Islands.; 1st Record: Kirk (1894: as Fusicladium dendriticum).
Significance: ‘Black spot’, caused by V. inaequalis, is the most serious disease of apples in New Zealand. On living leaves, shoots, and fruit, only the Fusicladium state is found, forming olivaceous brown, velvety, often coalescing colonies. Infected leaves are often distorted and fall prematurely. On fruit, lesions appear as rough corky sunken areas with greyish edges. If not controlled by fungicides, black spot may cause a total crop loss (Atkinson 1971). The fungus lives as a saprobe on fallen leaves through the winter, producing ascomata in the spring.; Host(s): Malus ×domestica.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, aggregated in groups, immersed, globose, brown, 0.1–0.25 mm in diameter, ostiole papillate, occasionally surrounded by up to 50 brown setae; on the lower surfaces of fallen leaves. Asci saccate, 40–70 μm long. Ascospores elliptical, 1-septate, 14–20 × 4–8 μm, smooth, olivaceous. Conidia broadly fusiform, 0–1-septate, 17–28 × 8–10 μm, smooth, olivaceous brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Curtis (1921).
Significance: The symptoms of ‘black spot’ of pears and apples are very similar. On living leaves, shoots, and fruit, only the Fusicladium state is found, forming dark olivaceous brown, velvety colonies. The fungus lives as a saprobe on fallen leaves during the winter, producing ascomata in the spring.; Host(s): Pyrus communis.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, scattered to gregarious, subepidermal, brown, up to 0.3 mm in diameter; on large, confluent, necrotic leaf spots on both sides of leaves. Conidia narrowly fusiform, straight or curved, 3-septate, 53–68 × 2–4 μm, hyaline, apical cell tapering to a point, basal cell truncate with a 7–8 2m long appendage.
Distribution: Wanganui, Wellington.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000b).
Significance: One of many fungi found associated with necrotic leaf spots on eucalypts.; Host(s): Eucalyptus sp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, scattered to gregarious, intra-epidermal, brown, up to 0.5 mm in diameter; on large, confluent, light brown necrotic leaf spots, mainly on the lower surfaces of leaves. Conidia narrowly fusiform, straight or curved, 3-septate, 60–72 × 3–4 μm, hyaline; apical cell tapering gradually to a rounded apex; two median cells cylindrical, equal in length and together shorter than either the apical or basal cell; basal cell truncate, with a 10 μm long appendage tapering to an obtuse tip.
Distribution: Wellington.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000b).
Significance: One of many fungi found associated with necrotic leaf spots on eucalypts; Host(s): Eucalyptus fastigata, Eucalyptus sp.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, scattered to gregarious, sub-epidermal, rounded to oval, brownish black, up to 0.4 mm in diameter; on pale brown to dark brown necrotic spots with purplish margins, on both sides of leaves. Conidia cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, 3-septate, 34–50 × 3–5 μm, straw-coloured to pale brown, the four cells roughly equal in length; apical cell tapering to an acute apex; two median cells subcylindrical; basal cell obconic, base truncate, with a 2–7 μm long appendage.
Distribution: Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Westland.; 1st Record: Dick (1990: as Seimatosporium cylindrosporum).
Significance: One of many fungi found associated with necrotic leaf spots on eucalypts.; Host(s): Eucalyptus radiata, E. regnans, E. saligna.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, scattered to gregarious, intra-epidermal, brown, up to 0.4 mm in diameter; on large, confluent, brown, necrotic spots, mainly on the lower surfaces of leaves. Conidia narrowly fusiform, straight or curved, 3-septate, 55–62 × 2–4 μm, hyaline; apical cell tapering gradually to a rounded, acute apex; two median cells equal in length; basal cell elongate-obconic, base truncate, with a 5–7 μm long appendage tapering to a point.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Westland.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000b).
Significance: One of many fungi found associated with necrotic leaf spots on eucalypts.; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. saligna.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, scattered to gregarious, sub-epidermal, oval to rounded, brown to dark brown, up to 0.3 mm in diameter, conidial mass black and conspicuous when exposed by rupture of the epidermis; on roughly circular (up to 1 cm in diameter) necrotic spots with a distinct dark brown margin, on both sides of leaves. Conidia fusiform, 3-septate, 23–34 × 6–8 μm; median two cells brown, the other two cells paler in colour; apical cell with a 7–12 μm long appendage; basal cell obconic, base truncate, with a 7–12 em long appendage.
Distribution: Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Westland, Southland.; 1st Record: Dick (1990: as Seimatosporium falcatum).
Significance: One of many fungi found on necrotic leaf spots on eucalypts. Pathogenicity unknown.; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. regnans.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata stromatic, acervular, scattered to gregarious, sub-epidermal, angular to rounded, occasionally confluent, up to 0.25 mm in diameter; on straw-coloured to pale brown spots which are individually up to 7 mm in diameter but often confluent, on both sides of leaves. Conidia ellipsoid fusiform, straight or slightly curved, 3-septate, 45–80 × 3–6 μm, hyaline; apical cell slightly attenuated to a blunt tip, longer than the other cells; median two cells cylindrical; basal cell with a narrow, truncate base and a 3–5 μm long, excentric appendage.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taupo, Wellington, Nelson, Westland, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Dick (1990).
Significance: Associated with necrotic leaf spots. Pathogenicity not known.; Host(s): Eucalyptus delegatensis, E. fraxinoides, E. regnans.
Type: Radicicolous Fungi; Description: Colonies on agar white, floccose, reverse becoming black with formation of microsclerotia which are elongate, 50–200 × 15–50 μm, dark brown to black. Conidiophores erect, with several verticillate whorls of 3–4 phialides, hyaline; phialides 16–35 μm long. Conidia ellipsoidal to cylindrical, 0-septate, 3–6 × 2.5–4 μm, hyaline.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Wanganui, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Chamberlain & Brien (1933).
Significance: A very common causal agent of wilt diseases in many crop plants, especially tomatoes and potatoes, but of less importance in fruit tree crops (Atkinson 1971). It is of no significance in forestry.; Host(s): Abutilon sp., Acacia pravissima, Acer palmatum, A. pseudoplatanus, Actinidia deliciosa, Aesculus hippocastanum, Alectryon excelsus, Boronia megastigma, Chiranthodendron pentadactylon, Cotinus coggygria, Crinodendron sp., Cydonia oblonga, Cyphomandra sp., Cytisus scoparius, Dodonaea viscosa, Fuchsia ×hybrida, Hoheria populnea, Jasminum sp., Lagunaria patersonii, Lonicera nitida, Luculia gratissima, Malus ×domestica, Olearia paniculata, Osmanthus sp., Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Persea americana, Phebalium squameum, Pittosporum crassifolium, Prostanthera ovalifolia, P. rotundifolia, Protea compacta, Prunus armeniaca, P. dulcis, P. persica, P. salicina, Pseudopanax laetus, Pyrus pyrifolia, Ribes sanguineum, R. uva-crispa var. sativum, Rosa sp., Rubus fruticosus agg., R. idaeus, Rubus × (hybrid berry), Schinus terebinthifolius, Solanum aviculare, Tilia sp., Vitis rupestris.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata thyriothecial, arranged in radiating rows in more or less circular colonies, circular in outline, intracuticular or subcuticular, somewhat flattened, dark brown, 0.15–0.2 mm in diameter. Colonies comprising groups of ascomata and conidiomata linked by meandering hyphae; on the upper surfaces of leaves. Hyphae intracuticular, flattened, ribbon-like, 8–10 μm wide, typically with alternating hyaline and dark brown cells. Asci more or less cylindric, 70–80 × 14–16 μm. Ascospores oblong or tapering slightly towards the base, 0-septate, 11–13 × 5–6 μm, dark brown with a broad hyaline band in the upper third of the spore.
Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Wanganui.; 1st Record: Johnston (2000).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Metrosideros excelsa.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata thyriothecial, arranged in groups in more or less circular colonies linked by meandering hyphae, circular in outline, intracuticular, flattened convex, shining black, 1.5 mm in diameter; in dull black, necrotic spots 2–12 mm in diameter, on the upper surfaces of leaves. Hyphae subcuticular, flattened, ribbon-like, 5–7 μm wide, with light brown and hyaline cells distributed in no particular order. Asci ellipsoid to subclavate, 45–65 × 15–20 μm. Ascospores obovate, 0-septate, 10–14 × 5–7 μm, brown with a hyaline band just above the middle of the spore, with a small (about 2 μm long), conical, hyaline basal appendage; spores surrounded by a thin gelatinous coat.
Distribution: Auckland, Coromandel, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Wellington, Gisborne, Hawkes Bay, South Canterbury, Otago Lakes.; 1st Record: Gadgil (1995).
Significance: None.; Host(s): Myrsine australis, Pittosporum tenuifolium.
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Conidiomata sporodochial, scattered, olivaceous brown to black, arising from a stroma. Stroma immersed, becoming erumpent, brown, 0.05–0.3 mm in diameter; on leaves, twigs, flowers, and fruit. Leaf spots at first circular, light brown, with a reddish margin, necrotic tissue later falling away to give a shot-hole effect. Conidia cylindrical, clavate or fusiform, with 3–5 transverse and occasionally 1–2 oblique septa, 20–90 × 7–16 μm, smooth, sub-hyaline to golden brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Taranaki, Hawkes Bay, Nelson, Dunedin.; 1st Record: Boucher (1901: as Clasterosporium amygdalearum).
Significance: The cause of ‘shot hole’ disease and stem dieback in Prunus species.; Host(s): Prunus armeniaca, P. avium, P. ×domestica, P. dulcis, P. persica, P. persica var. nucipersica.
Type: Caulicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, densely clustered on basal stroma, spherical to cup-shaped, dark brown to black. Basal stroma erumpent, 0.6–1.5 mm in diameter, 0.2–0.3 mm high. Asci saccate, 35–50 × 10–15 m. Ascospores ellipsoid, 1-septate, 13–17 × 5–7 m, pale green becoming olivaceous.
Distribution: Nelson.; 1st Record: Gadgil & Dick (2000a).
Significance: Associated with dieback after drought in young Pseudotsuga menziesii in North America (Funk & Shoemaker (1971) and with damage to Abies nordmanniana in Christmas tree plantations in Europe (Donaubauer 1993). It has been found only on dead material in New Zealand.; Host(s): Pseudotsuga menziesii.
Type: Mycorrhizal Fungi; Description: Basidiomata pileate. Pileus deep reddish brown to cinnamon brown, 50–90 mm in diameter, convex becoming applanate, felted to finely tomentose, dry; flesh dirty white to yellowish. Pore surface excavated around apex of stipe; tubes yellowish brown, up to 7 mm long; pores carmine, angular, 0.5–1 mm in diameter. Stipe more or less cylindrical, dirty white to brownish white with pink to carmine granulae concentrated on the upper two-thirds of stipe, finely granular, annulus absent, 35–60 mm long. Basidiospores elliptical, 0-septate, 9–13 × 4–6 μm, smooth, pale yellow.
Distribution: Nelson, Buller, Southland.; 1st Record: McNabb (1968).
Significance: Consistently associated with Nothofagus in widely separated localities (McNabb 1968).; Host(s): Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii.
Cited scientific names
- ×Citroncirus webberi J.W.Ingram & H.E.Moore
- ×Cupressocyparis leylandii (A.B.Jacks. & Dallim.) Dallim.
- ×Cupressocyparis ovensii A.F.Mitchell
- ×Rubus (hybrid berry)
- Abelia schumannii (Graebn.) Rehder
- Abies
- Abies grandis (D.Don) Lindl.
- Abies procera Rehder
- Abortiporus biennis (Bull.) Singer 1944
- Abutilon
- Acacia
- Acacia baileyana F.Muell.
- Acacia cognata
- Acacia dealbata Link
- Acacia decurrens Willd.
- Acacia leprosa DC.
- Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd.
- Acacia mearnsii De Wild.
- Acacia melanoxylon R.Br.
- Acacia paradoxa DC.
- Acacia pravissima
- Acacia pycnantha
- Acacia riceana
- Acacia sophorae (Labill.) R.Br.
- Acacia ulicifolia
- Acacia verticillata (L'Hér.) Willd.
- Acaulospora laevis Gerd. & Trappe 1974
- Acer
- Acer davidii
- Acer negundo L.
- Acer palmatum Thunb.
- Acer pseudoplatanus L.
- Ackama rosifolia A.Cunn.
- Acmena smithii (Poir.) Merr. & L.M.Perry
- Acrogenotheca elegans (L.R. Fraser) Cif. & Bat. 1963
- Actinidia chinensis Planch.
- Actinidia deliciosa (A.Chev.) C.F.Liang & A.R.Ferguson
- Actinidia polygama (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim.
- Actinostrobus
- Adiantum
- Aecidium disciforme McAlpine 1906
- Aecidium hebe G. Cunn. 1928
- Aecidium hupiro G. Cunn. 1924
- Aecidium milleri G. Cunn. 1924
- Aecidium myopori G. Cunn. 1924
- Aecidium myrsines McNabb 1962
- Aecidium otagense Linds. 1867
- Aecidium otira G. Cunn. 1928
- Aesculus hippocastanum L.
- Agathis australis (D.Don) Lindl.
- Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M.King & H.Rob.
- Agonis
- Agrocybe parasitica G. Stev. 1982
- Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle
- Alectryon excelsus Gaertn.
- Allantophomopsis pseudotsugae (M. Wilson) Nag Raj 1993
- Alnus rubra Bong.
- Alseuosmia macrophylla A.Cunn.
- Alseuosmia quercifolia A.Cunn.
- Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. 1912
- Alternaria citri Ellis & N. Pierce 1902
- Alternaria merytae E.G. Simmons 2002
- Alternaria panax Whetzel 1912
- Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze) Wiltshire 1933
- Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam. 1783
- Amylostereum areolatum (Chaillet ex Fr.) Boidin 1958
- Anarthropteris lanceolata (Hook.f.) Pic.Serm.
- Anemone coronaria L.
- Anigozanthos manglesii D.Don
- Annona cherimola Mill.
- Antennatula dingleyae S. Hughes 1974
- Antennatula fisherae S. Hughes 1974
- Antennatula fraserae S. Hughes 1974
- Antennatula triseptata S. Hughes 1974
- Aphelandra squarrosa Nees
- Apiognomonia veneta (Sacc. & Speg.) Höhn. 1918
- Aralia
- Araucaria araucana (Molina) K.Koch
- Araucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franco
- Arbutus
- Arbutus unedo L.
- Archeria traversii Hook.f.
- Aristotelia
- Aristotelia ×fruserrata Allan
- Aristotelia fruticosa Hook.f.
- Aristotelia serrata (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) W.R.B.Oliv.
- Armillaria hinnulea Kile & Watling 1983
- Armillaria hinnulea sensu Hood 1989
- Armillaria limonea (G. Stev.) Boesew. 1977
- Armillaria novae-zelandiae (G. Stev.) Herink 1973
- Armillaria sp. ('mellea') auct. NZ
- Armillaria sp. Hood 1992
- Armillariella novae-zelandiae G. Stev. 1964
- Arthrocladiella mougeotii (Lév.) Vassilkov 1963
- Asclepias tuberosa L.
- Ascochyta caricae Pat. 1891
- Ascochyta caricae Rabenh. 1851
- Ascochyta pisi Lib. 1830
- Asplenium bulbiferum G.Forst.
- Asplenium flaccidum G.Forst.
- Asplenium oblongifolium Colenso
- Asplenium polyodon G.Forst.
- Astelia
- Astelia banksii A.Cunn.
- Astelia nervosa Hook.f.
- Astelia trinervia Kirk
- Asteridiella knightiae S. Hughes 1978
- Asterina effusa Cooke & Massee 1887
- Asterina intensa Cooke & Massee 1887
- Asterinella intensa (Cooke & Massee) Theiss. 1912
- Aulographina eucalypti (Cooke & Massee) Arx & E. Müll. 1960
- Australoporus tasmanicus (Berk.) P.K. Buchanan & Ryvarden 1988
- Austrogautieria clelandii G. Cunn. ex E.L. Stewart & Trappe 1985
- Bambusa oldhamii Munro
- Banksia
- Bauera sessiliflora F.Muell.
- Beaufortia sparsa R.Br.
- Beilschmiedia tarairi (A.Cunn.) Kirk
- Beilschmiedia tawa (A.Cunn.) Kirk
- Berberis glaucocarpa Stapf
- Betula pendula Roth
- Bionectria kowhai (Dingley) Schroers 2001
- Bionectria ochroleuca (Schwein.) Schroers & Samuels 1997
- Bionectria ralfsii (Berk. & Broome) Schroers & Samuels 2001
- Bivallum zelandicum P.R. Johnst. 1991
- Blechnum discolor (G.Forst.) Keyserl.
- Blechnum filiforme (A.Cunn.) Ettingsh.
- Blechnum procerum (G.Forst.) Swartz
- Bondarzewia berkeleyi (Fr.) Bondartsev & Singer 1941
- Boronia
- Boronia megastigma Bartl.
- Botryosphaeria acaciae (Hansf.) Dingley 1970
- Botryosphaeria dothidea (Moug.) Ces. & De Not. 1863
- Botryosphaeria lutea A.J.L. Phillips 2002
- Botryosphaeria obtusa (Schwein.) Shoemaker 1964
- Botryosphaeria parva Pennycook & Samuels 1985
- Botryosphaeria stevensii Shoemaker 1964
- Botrytis cinerea Pers. 1794
- Brachyglottis adamsii (Cheeseman) B.Nord.
- Brachyglottis bidwillii (Hook.f.) B.Nord. var. bidwillii
- Brachyglottis bidwillii var. viridis (Cheeseman) B.Nord.
- Brachyglottis elaeagnifolia (Hook.f.) B.Nord.
- Brachyglottis kirkii (Kirk) C.J.Webb
- Brachyglottis repanda J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Brachyglottis rotundifolia J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Buddleja
- Buddleja davidii Franch.
- Buxus sempervirens L.
- Caeoma peltatum C.G. Shaw III & C.G. Shaw 1977 [1976]
- Callistemon
- Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Stapf
- Callitris rhomboidea A.Rich. & Rich.
- Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull
- Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin
- Camellia
- Camellia japonica L.
- Camellia reticulata Lindl.
- Camellia sasanqua Thunb.
- Capnobotrys atroolivaceus S. Hughes 1981
- Capnobotrys australis S. Hughes 1981
- Capnobotrys laterivectus S. Hughes 1981
- Capnobotrys pacificus S. Hughes 1981
- Capnobotrys paucisporus S. Hughes 1981
- Capnocybe novae-zelandiae S. Hughes 1966
- Capnodium salicinum Mont. 1849
- Capnodium uniseptatum (L.R. Fraser) S. Hughes 1981
- Capnodium walteri Sacc. 1893
- Capnofrasera dendryphioides S. Hughes 2003
- Capnokyma corticola S. Hughes 1975
- Carica ×heilbornii var. pentagona (Heilborn) V.M.Badillo
- Carica microcarpa Jacq.
- Carica papaya L.
- Carica pubescens Lenné & K.Koch
- Carmichaelia
- Carmichaelia arborea (G.Forst.) Druce
- Carmichaelia australis R.Br.
- Carmichaelia carmichaeliae (Hook.f.) Heenan
- Carpodetus serratus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch
- Cashiella sticheri Gadgil & M.A. Dick 2000 [1999]
- Casimiroa edulis La Llave & Lex.
- Cassia
- Castanea crenata Siebold & Zucc.
- Castanea sativa Mill.
- Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq.
- Casuarina glauca Spreng.
- Catabotrys deciduus (Berk. & Broome) Seaver & Waterston 1946
- Catenophoropsis eucalypticola Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. 1988
- Ceanothus
- Ceanothus papillosus Torr. & A.Gray
- Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) Carrière
- Cephaleuros lagerheimii Schmidle 1897
- Cephaleuros minimus G. Karst. 1891
- Cephaleuros parasiticus G. Karst. 1891
- Cephaleuros virescens Kunze 1828 [1827]
- Ceratocystis coronata Olchow. & J. Reid 1974
- Cercis canadensis L.
- Cercis siliquastrum L.
- Cercospora ribis Earle 1898
- Cerotelium fici (Castagne) Arthur 1917
- Ceuthospora betulae Arx 1957
- Chalara myrsines Gadgil & M.A. Dick 2000 [1999]
- Chalciporus piperatus (Bull.) Bataille 1908
- Chamaecyparis
- Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Murray) Parl.
- Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D.Don) Spach
- Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl.
- Chamaecyparis pisifera (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl.
- Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb.
- Chamaecytisus palmensis (H.Christ) F.A.Bisby & K.W.Nicholls
- Chamonixia pachydermis (Zeller & C.W. Dodge) G.W. Beaton, Pegler & T.W.K. Young 1985
- Chiranthodendron pentadactylon Larreat.
- Chondrostereum purpureum (Pers.) Pouzar 1959
- Chrysomyxa rhododendri de Bary 1879
- Ciferrioxyphium chaetomorphum (Speg.) S. Hughes 1976
- Citrus
- Citrus ×aurantiifolia
- Citrus ×jambhiri Lush.
- Citrus ×limetta
- Citrus ×limon (L.) Burm.f.
- Citrus ×sinensis (L.) Osbeck
- Citrus ×tangelo J.W.Ingram & H.E.Moore
- Citrus grandis × reticulata
- Citrus ichangensis × reticulata
- Citrus reticulata Blanco
- Clematis
- Clematis afoliata Buchanan
- Clematis cunninghamii Turcz. 1863
- Clematis foetida Raoul
- Clematis forsteri J.F.Gmel.
- Clematis marata J.B.Armstr.
- Clematis montana DC.
- Clematis paniculata J.F.Gmel.
- Clematis recta L.
- Clematis vitalba L.
- Clianthus puniceus (G.Don) Lindl.
- Coccomyces globosus P.R. Johnst. 1986
- Coleophoma cylindrospora (Desm.) Höhn. 1919
- Coleroa senniana (Sacc.) Arx 1962
- Colletotrichum acutatum f.sp. pineum Dingley & J.W. Gilmour 1972
- Colletotrichum acutatum J.H. Simmonds 1968
- Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. 1884
- Colletotrichum lupini (Bondar) Nirenberg, Feiler & Hagedorn 2002
- Collospermum hastatum (Colenso) Skottsb.
- Coma circularis (Cooke & Massee) Nag Raj & W.B. Kendr. 1972
- Coniochaeta velutina (Fuckel) Cooke 1887
- Coniothyrium ovatum H.J. Swart 1986
- Coprosma
- Coprosma ×cunninghamii Hook.f.
- Coprosma arborea Kirk
- Coprosma areolata Cheeseman
- Coprosma crassifolia Colenso
- Coprosma foetidissima J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Coprosma grandifolia Hook.f.
- Coprosma lucida J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Coprosma macrocarpa Cheeseman
- Coprosma perpusilla Colenso
- Coprosma pseudocuneata W.R.B.Oliv. ex Garn.-Jones & Elder
- Coprosma repens Hook.f.
- Coprosma rhamnoides A.Cunn.
- Coprosma robusta Raoul
- Coprosma serrulata Buchanan
- Coprosma spathulata A.Cunn.
- Coprosma tenuifolia Cheeseman
- Cordyline australis (G.Forst.) Endl.
- Cordyline australis × banksii
- Cordyline banksii Hook.f.
- Coriaria angustissima Hook.f.
- Coriaria arborea Linds.
- Coriaria lurida Kirk
- Coriaria sarmentosa G.Forst.
- Cornuvesica falcata (E.F. Wright & Cain) Viljoen, M.J. Wingf. & K. Jacobs 2000
- Corokia ×cheesemanii
- Corokia buddleioides A.Cunn.
- Corokia cotoneaster Raoul
- Correa ×harrisii Paxton
- Cortaderia fulvida (Buchanan) Zotov
- Cortaderia jubata (Lem.) Stapf
- Cortaderia toetoe Zotov
- Cortaderia turbaria Connor
- Corylus avellana L.
- Corynelia tropica (Auersw. & Rabenh.) Starbäck 1905
- Coryneum betulinum Schulzer 1882
- Corynocarpus laevigatus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Cosmospora zealandica (Cooke) Samuels & Nirenberg 1879
- Cotinus coggygria Scop.
- Cotoneaster
- Crataegus monogyna Jacq.
- Crinodendron
- Cryphonectria gyrosa (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. & D. Sacc. 1905
- Cryphonectria radicalis (Schwein.) M.E. Barr 1978
- Cryptodiaporthe salicina Wehm. 1933
- Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D.Don
- Cryptosporiopsis edgertonii Gadgil & M.A. Dick 2001
- Cryptosporiopsis eucalypti Sankaran & B. Sutton 1995
- Cryptosporiopsis hoheriae (J.D. Atk.) Gadgil & M.A. Dick 2000 [1999]
- Cumminsiella mirabilissima (Peck) Nannf. 1947
- Cupressus arizonica × torulosa
- Cupressus arizonica Greene
- Cupressus arizonica var. glabra
- Cupressus cashmeriana Carrière
- Cupressus duclouxiana
- Cupressus guadalupensis
- Cupressus lusitanica Mill.
- Cupressus macrocarpa Gordon
- Cupressus sempervirens L.
- Cupressus torulosa D.Don
- Cyathea dealbata (G.Forst.) Sw.
- Cyathea medullaris (G.Forst.) Sw.
- Cyathea smithii Hook.f.
- Cyathodes juniperina (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Druce
- Cyclaneusma minus (Butin) DiCosmo, Peredo & Minter 1983
- Cyclaneusma niveum (Pers.) DiCosmo, Peredo & Minter 1983
- Cyclomyces tabacinus (Mont.) Pat. 1900
- Cydonia oblonga Mill.
- Cylindrocladiella novae-zelandiae (Boesew.) Boesew. 1982
- Cylindrocladiella parva (P.J. Anderson) Boesew. 1982
- Cylindrocladium floridanum Sobers & C.P. Seym. 1967
- Cylindrocladium pseudonaviculatum Crous, J.Z. Groenew. & C.F. Hill 2002
- Cylindrocladium scoparium Morgan 1892
- Cylindrosporium betulae Davis 1910
- Cyphomandra
- Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtn.
- Cyphomandra fragrans
- Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link
- Cytospora chrysosperma (Pers.) Fr. 1823
- Cytospora eucalypticola Van der Westh. 1965
- Cytospora metrosideri Rabenh. 1878
- Cyttaria gunnii Berk. 1847
- Cyttaria gunnii sensu auct. NZ
- Cyttaria nigra Rawlings 1956
- Cyttaria pallida Rawlings 1956
- Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (A.Rich.) de Laub.
- Dacrydium cupressinum Lamb.
- Daphne odora Thunb.
- Dendrobenthamia capitata (Wall.) Hutch.
- Descomyces albus (Klotzsch) Bougher & Castellano 1993
- Deutzia
- Diaporthe actinidiae N.F. Sommer & Beraha 1975
- Diaporthe eres Nitschke 1870
- Diatrype bullata (Hoffm.) Fr. 1849
- Diatrype glomeraria Berk. 1855
- Diatrype stigma (Hoffm.) Fr. 1849
- Dicksonia fibrosa Colenso
- Dicksonia lanata Colenso
- Dicksonia squarrosa (G.Forst.) Sw.
- Didymascella thujina (E.J. Durand) Maire 1927
- Didymella applanata (Niessl) Sacc. 1882
- Diospyros kaki L.f.
- Diploceras dilophosporum (Cooke) Sacc. 1892
- Diploceras leptospermi (R.G. Bagn. & Sheridan) Nag Raj 1993
- Diplochorella colensoi (Berk.) P.R. Johnst. & P.F. Cannon 2004
- Diplodia crataegi Westend. 1867
- Diplodia taxi (Sowerby) De Not. 1845 [1842]
- Diplodina eurhododendri W. Voss 1887
- Discaria toumatou Raoul
- Discula brenckleana (Sacc., Syd. & P. Syd.) Petr. 1924
- Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.
- Doodia australis
- Dothistroma pini Hulbary 1941
- Dothistroma pini sensu auct.
- Dracaena fragrans (L.) Ker Gawl.
- Dracophyllum
- Dracophyllum prostratum Kirk
- Dracophyllum subulatum Hook.f.
- Dracophyllum traversii Hook.f.
- Dracophyllum uniflorum Hook.f.
- Dryandra
- Dysoxylum spectabile (G.Forst.) Hook.f.
- Elaeocarpus dentatus (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Vahl
- Elaeocarpus hookerianus Raoul
- Elsinoe eucalypti Hansf. 1954
- Endogone flammicorona Trappe & Gerd. 1972
- Endogone verrucosa Gerd. & Trappe 1974
- Endoscypha perforans Syd. 1924
- Entelea arborescens R.Br.
- Entomosporium mespili (DC.) Sacc. 1880
- Erica
- Erica bowieana Lodd. & G.Lodd.
- Erica canaliculata Andrews
- Erica lusitanica Rudolphi
- Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.
- Erysiphe carpophila Syd. 1924
- Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. 1805
- Erysiphe densa Berk. 1855
- Erysiphe orontii Castagne 1851
- Erysiphe pisi DC. 1805
- Erysiphe rubicola (B.J. Murray) Boesew. 1976
- Erythrina caffra Thunb.
- Escallonia rubra var. macrantha (Hook. & Arn.) Reiche
- Euantennaria caulicola S. Hughes 1974
- Euantennaria mucronata (Mont.) S. Hughes 1972
- Euantennaria novae-zelandiae S. Hughes 1974
- Euantennaria pacifica S. Hughes 1974
- Eucalyptus
- Eucalyptus aggregata H.Deane & Maiden
- Eucalyptus albens Benth.
- Eucalyptus aromaphloia
- Eucalyptus baxteri
- Eucalyptus benthamii
- Eucalyptus botryoides Sm.
- Eucalyptus calophylla R.Br. ex Lindl.
- Eucalyptus camaldulensis
- Eucalyptus cephalocarpa Blakely
- Eucalyptus cinerea Benth.
- Eucalyptus cordata
- Eucalyptus crebra F.Muell.
- Eucalyptus cypellocarpa L.A.S.Johnson
- Eucalyptus dalrympleana Maiden
- Eucalyptus deglupta Blume
- Eucalyptus delegatensis R.T.Baker
- Eucalyptus dendromorpha (Blakely) L.A.S.Johnson & Blaxell
- Eucalyptus diversicolor F.Muell.
- Eucalyptus diversifolia Bonpl.
- Eucalyptus elata Dehnh.
- Eucalyptus eremophila (Diels) Maiden
- Eucalyptus erythrocorys F.Muell.
- Eucalyptus fastigata H.Deane & Maiden
- Eucalyptus ficifolia F.Muell.
- Eucalyptus fraxinoides H.Deane & Maiden
- Eucalyptus globoidea Blakely
- Eucalyptus globulus Labill. subsp. globulus
- Eucalyptus globulus subsp. bicostata (Maiden, Blakely & Simmonds) J.B.Kirkp.
- Eucalyptus globulus subsp. maidenii (F.Muell.) J.B.Kirkp.
- Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill
- Eucalyptus grossa Benth.
- Eucalyptus gunnii Hook.f.
- Eucalyptus johnstonii Maiden
- Eucalyptus kitsoniana Maiden
- Eucalyptus leucoxylon F.Muell.
- Eucalyptus macarthurii H.Deane & Maiden
- Eucalyptus megacarpa F.Muell.
- Eucalyptus microcorys
- Eucalyptus moluccana Roxb.
- Eucalyptus muelleriana A.W.Howitt
- Eucalyptus nicholii
- Eucalyptus nitens (H.Deane & Maiden) Maiden
- Eucalyptus nutans F.Muell.
- Eucalyptus obliqua L'Hér.
- Eucalyptus oreades R.T.Baker
- Eucalyptus ovata Labill.
- Eucalyptus paniculata Sm.
- Eucalyptus pauciflora subsp. niphophila (Maiden & Blakely) L.A.S.Johnson & Blaxell
- Eucalyptus pauciflora subsp. pauciflora
- Eucalyptus perriniana F. Muell. ex Rodway
- Eucalyptus pilularis Sm.
- Eucalyptus pyrocarpa L.A.S.Johnson & Blaxell
- Eucalyptus radiata DC.
- Eucalyptus regnans × obliqua
- Eucalyptus regnans F.Muell.
- Eucalyptus saligna Sm.
- Eucalyptus scoparia
- Eucalyptus sideroxylon
- Eucalyptus sieberi L.A.S.Johnson
- Eucalyptus stenostoma L.A.S.Johnson & Blaxell
- Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm.
- Eucalyptus torquata Luehm.
- Eucalyptus urnigera
- Eucalyptus viminalis Labill.
- Euonymus japonicus Thunb.
- Euphorbia pulcherrima Klotzsch
- Exobasidium camelliae Shirai 1896
- Exobasidium dracophylli McNabb 1962
- Exobasidium fraseri McNabb 1962
- Exobasidium gracile (Shirai) Syd. & P. Syd. 1912
- Exobasidium novae-zealandiae McNabb 1962
- Exobasidium pentachondrae McNabb 1962
- Exobasidium vaccinii (Fuckel) Woronin 1867
- Fagus sylvatica L.
- Fairmaniella leprosa (Fairm.) Petr. & Syd. 1927
- Fatsia japonica (Thunb.) Decne. & Planch.
- Feijoa sellowiana (O.Berg.) O.Berg
- Ficus carica × pumila
- Ficus carica L.
- Ficus elastica Hornem.
- Ficus macrophylla Desf.
- Fomes hemitephrus (Berk.) Cooke 1885
- Forsythia
- Fraxinus excelsior L.
- Freycinetia baueriana subsp. banksii (A.Cunn.) B.C.Stone
- Fuchsia
- Fuchsia ×hybrida Vilm.
- Fuchsia excorticata (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) L.f.
- Fuchsia magellanica Lam.
- Fuchsia perscandens Cockayne & Allan
- Fuchsia procumbens A.Cunn.
- Fusarium acuminatum Ellis & Everh. 1895
- Fusarium avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. 1886
- Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Sm.) Sacc. 1895
- Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc. 1886
- Fusarium lateritium Nees 1816-17
- Fusarium merismoides Corda 1838
- Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl. 1824
- Fusarium proliferatum (Matsush.) Nirenberg 1976
- Fusarium sacchari (E.J. Butler) W. Gams 1971
- Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel 1870 [1869-70]
- Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. 1881
- Gallacea eburnea Castellano & Beever 1994
- Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. 1887
- Ganoderma applanatum sensu Wakef. 1915
- Ganoderma australe (Fr.) Pat. 1889
- Garrya elliptica Douglas
- Gaultheria antipoda G.Forst.
- Geniostoma rupestre var. ligustrifolium (A.Cunn.) B.J.Conn
- Gevuina avellana Molina
- Gibberella macrolopha (Syd.) Dingley 1952
- Ginkgo biloba L.
- Gloeocystidiellum sacratum (G. Cunn.) Stalpers & P.K. Buchanan 1991
- Gloeosporidium coprosmae Syd. 1924
- Glomerella miyabeana (Fukushi) Arx 1957
- Glomerella phacidiomorpha (Ces.) Petr. 1927
- Glomerella phacidiomorpha sensu Kinghorn 1936
- Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxt.) Gerd. & Trappe 1974
- Glomus macrocarpum Tul. & C. Tul. 1845
- Glomus pallidum I.R. Hall 1977
- Glomus tenue (Greenall) I.R. Hall 1977
- Glomus vesiculiferum (Thaxt.) Gerd. & Trappe 1974
- Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) R.Br.
- Gonatophragmium obscurum U. Braun & C.F. Hill 2002
- Goodia lotifolia Salisb.
- Grammitis billardierei Willd.
- Graphiola phoenicis (Moug.) Poit. 1824
- Grevillea
- Grevillea banksii R.Br.
- Grevillea robusta R.Br.
- Grifola colensoi (Berk.) G. Cunn. 1965
- Griselinia littoralis Raoul
- Griselinia lucida G.Forst.
- Guignardia cytisi (Fuckel) Arx & E. Müll. 1954
- Guignardia philoprina (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Aa 1973
- Gymnopilus junonius (Fr.) P.D. Orton 1960
- Gymnosporangium clavariiforme (Wulfen) DC. 1805
- Haematonectria illudens (Berk.) Samuels & Nirenberg 1999
- Hainesia lythri (Desm.) Höhn. 1906
- Hakea sericea Schrad. & J.C.Wendl.
- Halocarpus biformis (Hook.) Quinn
- Hamaspora australis G. Cunn. 1930
- Harknessia eucalypti Cooke 1881
- Harknessia eucrypta (Cooke & Massee) Nag Raj & DiCosmo 1981
- Harknessia globosa B. Sutton 1971
- Harzia acremonioides (Harz) Costantin 1888
- Hebe
- Hebe ×andersonii (Lindl. & Paxton) Cockayne
- Hebe ×franciscana (Eastw.) Souster
- Hebe brachysiphon Summerh.
- Hebe carnea (J.B.Armstr.) A.Wall
- Hebe elliptica (G.Forst.) Pennell
- Hebe glaucophylla (Cockayne) Cockayne
- Hebe hectorii subsp. demissa (G.Simpson) Wagstaff & Wardle
- Hebe hulkeana (F.Muell.) Cockayne & Allan
- Hebe macrantha (Hook.f.) Cockayne & Allan var. macrantha
- Hebe macrantha var. brachyphylla (Cheeseman) Cockayne & Allan
- Hebe obtusata (Cheeseman) Cockayne & Allan
- Hebe odora (Hook.f.) Cockayne
- Hebe speciosa (A.Cunn.) Cockayne & Allan
- Hebe stricta (Benth.) L.B.Moore var. stricta
- Hebe stricta var. atkinsonii (Cockayne) L.B.Moore
- Hebe stricta var. egmontiana L.B.Moore
- Hebe stricta var. macroura (Benth.) L.B.Moore
- Hebe subalpina (Cockayne) Cockayne & Allan
- Hebe topiaria L.B.Moore
- Hebe treadwellii Cockayne & Allan
- Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull.) Quél. 1872
- Hedera
- Hedera helix L.
- Hedycarya arborea J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Heterobasidion araucariae P.K. Buchanan 1988
- Hibiscus cannabinus L.
- Hibiscus mutabilis L.
- Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.
- Hibiscus syriacus L.
- Hoheria
- Hoheria angustifolia Raoul
- Hoheria glabrata Sprague & Summerh.
- Hoheria lyallii Hook.f.
- Hoheria populnea A.Cunn.
- Hoheria sexstylosa Colenso
- Homalocladium platycladum (F.Muell.) Baill.
- Humulus lupulus L.
- Hydnangium carneum Wallr. 1839
- Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser.
- Hydropisphaera cyatheae (Dingley) Rossman & Samuels 1999
- Hymenochaete cervina Berk. & M.A. Curtis 1868 [1869]
- Hymenophyllum
- Hymenophyllum demissum (G.Forst.) Sw.
- Hymenophyllum flabellatum Labill.
- Hysterangium inflatum Rodway 1918 [1917]
- Hysterangium neotunicatum Castellano & Beever 1994
- Hysterangium rupticutis Castellano & Beever 1994
- Idesia polycarpa Maxim.
- Ilex
- Inonotus lloydii (Cleland) P.K. Buchanan & Ryvarden 1993
- Irenopsis hoheriae Hansf. 1955
- Ischnoderma rosulatum (G. Cunn.) P.K. Buchanan & Ryvarden 1988
- Ixerba brexioides A.Cunn.
- Jacaranda
- Jacaranda mimosifolia D.Don
- Jasminum
- Jasminum mesnyi Hance
- Juglans nigra L.
- Juglans regia L.
- Junghuhnia vincta (Berk.) Hood & M.A. Dick 1988
- Juniperus chinensis L.
- Juniperus communis L.
- Juniperus recurva var. coxii (A.B.Jacks.) Melville
- Juniperus squamata D.Don
- Kabatina thujae R. Schneid. & Arx 1966
- Knightia excelsa R.Br.
- Kuehneola uredinis (Link) Arthur 1906
- Kunzea ericoides (A.Rich.) Joy Thomps. 1983
- Kunzea ericoides var. microflora (G.Simpson) W.Harris
- Laburnum
- Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Cooke 1884
- Laccaria laccata sensu auct. NZ
- Lachnellula hahniana (Seaver) Dennis 1962
- Lachnellula pseudotsugae (G.G. Hahn) Dennis 1962
- Lachnellula subtilissima (Cooke) Dennis 1962
- Laetiporus portentosus (Berk.) Rajchenb. 1995
- Lagerstroemia indica L.
- Lagunaria patersonia (Andrews) G.Don
- Larix
- Larix decidua Mill.
- Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière
- Lastreopsis hispida (Sw.) Tindale
- Laurelia novae-zelandiae A.Cunn.
- Laurus nobilis L.
- Lauterbachiella dicksoniifolia Dingley 1972
- Lauterbachiella filicina (Berk. & Broome) Dingley 1972
- Leccinum scabrum (Bull.) Gray 1821
- Leionema nudum (Hook.) Paul G.Wilson
- Lepteutypa cupressi (Nattras, C. Booth & B. Sutton) H.J. Swart 1973
- Lepteutypa podocarpi (Butin) Aa 1987 [1986]
- Leptographium alethinum K. Jacobs, M.J. Wingf. & Uzunovic 2001
- Leptographium euphyes K. Jacobs & M.J. Wingf. 2001
- Leptographium lundbergii Lagerb. & Melin 1927
- Leptographium procerum (W.B. Kendr.) M.J. Wingf. 1985
- Leptomelanconium australiense B. Sutton 1974
- Leptospermum scoparium J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Leptosphaeria coniothyrium (Fuckel) Sacc. 1875
- Leucadendron
- Leucadendron adscendens R.Br.
- Leucadendron argenteum (L.) R.Br.
- Leucadendron decorum R.Br.
- Leucadendron salignum R.Br.
- Leucopogon colensoi Hook.f.
- Leucopogon fasciculatus (G.Forst.) A.Rich.
- Leucopogon fraseri A.Cunn.
- Leucospermum
- Leucospermum nutans R.Br.
- Leucospermum reflexum Meisn.
- Leycesteria formosa Wall.
- Lhotskya alpestris (Lindl.) Druce
- Libocedrus plumosa (D.Don) Sarg.
- Ligustrum
- Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.
- Ligustrum vulgare L.
- Linochora aberrans Syd. 1924
- Liquidambar styraciflua L.
- Liriodendron tulipifera L.
- Litsea calicaris (A.Cunn.) Kirk
- Lonicera nitida E.H.Wilson
- Lonicera tatarica L.
- Lophium mytilinum (Pers.) Fr. 1818
- Lophodermium conigenum (Brunaud) Hilitzer 1929
- Lophodermium molitoris Minter 1980
- Lophodermium pinastri (Schrad.) Chevall. 1826
- Lophodermium seditiosum Minter, Staley & Millar 1978
- Lophomyrtus
- Lophomyrtus obcordata (Raoul) Burret
- Lophostemon confertus
- Luculia gratissima Sweet
- Lupinus
- Lupinus albus L.
- Lupinus angustifolius L.
- Lupinus arborescens
- Lupinus arboreus Sims
- Lupinus argenteus Pursh
- Lupinus cosentinii Guss.
- Lupinus luteus L.
- Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.
- Lupinus pubescens
- Luzuriaga parviflora (Hook.f.) Kunth
- Lycium barbarum L.
- Lycium ferocissimum Miers
- Lycopodium deuterodensum Herter
- Lygodium articulatum A.Rich.
- Macadamia
- Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche
- Macadamia tetraphylla L.A.S.Johnson
- Macrohilum eucalypti H.J. Swart 1988
- Macropiper excelsum (G.Forst.) Miq.
- Magnolia
- Magnolia grandiflora L.
- Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.
- Mahonia fortunei (Lindl.) Fedde
- Mahonia lomariifolia Takeda
- Mahonia pumila (Greene) Fedde
- Malus ×domestica Borkh.
- Malus angustifolia (Ait.) Michx.
- Mangifera indica L.
- Manoao colensoi (Hook.) Molloy
- Marssonina betulae (Lib.) Magnus 1906
- Marssonina brunnea (Ellis & Everh.) Magnus 1906
- Marssonina castagnei (Desm. & Mont.) Magnus 1906
- Marssonina rosae (Lib.) Died. 1915
- Marssonina salicicola (Bres.) Magnus 1906
- Melampsora coleosporioides Dietel 1902
- Melampsora epitea Thüm. 1879
- Melampsora laricis-populina Kleb. 1902
- Melampsora medusae Thüm. 1878
- Melampsora medusae-populina Spiers 1994
- Melampsoridium betulinum Kleb. 1899
- Melanconium oblongum Berk. 1874
- Melicope simplex A.Cunn.
- Melicope ternata J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Melicytus lanceolatus Hook.f.
- Melicytus macrophyllus A.Cunn.
- Melicytus ramiflorus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Meliolina leptospermi S. Hughes 1993
- Meliolina metrosideri S. Hughes 1993
- Meliolina novae-zealandiae Hansf. 1954
- Meloderma desmazieresii (Duby) Darker 1967
- Meria laricis Vuill. 1896
- Meryta sinclairii (Hook.f.) Seem.
- Mesophellia glauca (Cooke & Massee) D.A. Reid 1963
- Mespilus germanica L.
- Metacapnodium dingleyae S. Hughes 1981
- Metacapnodium fraserae (S. Hughes) S. Hughes 1976
- Metacapnodium moniliforme (L.R. Fraser) S. Hughes 1976
- Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu & W.C.Cheng
- Metrosideros
- Metrosideros albiflora Gaertn.
- Metrosideros diffusa (G.Forst.) Sm.
- Metrosideros excelsa Gaertn.
- Metrosideros fulgens Gaertn.
- Metrosideros kermadecensis W.R.B.Oliv.
- Metrosideros parkinsonii Buchanan
- Metrosideros perforata (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) A.Rich.
- Metrosideros robusta A.Cunn.
- Metrosideros umbellata Cav.
- Microsphaera alphitoides Griffon & Maubl. 1912
- Microsphaera euonymi-japonici Vienn.-Bourg. 1968
- Microsphaera grossulariae (Wallr.) Lév. 1851
- Microsphaera hypophylla Nevod. 1952
- Microsphaera sparsa Howe 1872
- Microsphaeropsis conielloides B. Sutton 1974
- Microsphaeropsis pittospororum (Sacc.) G.F. Laundon 1984
- Microthyriella phaeospora Hansf. 1954
- Mida salicifolia A.Cunn.
- Mimosa
- Monostichella nothofagi P.R. Johnst. 1999
- Monostichella robergei (Desm.) Höhn. 1916
- Morus alba L.
- Morus nigra L.
- Muehlenbeckia australis (G.Forst.) Meisn.
- Muehlenbeckia axillaris (Hook.f.) Walp.
- Muehlenbeckia complexa (A.Cunn.) Meisn.
- Mundkurella schefflerae Vánky, C. Vánky & McKenzie 1999
- Muntingia calabura L.
- Mycocentrospora acerina (R. Hartig) Deighton 1972
- Mycosphaerella coacervata Syd. 1924
- Mycosphaerella cryptica (Cooke) Hansf. 1956
- Mycosphaerella cunninghamii Syd. 1924
- Mycosphaerella enteleae (Dingley) Sivan. 1977
- Mycosphaerella intermedia M.A. Dick & K. Dobbie 2001
- Mycosphaerella metrosideri F. Stevens & P.A. Young 1925
- Mycosphaerella nubilosa (Cooke) Hansf. 1956
- Mycosphaerella pittospori (Cooke) F.A. Weiss & M.J. O'Brien 1953
- Mycosphaerella spissa Syd. 1924
- Mycosphaerella suberosa Crous, F.A. Ferreira, Alfenas & M.J. Wingf. 1993
- Mycosphaerella swartii R.F. Park & Keane 1984
- Mycosphaerella ulmi Kleb. 1902
- Myoporum acuminatum R.Br.
- Myoporum insulare × laetum
- Myoporum laetum G.Forst.
- Myoporum parvifolium R.Br.
- Myrsine australis (A.Rich.) Allan
- Myrsine chathamica F.Muell.
- Myrsine divaricata A.Cunn.
- Myrsine salicina Hook.f.
- Nectria cinnabarina (Tode) Fr. 1849
- Nectria egmontensis Dingley 1956
- Nectria fragilis Dingley 1951
- Nectria fuckeliana C. Booth 1959
- Nectria manuka Dingley 1951
- Nectria novae-zealandiae (Dingley) Rossman 1979
- Nectria otagensis Linds. 1867
- Nectria plagianthi Dingley 1951
- Nectria punicea (J.C. Schmidt) Fr. ex Rabenh. 1858
- Nectria radicicola var. coprosmae (Dingley) Samuels & Brayford 1990
- Nectria ruapehu Dingley 1951
- Neomyrtus pedunculata (Hook.f.) Allan
- Neonectria discophora (Mont.) Mantiri & Samuels 2001 var. discophora
- Neonectria discophora var. rubi (Osterw.) Brayford & Samuels 2004
- Neonectria galligena (Bres.) Rossman & Samuels 1999
- Neonectria westlandica (Dingley) Samuels & Brayford 2004
- Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C.Presl
- Nerium oleander L.
- Nestegis
- Nestegis lanceolata (Hook.f.) L.A.S.Johnson
- Nestegis montana (Hook.f.) L.A.S.Johnson
- Nothofagus
- Nothofagus antarctica (G.Forst.) Oerst.
- Nothofagus fusca (Hook.f.) Oerst.
- Nothofagus menziesii (Hook.f.) Oerst.
- Nothofagus solandri (Hook.f.) Oerst. var. solandri
- Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides (Hook.f.) Poole
- Nothofagus truncata (Colenso) Cockayne
- Octaviania tasmanica (Kalchbr. ex Massee) Lloyd 1922
- Oidium hortensiae Jørst. 1926
- Olea europaea L.
- Olearia
- Olearia angustifolia Hook.f.
- Olearia arborescens (G.Forst.) Cockayne & Laing
- Olearia arborescens × lacunosa
- Olearia avicenniifolia (Raoul) Hook.f.
- Olearia colensoi Hook.f.
- Olearia coriacea Kirk
- Olearia furfuracea (A.Rich.) Hook.f.
- Olearia ilicifolia × lacunosa
- Olearia ilicifolia Hook.f.
- Olearia lacunosa Hook.f.
- Olearia lyallii Hook.f.
- Olearia macrodonta Baker
- Olearia moschata Hook.f.
- Olearia nummulariifolia Hook.f.
- Olearia odorata Petrie
- Olearia paniculata (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Druce
- Olearia rani (A.Cunn.) Druce
- Olearia semidentata Hook.f.
- Olearia traversii (F.Muell.) Hook.f.
- Olearia virgata Hook.f.
- Ophiocapnocoma batistae S. Hughes 1967
- Ophiocapnocoma phloiophilia (E.E. Fisher) S. Hughes 1967
- Ophiostoma huntii (Rob.-Jeffr.) de Hoog & R.J. Scheff. 1984
- Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Brasier 1991
- Ophiostoma piceae (Münch) Syd. & P. Syd. 1919
- Ophiostoma piliferum (Fr.) Syd. & P. Syd. 1919
- Ophiostoma pluriannulatum (Hedgc.) Syd. & P. Syd. 1919
- Ophiostoma quercus (Georgev.) Nannf. 1934
- Ophiostoma rostrocoronatum (R.W. Davidson & Eslyn) de Hoog & R.J.Scheff. 1984
- Ophiostoma setosum Uzunovic, Seifert, S.H. Kim & C. Breuil 2000
- Ophiostoma stenoceras (Robak) Nannf. 1934
- Ophiovalsa betulae (Tul. & C. Tul.) Petr. 1966 [1965]
- Orbiliopsis callistea Syd. 1924
- Osmanthus
- Ozothamnus leptophyllus (G.Forst.) Breit. & J.M.Ward
- Pachysacca pusilla H.J. Swart 1982
- Pachystegia insignis (Hook.f.) Cheeseman
- Parahebe
- Parahebe catarractae (G.Forst.) W.R.B.Oliv.
- Paraserianthes lophantha (Willd.) I.C.Nielsen
- Parthenocissus quinquefolia
- Passiflora edulis Sims
- Passiflora mollissima (Kunth) L.H.Bailey
- Passiflora tetrandra DC.
- Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud.
- Pennantia corymbosa J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Penstemon hartwegii Benth.
- Pentachondra pumila (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) R.Br.
- Periconiella araliacearum G.F. Laundon 1972 [1971]
- Periconiella coprosmae G.F. Laundon 1972 [1971]
- Periconiella phormii M.B. Ellis 1967
- Peronospora grisea (Unger) Unger 1847
- Peronospora sparsa Berk. 1862
- Persea americana Mill.
- Pestalotiopsis funerea (Desm.) Steyaert 1949
- Pestalotiopsis maculans (Corda) Nag Raj 1985
- Pestalotiopsis stevensonii (Peck) Nag Raj 1993
- Pestalotiopsis sydowiana (Bres.) B. Sutton 1961
- Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii (T. Rohde) Petr. 1938
- Phaeolus schweinitzii (Fr.) Pat. 1900
- Phaeolus schweinitzii sensu Hood 1986
- Phaeophleospora atkinsonii (Syd.) Pennycook & McKenzie 2002
- Phaeophleospora epicoccoides (Cooke & Massee) Crous, F.A. Ferreira & B. Sutton 1997
- Phaeophleospora eucalypti (Cooke & Massee) Crous, F.A. Ferreira & B. Sutton 1997
- Phaeophleospora phormii (Naito) Crous, F.A. Ferreira & B. Sutton 1997
- Phaeothyriolum microthyrioides (G. Winter) H.J. Swart 1986
- Phebalium squameum Druce
- Phellinus gilvus (Schwein.) Pat. 1900
- Phellinus robustus (P. Karst.) Bourdot & Galzin 1925
- Phellinus senex (Nees & Mont.) Imazeki 1952
- Phellinus wahlbergii (Fr.) D.A. Reid 1975
- Phloeospora maculans (Berenger) Allesch. 1900 [1901]
- Phloeospora robiniae (Lib.) Höhn. 1905
- Phoenix canariensis Chabaud
- Phoenix dactylifera L.
- Pholiota adiposa (Batsch) P. Kumm. 1871
- Phoma clematidina (Thüm.) Boerema 1979 [1978]
- Phoma exigua Desm. 1849
- Phoma macrostoma Mont. 1849
- Phoma nigricans P.R. Johnst. & Boerema 1982 [1981]
- Phoma plurivora P.R. Johnst. 1981
- Phoma pomorum Thüm. 1879 [1878]
- Phomopsis cunninghamii Syd. 1924
- Phomopsis juniperivora G.G. Hahn 1920
- Phomopsis viticola (Sacc.) Sacc. 1915
- Phormium cookianum Le Jol.
- Phormium tenax J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Photinia glabra (Thunb.) Maxim.
- Photinia serrulata Lindl.
- Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltdl. 1824
- Phragmidium rubi-idaei (DC.) P. Karst. 1879
- Phragmidium tuberculatum Jul. Müll. 1885
- Phragmidium violaceum (Schultz) G. Winter 1880
- Phycopeltis expansa A. Jenn. 1896
- Phycopeltis novaezelandiae R.H. Thompson & Wujek 1997
- Phycopeltis prostrata (De Wild.) SchmidleA.W. Thomps. 1897
- Phyllachora manuka P.R. Johnst. & P.F. Cannon 2004
- Phyllactinia guttata (Wallr.) Lév. 1851
- Phyllocladus alpinus Hook.f.
- Phyllocladus toatoa Molloy
- Phyllocladus trichomanoides D.Don
- Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) Aa 1973
- Phyllosticta citricarpa sensu auct. NZ
- Phyllosticta concentrica Sacc. 1876
- Phyllosticta sp. 1 sensu McKenzie
- Phyllosticta spinarum (Died.) Nag Raj & M. Morelet 1978
- Phymatosorus diversifolius (Willd.) Pic.Serm.
- Phymatosorus scandens (G.Forst.) Pic.Serm.
- Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) J. Schröt. 1886 [1889]
- Phytophthora captiosa M.A. Dick & Dobbie 2006
- Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands 1922
- Phytophthora citricola Sawada 1927
- Phytophthora citrophthora (R.E. Sm. & E.H. Sm.) Leonian 1925
- Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. & Laff. 1919
- Phytophthora fallax Dobbie & M.A. Dick 2006
- Phytophthora gonapodyides (H.E. Petersen) Buisman 1927
- Phytophthora heveae A.W. Thomps. 1929
- Phytophthora hibernalis Carne 1925
- Phytophthora lateralis Tucker & Milbrath 1942
- Phytophthora megasperma Drechsler 1931
- Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan 1896
- Phytophthora syringae (Kleb.) Kleb. 1909
- Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.
- Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière
- Pieris japonica (Thunb.) D.Don
- Piggotia nothofagi P.R. Johnst. 1999
- Pinus
- Pinus ×attenuradiata Stockw. & Righter
- Pinus attenuata Lemmon
- Pinus ayacahuite Ehrenb.
- Pinus banksiana Lamb.
- Pinus brutia Ten.
- Pinus canariensis C.Sm.
- Pinus caribaea Morelet
- Pinus contorta Loudon
- Pinus coulteri D.Don
- Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc
- Pinus devoniana Lindl.
- Pinus echinata Mill.
- Pinus edulis
- Pinus elliottii Engelm.
- Pinus halepensis Mill.
- Pinus hartwegii Lindl.
- Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.
- Pinus lambertiana Douglas
- Pinus montezumae Lamb.
- Pinus monticola D.Don
- Pinus mugo subsp. uncinata
- Pinus mugo Turra subsp. mugo
- Pinus muricata D.Don
- Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold subsp. nigra
- Pinus nigra subsp. laricio (Poir.) Maire
- Pinus palustris Mill.
- Pinus patula Schltdl. & Cham.
- Pinus pinaster Aiton
- Pinus ponderosa Lawson & C.Lawson
- Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl.
- Pinus radiata D.Don
- Pinus roxburghii Sarg.
- Pinus sabiniana D.Don
- Pinus serotina Michx.
- Pinus strobus L.
- Pinus sylvestris L.
- Pinus taeda L.
- Pinus torreyana Carrière
- Pinus yunnanensis
- Pirottaea nidulans (Syd.) P.R. Johnst. 2002
- Pisolithus tinctorius (Mont.) E. Fisch. 1900
- Pisolithus tinctorius sensu G. Cunn. 1931
- Pisonia brunoniana Endl.
- Pittosporum
- Pittosporum colensoi Hook.f.
- Pittosporum crassifolium A.Cunn.
- Pittosporum ellipticum Kirk
- Pittosporum eugenioides A.Cunn
- Pittosporum tenuifolium Gaertn.
- Pittosporum umbellatum Gaertn.
- Placosoma nothopanacis Syd. 1924
- Plagianthus divaricatus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Plagianthus regius (Poit.) Hochr.
- Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni 1888
- Platanus
- Platanus ×acerifolia (Aiton) Willd.
- Platanus occidentalis L.
- Platanus orientalis L.
- Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco
- Pleiochaeta setosa (Kirchn.) S. Hughes 1951
- Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rabenh. 1857
- Podalyria
- Podocarpus
- Podocarpus acutifolius Kirk
- Podocarpus alpinus Hook.f.
- Podocarpus hallii × nivalis
- Podocarpus hallii Kirk
- Podocarpus nivalis Hook.
- Podocarpus totara D.Don
- Podosphaera clandestina (Wallr.) Lév. 1851
- Podosphaera leucotricha (Ellis & Everh.) E.S. Salmon 1900
- Podosphaera tridactyla (Wallr.) de Bary 1870
- Pomaderris apetala Labill.
- Pomaderris aspera DC.
- Pomaderris kumeraho A.Cunn.
- Pomaderris phylicifolia Lodd. ex Link
- Pomaderris rugosa Cheeseman
- Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.
- Populus
- Populus ×canadensis Moench
- Populus ×generosa A.Henry
- Populus ×gileadensis Rouleau
- Populus alba × deltoides
- Populus alba × nigra
- Populus alba × yunnanensis
- Populus alba L.
- Populus angustifolia Torr.
- Populus balsamifera × trichocarpa
- Populus ciliata Wall.
- Populus deltoides × maximowiczii
- Populus deltoides × yunnanensis
- Populus deltoides Marshall
- Populus deltoides var. missouriensis
- Populus fremontii × nigra
- Populus fremontii S.Watson
- Populus koreana × maximowiczii
- Populus koreana × nigra
- Populus koreana × trichocarpa
- Populus lasiocarpa Oliv.
- Populus maximowiczii × berolinensis
- Populus maximowiczii × nigra
- Populus maximowiczii × trichocarpa
- Populus maximowiczii A.Henry
- Populus nigra L.
- Populus simonii Carrière
- Populus szechuanica C.K.Schneid.
- Populus tremula L.
- Populus trichocarpa Hook.
- Populus wilsonii C.K.Schneid.
- Populus yunnanensis Dode
- Prostanthera ovalifolia R.Br.
- Prostanthera rotundifolia R.Br.
- Protea
- Protea compacta R.Br.
- Protea cynaroides
- Protea neriifolia
- Protubera nothofagi Castellano & Beever 1994
- Prumnopitys ferruginea (D.Don) de Laub.
- Prumnopitys taxifolia (D.Don) de Laub.
- Prunus
- Prunus ×domestica L.
- Prunus armeniaca L.
- Prunus avium L.
- Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.
- Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb
- Prunus lusitanica L.
- Prunus mahaleb L.
- Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc.
- Prunus persica (L.) Batsch
- Prunus persica var. nucipersica (Suckow) C.K.Schneid.
- Prunus salicina Lindl.
- Prunus serrulata Lindl.
- Prunus tomentosa Thunb.
- Prunus yedoensis Matsum.
- Pseudocercospora acerosa U. Braun & M.A. Dick 2002
- Pseudocercospora aristoteliae (Cooke) Deighton 1976
- Pseudocercospora beilschmiediae U. Braun & C.F. Hill 2003
- Pseudocercospora camelliae (Deighton) U. Braun 1993
- Pseudocercospora camelliicola U. Braun & C.F. Hill 2002
- Pseudocercospora ceanothi (Kellerm. & Swingle) Y.L. Guo & X.J. Liu 1989
- Pseudocercospora coprosmae U. Braun & C.F. Hill 2003
- Pseudocercospora crousii U. Braun & M.A. Dick 2002
- Pseudocercospora dodonaeae Boesew. 1981
- Pseudocercospora eucalyptorum Crous, M.J. Wingf., Marasas & B. Sutton 1989
- Pseudocercospora handelii (Bubák) Deighton 1987
- Pseudocercospora hebicola U. Braun & C.F. Hill 2004
- Pseudocercospora karaka (G.F. Laundon) Deighton 1976
- Pseudocercospora lonicericola (W. Yamam.) Deighton 1976
- Pseudocercospora lupini (Cooke) Deighton 1976
- Pseudocercospora melicyti U. Braun & C.F. Hill 2004
- Pseudocercospora metrosideri U. Braun 2001
- Pseudocercospora neriella (Sacc.) Deighton 1976
- Pseudocercospora nogalesii (Urries) U. Braun & M.A. Dick 2003
- Pseudocercospora oleariae U. Braun & M.A. Dick 2003
- Pseudocercospora platensis (Speg.) U. Braun 2000
- Pseudocercospora pomaderridis U. Braun & C.F. Hill 2003
- Pseudocercospora rubi (Sacc.) Deighton 1976
- Pseudocercospora sawadae (W. Yamam.) Goh & W.H. Hsieh 1987
- Pseudocercospora subulata Z.Q. Yuan, de Little & C. Mohammed 2000
- Pseudocercospora varia (Peck) J.K. Bai & X.J. Cheng 1992
- Pseudocercosporella myopori U. Braun & C.F. Hill 2002
- Pseudocladosporium matsushimae U. Braun & C.F. Hill 2004
- Pseudopanax
- Pseudopanax arboreus (Murray) Philipson
- Pseudopanax colensoi (Hook.f.) Philipson
- Pseudopanax crassifolius (A.Cunn.) K.Koch
- Pseudopanax laetevirens
- Pseudopanax laetus (Kirk) Philipson
- Pseudopanax lessonii (DC.) K.Koch
- Pseudotsuga macrocarpa (Vasey) Mayr
- Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco
- Pseudowintera axillaris (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Dandy
- Pseudowintera colorata (Raoul) Dandy
- Psidium cattleyanum Sabine
- Psidium guajava L.
- Psoralea
- Pteridium esculentum (G.Forst.) Cockayne
- Pteris tremula R.Br.
- Puccinia akiraho G. Cunn. 1930
- Puccinia alboclava G.T.S. Baylis 1954
- Puccinia atkinsonii G. Cunn. 1923
- Puccinia clavata P. Syd. & Syd. 1903 [1904]
- Puccinia coprosmae Cooke 1890
- Puccinia freycinetiae McKenzie 1988
- Puccinia hectorensis G. Cunn. 1923
- Puccinia keae G. Cunn. 1928
- Puccinia moschata G. Cunn. 1930
- Puccinia muehlenbeckiae (Cooke) P. Syd. & Syd. 1903 [1904]
- Puccinia perlaevis G. Cunn. 1928
- Puccinia plagianthi McAlpine 1895 [1894]
- Puccinia tekapo McNabb 1962
- Puccinia tiritea G. Cunn. 1923
- Pucciniastrum pustulatum (Pers.) Dietel 1897
- Pycnoporus coccineus (Fr.) Bondartsev & Singer 1941
- Pycnostysanus azaleae (Peck) E.W. Mason 1941
- Pyracantha angustifolia (Franch.) C.K.Schneid.
- Pyracantha crenulata (D.Don.) M.Roem.
- Pyrrosia eleagnifolia (Bory) Hovenkamp
- Pyrus communis L.
- Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai
- Pythium acanthicum Drechsler 1930
- Pythium anandrum Drechsler 1930
- Pythium aquatile Höhnk 1953
- Pythium arrhenomanes Drechsler 1928
- Pythium coloratum Vaartaja 1965
- Pythium debaryanum R. Hesse 1874
- Pythium debaryanum sensu auct. non R. Hesse
- Pythium echinulatum V.D. Matthews 1931
- Pythium inflatum V.D. Matthews 1931
- Pythium intermedium de Bary 1881
- Pythium irregulare Buisman 1927
- Pythium middletonii Sparrow 1960
- Pythium monospermum Pringsh. 1858
- Pythium paroecandrum Drechsler 1930
- Pythium rostratum E.J. Butler 1907
- Pythium spinosum Sawada 1926
- Pythium splendens Hans Braun 1925
- Pythium torulosum Coker & P. Patt. 1927
- Pythium ultimum Trow 1901
- Pythium undulatum H.E. Petersen 1909
- Pythium vexans de Bary 1876 [1875]
- Quercus
- Quercus cerris L.
- Quercus faginea Lam.
- Quercus ilex L.
- Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.
- Quercus robur L.
- Quercus rubra L.
- Quercus suber L.
- Quintinia serrata A.Cunn.
- Racospermyces digitatus (G. Winter) J. Walker 2001
- Ramularia coprosmae U. Braun & C.F. Hill 2003
- Raukaua edgerleyi (Hook.f.) Seem.
- Raukaua simplex (G.Forst.) A.D.Mitch., Frodin & Heads var. simplex
- Raukaua simplex var. sinclairii (Hook.f.) A.D.Mitch., Frodin & Heads
- Readeriella mirabilis Syd. & P. Syd. 1908
- Rhagadolobium bakerianum Sacc. 1916
- Rhagadolobium hemiteliae Henn. & Lindau 1896
- Rhaphiolepis ×delacourii André
- Rhaphiolepis indica (L.) Lindl.
- Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn 1858
- Rhizopogon luteolus Fr. 1817
- Rhizopogon parksii A.H. Sm. 1966
- Rhizopogon rubescens (Tul. & C. Tul.) Tul. & C. Tul. 1845
- Rhizopogon vinicolor A.H. Sm. 1966
- Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii Bubák 1914
- Rhododendron
- Rhododendron indicum (L.) Sweet
- Rhopalostylis sapida H.Wendl. & Drude
- Ribes nigrum L.
- Ribes rubrum L.
- Ribes sanguineum Pursh
- Ribes uva-crispa var. sativum
- Rigidoporus aureofulvus (Lloyd) P.K. Buchanan & Ryvarden 1988
- Rigidoporus concrescens (Mont.) Rajchenb. 1992
- Rigidoporus laetus (Cooke) P.K. Buchanan & Ryvarden 1988
- Ripogonum scandens J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Robinia pseudoacacia L.
- Rosa
- Rosa chinensis × multiflora
- Rosa multiflora Thunb.
- Rosa rubiginosa L.
- Rosellinia radiciperda sensu auct. NZ
- Rosenscheldiella brachyglottidis G.F. Laundon & Sivan. 1972 [1971]
- Rosenscheldiella pullulans (Berk.) Hansf. 1957
- Rosenscheldiella styracis (Henn.) Theiss. & Syd. 1915
- Rosmarinus officinalis L.
- Rubus australis G.Forst.
- Rubus cissburiensis × ulmifolius
- Rubus cissburiensis W.C.Barton & Ridd.
- Rubus cissoides A.Cunn.
- Rubus echinatus Lindl.
- Rubus fruticosus L.
- Rubus idaeus L.
- Rubus laciniatus Willd.
- Rubus polyanthemus Lindeb.
- Rubus procerus P.J.Müll.
- Rubus schmidelioides A.Cunn.
- Rubus squarrosus Fritsch
- Rubus tuberculatus Bab.
- Rubus ulmifolius Schott
- Rubus vestitus Weihe & Nees
- Ryvardenia campyla (Berk.) Rajchenb. 1994
- Salix
- Salix ×argentinensis Ragonese & F.R. Alberti
- Salix ×calodendron Wimmer
- Salix ×dichroa Döll
- Salix ×elegantissima
- Salix ×mollissima Hoffm.
- Salix ×mollissima var. hippophaeifolia
- Salix ×pendulina Wender.
- Salix ×reichardtii A.Kern.
- Salix ×rubra Huds.
- Salix ×sericans Tausch
- Salix ×seringeana
- Salix aegyptiaca L.
- Salix alba × (alba × matsudana)
- Salix alba × matsudana
- Salix alba L. var. alba
- Salix alba var. vitellina (L.) Stokes
- Salix amygdaloides Andersson
- Salix aurita L.
- Salix babylonica × annularis
- Salix babylonica × chilensis
- Salix babylonica L.
- Salix burjatica Nasarow
- Salix caprea L.
- Salix chilensis Molina
- Salix cinerea L.
- Salix daphnoides Vill.
- Salix fragilis L.
- Salix gooddingii C.R.Ball
- Salix lasiolepis
- Salix magnifica Hemsl.
- Salix matsudana Koidz.
- Salix muscina Dode
- Salix pentandra L.
- Salix pontederana × gracilistyla
- Salix purpurea L.
- Salix silesiaca Willd.
- Sarcostroma arbuti (Bonar) M. Morelet 1985
- Sarcostroma brevilatum (H.J. Swart & D.A. Griffiths) Nag Raj 1993
- Sarcostroma grevilleae (Loos) M. Morelet 1985
- Sarcostroma kennedyae (McAlpine) M. Morelet 1985
- Sarcostroma mahinapuense Gadgil & M.A. Dick 2000 [1999]
- Sarea resinae (Fr.) Kuntze 1898
- Sawadaea bicornis (Wallr.) Miyabe 1937
- Schefflera digitata J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
- Schinus molle L.
- Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi
- Schizochora calocarpa Syd. 1924
- Schizophyllum commune Fr. 1815
- Sciadopitys verticillata (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc.
- Sclerocystis rubiformis Gerd. & Trappe 1974
- Scleroderma aurantium (L.) Pers. 1801
- Scleroderma bovista Fr. 1829
- Scleroderma cepa Pers. 1801
- Scleroderma verrucosum (Bull.) Pers. 1801
- Sclerophoma pithyophila (Corda) Höhn. 1909
- Seiridium cardinale (W.W. Wagener) B. Sutton & I.A.S. Gibson 1972
- Seiridium eucalypti Nag Raj 1993
- Seiridium unicorne (Cooke & Ellis) B. Sutton 1975
- Septoria alnifolia Ellis & Everh. 1894
- Septoria azaleae Voglino 1899
- Septoria cercidis Fr. 1848
- Septoria citri Pass. 1876
- Septoria colensoi Cooke 1886
- Septoria exotica Speg. 1880
- Septoria fuchsiicola P. Syd. 1899
- Septoria rubi Westend. 1854
- Septoria typica Gadgil & M.A. Dick 2000 [1999]
- Septoria unedonis Roberge ex Desm. 1847
- Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb.) Endl.
- Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) J.Buchholz
- Serruria
- Severinia buxifolia (Poir.) Ten.
- Solanum aviculare G.Forst.
- Solanum laciniatum Aiton
- Sonderhenia eucalypticola (A.R. Davis) H.J. Swart & J. Walker 1988
- Sophora microphylla Aiton
- Sophora prostrata Buchanan
- Sophora tetraptera J.S.Mill.
- Sorbus aucuparia L.
- Sphaceloma murrayae Grodz. & Jenkins 1943
- Sphaceloma populi (Sacc.) Jenkins 1932
- Sphaceloma psidii Bitanc. & Jenkins 1950
- Sphaceloma sorbi (Rostr.) Jenkins 1971
- Sphaeropsis cordylines G.F. Laundon 1973
- Sphaeropsis sapinea (Fr.) Dyko & B. Sutton 1980
- Sphaerotheca aphanis (Wallr.) U. Braun 1982
- Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schltdl.) Pollacci 1905
- Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr.) Lév. 1851
- Spilocaea oleaginea (Castagne) S. Hughes 1953
- Spilocaea pyracanthae (G.H. Otth) Arx 1957
- Sporocadus lichenicola Corda 1839
- Sporocadus vaccinii (Fuckel) M. Morelet 1985
- Sporothrix nothofagi Gadgil & M.A. Dick 2004
- Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. 1838
- Sticherus cunninghamii (Hook.) Ching
- Stictis stellata Wallr. 1833
- Stigmina thujina (Dearn.) B. Sutton 1972
- Stilbocrea macrostoma (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Höhn. 1909
- Strasseria geniculata (Berk. & Broome) Höhn. 1919
- Suillus brevipes (Peck) Kuntze 1898
- Suillus granulatus (L.) Roussel 1796
- Suillus grevillei (Klotzsch) Singer 1945
- Suillus lakei (Murrill) A.H. Sm. & Thiers 1964
- Suillus luteus (L.) Roussel 1796
- Suillus subacerbus McNabb 1968
- Syncarpia glomulifera (Sm.) Nied.
- Syringa
- Syringa vulgaris L. 1753
- Taphrina betulina Rostr. 1883
- Taphrina deformans (Berk.) Tul. 1866
- Taphrina populina (Fr.) Fr. 1832
- Taphrina pruni (Fuckel) Tul. 1866
- Taphrina wiesneri (Ráthay) Mix 1954
- Taxus baccata L.
- Tecomanthe speciosa W.R.B.Oliv.
- Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach
- Telopea oreades × speciosissima
- Telopea speciosissima (Sm.) R.Br.
- Thelephora terrestris Fr. 1821
- Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Broome) Ferraris 1912
- Thryptomene calycina (Lindl.) Stapf
- Thuja occidentalis L.
- Thuja plicata D.Don
- Thujopsis dolabrata (L.f.) Siebold & Zucc.
- Thunbergia gregorii S.Moore
- Tilia
- Trabutia nothofagi Syd. 1924
- Trametes hirsuta (Wulfen) Pilát 1939
- Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd 1921
- Tranzschelia discolor (Fuckel) Tranzschel & M.A. Litv. 1939
- Tricholoma pessundatum (Fr.) Quél. 1872
- Tricholoma saponaceum (Fr.) P. Kumm. 1871
- Tricholoma terreum (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. 1871
- Trichomanes reniforme G.Forst.
- Trichopeltheca asiatica Bat., C.A.A. Costa & Cif. 1957
- Trimmatostroma bifarium Gadgil & M.A. Dick 1983
- Trimmatostroma excentricum B. Sutton & Ganap. 1978
- Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.
- Tubakia dryina (Sacc.) B. Sutton 1973
- Tylopilus formosus G. Stev. 1962 [1961]
- Tyromyces guttulatus (Peck ex Sacc.) Murrill 1907
- Tyromyces guttulatus sensu G. Cunn. 1965
- Ulex europaeus L.
- Ulmus
- Ulmus ×hollandica Mill.
- Ulmus ×vegeta (Loudon) Lindl.
- Ulmus americana L.
- Uncinula necator (Schwein.) Burrill 1892
- Uncinuliella australiana (McAlpine) R.Y. Zheng & G.Q. Chen 1982
- Uredo brownii Syd. & P. Syd. 1907
- Uredo cheesemanii G. Cunn. 1928
- Uredo fuchsiae (Cooke) Henn. 1903
- Uredo horopito G. Cunn. 1945
- Uredo oleariae Cooke 1890
- Uredo puawhananga G.T.S. Baylis 1954
- Uredo spyridii Cooke & Massee 1887
- Uredo tupare G. Cunn. 1924
- Uredo wharanui G. Cunn. 1924
- Uromyces edwardsiae G. Cunn. 1924
- Uromycladium acaciae (Cooke) P. Syd. & Syd. 1914 [1915]
- Uromycladium alpinum McAlpine 1905
- Uromycladium maritimum McAlpine 1905
- Uromycladium notabile McAlpine 1905
- Uromycladium robinsonii McAlpine 1905
- Uromycladium simplex McAlpine 1905
- Uromycladium tepperianum (Sacc.) McAlpine 1905
- Vaccinium ashei J.M.Reade
- Vaccinium corymbosum L.
- Venturia asperata Samuels & Sivan. 1975
- Venturia carpophila E.E. Fisher 1961
- Venturia cerasi Aderh. 1900
- Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter 1875
- Venturia pyrina Aderh. 1896
- Vermisporium acutum H.J. Swart & M.A. Will. 1983
- Vermisporium brevicentrum H.J. Swart & M.A. Will. 1983
- Vermisporium cylindrosporum (H.J. Swart) Nag Raj 1993
- Vermisporium eucalypti (McAlpine) Nag Raj 1993
- Vermisporium falcatum (B. Sutton) Nag Raj 1993
- Vermisporium obtusum H.J. Swart & M.A. Will. 1983
- Verticillium dahliae Kleb. 1913
- Viburnum ×burkwoodii Burkwood & Skipwith
- Viburnum carlesii Hemsl.
- Viburnum lantana L.
- Viburnum opulus L.
- Viburnum trilobum Marshall
- Vitex lucens Kirk
- Vitis labrusca L. × V. vinifera L.
- Vitis rupestris L.
- Vitis vinifera L.
- Vizella metrosideri P.R. Johnst. 2000
- Vizella tunicata Gadgil 1995
- Weigela florida (Bunge) A.DC.
- Weinmannia racemosa L.f.
- Weinmannia silvicola A.Cunn.
- Widdringtonia
- Wilsonomyces carpophilus (Lév.) Adas., J.M. Ogawa & E.E. Butler 1990
- Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC.
- Xenomeris abietis M.E. Barr 1968
- Xerocomus nothofagi McNabb 1968
Metadata
4a02e883-3f6f-4c44-978e-f05b37cf5715
reference
Names_Fungi
9 August 2005
