Type: Sooty Moulds and Similar Fungi; Description: Subiculum superficial, brown to dark brown to black; on bark of trunks or on twigs and leaves; very variable, forming an open and sparse network of hyphae on leaves and a loose spongy mass on trunks. Mycelium composed of repent and erect hyphae; repent hyphae golden brown to brown, septate, finely to coarsely warted, 9–16 μm wide; erect hyphae dark brown to black, very coarsely warted, 10–16 μm wide and up to 25 μm long. Ascomata stromatic, scattered or aggregated in groups, partly immersed, brown to dark brown, subglobose, 0.25–0.35 mm in diameter, ostiolate, bearing laterally numerous simple, septate, brown to dark brown, coarsely warted, flexuous hyphal appendages, up to 500 μm long. Asci broadly ellipsoidal, 90–125 × 35–50 μm. Ascospores straight, ellipsoidal, 6–7-septate, 48–74 × 16–20 μm, smooth, pale brown to brown. Antennatula synanamorph. Conidia fusiform, variable in length and septation, 8–19-septate (mostly 11–13-septate), 80–125 × 14–21 μm, golden brown to brown. Hormisciomyces synanamorph. Conidia minute, 0-septate, hyaline, aggregated in slimy heads.

Distribution: Northland, Auckland, Wellington, Nelson, Buller, Westland, North Canterbury, Mid Canterbury.; 1st Record: Hughes (1974a).

Significance: One of the most variable sooty moulds. Common on leaves, twigs, and trunks of a large number of hosts. On trunks (particularly of Nothofagus spp.) it may be one of a mixture of sooty moulds growing together to form compact, spongy or shaggy masses.; Host(s): Alseuosmia macrophylla, Aristotelia serrata, Asplenium bulbiferum, Astelia nervosa, Beilschmiedia tawa, Coprosma spathulata, C. tenuifolia, Cyathodes juniperina, Dicksonia fibrosa, Elaeocarpus dentatus, Grammitis billardierei, Halocarpus biformis, Hymenophyllum demissum, Ixerba brexioides, Knightia excelsa, Laurelia novae-zelandiae, Leptospermum scoparium, Leucopogon colensoi, Luzuriaga parviflora, Lygodium articulatum, Metrosideros fulgens, Myrsine salicina, Neomyrtus pendunc-ulata, Nestegis sp., Nothofagus fusca, N. solandri var. cliffortioides, Phyllocladus alpinus, Phymatosorus diversifolius, P. scandens, Pittosporum sp., Podocarpus totara, Prumnopitys ferruginea, P. taxifolia, Pseudopanax arboreus, P. crassifolius, Pseudo-wintera colorata, Rubus australis, Salix fragilis, Sticherus cunninghamii, Vitex lucens, Weinmannia racemosa, W. sylvicola.

RecentCollections: Sixty collections of Antennatula caulicola were made in 1963, on 44 different hosts; they are listed below.
Filicales: Asplenium bulbiferum DAOM 93408, 96696; Dicksonia fibrosa 96695 (PDD 21296); Gleichenia cunninghami 93416; Grammitis billardieri 93475; Lygodium articulatum 93383; Mecodium demissum 117328 (25886); Phymatodes diversifolium 93424 (21295), 96690; P. scandens 93333.
Gymnospermae: Dacrydium biforme 96668 (21330); Phyllocladus alpinus 93405, 93409. Podocarpus dacrydioides 96692, 96693 (21394); P. ferruginous 96694 (21287); P. spicatus 93487; P. totara 93446.
Dicotyledons: Alseuosmia macrophylla 93391 (21083); Aristotelia serrata 96683; Coprosma spathulata 93445; C. tenuifolia 93420; Coprosma sp. 96664 (25765), 93430; Cyathodes colensoi 96672; C. juniperina 96689 (21379); Elaeocarpus dentatus 96697 (21299); Enargea parviflora 93406; Ixerba brexioides 93485 (21290); Knightia excelsa 93331, 93343; Laurelia novae-zelandiae 96460; Leptospermum scoparium 96218, 96678; Metrosideros fulgens 96688; Myrsine salicina 93422; Neomyrtus pedunculata 117160 (25894); Neopanax arboreum 93421, 93482 (21288); Nothofagus fusca 96674 (20844), 96682 (21102); N. solandri var. cliffortioides 96465 (21321), 96621, 96629 (21311), 96661, 105277, 105288, 105925; Olea sp. 93426; Pittosporum sp. 93477;  Pseudopanax crassifolium 96686; Rubus australis 93476; Salix fragilis 96632; Vitex lucens 97376; Weinmannia racemosa 93466, 96669; W. silvicola 96675, 117438.
Monocotyledons: Astelia cockaynei 93393; Uncinia australis 93481.
OTHER COLLECTIONS: Nine collections of Antennatula caulicola, preserved in other herbaria, are listed below under their country of origin.
New Zealand (a) No. 157. "Antennina scoriadea Berk. (Black moss der Neuseeländer)", Nelson, F. v. Hochstetter, in Herb. BPI; this collection, which also bears Euantennaria mucronata (q.v.), was authenticated for "Hormisciella caulicola Bat. & Oliv.": (b) Swedish Bot. Australasia Exped. 1926-1927, on Drimys coloratus, Lake Kaniere. 17.I.1927, G. Einar and Greta du Rietz, in Herb. UPS.
Chile (c) Svenska Pacificexped. 1916-17. Limacinia scoriadea (Berk.) Keissler. on Myrceugenia fernandeziana, Juan Fernandez, Más a Tierra, C. and I. Skottsberg, 30.III.1917, in Herb. S: (d) Svenska Pacificexped. 1916-17. Limacinia scoriadea, on Escallonia callcottiae, Juan Fernandez, Más a Tierra, C. and I. Skottsberg, 30.XII.1916, in Herb. S: (e) Flora Chilenses 1995, on twigs, Llanquihue, Puerto Varas, B. Sparre, 11.I.1947, in Herb. UPS: (f) on Myrceugenia, Juan Fernandez, Más Afuera. H. A. Imshaug (36776). 27.XI.1965, in Herb. MSC (DAOM 114524). Col­lections (c) and (d) were determined by Keissler and cited by him in 1928.
Australia (g) on Cryptocarya meissneri, Comboyne, New South Wales, L. R. Fraser. in Herb. DAR 12756 (DAOM 110688): (h) on unidentified leaves, Williams River, N.S.W., L. Fraser, VIII. 1935, in Herb. DAR 12693: (i) on Backhousia leaves, Williams River, N.S.W., L. Fraser, VI. 1936, in Herb, DAR.

Description of Euantennaria caulicola
This is a common sooty mould on leaves, twigs, and trunks of various hosts in New Zealand, and one of the most variable. On leaf surfaces it can appear as an open and sparse network of finely to coarsely roughened, golden brown to brown to olivaceous brown repent hyphae. Such repent hyphae on leaves are usually composed of long, barrel-shaped cells which can be 18-36 µm long and 9-16.2 µm wide. When upright hyphae are produced the cells of the aerial hyphae are usually abruptly different from the repent cells: they are darker, thicker-walled (up to 3.5 µm), very coarsely roughened and shorter, measuring 10.5-22 µm long and 10-16 µm wide. Repent hyphae are branched nearly always at right angles or at a wide angle. Aerial hyphae can anastomose, and on twigs and leaf stalks and on bark they may form loose shaggy growths or flattened synnematous fascicles of 30 or more hyphae. On trunks, particularly of Nothofagus, E. caulicola can be one of a mixture of euantennariaceous, metacapnodiaceous, and other sooty moulds growing to­gether to form compact, spongy lumps. On leaves E. caulicola is frequently mixed with species of Trichopeltheca, Enthallopycnidium, Metacapnodium, Tripospermum, and other genera.
Antennatula conidia develop singly from scattered cells or series of cells of hyphae occurring on a leaf surface or on upright hyphae whether these are solitary or united by anastomoses into fascicles. A conidium initial arises as a blastic extension through the roughened outer wall, which, being apparently inextensible, is irregularly torn in the process.
Conidia are subhyaline to pale coloured and clavate when young and successive septa are laid down as the initial elongates: towards maturity most cells become once septate, and this more or less completes the septation of the conidium. At maturity conidia are usually adpressed to, and concolorous with, the hyphae that bear them so that those produced on leaf surfaces are usually pale golden brown to brown, and those on aerial hyphae are usually pale brown to brown to olivaceous brown. Conidia are straight or nearly so or slightly bent near base and apex, thereby appearing somewhat sigmoid: they are fusiform, not or barely constricted at the septa and a subglobose to barrel-shaped swelling about 6.3-7.2 µm wide is nearly always differentiated at the base. In a few collections, including the type of Antennatula caulicola, with very heavily pigmented, rough and thick walls, as on Weinmannia and Nothofagus the basal swelling is present in some conidia but may be poorly developed or absent in others. Some conidia may bear one or even two incipient swellings above the basal one. Conidia are very variable in length and septation, being 8- to 19-, mostly 11- to 13-septate, and 80-125 µm, mostly 120-160 µm long, and 14.2-21.5 µm, mostly 16.5-18.5 m wide. Conidium lengths from all collections include the following: 95-170 µm (10-septate), 100-170 µm (11-septate), 108-164 µm (12-septate), 111-187 µm (13-septate), 122-196µm (14-septate), arid 138-187 µm (15-septate).
Hormisciomyces phialophores arise usually at right angles from repent or aerial hyphae and are 1- to multiseptate. up to 130 µm long and sometimes they bear one or rarely two short subterminal lateral phialophores. The distal cell of the phialophore is slightly swollen and bears a whorl of 6 to 8 phialides: these are smooth or slightly roughened, pale brown to brown, more or less spherical and 4.5-6.3 µm in diameter usually with a short neck. Phialoconidia are hyaline, minute, and ag­gregated in a slimy head. Occasionally a phialophore proliferates through the whorl of phialides to produce another whorl at a higher level.
Ascostromata black, scattered or loosely aggregated, semi-immersed, subglobose, 250-350 µm in diameter, bearing laterally, numerous, scat­tered. simple, septate, brown to dark brown, coarsely roughened hyphal appendages, up to 500 µm long, flexuous. occasionally anastomosed, and merging below with the hyphae of the subiculum.
Asci narrowly ellipsoidal when young; at maturity broadly ellipsoidal to obclavate, bitunicate, 90-125 x 35-50 µm, usually 8-spored. Ascospores straight, more or less ellipsoidal, rounded at both ends, pale brown to brown, smooth, very slightly constricted at the septa, 6-or 7-, mostly 7-septate, 48-74 x 16.2-20 µm, mostly 55-65 x 18 µm, rarely with one cell longitudinally septate.

Distribution: New Zealand (Auckland, Wellington. Nelson, Canterbury, and Westland Provinces). Australia (New South Wales), and Chile (Llanquihue Prov. and Juan Fernandez).

Subiculum brunneum vel atrobrunneum vel atrum, forma variabile, spongiosum, vel ex hyphis synnematosis, irregularibus compositum. Hyphae superficiales, aureo-brunneae vel olivaceo-brunneae, vel atrobrunneae, asperae vel asperrimae, ramosae, anastomosantes, plus minusve cylindricae, ex cellulis oblongis vel doliformibus (18-36 x 9-16.2 µm) vel subcuboideis (10.5-22 µm long. x 10-16 µm lat.) tenui vel crasso-trunicatis (ad 3.5 µm) compositae. Ascostromata sicut perithecia videntur, subglobosa, dispersa vel subaggregata, semi-immersa, 250-350 µm diam., ornata cum appendiculis cylindricis, septatis, brunneis vel atrobrunneis, asperrimis, ad 500 µm long., flexuosis et hyphas simulantibus. Asci late ellipsoidei vel obclavati, bitunicati, 90-125 x 35-50µm, plerumque 8-spori. Ascosporae rectae, plus minusve ellipsoideae, utrinque rotundatae, pallide brunneae vel brunneae, laeves, ad septas subconstrictae, 6- vel 7- plerumque 7-septatae, 48-74 x 16.2-20 µm plerumque 55-65 x 18 µm; raro una cellula plus minusve centralis, septo longitudinali unico praedita.
Stati imperfecti (a) Antennatula caulicola (Bat. & Oliveira) comb. nov =Hormisciella caulicola Bat. & Oliveira, in Batista, An. Soc. Biol. Pernambuco 14: 101. 1956
(b) Hormisciomyces.
Habitat: superficialiter in truncis, ramis, foliis, frondibusque plantarum viventium.

Collections: The type collection of Antennatula caulicola
Antennatula caulicolais based on the Herb. BPI copy of Rehm's Ascomyceten 1574 sub Antennaria scoriadea Berk.; this was collected on the bark of Nothofagus sp., Waimakariri Valley, Canterbury Prov., New Zealand, 1902, and described as Hormisciella caulicola Batista & Oliveira. The BPI and DAOM copies of this exsiccatum have been examined. The BPI copy consists of a lump of compacted hyphae about 25 mm wide. In general appearance, and in texture, this is reminiscent of the type collection of "Hyphosoma hypoxyloides Syd." (Hughes 1970): furthermore, Rehm's exsiccatum too contains a mixture of sooty moulds, including the Antennatula states of Euantennaria mucronata (Fig. 18A) and E. novae-zelandiae (Fig. 18B), and "Hormisciella caulicola." According to the diagnosis and illustration, H. caulicola refers to that element of the type with very rough hyphae composed of cells "5.5-10.5 x 5.5-8 µm" and with smooth 12- to 15-septate conidia measuring 113.5-140.5 x 8-10 µm. The stated dimensions of hyphal cells, and widths of conidia, are evidently wrong: the scale in the illustration indicates that the hyphal cells are about 12-20 µm long and 10-13 µm wide, the loose conidium is about 15 µm wide and the young attached one about 14 µm wide. In the type, the cells of the characteristic hyphae are 13.5-23.5 µm long and 12.5-18 µm wide. The conidia produced on these coarsely roughened hyphae are 11- to 17-septate, more or less fusiform. smooth, and at the base they bear a characteristic subglobose to barrel-shaped swelling 6.3-7.2 µm wide; conidia in the type measure 117-124 x 18-20 µm (11-septate), 126-146 x 18-20µm (12-septate), 126-151 x 18 µm (13-septate), 147-156 x 17-20 µm (14-septate), 140-165 x 17-20 µm (15-septate), 162-173 x 17-20 µm (16-septate), and 180-183 x 17-20 µm (17-septate).
It is in this sense that I lectotypify the name Hormisciella caulicola and I can only assume that the authors of the name missed the charac­teristic swelling at the base of the conidium.
The two other kinds of Antennatula conidia found in the type collection could hardly represent the mature conidium illustrated by Batista & Oliveira because both kinds are curved. The hyphae of one of these kinds are smooth (Euantennaria novae-zelandiae) and those of the other are only finely roughened (E. mucronata).

Typus - in ramis Coprosmae sp. New Zealand. Canterbury Province, Ashley Gorge", J. Dingley, 14.V.1963, PDD 25765 (DAOM 96664).