Dingley, J.M. 1969: Records of plant diseases in New Zealand. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Bulletin. 192.
Details
Details
Dingley, J.M. 1969: Records of plant diseases in New Zealand. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Bulletin. 192.
Book
Taxonomic concepts
Gnomonia bullata B.J. Murray (1926)
Polyopeus purpureus var. versus sensu Brien (1934)
Septoria graminum sensu G. Cunn. (1927)
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Descriptions
This leaf spot on nasturtiums is common in the North Island.
Aecidia are formed on undersurfaces of leaves of a number of species of Celmisia; the hosts and the rust are endemic and mainly confined to alpine herb fields in the South Island of New Zealand.
An Australian species recorded by Cunningham (1928) on five subalpine species of Hebe endemic to New Zealand: also on H. stricta (Cunningham, 1945a) and on the Australian species Veronica plebeja (Cunningham, 1945a), which is naturalised in New Zealand. It occurs sporadically in both the North and the South Islands. It causes considerable distortion to leaves of the host. It has never been observed on Hebe sp. in cultivation.
An endemic species recorded by Cunningham (1928) on subalpine endemic species of Hebe from the South Island; he stated that unlike Aecidium disciforme the mycelium of the rust is not systemic.
This rust is known only from a single collection on an endemic host from Mt. Hector in the Wellington Province.
Although the rust occurs in both Australia and New Zealand these host species are endemic to New Zealand; the rust is recorded only from alpine herb fields in the South Island, but the host, Pratia angulata, is widely distributed throughout New Zealand.
Both rust and host are endemic to New Zealand. Cunningham (1931a) described rust pustules as causing angular discoloured lesions on leaves. It is common on Aristotelia in both the North and the South Islands from Taranaki southward.
McNabb recently recorded this rust from New Zealand. He followed MacAlpine (1906) in considering that the host of the type collection from Tasmania had been misidentified; the type needs further investigation, as Hooker (1867) listed it as a Colenso collection from New Zealand, not Tasmania. Cunningham (1931a) listed this species as an excluded species.
This endemic rust fungus is associated with fusiform stem cankers. Cunningham (1931a) described them as "witches brooms"; originally it was described only from the endemic Myoporum laetum, but recently it has been found infecting the Australian species M. acuminatum. It is not uncommon in Hawke's Bay and Wellington in the North Island and Marlborough in the South Island and may cause minor damage, especially when Myoporum is used for shelter hedges.
Rust pustules are formed on leaves only; it is recorded from a single tree in the Tararua Ra., Wellington Province.
The rust was described by Lindsay (1867) from "C. hexasepala". Kirk (1908) recorded it on cultivated plants of some of the indigenous species. Cunningham (1931a) noted that the type is no longer in existence and that it has not since been collected on this host. It causes considerable distortion to stems, petioles, leaves, and dowers on indigenous species of Clematis. It is common throughout New Zealand.
Both host and rust are endemic. This rust is limited in its distribution to subalpine areas in both North and South Islands. Cunningham (1931 a) separated it from aecidial stages of other rusts recorded on Olearia by its hyaline reticulate spores.
This rust was described from Australia. Cunningham (1924a) described it from New Zealand on endemic species of Plantago (P. spathulata). In 1928 he recorded that it also occurred on P. triantha, a species that also occurs in Australia. The rust is found only in the South Island.
Cunningham (1924a) recorded this collection under Aecidium ranunculacearum DC.; Cunningham (1930; 1931 a) recognised A. ranunculus-depressus as a separate endemic species. It is known only from the type collection.
Cunningham (1924a) recorded this rust under Aecidium ranunculacearum DC. In 1930 and 1931a he referred collections on these endemic species of Ranunculus to A. ranunculi-insignis. It is common on endemic alpine species of Ranunculus throughout New Zealand.
Cunningham (1924a) records Aecidium raunculacearum on this endemic host but later (1931 a) he described it as a separate species. This rust is common wherever Ranunculus lyallii occurs.
This rust is an endemic species recorded from an endemic host; it occurs only in Canterbury and Westland.
Both the rust and host plant are endemic. The rust is recorded only from the type locality.
This endemic rust causes leaf and stem distortions in the endemic alpine species of Caltha. It occurs in both the North and South Islands.
Arnold and Brien (1961) recorded "fairy rings" on greens and fairways of golf courses caused by mycelium of Agaricus campestris smothering grass roots and killing the plants. it is of minor economic importance.
This cosmopolitan species was first recorded in New Zealand by Colenso (1880). Cunningham (1922a) recorded it as causing a disease on cabbage leaves. Baker (1955a) described this fungus from New Zealand on 14 hosts. Lepidium ruderale is the only host endemic to New Zealand. Cleome spinosa is the only host that does not belong to Cruciferae. It is common throughout New Zealand but of minor economic importance. It may cause considerable damage when it attacks flower heads and seed capsules of seed crops of crucifers.
Baker (1955a) described this fungus from New Zealand. In summer months white rust is always present on this weed host in the Auckland area.
White rust is common in the North Island on leaves and stems of Centaurium erythraea, a common introduced weed. Unfortunately this fungus species quickly infected Orphium frutescens, a South African shrub, when it was introduced into gardens in Auckland. The author is indebted to Miss Waterhouse of the Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England, for examining North American material of Albugo swertiae identified by Wilson, which she found to be comparable to the Australian species A. centauri.
Albugo tragopogonis is common on a number of indigenous and introduced herbaceous host plants belonging to Compositae. It was of minor economic importance; in 1960 it became common on Gerbera sp. especially when grown in nursery beds. Little if any control is obtained by spraying infected plants with fungicides, but varieties of Gerbera sp. have now been selected that are resistant to white rust (Say, 1963). It occasionally attacks seedlings of cineraria (S. cruentus).
The author is indebted to Miss Waterhouse of the Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, for examining material of Albugo mesembryanthemi and comparing it with South African and North American species of Albugo infecting members of the Aizoaceae; she concluded that this New Zealand species was synonymous with A. trianthemae from North America. Baker (1955a) stated that white rust on cultivated mesembryanthemums is common throughout the North Island and the northern part of the South Island of New Zealand, especially in winter and early spring. The host Disphyma australe is endemic to New Zealand, whilst other host species are common cultigens grown as rock plants in the frost-free regions of New Zealand.
Both Kidd (1929) and Brien (1934) described Alternaria tenuis as a storage rot of apples; it is also found associated with discrete lesions on unripe fruits. Morton (1964) described it as a saprophyte on Arthropodium cirrhatum, Beta vulgaris, Brassica napus var. napobrassica, B. oleracea var. botrytis, B. oleracea var. capitata, B. rapa, Callistephus chinensis, Daucus carota var. saliva, Hibiscus esculentus, Lolium perenne, Lycopersicon esculentum, Medicago sativa, Pyrus communis, Ribes uva crispa var. saliva, Solanum nigrum, S. tuberosum, Trifolium repens, Triticum aestivum, and Ulex europeus. It is of minor economic importance.
Morton (1964) recorded that Alternaria brassicae was associated with leaf lesions on the introduced cultigens, cabbage, cauliflower, chou mollier, Swedes, and turnips. It may also cause "damping off" of brassica seedlings. As the fungus is seed borne it has probably been introduced into New Zealand with seeds of the host. It is of minor economic importance.
Morton (1964) recorded Alternaria brassicicola as a primary pathogen on leaves of cabbage, cauliflower, and chou mollier. He also recorded it from seed of chou mollier and cauliflower. It is of only minor economic importance.
In New Zealand Alternaria citri is recorded as causing scabbing and discolouration of fruit of new zealand grapefruit; it may be a primary pathogen on leaves of citronelle and may occur associated with an internal rot of sweet oranges. Copper sprays applied to control Phytophthora fruit rot will also control this fungus. It is of only minor economic importance in citrus in New Zealand.
Robinson (1957b) noted that Alternaria spp. may cause leaf lesions and "damping off" in seedlings of annual carnations. It is of minor economic importance.
Leaf lesions caused by Alternaria longipes occur only late in season in tobacco crops in Motueka, Nelson. In New Zealand it is of only minor economic importance in this crop.
Brien (1940a) stated that Alternaria passiflorae was established in passion vines in Kerikeri, North Auckland, by 1936. It quickly spread to Auckland, Tauranga, Gisborne, and Palmerston North. The disease is known locally as brown spot. In commercial crops it may be of considerable economic importance, especially in winter months. Everett (1949) recommended the application of copper sprays for its control. Fletcher (1959a) stated that zineb or maneb sprays will also give control of this disease.
In some glasshouse crops of cucumbers in Auckland and North Auckland this fungus is reported damaging leaves, sometimes causing considerable crop losses. Dingley (1960b) misidentified this fungus as Alternaria cucumerina, which differs in that conidia are shorter, often without beaks, and are rarely formed in chains.
This fungus is recorded from a single collection, where it was associated with a leaf spot on leek seedlings in Auckland. It is of minor economic importance.
It is recorded associated with a leaf spot of young seedling radishes. It has also been isolated from seed of stock. It is of little economic importance.
Collections of this fungus indicate that it occurs as a seedling blight of cineraria, suggesting that it has been introduced with seed of the host. It is of minor economic importance. July (1964) suggests that this species is a synonym of Alternaria cinerariae Hori and Enjoji.
Early blight of potatoes and tomatoes caused by Alternaria solani is more common in the southern part of the North Island and in the South Island than in the Auckland Province. Atkinson et al. (1949) described the disease; Blair (1957) recorded an outbreak of tomato wilt due to Alternaria solani in the Christchurch area. It is controlled by fungicides applied to control Phytophthora infestans; where fungicides are not applied as a routine programme it may cause considerable damage.
Purple angular blotches caused by Alternaria sonchi are common on sow thistles during winter and early spring, especially in the Auckland area.
In New Zealand it is found associated with "damping off" of seedlings; in wet seasons it will cause a leaf spot and a flower rot. As the disease is seed borne, it has been introduced into New Zealand with seed of the host. It is of minor economic importance.
Clark, A. F., (1933) recorded that a fungus was also associated with the death of trees resulting from a heavy infestation of the Sirex wood wasp (Sirex noctilio). Rawlings and Wilson (1949) demonstrated that this wood wasp also inoculated unthrifty pine trees with a pathogenic fungus (when it laid its eggs). This ftmgus was shown by King (1966) to be identical with Amylostereum chailletii (Fr.) Boidin. Gilmour (1965a) recorded that between 1946-51 many pine trees in plantations in South Auckland were killed by this fungus and wood wasp.
Black root rot of radishes was reported by Wenham (1960) to be common in the Manawatu area; he stated that, of the varieties commonly growing in this area, `French Breakfast' proved to be resistant to the disease. It has since been observed in most districts in Nenv Zealand on this common cultigen. It is of minor economic importance.
It is common throughout Neav Zealand on Foliage of Aquilegia, especially in late autumn.
During a survey carried out in the season 1952-53 Ascochyta avenae was commonly associated with leaf lesions. It is of minor economic importance. Cunningham (1927f) included this fungus under Septoria graminum Desm.
In Auckland, Ascochyta caricae has been found on several occasions to be associated with a fruit rot of mature fruits, sometimes accompanied by a leaf spot. Figs are rarely grown as a commercial crop and are rarely sprayed with any fungicide.
In New Zealand this fungus is commonly found associated with bark blotch of lemon trees. Brien (1931a, 1931b) showed it to be a wound pathogen of stems, leaves, and fruits of lemons. Nottage (1943) and Everett (1945) stated that it was associated with damage caused by the lemon-tree borer beetle (Aemano hirta). Bailey (1953) described the disease and discussed its importance and control. It is present in most citrus-growing areas in New Zealand. In some orchards it can be of considerable economic importance.
Brien and Dingley (1951) recorded this fungus in error as Ascochyta betacea. It is associated with large zonate lesions on leaves of Cyphomandra. Fletcher (1952) stated that in commercial plantings the disease is of only minor economic importance.
The fungus causes a leaf spot [of Dahlia]. It is of no economic importance, as it occurs only in the late season when plants are spent.
Brien et al. (1955) recorded it as causing a leaf spot of broad beans. They noted that it occasionally attacked stems and pods. It is of little economic importance and may be controlled with copper sprays. In recent years copper has been replaced by the newer organic fungicides.
The fungus Ascochyta gerberae could in fact be an immature form of Septoria gerbera; leaf lesions are similar. Cultural studies will be necessary to substantiate this point. It is of no economic importance, as it rarely occurs in commercial plantings when this ornamental is grown for cut flowers.
Brien et al. (1955) showed that this fungus was associated with lesions on pods and leaves. It sometimes occurs on stems, where it may cause a collar rot. Curtis (1923) showed it to be associated with a collar rot in lupins. It may cause considerable damage in pea crops. As the disease is seed borne, seed should be saved only from disease-free crops and should be dusted with a fungicide prior to sowing.
In the North Island, especially in Auckland, this fungus is found associated with small disease lesions on leaf blades and petioles of rhubarb. It is common in late autumn and spring-in the South Island it has been recorded from Nelson. It is of economic importance, as infected stalks are unmarketable.
Latch (1965, 1966a) recorded Ascochyta sorghi on these six introduced grasses; he stated that it occurs mostly during the winter period. It is of little economic importance.
Lesions were formed on leaves of young citrus seedlings in a nursery in Auckland in 1950; other records have shown this leaf infection to be associated with frost or wind damage. In sweet peas it was found associated with stem and leaf lesions.
This leaf spot is known only from a single collection.
Brien, Chamberlain et al. (1959) recorded this common mould fungus as causing a storage rot of onions. It occurs as a saprophyte on a number of hosts. It is occasionally of economic importance.
Sooty blotch on leaves of Geniostoma is common, especially in the Auckland Province.
Leaf scorch on red clover occasionally occurs throughout New Zealand. It is rarely of economic importance.
Downy mildew on this introduced weed Erigeron canadensis is common, especially in the Auckland Province. Jafar (1959) reported that it caused considerable damage to Felicia, an introduced cultigen growing as a border plant in the Auckland area.
Bipolaris ravenelii attacks seed heads of this grass, especially the heads formed late in the summer season. It is common throughout New Zealand on this common introduced grass species.
A few infected tubers were found in the sprouting beds of sweet potatoes in Avondale, Auckland, in November 1963. This common tropical fungus has not been reported from any other locality. It is often present on tropical fruits, tubers of Ipomoea, and roots of Colocasia imported from Pacific islands.
This fungus is found associated with dieback of apples, currants, and roses. It is of minor economic importance.
In New Zealand it is a wound pathogen causing the disease commonly known as black rot (Cunningham, 1925a). Cunningham (1925a) recorded it as causing a leaf spot and a fruit rot, but stem cankers are formed only following some injury to the bark. It is especially common on apple trees. It is of economic importance in the apple-growing areas, especially in the South Island.
In New Zealand it is a wound pathogen causing the disease commonly known as black rot (Cunningham, 1925a). Cunningham (1925a) recorded it as causing a leaf spot and a fruit rot, but stem cankers are formed only following some injury to the bark. It is especially common on apple trees. It is of economic importance in the apple-growing areas, especially in the South Island.
Brier et al. (1959) recorded this fungus as causing a bulb rot of onions especially it storage. In wet seasons it is of considerable economic importance especially in the Pukekohe area near Auckland. Wilson (1966) recommended that all infected bulbs from the preceding year's crop should be destroyed. As there is evidence that the fungus is seed borne, seed should be dusted before planting. Lawes (1967) stressed the importance of storing only dry, well cured bulbs; he also noted that the store should be well ventilated.
Botrytis byssoidea occurs with B. allii and also causes a bulb rot of mature bulbs. Its importance to New Zealand has never been assessed.
In New Zealand Botrytis cinerea can be of considerable economic importance. Throughout the country high humidities are experienced with moderate temperatures. These conditions are ideal for the growth of this fungus, and in some seasons it may cause considerable damage to horticultural crops. It is reported to be responsible for "damping off" of seedlings and stem end rot of tobacco in Nelson (McLeod and Thomson 1958), and for "damping off" of seedlings and rot of mature heads of lettuce (Brier, Dye, et al. 1957). It has also been found on linen flax (Brien, 1946a), and on lupins in Nelson (Curbs, 1923). Birch (1937b) and Gilmour and Orman (1956) reported B. cinerea damaging seedlings in nursery beds of Arucaria, Cupressus macrocarpa, Eucalyptus spp., Pinus radiata, Pseudotseuga menziesii, Sequoia sempervirens, and Thuja plicata. It is responsible for dieback of Citrus spp., passionfruit, persimmons, crepe myrtle (Lagerstroemia), and Jasminium. Flower heads of begonias, cyclamen, roses, and sweet peas are damaged by the fungus, especially after heavy rain. It is reported as a problem in packing violets for market (Marcussen, 1964). Botrytis is reported to damage flowers of Citrus spp. at Kerikeri (Anon., 1957d).
In glasshouse crops, flowers of cucumbers can be spoilt by Botrytis (Coleman and Gillard, 1958); Newhook and Davison (1956 a, b, c) reported that with the introduction of hormone fruit-setting sprays, B. cinerea became a problem in winter glasshouse crops of tomatoes, and they suggested the incorporation of a fungicide such as thiram with the hormone spray. Botrytis cinerea is reported to cause considerable losses of fruit of strawberries (Anon., 1957b; Wilson, D. W., 1963), gooseberries (Davey 1945), grapes (Berry-Smith, 1959), and currants and raspberries. It is also reported as an important storage rot of apples and pears (Padfield, 1954).
In glasshouse crops, flowers of cucumbers can be spoilt by Botrytis (Coleman and Gillard, 1958); Newhook and Davison (1956 a, b, c) reported that with the introduction of hormone fruit-setting sprays, B. cinerea became a problem in winter glasshouse crops of tomatoes, and they suggested the incorporation of a fungicide such as thiram with the hormone spray. Botrytis cinerea is reported to cause considerable losses of fruit of strawberries (Anon., 1957b; Wilson, D. W., 1963), gooseberries (Davey 1945), grapes (Berry-Smith, 1959), and currants and raspberries. It is also reported as an important storage rot of apples and pears (Padfield, 1954).
Blossom rot and leaf spot caused by Botrytis elliptica have been recorded from Palmerston North in the North Island and Christchurch in the South. Doak (1950) noted that the varieties Lilium candidum, L. speciosum, L. testaceum, and L. willmottiae are susceptible to Botrytis, whereas Lilium regale is resistant to the disease.
Brien, Chamberlain et al. (1955) included this fungus under Botrytis cinerea. In some seasons it is troublesome on broad bean crops subjected to severe climate conditions in early spring, causing "chocolate spot" on leaves, stems, and pods. It is recorded from Auckland, Hastings, and Nelson, where in wet seasons it can cause crop losses. Wallace (1962) suggested sprays with the organic fungicides P.C.N.B. and captan for its control.
Dingley (1961) stated that early records of Botrytis cinerea on Gladiolus sp. are characteristic of B. gladiolorum. Salinger (1965a) recorded it as a corm rot of Gladiolus. As in other countries it may also cause a leaf spot and flower rot. It is especially common in spring in the more humid parts of New Zealand, where it may cause considerable damage to flower crops, especially of Freesia and Ixia.
Tulip fire caused by Botrytis occurs in most parts of New Zealand. Hudson (1948) described it as a bulb, leaf, and flower bud rot and stated that during cold wet seasons it can cause extensive damage in commercial plantings in Canterbury.
Crawford (1949) stated that downy mildew caused by Bremia lactucae is the principal and most serious disease of lettuce in New Zealand, causing in some seasons heavy crop losses. Brien, Dye, et al. (1957) stated that it is widespread throughout the country; they also recorded it from two weed species of Lactuca, which, they stated, could act as a source of infection if growing in a market-garden area.
Rust on Parsonsia has been found in only two localities in the North Island. Both host and rust are indigenous to New Zealand.
Matthews (1965) recorded the conidial state Fusarium nivale of this fungus from wheat seed grown in New Zealand. Latch (1965) recorded the conidial state as a primary pathogen on leaves of Bromus spp. (especially B. inermis): he listed it as occurring on 16 other species of Bromus grown in experimental plots at Palmerston North and at Lincoln, Canterbury. He also recorded it on leaves of Lolium multiflorum and L. perenne when pastures were held in autumn for winter feed (Latch, 1966a).
These three cosmopolitan species of puffballs [Calvatia caelata, C. gigantea and C. lilacina] are recorded by Arnold and Brien (1961) as causing "fairy rings" on greens and fairways in golf courses in New Zealand; they are of minor importance for they are responsible for uneven growth. They are common in pastures throughout New Zealand.
These three cosmopolitan species of puffballs [Calvatia caelata, C. gigantea and C. lilacina] are recorded by Arnold and Brien (1961) as causing "fairy rings" on greens and fairways in golf courses in New Zealand; they are of minor importance for they are responsible for uneven growth. They are common in pastures throughout New Zealand.
These three cosmopolitan species of puffballs [Calvatia caelata, C. gigantea and C. lilacina] are recorded by Arnold and Brien (1961) as causing "fairy rings" on greens and fairways in golf courses in New Zealand; they are of minor importance for they are responsible for uneven growth. They are common in pastures throughout New Zealand.
ooty mould due to Capnodium salicinum is found on citrus trees following heavy infestation by citrus aphids (Aphis citricidus Kirk.) or scale insects. The fungus is not a pathogen on citrus leaves but is a superficial growth on the sugary secretions of the insects. Infected fruit has to be washed before marketing.
The combination of an Australian species of scale insect, Eriococcus orariensis Hoy,and the fungus Capnodium walteri is known as manuka blight (Mulcock, 1954). This relationship of fungus and scale insect killed areas of Leptospermum scoparium in Canterbury, and infested plant material was subsequently distributed in many parts of the North Island in attempts to control Leptospermum in pastures, but Eriococcus orariensis never became established in heavy enough infestation to kill the Leptospermum. An endemic fungus species, Angatia thwaites (Petch) von Arx (syn. Myriangium thwaites Petch), attacked the scale insect and restricted its establishment (Hoy, 1961). Leptospermum ericoides has proved to be resistant to Eriococcus orariensis.
Slade (1960) described black rot caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata as a disease of tubers and of shoot cuttings of kumara (Ipomoea batatas.) He emphasised the severity of the disease in the Auckland Province and stated that although it was first recorded at Kaitaia in 1947 it had already curtailed the growing of kumaras on Matakana Island, Bay of Plenty. He recorded it from Gisborne. In recent years, by the maintenance of strict crop hygiene, especially in the cutting beds, the disease has been successfully controlled. In the Auckland Province the disease is of considerable economic importance.
A leaf spot caused by Cercospora althaeina was recorded on the introduced creeping mallow in the Auckland area (Dingley, 1965). It is of no economic importance.
There are no recent records of this fungus on celery in New Zealand.
Leaf lesions on the endemic host Aristotelia serrata caused by Cercospora are common throughout New Zealand.
Cercospora atro-marginalis is common as a leaf spot on black night shade (Solanum nigrum) throughout New Zealand; it has been recorded in Auckland on leaves anc fruit of the indigenous S. laciniatum and in Westland on an introduced species of Solanum. Brien and Dingley (1951) recorded this leaf spot as Cercospora solani Sacc and Berl. It is of no economic importance.
This fungus is common as a leaf spot on red beet, silver beet (swiss chard), and mangels Smith (1961) recorded it as severe in wet seasons on fodder beet in some North Islanc districts. It is of only minor economic importance.
Poorly defined lesions are formed by this fungus on undersurfaces of fig leaves and usually result in early leaf fall. Figs are rarely grown as a commercial crop and are rarely sprayed with a fungicide; it is of only minor economic importance.
Collections of leaves [of Solanum laciniatum] infected with this fungus suggest that it is a wound pathogen following damage. It is of no economic importance.
Leaf spots and lesions on petioles of carrot leaves due to Cercospora carotae are common in most crops of carrots. When infection is severe, leaves appear as if burnt. Brandenburg (1961b) reported that this disease could be troublesome in crops in Pukekohe near Auckland and in Hawke's Bay.
An angular leaf spot [of Ceanothus sp.] due to Cercospora ceanothi was found to be troublesome only when cuttings from infected material were used for propagating under mist.
Cercospora depazeoides is common throughout New Zealand on leaves of elderberry (Sambucus nigra). It is of no economic importance.
Cercospora leaf spot is common on this introduced host weed [Chenopodium album] throughout New Zealand.
Records show that Cercospora eupatorii was brought into New Zealand with a trypetid stem gall fly introduced in the Auckland Province to control the weed species Eupatorium adenophorum (Dingley, 1965). It is of no economic importance.
This leaf spot was described from material collected in Auckland and Banks Peninsula, Canterbury. Both fungus and host plant [Haloragis erecta] are endemic to New Zealand. It is of no economic importance.
MacArthur (1959) recorded Cercospora handelii as a leaf spot on Rhododendron sp. cult. from New Plymouth, Taranaki, and Palmerston North, Wellington. There are also records from Timaru, Canterbury. This disease caused by this fungus can be serious in some varieties in nursery rows. MacArthur (1959) recommended the application of bordeaux sprays for its control.
Irregular dark-coloured lesions are formed by this fungus on under surfaces of leaves; it occurs most commonly when orchids are grown under humid conditions. In commercial crops it can be of importance.
An angular leaf spot caused by this fungus sometimes becomes a nuisance on the new spring growth of perennial phlox.
Dingley (1960b) recorded Cercospora on leaves of Muehlenbeckia in north Canterbury: the disease lesions characteristically dehisce from the healthy tissue to give infected leaves a tattered appearance. Both host and fungus are indigenous to New Zealand.
As lesions on leaves of currants caused by Cercospora occur only in late summer, it is of minor economic importance. It is common throughout New Zealand.
Cercospora varia is recorded as an angular leaf spot on Viburnum. It is of no economic importance.
Leaf lesions due to Cercospora violae are common on some varieties of pansy and viola. In wet seasons when violas and pansies are used as bedding plants it can be severe enough to justify spraying with a fungicide.
Leaf lesions caused by Cercospora are not uncommon on clovers and on spotted medick. As this fungus rarely occurs in a sufficiently heavy infection to retard pasture growth it is only of minor economic importance.
White leaf spot caused by Cercosporella brassicae on turnips, swedes, and Chinese cabbage occurs sporadically in crops throughout New Zealand: it is rarely of economic importance.
Latch (1965) described this fungus as a leaf spot on Bromus willdenowii occurring in winter and spring. He also recorded it on B. inermis and on six other Bromus spp. (including B. firmior and B. secalinus) grown in experimental plots at Palmerston North. He stated that the disease was a serious pathogen in the Manawatu area where B. willdenowii is important in pastures for winter feed.
Eye spot on wheat was recorded from Taieri, Otago, in 1941-42 (Saxby, 1943) and again in 1942-43. It caused considerable crop losses. Blair (1954) noted that it occurred in Canterbury, especially on heavy soils. On heavy lands where wheat was undersown with ryegrass the incidence of this disease was lower, as ryegrass limited the amount of nitrogen available to the wheat. Blair stated that all varieties commonly grown in New Zealand were highly susceptible to the disease.
Rust on rhododendron was recorded by Cunningham from material collected at Stratford, Taranaki, in 1924. In the herbarium, Plant Diseases Division, there are only two other records, i.e., from Palmerston North in 1954 and New Plymouth, Taranaki, in 1961. At present it is of no economic importance.
Smut on seed heads of Carex occurs throughout New Zealand. The smut fungus and host plants are indigenous to New Zealand.
Seed heads of Schoenus infected with smut have been collected in subalpine areas in both the North and South Islands. Both smut fungus and hosts are endemic to New Zealand.
Smut on seed heads of Uncinia have been recorded only from Wellington and the South Island. The host plants and the smut fungus are endemic to New Zealand.
Infected seed heads of Spinifex have been recorded only from the North Island of New Zealand. Both smut species and host are indigenous to New Zealand: they also occur in Australia.
Smut on seed heads of Carpha occurs throughout subalpine tussock grasslands it both the North and the South Islands. The smut fungus is endemic to New Zealand
Jacks (1947), in a survey of diseases in glasshouse tomato crops, stated that Cladosporium was the commonest fungus disease affecting the crop. Resistant tomato varieties have since been introduced, but in all cases the resistance has gradually broken down. Improved fungicides, as described by Jacks and Webb (1956d) and Kennelly (1960), have lead to a better control of the disease. In some wet seasons it can become a problem in outdoor crops, especially in the Auckland area.
Ergot on seed heads of Paspalum spp. caused by Claviceps paspali is common in summer in North Auckland. It has at times caused "staggers" in cattle (Hopkirk, 1936). If paspalum is used as a pasture grass it must be managed in such a way as to prevent seed-head formation.
Neill (1941) discussed the occurrence of ergot in seed in seed heads of grasses in New Zealand; he studied cultures from the infected seed heads or "ergots" from inflorescences from a number of species of grass. Dingley (1954) stated that C. purpurea first appeared in New Zealand about 1875 and has since become widespread. Latch (1966b) noted that in Lolium perenne infection of seed in a seed sample can be as high as 10%. It is recorded on 12 indigenous and 20 introduced grasses. There are no reports in New Zealand of stock poisoning from this fungus. As the strains that attack wheat rarely occur, and as rye is rarely grown, the disease is of little economic importance in cereal production in New Zealand.
Both rust fungus and host plant are introduced. In New Zealand only the uredospore stage of the rust has been collected. It has occurred on Campanula sp. from Wanganui and from Auckland.
Gilmour (1965c) recorded that terminal needles of one-year-old [Pinus radiata] seedlings in nursery beds at Woodhill and Kumeu in North Auckland were attacked during early spring and autumn by Gloeosporium sp. Distortion of the terminal stem led to stunted plants that were unfit for planting out. In many cases, after a year, lateral shoots developed from the base of the plant. The disease led to considerable losses in these nurseries. Gilmour (1966b) recommended spraying with captan plus P.M.C. for its control.
Smudge caused by Colletotrichum circinans is common in some seasons on mature onion bulbs of `Pukekohe Long Keeper'. It may occur on newly dead leaves of seedling onion. It is of no economic importance.
Chamberlain (1935a) stated that Colletotrichum coccodes caused black dot disease of potatoes and noted that in in the Auckland area it may cause premature death of plants. Uljee (1964) recorded it causing corkiness or rotting of tomato roots in glasshouse crops. As both host plants are important introduced cultigens, the fungus is of minor economic importance.
In New Zealand it is known from a single record at Winchmore, Canterbury, where it was causing a root rot of white clover.
Latch (1965) recorded that anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum graminicola was common on Bromus willdenowii in the North Island in late autumn and winter months at which times it considerably reduced growth of plants. Latch (1966a) stated that it is common on Lolium in early autumn. It is also common in early summer and late autumn on Paspalum sp. As hosts are important introduced pasture grasses, the fungus is of economic importance.
Anthracnose on beans caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is common, especially in late summer and autumn crops. Reid (1943) (1945b) studied resistance to anthracnose in varieties commonly grown in New Zealand, and Reid and Brien (1948a) discussed its control with Bordeaux sprays. Brien, Chamberlain et al. (1955) stated that the disease is seed borne; they noted that it is of economic importance, as in some crops 30-50% of the pods may be unmarketable because of the disease.
In surveys carried out by Cunningham in 1941, Colletotrichran lini was recorded causing a seedling blight in two linen flax crops. There are no specimens of this fungus in the herbarium at Plant Diseases Division.
In the Auckland area in a wet season it is common on melon fruits. It is often confused with fructifications of Glomerella cingulata. It is not common on cucumber fruits.
on *Leucospermuni sp. (new record) *Protea sp. (new record)
It is commonly associated with a tip dieback [of Leucospermum sp.and Protea sp.]; it may cause considerable damage. As the species are grown only for ornament it is of no economic importance.
It was recorded from stem lesions in a Lucerne pasture in Gisborne, where it was causing considerable damage.
Lloyd (1922) described this species from material sent to him from New Zealand by Dr G. H. Cunningham. Gilmour (1966a) listed it as causing a white pocket heart rot of living trees. This wood-rotting fungus is endemic to New Zealand, occurring on over-mature trees in indigenous forests.
Cunningham (1965) described and recorded this species on roots at the base of trunks and upon trunks of living trees of kauri in the Waipoua Kauri Forest, North Auckland. Gilmour (1966a) noted that it was of economic importance as it caused a red-brown cubical butt rot of mature timber trees.
Cunningham (1965) described and recorded this species on roots at the base of trunks and upon trunks of living trees of kauri in the Waipoua Kauri Forest, North Auckland. Gilmour (1966a) noted that it was of economic importance as it caused a red-brown cubical butt rot of mature timber trees.
Cunningham (1925a) associated this fungus with "blister disease" of fruit and of laterals of apple and pear trees. It is now known that this fungus is not responsible for this condition but that it is present as a saprophyte in dead bark tissue. The cause of the condition in trees that exhibit this characteristic splitting is still unknown.
Berkeley (1873) first described this fungus from collections found at Mt. Gambier, Australia, in 1854. In New Zealand, Cunningham (1922b) recorded red thread (Hypochnus fuciformis McAlp.) on leaves and stems of grasses. Brien (1935) stated that in New Zealand the fungus was first collected in 1920 on Lolium multiflorum from Hawke's Bay; he noted that it had become common on lawns and on bowling and golf greens in Hawke's Bay, Wairarapa, Manawatu, and Nelson district. Cunningham (1963) noted that it killed plants and in pastures formed discoloured orbicular areas a few centimeters to upwards of one metre in diameter. Arnold and Brien (1961) suggested for its control treatment with the fungicide thiram followed by prompt applications of a fertiliser such as sulphate of ammonia to promote quick growth of the grass.
Although this fungus was not listed as occurring in New Zealand until 1939, there is in the herbarium at Plant Diseases Division a collection on mangels from Feilding gathered in 1926. No further collections were filed until 1938, when it was collected in the Auckland area. It is now widely distributed in the North Island, especially in Auckland and North Auckland in areas where continuous cropping is practised. In warm wet seasons it is responsible for considerable crop losses. Smith (1961) recommended crop rotation as a measure for its control in fodder beet.
Cunningham (1963) described the fungus from New Zealand. Although a common parasite in tropical regions, it has been collected only from apple trees in a neglected orchard in Whangarei, North Auckland, where it formed cankers killing small lateral branches. In Kerikeri, also in North Auckland, it was collected from a single pear tree in a home garden.
In the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, there are three collections of this fungus: Podocarpus acutifolius T. Kirk, 255, Marlborough, South Island; on P. totara, Little River, N.Z. 235; Mr Cheesernan 2/1874. Cooke (1892) listed these collections under Corynelia uberata Fr. Birch (1937b) and Fitzpatrick (1942) recorded C. tropica from New Zealand occurring on Podocarpus totara and P. hallii. Gilmour (1966a) stated that this fungus causes severe leaf spot on totara (P. totara) and that it is widespread throughout New Zealand.
There are no recent records of this fungus in New Zealand and no specimens are present in the herbarium at the Plant Diseases Division, Auckland.
Berry-Smith (1962) and Dingley (1965) recorded this fungus from New Zealand as responsible for dead arm disease on grapes in the Manutuke Valley, Gisborne, and at Henderson and Te Kauwhata in the Auckland Province. Berry-Smith (1962) recorded it on the varieties `Albany Beauty', `Black Hamburg', and `Palomino': He recommended using sprays with P.M.C. for its control. It is responsible for considerable damage to vines.
This fungus is associated with "damping off" of seedlings in two nurseries of the State Forest Service and in a commercial nursery in Kumeu, North Auckland (Bassett, 1961); Hunter (1961) recorded it from wilted seedlings in nursery soils partially sterilised with methyl bromide.
This leaf spot occasionally occurs in silver birch leaves in late summer. It may cause early defoliation, but is of no economic importance.
Black blotch of clover leaves caused by Cymadothea is common in the North Island but usually on unthrifty plants. It is of minor economic importance.
Berkeley (1848) described this species from living branches of Nothofagus cunninghamii from Tasmania. In New Zealand this indigenous gall-forming fungus attacks only one species of Nothofagus (N. menziesii) (Lloyd 1916; Cockayne, 1926). The galls are perennial, producing a crop of fructifications each spring throughout the life of the tree. The fungus causes distortion of branches but produces no decay of host tissues. Rawlings (1956) stated that it is of little economic importance but suggested that infected trunks should be removed when sapling stands of silver beech are "managed".
Rawlings (1956) separated this species from Cyttaria gunnii by the large globose galls formed by the tree through an infection of this fungus: he stated that the fructifications are darker coloured and have a smell resembling apricots. This species is endemic to New Zealand.
Rawlings (1956) showed that Cyttaria pallida, unlike the other two species of Cyttaria present in New Zealand, formed on the trees fusiforme galls, several feet long. This species is also endemic to New Zealand.
Cultures of a Dematophora sp. [?Rosellinia radiciperda Mass. sensu Gilmour, 1966a] were isolated from roots of dead saplings of Pinus radiata and P. strobus from Rotoehu Forest. The fungus was shown to be pathogenic to Pinus seedlings (Zondag and Gilmour, 1963) but appeared to be distinct from the Dematophora obtained from ascospore cultures of Rosellinia radiciperda. As no ascogenous stage of this fungus has been obtained, it seems best to record it for the present as Dematophora sp.
This fungus is sometimes common in local areas, attacking flower heads of plantains in pasture; it is of no economic importance.
In New Zealand this fungus is a common storage rot of tubers of kumara (sweet potato). The rot is dry and light coloured; fructifications are rarely found on the tuber but are formed in culture. It is of minor economic importance.
Cunningham (1931b) and Fletcher (1955a) recorded melanose on living leaves and fruits of citrus. Fletcher (1955b) reported that infection was carried over on dead twigs and branches, where the fungus caused dieback, especially of weakened shoots: he recommended a pre-blossom spray of Bordeaux (3:4:50) for its control. This fungus is also responsible for a stem end rot of fruits held in store.
Diaporthe perniciosa is recorded in New Zealand as a storage rot of apples. Brook (1960) noted that it often invaded the sterile lesions of "lenticel" spot when fruit was held in cold store. It may also be found associated with dieback of weakened shoots or on pruning wounds on apple and pear trees. It is of minor economic importance.
Occasionally this fungus is recorded in the Auckland area as a fruit rot of unripe fruits of both tomatoes and peppers; it is of minor economic importance.
This fungus is known in New Zealand only from a single record. Unfortunately no herbarium material was filed.
Spur blight due to Didymella applanata in raspberries is common throughout New Zealand. Brown (1955) recorded it from the Nelson district. It is usually controlled by the fungicide spray programme recommended for raspberries.
Didymella stem rot [of tomato] is present in the South Island of New Zealand; it was first reported from Timaru by Cunningham in 1922 (1922a); Smith and Hurndell (1959) reported stem rot as common in crops near Christchurch and on Banks Peninsula during the season 1955-1958: in these areas it was of considerable economic importance. It is also recorded from the Nelson area (Brown and Watts, 1959). Smith and Hurndell (1959) suggested that this disease may be controlled by fortnightly sprays with maneb or captan.
Ring spot caused by Didymellina dianthi is recorded as a leaf rot disease of carnation in New Zealand by Robinson (1957b) and Salinger (1961). It is especially common in outdoor carnations during winter months. Recommendations for its control included the removal of diseased leaves and regular sprays with thiram or zineb.
Leaf spot on iris caused by Didymellina macrospora is common throughout New Zealand. The ascogenous stage has not been found in this country. Say (1964) stated that even a light attack may seriously weaken iris plants; he suggested that protective sprays with copper, maneb, or zineb may help to control the disease.
"Twist" on grass due to Dilophospora occurs occasionally throughout New Zealand, but rarely more than a few plants are affected within a pasture. It is of no economic importance.
Black spot on roses is a common disease throughout the country (Ellis (1952a); Marcussen (1962); and Amos (1963) ). Heavy infection causing considerable defoliation in summer seriously weakens the plants. The disease is important in commercial plantings. Sprays of captan and folpex have been recommended for control of this disease.
Tar spot (Diplochorella melicyti) on leaves of Melicytus is common throughout New Zealand. Both host and fungus are indigenous to New Zealand. This is probably the fungus imperfectly described by Berkeley (1855) as Dothidea colensoi.
Recorded by Brien (1939) as a pathogen [of Crataegus monogyna]. Its pathogenicity is doubtful.
Outbreaks of dieback and stem cankers formed by Diplodia pinea occur sporadically throughout New Zealand. Unthrifty trees and trees suffering mechanical injury are attacked. The disease sometimes causes substantial losses in forests of exotic conifers. Curtis (1926) recorded the fungus causing severe dieback on Pinus radiata and P. muricata following drought injury. Birch (1936) associated the disease with a red top symptom in P. ponderosa, P. contorta, P. nigra, and P. radiata among unthinned and overstocked stands on pumiceous soils. Grayburn (1957) recorded a severe attack of Diplodia in north Canterbury on Pinus radiata, P. nigra, and P. ponderosa following hail injury. Gilmour (1964) (1965b) recorded the occurrence of this fungus as a wound pathogen following thinning and low pruning in three- to 10-year-old P. radiata trees growing in pumice soils in the central North Island.
Cob rot due to Diplodia zeae has been present in the maize-growing area at Gisborne for a number of years. Only in wet seasons does it cause crop losses in this area.
This fungus is known only from a single collection from Christchurch.
Recorded by Latch as the second most important foliage disease of ryegrass in New Zealand; it occurs throughout the country in long dense swards and in short pastures, especially in winter months.
Cunningham (1948f) and Gilmour (1966a) recorded this species as causing a white heart rot in mature living trees, as well as on dead trees and stumps. Gilmour (1966a) states that it probably causes large annual losses of valuable native timber. Fructifications of this fungus are common throughout New Zealand on introduced and indigenous host species.
Cunningham (1948f; 1965) and Gilmour (1966a) recorded this fungus as a common white heart rot of indigenous and introduced trees. It is of importance in over-mature indigenous forest.
Cunningham (1948f) and Gilmour (1966a) have shown that this fungus, like the other two species of Elfvingia, causes a white heart rot of living as well as dead trees. It is especially common in indigenous forest, where it does considerable damage to over-mature timber trees.
Black spot or grape anthracnose was first recorded by Kirk (1895) from Hawke's Bay. Only the conidial form has been found in New Zealand. Lindeman (1940) and Berry-Smith (1952; 1965) recorded it as a common disease on outdoor crops in all grape-growing districts. Early application of thiram or ziram has been noted as giving good control of the disease (Anon. 1956a). Berry-Smith (1965) stated that black spot may be controlled by the use of lime sulphur as a winter dormancy spray, followed by alternate sprays of thiram and copper oxychloride during the growing season.
Citrus verrucosis caused by Elsinoe fawcetti was first recorded from New Zealand by Kirk in 1899, on lemons in New Plymouth. Only the conidial stage of the fungus has been found in New Zealand. Verrucosis is common wherever citrus is grown in New Zealand. Fletcher (1955b) stated that it is probably the most troublesome fungus disease on lemons. It is also troublesome in certain other citrus varieties including mandarins, tangelos, and 'Wheeney' grapefruit. In mandarin trials at Kerikeri and Te Puke the variety 'Kara'showed susceptibility to the disease (Anon. 1959a). Fletcher (1955b) recommended for its control sprays of Bordeaux mixture 3:4:50, to be applied in November at petal fall.
It is recorded from a single collection from Gore, Otago, causing a distinct leaf spot [of Arbutus sp.].
Anthracnose caused by Elsinoe on virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquifolia) has been recorded twice from Auckland city area, where it was damaging leaves of this creeper.
Only the conidial stage has been found in New Zealand. It occurs on leaves, stems, and fruits of apples and pears. It is common in Auckland, Nelson, and Hawke's Bay and is controlled by the usual fungicide spray programme applied to apples to control Venturia. It is of minor economic importance.
The ascogenous stage was recorded on year-old rose canes collected in Auckland in November 1961. Anthracnose caused by Elsinoe rosarum is common on leaves of roses in late spring and summer. Marcussen (1962) stated that the disease may be controlled by the fungicide sprays applied to control black spot (Diplocarpon rosae). It is of minor economic importance in commercial plantings.
Anthracnose or cane spot due to Elsinoe veneta is common in New Zealand on all introduced species of Rubus, especially on raspberries and loganberries. It was first thought to be of minor importance (Woodhead and Chamberlain, 1940), but Taylor (1945) showed that a cane infection could result in a stunting of plants. He showed that a spray programme using Bordeaux mixture would control the disease. Newhook and Vaughan (1965) noted the economic importance of this disease in Hawke's Bay. Wellington, and Nelson in the 1964 season and for its control stressed the importance of an application in the early spring of a Bordeaux spray mixture.
This tar spot is common in late summer on Poa anceps throughout New Zealand. It i of no economic importance; the host plant and the fungus are indigenous to Nev Zealand.
It is common on root cankers of Elaeocarpus throughout the indigenous forests but i of no economic importance.
Although Cunningham recorded this leaf smut from a single collection, it has become common on cape gooseberries (Physalis peruviana) wherever they are grown.
Leaf smut on Calendula occurs throughout New Zealand. Cunningham (1945c) noted that it is sometimes serious and reduces their ornamental value.
Leaf smut on introduced weeds belonging to the Compositae is common but sporadic in its occurrence. New Zealand collections previously determined as Ramularia eximia Bubak have been shown to be the sporidia stage of this smut. It is of no economic importance.
Cunningham (1945c) stated that this smut was first collected from Palmerston North in 1932. It is now widespread throughout both islands. It may be controlled by regular applications of copper spray or an organic fungicide such as maneb.
Leaf smut on poppy is known in New Zealand only from a single collection from Feilding.
This leaf smut occurs sporadically on this endemic host [Parietaria debilis] wherever it is grown.
Leaf smut due to Entyloma picridis is common on leaves of this weed species [Picris echioides]. This fungus has been included previously under Ramularia owing to misidentification of the sporidia. It is of no economic importance.
Smut on leaves of borage has been recorded from two localities in Auckland. It is of no economic importance.
Perithecia have been collected only on Aristotelia sp. and only in Canterbury. In the North Island, as with other species of powdery mildew, only the oidium conidial form is present. It was first recorded from New Zealand by Berkeley (1855) on the indigenous host Aristotelia as Erysiphe densa. Salmon (1900) showed this fungus to be a synonym of E. polygoni. In the autumn it is very common throughout the country, but only when weather conditions are unfavourable are losses in fodder crops such as swede and rape likely to become severe. Brien, Chamberlain et al. (1955) reported that it may cause dwarfing and distortion of pea plants. Except for the two species of Aristotelia and Geum urbanum all host plants are introduced cultivars.
Blair and Morrison (1949) isolated Fusarium avenaceum in Canterbury from unthrifty seedling wheat plants and from mature plants with brown foot rot. Wratt (1956) reported its occurence associated with a pre-emergence rot of oat seedlings. Gordon (1960) listed it from New Zealand associated with Gramineae. It is extremely common in ryegrass pastures after a dry summer. Dingley (1960b) recorded it from basal stem cankers on wilted stock plants. It has also been found in association with a dry storage rot of sweet potato tubers. It is only of minor economic importance.
In a survey of potato stores carried out by Dr Brook of Plant Diseases Division, D.S.I.R., Auckland, in 1950, Fusarium coeruleum was found to be the main cause of dry rot in stored potatoes. It usually follows post-harvest damage.
Blair (1936) recorded Fusarium culmorum from New Zealand as commonly associated with foot rot of wheat; Smith (1953) stated that it was associated with a black root rot of strawberries common in heavy wet soils in southern districts of New Zealand. Robinson (1961) noted that it was common as a basal rot of young plants of carnations or as a dieback of branches. It is of minor economic importance.
Neill (1928) recorded Septoria leaf spot on oat crops throughout New Zealand. In some seasons it may cause considerable crop losses.
Woodhead and Chamberlain (1940) reported that cane wilt caused by Leptosphaeria coniothyrium is one of the most serious diseases of raspberries in all districts where raspberries are grown: they recommended Bordeaux sprays for its control. Unfortunately in trials carried out in Riwaka and in Motueka, Nelson, in 1940-41, Taylor (1945) reported that infection of cane wilt in unsprayed blocks was in these trials too low to assess the efficiency of the spray programme. It causes little damage to blackberries (Cunningham, 1927a). It is also common on rose canes throughout New Zealand (Marcussen, 1962).
Dry rot on swedes and turnips causes considerable crop losses throughout New Zealand. Cunningham (1927c) reviewed the history and importance of the disease; he demonstrated that it was both soil and seed borne. Cruickshank and Palmer (1954) summarised work on resistance to this disease in varieties grown in New Zealand. Lloyd (1959) noted that viability of the fungus in seeds deteriorated after eight months but was still present in a few seeds within a sample after 14 months. Smith (1956b) showed that a perithecial stage typical of Leptosphaeria was associated with the dry rot fungus; he therefore stressed the importance of air-borne ascospores in disseminating the disease within a crop. Smith and Sutton (1964) showed that this ascospore form was, in fact, identical with Leptosphaeria maculans.
The fungus was reported to be associated with a leaf blotch in wheat crops in Canterbury in the 1953 season. Wenham (1959) stated that the damage in New Zealand was due to Septoria tritici Desm. only but gave little proof for his decision. The species associated with leaf blotch on wheat in New Zealand needs further investigation.
This fungus attacks only the introduced cultigen, lucerne. Smith (1955a) stated that Stagonospora foot rot was widespread in Canterbury and Otago. The fungus often caused death of plants.
Up to the present, "fly speck" caused by Leptothryrium pomi is reported on apple fruits. It is not common, occurring only on unsprayed fruit grown in damp, shady situations: it is therefore of minor importance.
Ring spot is common on lettuce leaves throughout New Zealand, especially in late winter and early spring crops. Hurndell and Smith (1957) described spray trials carried out in the Christchurch area over a period of four years; they recommended sprays with captan or thiram for its control.
Murray (1926) described the disease as serious on weeping and crack willows in the Nelson district, where it caused both stem cankers and leaf spots. In some seasons it is common throughout New Zealand, causing distortions of young shoots as well as an early leaf fall.
Leaf fleck is common throughout New Zealand on introduced pasture grasses. In studies of leaf spots on cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) in the Manawatu area, Wenham and Latch (1958) reported that it was common throughout the summer and autumn.
The rust was first collected in February 1954 in a garden in Auckland, and within two seasons it was widespread on this common weed species [Euphorbia peplus] throughout the country. It is of no economic importance.
Both the rust fungus and host plant [Hypericum androsaemum] are introduced. Baker (1955b) reported that it was present in the Wellington area in 1952. Within two years the rust was widespread on leaves of this weed host throughout New Zealand. it is rarely found in North Auckland.
The host is an indigenous species occurring in Tasmania, Australia, and New Caledonia. In New Zealand this species has been collected only from Central Otago; it is also recorded from Japan and Australia
This European rust species is recorded in New Zealand on the cultigen L. usitatissimum, on the introduced Australian weed species L. marginale, and on the endemic species L. monogynum. In a study of resistance of linen flax and linseed to rust, Cruickshank (1950) noted that Cunningham, as a result of a survey carried out in 1943-44, stated that rust was the most serious disease in New Zealand on linen flax. During World War II autumn and spring sowing of crops was introduced, and rust became widespread in these crops. Cruickshank (1951 a, 1952b), Cruickshank and Wright (1953), and Steveninck and Cruickshank (1956) noted the rust races present in New Zealand and listed resistant varieties of linseed and linen flax.
The host of this endemic rust is indigenous to New Zealand and occurs also on Norfolk Island (Allan, 1961). The rust is common in New Zealand wherever the host grows.
Both host and rust are introduced; the host is a common cultigen occasionally grown in the South Island in plantations. Herbarium records at Plant Diseases Division show That on Betula pendula the uredospore stage was common throughout New Zealand: the aecidial stage on Larix has not been collected in New Zealand.
This fungus is recorded from New Zealand material identified by C. G. Hansford in 1956. It has been collected only from Auckland and the North Auckland area [on Gahnia xanthocarpa].
Hansford (1961) recorded this sooty blotch fungus from collections from the west coast of the South Island, New Zealand. Both fungus and host are indigenous.
This sooty blotch was recorded from New Zealand from material collected around Auckland and determined by C. G. Hansford in 1956.
Sooty blotch on Metrosideros spp. is common in New Zealand in scattered localities where rainfalls are heavy. It is an endemic fungus described on endemic species of Metrosideros.
Both fungus and host species are introduced. Weston (1957) stated that the needle cast fungus Meria laricis is widespread in New Zealand on Larix decidua; he also noted that L. kaempferi (syn. L. leptolepis) was more resistant to the needle cast fungus than L.decirlua. It can be of considerable economic importance.
Only the conidial stage of the fungus has been collected in New Zealand. Powdery mildew occurs on the english oak throughout New Zealand, especially on young trees oc on regrowth after severe pruning (Gilmour, 1966a). As oak trees are rarely grown in plantations it is of no economic importance.
Powdery mildew was reported to be common gooseberries in New Zealand by Cunningham (1922a). No specimens have been collected for the past 20 years.
Both fungus and host are endemic; it is known only from a single collection.
Rust on sow thistle has been collected from only two localities in New Zealand - from Palmerston North in 1919 and from Alexandra, Central Otago, in 1937. The host is a common weed species throughout New Zealand.
When discussing diseases of kumara (sweet potato) (Ipomoea batatas), Coleman (1962) stated that silvery scurf was widespread in areas where kumaras were grown; he noted that it had become more common in recent years owing to continuous cropping with sweet potatoes in the same area. Wilson (1961) showed that Monilochaetes attacked kumara plants below soil level, and he suggested that the disease could be controlled if plants were propagated from vine cuttings rather thin from tuber shoots.
Ring spot of brassica crops in New Zealand is extremely common especially in spring crops; it may be present on seed crops of rape and chow mother. Gillard (1952) noted that it commonly occurred on soils rich in nitrogen and stressed the importance of crop rotation for its control. As the fungus is seed borne it has probably been introduced with the seed of the host plant.
This common endemic fungus is associated with a leaf spot on Coprosma spp
Woodhead and Chamberlain (1940), in a report of a survey of berry fruit carried out in 1940, noted that leaf spot of strawberries due to Mycosphaerella fragariae occurred throughout the country, especially in the Auckland district. They suggested regular applications of Bordeaux sprays for its control. Anon. (1951 b) reported that, of the 22 strawberry varieties tested for resistance to this fungus leaf spot, only four varieties were found to be resistant, 12 susceptible, and six highly susceptible; there appeared to be no strain difference in the different isolates of the fungus used in these tests. Nichols (1960) showed that this fungus attacked fruits as well as leaves to give a black discolouration of the seeds and small hard lesions in the fruit; he recommended for its control the removal of foliage from plants in the winter months, to be followed by regular sprays of captan.
This fungus is associated with leaf lesions on the host [Centella uniflora]; in most collections fructifications of Septoria nesodes Kalchbr. occurred on the leaves with perithecia of Mycosphaerella.
Ray blight has been recorded only from one commercial garden in Pairnerston North and one in Auckland; if it became established on this common cultigen [Chrysanthemum indicum] it could be of commercial importance.
Steveninck and Cruickshank (1956) stated that the widespread incidence of linseed diseases such as rust, and to a limited extent pasmo (Mycosphaerella linorum) added to the instability of the crop; in the 1952-53 season pasmo occurred at an epidemic level in mid and south Canterbury in crops of the variety `Golden Viking'; selections were made for disease resistance and the varieties `Bison' and `Very Pale Blue Crimped' were shown to be resistant. Sanderson (1963) showed that seed transmission was a minor factor in the spread of the disease in New Zealand. The fungus overwintered on the common perennial introduced wild species Linum marginale as well as any debris of L. usitatissinum from previous seasons crops. Ascospores from perithecia formed on old stems of L. marginale were shown to be important in the establishment of the initial infection of the disease into the crop.
At times in wet cold seasons Mycosphaerella may become an important disease in outdoor crops of cucumbers, pumpkins, and melons. It can form stem cankers, leaf lesions, and sometimes lesions on fruit. It also occurs as an important storage rot of fruits of pumpkins (Gillard, 1951; Bailey, 1963).
A leaf blotch [of Eucalyptus gigantea] caused by Mycosphaerella nubilosa has been recorded by Weston (1957) as common on leaves of trees at the sapling stage; he reported that it is common on leaves of plants in seedling beds in nurseries.
Mycosphaerella pinodes forms stem, leaf, and pod lesions as well as causing a foot rot of peas. It can be of considerable importance in New Zealand in crops grown in the wetter areas. From a survey of New Zealand pea seed instituted in 1951 and carried over a five-year period, Cruickshank (1957a) concluded that M. pinodes was a common seed-borne pathogen on New Zealand seed. He stressed the importance of growing pea seed crops in low rainfall areas in order to keep pea crops throughout the country free of this disease.
Mycosphaerella leaf spot on gooseberries and currants was shown by Woodhead and Chamberlain (1940) and Davey (1945) to be widespread throughout New Zealand. Davey (ibid.) suggested that leaf spot may be controlled by Bordeaux sprays. It is of minor economic importance.
This introduced fungus is recorded as a fruit rot and as a leaf spot on apples. As it is controlled by the fungicide spray programme applied to control both black spot and ripe spot on apple fruit, it is of rare occurrence.
It is known only from the type collection; both host [Coprosma robusta] and fungus are endemic.
Leaf spot on elm is of little importance; it may cause early leaf fall. The ascogenous stage has not been found in New Zealand. Both host and fungus are introduced and in New Zealand are of no economic importance.
Brien and Dingley (1953) recorded ink spot from Iris tingitana. It forms both leaf spots and bulb lesions and sometimes Considerably damages bulbs. Say (1964) noted that it was common on I. reticulate. On Lachenalia sp. it may cause considerable damage to the bulbs. It may be important in bulbous irises in commercial planting.
This endemic species was recorded by Atkinson (1940) on three endemic host plants. It is associated with tip dieback and cankers on branches of mature trees. It is of no economic importance.
Gilmour (1961) in a random survey of fungi associated with needle cast of Pinus spp. in New Zealand showed that Naemacyclus was common. Gilmour (1966a) stated that it was particularly severe after the cool, wet summers in 1953, 1956, and 1962. It is of minor economic importance.
Cunningham (1925a) recorded coral spot as a wound parasite on fruit trees, broom, elm, horsechestnut, maple, mulberry, oak, and silver birch. Dingley (1951) stated that it is common in New Zealand south of the Auckland Province. Its host range would suggest that it is an introduced species, as it occurs commonly on introduced cultigens. It is of minor economic importance.
After expressing considerable doubt about the occurrence of European canker in New Zealand, Cunningham (1925b) reported it from the Whangarei district. It has become extremely common in the Auckland apple-growing areas. Brook, P. J., and Bailey (1965) recommend for its control autumn and winter sprays with either phenyl mercuric chloride or Bordeaux mixture. It is of considerable economic importance in the Auckland area and has limited the planting of some susceptible varieties.
In pumpkin crops in the Auckland area Nectria haematococca var. cucurbitae is responsible for considerable crop losses. It causes wilting and death of plants (Gillard, 1954), and in areas where the disease is severe it may occur as an important storage rot of the fruits (Dingley, 1961). Perithecia are occasionally found on pumpkin fruit tissue. The disease is stated to be seed borne.
In the North Island of New Zealand this fungus is common as a wound parasite, causing dieback usually following wind and frost injury. It also attacks plants that have suffered from drought or insect damage. It is of minor economic importance.
It occurs occasionally as a wound pathogen in living Pinus radiata.
It is found associated with crown rot in raspberries in Motueka (Nelson) especially in areas where drainage is poor.
It is recorded from maize cobs in Gisborne in 1956.
In New Zealand, powdery mildews rarely form Perithecia and the Oidium conidial stages are difficult to identify unless the fungus is known to be host specific. Thus records have been placed under Oidium. On tree tomato (Cyphomandra betaceae) mildew can cause severe defoliation (Fletcher, 1952). It is also common throughout New Zealand on Euonymus hedges.
All host plants are introduced, three being important weed species. Fry (1958) showed that the occurrence of this fungus in roots of lettuce was associated with the occurrence of lettuce big vein virus. He observed Olpidium in roots of the three weed species, which were growing with infected lettuce. The relationship of this fungus with the big vein virus has now been firmly established (Fry and Grogan, 1964). Fry (1958) stated that soil treatment with organic fungicides reduced the incidence of the disease. It is common in winter months in the Auckland area. Brandenburg and Hurndell (1960) showed that it is also common in the Christchurch area.
In a survey carried out in 1929-33 Chamberlain (1935a) noted that skin spot [of Solanum tuberosum] due to Oospora was prelavent in Southland and in Manawatu districts. It is only of minor economic importance.
"Take all" disease is common in pastures and in cereal crops throughout New Zealand. In wet seasons it may be serious in wheat crops (Blair and Morrison, 1949). Blair (1950b; 1953) stated that it was most common when wheat crops followed each other or when wheat followed pasture.
Recorded from Waimate in Canterbury in 1954.
Smith (1953) recorded Pachybasium hamatum var. candidum as one of the fungi associated with black root rot of strawberries. He stated that it was most severe in summer in heavy wet soils, especially in southern districts where strawberries were grown for several years in succession.
Passalora graminis is common throughout New Zealand, associated with a leaf streak leison on grasses. It is especially common in cocksfoot. Latch and Wenham (1958) stated that, although present throughout the year, it is most common in mid autumn until late spring. It is never sufficiently serious to warrant the use of control measures.
Pellicularia filamentosa is an important fungus in potato crops. Chamberlain (1931) suggested for its control treatment of seed with acidified mercuric chloride dip some months before planting. In recent years Booth (1965) recommended a dip in mercury-based compounds as a pre-planting treatment for seed potatoes; he emphasised that dipping should be done before the tubers have sprouted. It is associated with brown patch on lawns and greens (Brier, 1935; and Arnold and Brier 1961). In pastures in wet humid weather it may rot areas of grass. Ward (1926) noted that Rhizoctonia could be a problem in Lucerne pastures on areas with high rainfall. Wratt (1956) and Blair and Morrison (1949) showed its importance as a pre-emergence rot in seedlings of cereals. It is also important in nursery beds of seedlings of forestry trees such as Pinus radiata, P. nigra, and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Thulin, Will, and Bassett 1958). It is common in warm dry weather in seed beds of crops such as lettuce, tomatoes, and cabbage. It was also noted in nursery beds of citrus and peach seedlings and can be of considerable economic importance in nursery seed beds, especially in humid periods in summer months. Except for Agathis australis and Hydrocotyle sp., all hosts are introduced.
Penicillium digitatum is one of the common moulds that invades ripe citrus fruit. It quickly follows small skin injury. It may cause heavy losses in storage of citrus (Cunningham, 1925a; Neill, 1937).
This fungus is a ubiquitous mould: it is common on stored fruit. Kidd (1929), Neill (1937), and Padfield (1954) showed that blue mould due to Penicillium expansum is an important fruit rot in cool storage of apples, causing a rapid brown rot. Padfield (ibid.) suggested that it could be controlled by rigorous culling of all fruit showing any skin injury. It is also important as a rot when peaches and pears are stored. In onions it is an important storage rot of bulbs. It attacks Iris and Lachenalia bulbs when these are stored under poorly ventilated conditions.
Salinger (1965a) recorded Penicillium gladioli as an important storage rot of gladiolus corms, especially those stored under damp conditions. Overseas this species is listed as being host specific.
This species occurs with Penicillium digitatum as an important fungus in storage rot of citrus fruits (Neill, 1937). Fletcher (1955a) showed that losses due to P. italicum were greatly reduced if fruit was dipped in 2,4,5-T and packed in diphenyl wraps prior to storing.
Peniophora sacrata was described by Cunningham (1955) as an endemic species occurring as a saprophyte on dead wood. He recorded it on ten host species, nine of which are endemic to New Zealand. Gilmour and Lancaster (1955) recorded a fungus, which they referred to as "G.B." fungus disease causing a root and stem canker of exotic pines in the North Auckland area: they listed it as attacking three species of Pinus, three endemic host trees, and the common weed species, gorse and blackberry. Gilmour (1959b) showed that this fungus previously referred to as the "G.B." fungus was identical with Peniophora sacrata, and he noted its importance in exotic plantations in scattered areas throughout New Zealand.
Atkinson E. H. (1921) noted that a Heterosporium sp. was associated with small purple blotches on leaves [of Phormium tenax], predominantly on the under surfaces of leaves: he noted that this fungus did not appear to affect the quality of the fibre in the leaf. Ellis (1967) described this fungus as Periconiella phormii.
Downy mildew on chickweed (Stellaria media) and on mouses ear chickweed (Cerastium glomeratum)) is common in the North Island. As the fungus occurs only on introduced weed species it is of no economic importance
Peronospora alta is common on plantain in the Auckland area, especially in spring and summer.
Downy mildew on antirrhinum was first recorded from New Zealand in May 1942 froth Napier and in Auckland in 1945. It now occurs sporadically throughout New Zealand, especially in seed boxes in nurseries.
It is common in spring months, especially on Galium in the Auckland area.
It is common in Geranium spp. in autumn, winter, and spring in the Auckland area.
Brien, Chamberlain, et al. (1959) state that downy mildew on onions is widespread in New Zealand, being particularly serious in the North Island, where in some seasons it causes considerable reduction in yield and in quality of bulbs. They recommend spraying with either copper oxychloride or maneb, commencing at the seedling stage and continuing through the season.
Yerkes and Shaw (1959) regarded the fungus present on Chenopodium and Spinacia as one and the same species. Downy mildew is common on Chenopodium throughout New Zealand. Although listed by Money (1961) as a troublesome disease of spinach it is rarely seen in New Zealand on this host.
In late autumn and winter anemone mildew can cause considerable loss when this ornamental [Anemone coronaria] is grown for cut flowers, especially in the Auckland area. It considerably distorts the leaves and malforms the flowers. This fungus has recently appeared in New Zealand and could have been introduced in corms.
From inoculation experiments carried out by Jafar (1962) conidia from the different Hebe spp. failed to infect plants of a different species of Hebe. Morphologically the fungus on Veronica is identical with that on Hebe. Downy mildew has at times caused losses of plants of Hebe spp. in nurseries in the Auckland area. Hebe and Parahebe spp. are indigenous to New Zealand.
In New Zealand this downy mildew has been reported only on endemic species of Myosotis. It has been collected from Botanic Gardens in both Christchurch and Wellington, but not from plants in their native habitat.
Downy mildew is common on this introduced weed host [Spergula arvensis] throughout New Zealand.
Downy mildew on brassica crops was reported from New Zealand by Kirk (1906) In some seasons it can be an important disease, especially in seedling beds. In cabbage and in cauliflower it may cause considerable discoloration of tissues of mature heads. Jafar (1963) reported an outbreak of downy mildew on stock plants; in the Auckland area it attacked seedlings and adult plants and stocks could no longer be grown as an early spring bedding plant; Jafar suggested that streptomycin sprays may be used for its control.
It is recorded only from a single collection from Dunedin. Both host and downy mildew are introduced.
Smith and Newhook (1961) recorded downy mildew on leaves, calyx, and fruits of boysenberries and blackberries causing a disease locally known as "dry berry". They recorded it from boysenberries in the Auckland and Nelson areas where it was responsible for considerable crop losses for a number of years. They observed that a colloidal sulphur-lime sulphur spray programme used to control eriophyid mites also gave some control of the downy mildew fungus. It occurs on roses grown out of doors; in Auckland in a humid early summer season in 1961 it attacked leaves, calyx, and flowers. In recent seasons similar outbreaks have occurred. Both in boysenberries and roses, although of only minor economic importance, it can be troublesome in some seasons.
Downy mildew is common on Lucerne, especially in spring. It rarely occurs on Trifolium spp. It is of little economic importance.
Kirk (1906) recorded downy mildew in garden peas and field peas. Brien, Chamberlain, et al. (1955) stated that although downy mildew was not of major economic importance it may be troublesome in early pea crops. For its control they suggested crop rotation and stressed the necessity for either deep ploughing or burning refuse from infected crops. They suggested spraying with copper sprays if the crop is small. It is recorded on Vicia in Canterbury Province.
It is doubtful if this species is a pathogen. It was described by Guba from a culture at the Commonwealth Mycological Institute from New Zealand from swedes.
Birch (1937b) listed it as a facultative parasite causing damping-off of seedlings. He stated that it had been isolated from living seeds of Cupressus ntacrocarpa and Agathis australis. He also noted that it caused stem and branch lesions on cypress trees of all ages. Gilmour (1966a) considered it a weak parasite of seedlings and suggested that it is a secondary invader to the damping-off fungi.
It is doubtful if Pestalotia is a primary pathogen; it probably invades damaged tissue on leaves and twigs, penetrating into healthy tissue and causing dieback and leaf lesions. It is of minor economic importance.
McArthur (1959) recorded it from leaves of Rhododendron from Palmerston North and New Plymouth. She stated that it occurs as a secondary parasite on leaves of plants that have been weakened through other causes such as wind damage or insect attack.
It is suggested by Brook (1957) that this fungus had been previously recorded by Taylor and Brien (1943) as Neofabraea malicorticis (Cordley) Jackson; he showed that together with Pezicula malicorticis it is responsible for ripe spot on apple fruits; it overwinters on trees as a dieback on small stubs left after pruning. Padfield and Cooper (1965) showed that storing fruit at temperatures a little above freezing held up the development of the fungus for 120-180 days. In some seasons, especially when fruit has been picked late in the season, it is an important pathogen.
Brien (1932b) identified and described Gloeosporium perennans as the causal organism of the rot of stored apple fruits reported by Cunningham (1925a) as Delicious Spot. Taylor and Brien (1943) noted that in some seasons it may be of considerable economic importance, especially in Nelson. Taylor (1946) showed that the application of summer Bordeaux sprays would control the disease. Brook (1959) recommended, to control ripe spot, spray programmes which included phenyl mercury chloride applied at regular intervals until December and then replaced with captan for the remainder of the season. He also recommended that fruit should be stored between 36-38°F. Padfield and Cooper (1965) showed that a temperature a little above freezing suspended development of the fungus lesions for approximately three to four months.
Sooty blotch on Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) was reported by Gilmour (1959a) to be present only in plantations within a 60-mile radius of Taupo. He reported that it appeared not to be causing any damage to the trees.
Gilmour (1966a) stated that the fungus is responsible for heart rot in Podocarpus totara causing a yellow pipe rot. The fungus is recorded only from Australia and New Zealand; as it is not very common the species is of minor economic importance.
Cunningham (1948f) misidentified some specimens of this fungus as Fomes setulosus. It is responsible for a pocket heart rot of a number of indigenous timber trees.
Cunningham (1948f) and Gilmour (1966a) described it as causing white rot of dead trunks and logs of a number of native trees. As it is common on mature trees in indigenous forest it is of economic importance.
Cunningham (1948f) listed collections on Beilschmiedia, Carpodeotus and Metrosideros as Fomes zealandicus Cke., but in 1965 separated F. senex from F. zealandicus on morphology of the hymenial layer; he placed both species in the genus Phellinus. Gilmour (1966a) listed it as causing a white pocket heart rot in these native trees. It is of minor economic importance.
In New Zealand this shelf fungus is associated with a white pocket heart rot in a number of indigenous forest trees. It is only of importance in mature stands of indigenous timber trees.
This fungus was described from New Zealand by Cooke in 1879 from Coromandel, New Zealand; Cunningham (1948f) listed it as occurring on five hosts but confused the species with F. senex. Gilmour (1966a) states that it is a common white heart rot on some endemic forest trees.
Records in the herbarium, Plant Diseases Division, Auckland, show that this fungus occurs on mulberry leaves throughout the North Island. It may cause early defoliation of the trees.
This is a doubtful record. Specimens from New Zealand at the Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, are not of this species.
Phoma root rot of celery was first reported in New Zealand in celery crops in the Auckland area in 1965. It did considerable damage to the crops in which it was present. It was probably introduced with seeds of the host.
Records of this fungus in New Zealand are known only as occurring on imported Australian grown sweet oranges.
Atkinson et al. (1949) described a fruit rot [of tomato] caused by this fungus; it is suggested that this record is a misidentification ofPhoma exigua Desm.
In winter glasshouse crops of tomatoes in the Auckland area it can be of importance. It occurs as a wound pathogen on stem injuries due to "lateraling". It may also cause a fruit rot of outdoor grown tomatoes. It occurs on tubers and haulms of potatoes but is only of minor importance.
Phoma sp. was recorded during a disease survey of flax crops carried out during 1943-44 in south Canterbury and Otago associated with a basal stem rot. Kerr (1953) stated that this New Zealand fungus was morphologically identical with Ascochyta linicola.
Recorded by Berry-Smith (1959) as causing "excoriosis" of grapes. No specimens have been seen.
In a survey of potato stores carried out by Dr Brook of Plant Diseases Division, Auckland, in the winter of 1950, Phoma foveata was found to be one of the common causes of dry rot. It is occasionally present on senescent potato haulms.
Both fungus and host are introduced. Cunningham (1927a) noted that it was killing plants of goats rue growing on the banks of the Manawatu River at Palmerston North.
New Zealand records of Phoma and Phyllosticta sp. on apples have been listed as Phoma pomi Passer when occurring on fruit and Phyllosticta pyrina when on leaves. Phoma sp. on apples in New Zealand need to be reassessed, but examination of herbaria material shows that a species similar to P. limitata (Peck.) Boerema is common in some apple varieties.
New host record. Black stem due to Phoma medicaginis on lucerne (Medicago sativa) is especially common in the South Island in crops which have been irrigated. It may be of considerable economic importance.
Cruickshank (1957a) and Brien, Chamberlain, et al. (1955) recorded A. pinodella as one of the fungi responsible for collar rot in peas in New Zealand; they also associated this fungus with a purplish angular leaf spot. Cruickshank (1957a) demonstrated that it was seed-borne in seed crops harvested in Canterbury and Marlborough. It can be of considerable economic importance.
Phoma prunicola is common as a leaf spot on apple leaves and fruit; it occurs occasionally on leaves of peaches and plums causing a shot hole lesion. Some collections of Phoma prunicola on plum have been confused with leaf lesions of bacterial canker and blast (Xanthomonas pruni and Pseudomonas syringae). It is of minor economic importance. In apples it is controlled by the fungicide spray programme applied to control bitter rot (Glomerella cingulata) and black spot (Venturia inaequalis).
Both host and fungus are indigenous to New Zealand; it forms a leaf spot on Leptospermum. It is of no economic importance.
Both fungus and host are indigenous to New Zealand. It is found associated with dieback on Carmichaelia. It is of no economic importance.
Birch (1933) and Gilmour (1966a) record this fungus as a common wound pathogen of stems often causing a stern canker. It may be common in nursery plants.
Smith (1953) stated that this leaf spot on strawberries was present only in the Auckland city area. It has since been recorded throughout New Zealand. It is rarely of economic importance.
The rust is indigenous to New Zealand and is common about Wellington and in the South Island. Two species of Acaena are indigenous, whilst A. ovina is an Australian species naturalised in New Zealand.
Cunningham (1924a) referred this species to Phragmidium potentilla Karst; in 1930 he described it as an indigenous species occurring only on an indigenous host. It has been recorded only from Otago and is of no economic importance. This species will have to be renamed as the combination Phragoddhon acuminatum is already occupied.
Rose rust is common throughout New Zealand (Cunningham, 1924a). As it causes premature defoliation and limits growth of plants, it is of economic importance in nurseries and commercial plantings. Marcussen (1962) recommended for its control regular sprays with zineb or sulphur. Cockayne (1910) suggested that it could be used for the biological control of sweet briar in Otago and south Canterbury, but, as it is difficult to establish the rust, its use in biological control is limited (Cunningham, 1927a).
Both rust and host plant [Acaena novaezelandiae] are endemic to New Zealand. It is common throughout the country.
This rust was first recorded in New Zealand from a collection from Palmerston North in February 1944. Within the next five years it became widespread throughout the country. It does little damage to plants except to produce early defoliation. It was introduced into New Zealand with propagating material of the host [Rubus idaeus].
Records show this rust to occur only in Wellington Province in the North Island but to be common throughout the South Island. It is an indigenous rust species occurring only on indigenous host species [Acaena spp.].
It is recorded only from the type locality, Silverdale, North Auckland. Both host and fungus are indigenous to New Zealand.
Tar spot on this cosmopolitan but indigenous grass is common in the Auckland Province. It is of no economic importance, as this grass occurs only as a ground cover in the indigenous forest.
Tar spot [of Festuca pratensis] is occasionally recorded from the North Island. It is of no economic importance.
This leaf spot is common on loquats in North Auckland. As loquats are not grown as a commercial crop, it is of no economic importance.
Reported only from Canterbury.
Marcussen (1958) recorded Phyllosticta as a common leaf spot on violets: He suggested regular sprays with captan for its control.
This Australian species is recorded from a collection of this introduced host from Auckland, 1962. It caused considerable canker formation on stems of this tree. As the host species is only grown for ornament it is of no economic importance.
This fungus has been found associated with tip dieback of willows in the Auckland and Nelson areas. Although no material of Gnomonia bullata has been examined, the description suggests that this species is a synonym of Physalospora miyabeana.
Crown wart of lucerne has been recorded only once, from experimental plots at Crop Research Division, D.S.I.R., Lincoln, Canterbury. It was thought to have been introduced with a new strain of the host.
Smith (1950) showed that the condition known as sour sap in apple trees was primarily due to a collar rot caused by Phytophihora cactorum. He showed that the fungus also attacked gooseberries and hops. It is common in Auckland (Huapai), Wellington (Greytown), and Nelson (Redwood Valley) districts. Smith (1955b) (1955c) observed that some apple rootstocks were resistant to the disease. Woodhead (1958), in a survey carried out in Nelson and Marlborough provinces, showed that in 69 apple orchards infected trees were found, especially in the variety Cox's Orange; he noted that poor drainage was a contributing factor. Newhook and Geldermalsen (1962) indicated that P. cactorum was also present in the root rot disease complex in Moutere causing die-back of apple trees. Control measures include the improvement of soil drainage and the application of soil drenches such as a copper fungicide or captan. Newhook (1959) showed that P. cactorum was associated with the death of Pinus radiata and other conifers in shelter hedges in Auckland and the North Auckland districts. It sometimes occurs as a fruit rot of strawberries causing the disease known as leathery fruit.
Newhook (1959) showed that this fungus was abundant in many New Zealand soils in indigenous and exotic forest. In forests where soil conditions were favourable to tree growth it did not appear to affect the growth of trees, but if soil conditions became waterlogged then the fungus caused considerable rootlet death. Hepting and Newhook (1962) showed the similarity of this disease condition in five species of Pinus in Waipoua, North Auckland, with little leaf disease of the same Pinus spp. in North America. Bassett (1961) reported considerable damage in conifer nurseries. Phytophthora cinnamomi may be extremely damaging to a number of ornamental shrubs such as Banksia, Camellia, Isopogon, Leucospermum, and Protea. In nurseries it can be of considerable economic importance; soil drenching with captan sometimes reduces the effect of the disease.
Phytophthora citricola was recorded from New Zealand by Waterhouse (1957) from cultures sent to the Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, England. Christie (1956) showed that of the hop varieties grown in New Zealand, `Fuggle', `Burford', and `Golding' were resistant to black crown rot. In antirrhinum and petunia P. citricola was associated with seedling root rot. Newhook (1959) showed that P. citricola was associated with death of pines in shelter hedges in the North Auckland area.
Boucher (1912) recorded brown rot on citrus trees in New Zealand. Cunningham (1925a) described both a fruit rot and a stem canker caused by the fungus. Fletcher (1954) reported that in wet seasons infection can be severe in the Auckland area resulting in loss of all fruit on the trees; he recommended the application during winter months of copper sprays such as Bordeaux mixture. Fletcher (1957b) showed that when Poncirus trifoliata was used as a rootstock it was more resistant to the formation of stem cankers than sweet orange stock.
Phytophthora cryptogea was first reported from New Zealand causing a basal rot of tomato seedlings from Auckland and Timaru (Brier, 1940c). It also occurred as a basal rot of seedlings of some bedding annuals. Robinson (1957b) recorded it as the cause of a basal crown rot of Gerbera sp. .Jacks (1951 b) suggested that it could be controlled with soil drenches of copper oxychloride; more recently captan has been used as a soil drench and has proved most satisfactory.
Pink rot of potato tubers caused by Phytophthora erythroseptica was recorded from Canterbury in 1953. Blair (1956b) reported the disease as serious in Waimate, Canterbury.
Smith (1951 a) isolated Phytophthora fragariae from roots of strawberry plants showing red core symptoms in the Auckland district. He found it associated with a similar root rot condition in strawberry plants in Wellington and Canterbury. For control of the disease he recommended the planting of disease free runners in clean ground and suggested the introduction from overseas of resistant strawberry varieties. As the fungus is specific to strawberries it was probably introduced into New Zealand with propagating material of the host.
As leaves and fruit of Citrus infected with Phytophthora hibernalis are indistinguishable from those produced by P. citrophthora, past records have been included under the latter species. It is common in wet seasons throughout the Auckland Province where citrus is grown.
Atkinson et al. (1949) stated that late blight on tomatoes caused by Phytophthora infestans is widespread throughout the country, attacking both introduced as well as indigenous species of Solanum. In the Auckland Province it often causes crop losses of up to 50%; it damages leaves, stems, and fruit. Similarly late blight in potato crops in the Auckland area causes considerable damage. Driver (1957) showed that in Otahuhu, Auckland, five races of Phytophthora infestans were present; the disease was present throughout the year. At Lincoln, Canterbury, where late blight is present only in wet autumn seasons, only three races were present. Race 0 was collected only from diseased indigenous species of Solanum. The potato varieties 'Rua' and 'Tahi', bred by Crop Research Division, Christchurch, were resistant to all races of late blight present in New Zealand (Driver, 1960). In spray trials with potatoes at Pukekohe, Auckland, Harrow (1961) showed that maneb produced a higher yield of tubers than when copper sprays were applied to give control of late blight; both sprays gave good control of late blight.
Newhook (1959) recorded Phytophthora megasperma from soils associated with rootlet death of pines. Bassett (1961) isolated this fungus from nursery beds associated with damping-off of pine seedlings.
Black shank or black root rot of tobacco has up till the present been listed as due to Phytophthora parasitica. Waterhouse (1956) showed that P. nicotianae was the older name for this species. It is common in seedling beds as a black root rot (Anon., 1952a) and as a stem canker in mature tobacco plants in Nelson (Anon., 1953b). Tests for varietal susceptibility showed that 'Harrison's Special 215' and `Virginia Gold' were especially susceptible to the disease (Anon., 1956b).
It is recorded occasionally as a fruit rot of tomatoes. It has also been isolated from stem lesions on a 20-year-old tree of Agathis australis.
Smith (1956a) records Phytophthora syringae as the cause of a collar rot and stem canker on apricots, cherries, and peaches in orchards near Christchurch in 1955. He suggested that winter applications of copper sprays should control the disease.
Cunningham (1965) stated that collections of this species were earlier identified as Polyporus eucalyptorum Fr., but, as the type of this species is missing, the species cannot be identified. In New Zealand in indigenous forests it occurs only on Nothofagus spp., where it causes a cubical heart rot. It has also been collected on a pear tree (Pyrus communis) in Hawke's Bay.
Placosoma is a common leaf spot on Neopanax spp., throughout New Zealand. Both fungus and host plants are indigenous to New Zealand.
Gibbs (1931) summarised the occurrence in New Zealand of club root in crucifers caused by Plasmodiophora; he suggested for its control a liberal application of lime prior to sowing, and the use of resistant crop varieties. In further work (Gibbs, 1934) her, recommended drenching infected areas with 0.1 % acidulated mercuric chloride solution at the rate of 2 gallons per square yard. Resistance has been bred into Swedes and turnip varieties suitable for New Zealand conditions, e.g. 'N.Z. Wilhelmsburger Swede', the `Wye Swede' 'N.Z. Purple Resistant' turnip, and 'N.Z. Green Resistant' turnip. In some districts this resistance has broken down, and Lammerink (1964, 1965a, b) showed that there were at least seven races of Plasmodiophora present in New Zealand; he pointed out that continuous cropping with the same resistant variety will at times select races of the fungus that are adapted to previously resistant varieties of the host plant. In vegetable crops varieties resistant to local races of Plasmodiophora have been bred for the control of club root on cabbage and cauliflower. Watson (1965) recommended the dipping of plants in a slurry of calomel when transplanting from the seed bed.
Downy mildew is common on the endemic species Geranium sessiliflortum var. glabrum, especially when grown in cultivation: it is also common on the weed species G. molle in humid weather in spring and autumn.
During the autumn of 1926 Woodfin (1926) recorded an outbreak of downy mildew on grape vines from Henderson, Auckland. Berry-Smith (1965) noted that this disease was particularly severe in Auckland and areas north of Auckland where warm moist conditions encouraged growth of the fungus. He suggested regular applications of copper sprays for its control-preferably Bordeaux mixture-but he noted that these sprays could cause hardening and stunting of foliage. It has also been suggested (Anon. 1957a) that regular application of thiram sprays also controls mildew on grapes but does not damage the growth of vines.
This fungus has become common throughout New Zealand, causing defoliation of [lupin] plants; stem and pod lesions are also formed. As both host plants and fungus are introduced, the disease could be seed borne.
Dry rot in the bulbs of fodder beet and mangels may cause considerable losses. It is seed borne. Smith (1961) stated that it may also cause damping-off of seedlings and suggested for its control seed dusting with thiram, captan, or organic mercuric compounds. He stressed the importance of feeding off completely old crops, or deeply ploughing in crop debris before the spring, as airborne spores from this debris can reinfect new seasons crops.
In New Zealand Pleospora herbarum occurs as a saprophyte, as a weak secondary pathogen or in some cases as a primary pathogen. Strains that are primary pathogens are usually host specific. Slade (1963) showed that on lettuce in Auckland, Hawke's Bay, and Manawatu districts, it occurs as a primary pathogen. He also showed that isolates of this fungus from Solanum nigrum infected lettuce. He recommended regular sprays with captan or maneb for its control. A culture from chrysanthemum from Palmerston North was shown to be associated with a ray floret blight. Isolates from Lucerne leaf spot and leaf spot on Gladiolus were also shown to be pathogenic to these two hosts respectively. Brien, Chamberlain, et al. (1959) noted that on onions it occurred as a weak parasite on flower stalks and leaves, usually following downy mildew (Peronospora destructor). On lemons, passionfruit, gorse, carnations, and lupins it is associated with a tip dieback either as a saprophyte or as a weak wound pathogen following damage by insects or weather. It is also recorded as a rot of tomato fruits (Dingley, 1960b) and as a storage rot of apple fruits (Cooper and Padfield, 1965).
Cunningham (1925a) and Woodhead (1959) stated that powdery mildew on apples is one of the most serious diseases with which a grower has to contend. It occurs in all apple-growing areas in New Zealand. They list `Jonathan', 'Cox's Orange', 'Gravenstein', `Stunner Pippin', `Lord Wolseley', `Dunn's Favourite', and 'Cleopatra' as susceptible varieties. Systematic culling out of infected shoots and buds during the winter pruning combined with a suitable spray schedule is recommended for its control. Woodhead (1959) stated that colloidal sulphur used with lime sulphur has greatly improved the control of the disease and has reduced the spray damage to fruit. Geldermalsen (1963) showed that an intensive programme of sulphur sprays gave the best control, especially when applied for two successive seasons.
Powdery mildew on stone fruit occurs occasionally in the fruit-growing areas of New Zealand. On hawthorn hedges it occurs especially on the new growth following hard pruning. This mildew is specific to host plants belonging to Rosaceae.
It is recorded from a laurel hedge near Dunedin.
Brien (1934) described this fungus from apple fruit held in cold store in New Zealand. Ainsworth and Bisby (1961) stated that the genus Polyopeus Horne is synonymous with Phoma. Unfortunately no herbarium material was kept from Brien's studies. In recent researches on apple fruit rots (Brook 1960; Cooper and Padfield, 1965) it has not been recorded. It is suggested that the name in New Zealand could have been confused with the Phomopsis stage of Diaporthe perniciosa.
Gilmour (1966a) stated that this fungus causes a white pocket heart rot, which is common, particularly in mature trees of Nothofagus menziesii. It is of minor economic importance.
Both fungus and host plants are introduced; Birch (1935) stated that this fungus attacked stems of wounded trees one to ten years old, particularly after late frost injury. He noted that it destroyed many thousands of acres of Pinus radiata planted in unfavourable sites in 1925-35. Gilmour (1966a) noted that it is still common and widespread in its occurence in New Zealand pine forests.
Downy mildew can he troublesome in both outdoor and glasshouse crops of cucumber. It occurs on outdoor crops of melons and pumpkins. Both Gillard (1951) and Coleman and Gillard (1958) recommended copper sprays for its control. Nowadays dithiocarbamate sprays are also recommended.
Recorded by Cunningham (1922b) but no specimens are present in the herbarium of Plant Diseases Division.
In warm wet seasons it is common throughout New Zealand [on Medicago species]. It is of minor economic importance, as it may cause some defoliation before the pasture is ready to cut.
Pseudopeziza ribis causes leaf spot on currants and gooseberries; it may cause early leaf fall. It is common throughout New Zealand but of minor economic importance.
Leaf spot on clover is common throughout New Zealand in autumn, winter, and spring; it could be of economic importance in pastures.
It was first listed by Cunningham as Puccinia novae-zelandiae G.H. Cunn' but as the specific name was occupied he renamed it in 1930 as P. akiraho. It occurs sporadically throughout New Zealand. Both rust and host plants [Olearia spp.] are endemic.
Baylis (1954) studied rust species infecting indigenous species of Clemati.s. He separated out Puccinia alboclava on teleutospore characters. He recorded it only from seedling plants from Otago and Wellington.
Onion rust occurs sporadically throughout New Zealand on onions, chives, and shallots. During the last ten years it has not become sufficiently well established in any part of New Zealand to be of economic importance. In 1965 it occurred on garlic, and there was an outbreak of the disease in garlic crops in Blenheim.
Cunningham (1931a) stated that the host [Anisotome haastii] is endemic and confined to mountain districts of the South Island. Puccinia anistominis is an endemic species of rust occurring only on an endemic host plant.
Rust on antirrhinum was first recorded in New Zealand from collections gathered in Auckland in December 1953 (Helson, 1953b). Within three years it had spread throughout the country. Baker (1956) described the rust from New Zealand material. Jacks and Webb (1956c) showed that regular sprays with zineb, maneb, or sulphur gave some control of the disease. Close (1958) concluded that as rust-resistant varieties from England became heavily infected with rust when grown in New Zealand, it was the American race that was present in New Zealand. It was probably introduced into New Zealand with debris in seed. In New Zealand, infection has been so heavy that it has limited the use of antirrhinums as a late-spring or summer bedding annual.
This endemic rust species is recorded only on an endemic Celmisia sp. from the subalpine herb fields on Mt. Egmont in the North Island and on the Southern Alps in the South Island.
In New Zealand this rust is recorded from a single collection made by Berggren in 1874 and recently examined and recorded by Jorstad on this endemic species of Stellaria.
Only the type collection from the South Island on this endemic rush [Rostkovia gracilis] is in the herbarium of Plant Diseases Division, Auckland.
This record is based on a misidentification of damage on asparagus possibly due to weather.
This endemic rust species is common throughout New Zealand on Olearia spp. It may cause considerable distortion to shoots and leaves. As host plants are only under shrubs in the indigenous forest, the rust is of no economic importance. Cunningham (1924a) described the aecidial stage on Olearia macrodonta as Aecidium macrodontae: he (1924b) described this rust on Olearia rani (syn. O. cunninghamii) as Puccinia heketare. He liter (1931a) listed these species as synonyms of P. atkinsonii.
The host plant [Lobelia anceps] and rust are common throughout New Zealand. The host is only a small indigenous herbaceous species.
Cunningham (1931a) stated that both host species [Carduus tenuiforus] and rust are introduced: the rust is common on this host throughout New Zealand.
This European species of rust was recorded by Cunningham (1931a) as Puccinia caricis Rebent. Baker (1956) listed records under P. caricina. All host species of Carex are indigenous: the rust is common throughout New Zealand. The aecidial stage is occasionally collected on the endemic species of Urtica.
Cunningham (1931a) stated that all host plants save Celmisia fongifolia Cass. were endemic, this last extending to Australia and Tasmania. Allan (1961) showed that C. longifolia is not present in New Zealand. Collections cited by Cunningham on this host are shown to be characteristic of C. gracilenta and C. alpina. The rust is common on Celmisia spp. in mountainous regions throughout New Zealand. When Celmisia spp. are cultivated as rock plants the rust may become a problem. Petrak (1953) recorded Puccinia celmisiae from Australia on Celmisia longifolia.
Cunningham (1931a) stated that chrysanthemum rust was common in New Zealand wherever the host is grown. Only the uredospore stage has been recorded in this country. In some seasons it can be of considerable importance in commercial plantings grown for cut flowers. Hudson (1946) suggested that the disease was carried on the old stools. At the end of the season, if the plants have been heavily infected, they should be dug up and destroyed. Salinger (1956) recommended the application of sprays of thiram, lime sulphur, or colloidal sulphur for its control. Zineb could also be used.
Although Puccinia clavata was recorded by Cunningham (1931a) on Clematis paniculata (syn. C. indivisa), Baylis (1954) showed by inoculation experiments that it infected only Clematis forsteri (C. hexasepala). He named the uredospore form infecting C. paniculata as a new species, Uredo puamhananga Baylis. Puccinia clavata is indigenous to New Zealand.
Cunningham (1931a) stated that all hosts of this rust are endemic to New Zealand. They occur only in the South Island. He. separated this species from other rusts occurring on Gentiana spp. in New Zealand by the shape of the teleutospores and by the light colour of the thin epispore of uredospores.
The host [Ranunculus lappaceus] is a small herbaceous species indigenous to New Zealand and widespread in its occurrence in this country. The host also occurs in Tasmania and Australia (Allan, 1961 p. 157). The rust is endemic and occurs only sporadically in the South Island in New Zealand.
Of the hosts, four species (C. australis, C. lucida, C. repens and C. robusta) are endemic to New Zealand. C. pumila is indigenous to New Zealand, the sub-Antarctic Islands, Tasmania and Australia. The rust is widespread throughout New Zealand. It has been recorded from Australia on Coprosma hirtella (Petrak, 1953).
Cunningham, (1931a) stated that aecidiosori have not been collected in New Zealand and that the rust is perpetuated by means of uredospores overwintering on grass hosts. He concluded that the rust species consists of numerous forms separable by their reactions towards differential hosts. Cruickshank (1956) found that there were 13 physiological races of Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae present in New Zealand; he investigated resistance of hybrid ryegrass strains to P. coronata f. sp. lolii and found that short-rotation ryegrass is highly resistant to crown rust, whilst perennial ryegrass is highly susceptible (Cruickshank, 1957b). Puccinia coronata can be troublesome in oat crops in Canterbury (Wratt, 1956). It is very common in ryegrass throughout New Zealand, sometimes making it unpalatable to stock (Cruickshank, 1957b; Latch, 1966a).
The host [Dichelachne crinita] is an indigenous species extending to Australia and New Zealand. The rust occurs throughout New Zealand.
The host [Angelica montana] is endemic and occurs in both the North and South Islands: the rust is endemic and is recorded only from the South Island.
The rust and the host plant [Centaurea cyanus] are introduced (Cunningham 1931a), the latter being a common garden plant. The rust occurs only sporadically in New Zealand. From the records in the herbarium at Plant Diseases Division there are three records from the Wellington Province in 1921-1923 and another from Marlborough in 1955.
Both host plant [Cynodon dactylon] and rust are introduced. Baker (1956) recorded only the uredospore stage from New Zealand. Teleutospores were described by McNabb (1962b). It is common in the North Island, especially in North Auckland: there is a collection from Nelson in the South Island.
Cunningham (1931a) stated that the rust is distributed throughout North and South America, Australia and New Zealand. Since Dichondra repens has become widely used in lawns and bowling greens the rust has become common throughout New Zealand. Both rust and host plants are indigenous to New Zealand.
Both rust and host plant [Celmisia glandulosa] are endemic and confined to the mountain regions of both islands (Cunningham, 1931a.)
The rust occurs in Chile and New Zealand: the host plant [Euphrasia cuneata] is endemic to New Zealand. Cunningham (1931a) stated that it is not uncommon in mountain regions in the North Island but is sparingly distributed in the south.
McNabb (1962a) stated that both host plant [Stipa variabilis] and rust are indigenous to Australia and New Zealand. The rust is known only from Amberley, Canterbury.
Both host plant and rust are endemic to New Zealand. It is common on Celmisia spectabilis in mountain regions in both the North and South Islands.
This endemic rust species [Ranunculus enysii] on is known only from the type collection.
The rust is a Tasmanian species (McNabb, 1962a): the host plant [Geum uniflorum] is endemic to mountain districts in the South Island (Allan, 1961).
The host plant [Geum parviflorum] is indigenous to New Zealand, growing only in mountain regions in the North and South Islands. It also occurs in Chile and Fuegia. The rust is recorded only from the type locality.
Both the host plants [Geranium australe and G. microphyllum] and rust are present in Australia and Tasmania. In New Zealand the rust is common on plants growing on the sea coast of Hawke's Bay and Wellington.
This South American rust is common on both introduced and indigenous species of Gnaphalium. In recent years it has become very common on a common weed species of Gnaphalium in the Auckland area.
Cunningham (1931 a) stated that both rust and host plant [Aciphylla monroi] are endemic. It occurs only in mountain areas in the South Island.
Stem rust is common in New Zealand on a wide range of introduced grasses; in species listed, Deyeuxia avenoides and Poa anceps are endemic, and Agropyron scabrum, Deschampsia caespitosa, Echinopogon ovatus, and Hierochloe redolens are indigenous (McNabb, 19626). The aecidial stage on Berberis has not been collected in New Zealand. The species B. aristata commonly used for hedgerows is immune to rust (Allen, 1961 b). The uredospore stage of this rust occurs in autumn and winter on a number of species of grasses. In wheat-growing areas in Canterbury stern rust is not a problem, but in the North Island infection may be heavy and cause considerable crop losses. Allen (1961b) listed the Australian varieties `Festival' and 'Mengawi' as stem rust resistant. McEwan (1964) showed that a new rust race was present in New Zealand,which infected 'Festival', he suggested the resistant varieties 'Gamerya' and 'Mengawi' for planting in areas in the North Island where stern rust frequently occurs.
Cunningham (1931a) stated that the three host species [Senecio spp.] and the rust are endemic. Although host plants are present in subalpine scrub in both islands, the rust is confined to mountain areas in the South Island.
Both rust and host plant [Viola cunninghamii] occur in Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand (Cunningham, 1931a). The rust is common throughout New Zealand.
This rust occurs only sporadically in New Zealand. Cunningham (1931a) stated that this rust has been introduced with the host plants [Cichorium intybusand Hypochoeris glabra].
Rust on barley was recorded from New Zealand in the Wanganui area by Blundell (1899). Cunningham (1922b) recorded the rust under the species Puccinia simplex Erikss. and Henn.; in 1931 he listed P. simplex as a synonym of P. anomala Rostr. McNabb (1962a) listed P. anomala as a synonym of P. hordei. In some seasons in some parts of New Zealand rust on barley can be of considerable importance. The aecidial stage has not been recorded in this country.
White rust (Puccinia horiana) was first observed in New Zealand in April 1964 in a Palmerston North nursery. In autumn 1965 it had become widespread throughout New Zealand. It caused considerable damage to both outdoor and glasshouse crops of chrysanthemums grown for cut flowers. As with P. clrrysanthemi, heavily infected stools should be destroyed. Sprays of zineb or sulphur if applied at regular intervals throughout the season will give protection from the rust.
The rust is a cosmopolitan species (Cunningham, 1931a) occurring on four species of Hydrocotyle, three of which are endemic to New Zealand. Hydrocotyle tripartita is indigenous to Australia and Tasmania as well as New Zealand. It is common throughout the country on these indigenous herbs.
Both host species [Cardamine spp.] and rust are endemic to New Zealand. The host plants occur in subalpine regions of both islands; the rust occurs only in the South Island.
Rust on iris was introduced into New Zealand with bulbs of Iris xiphium imported from Holland (Dingley and Brien, 1956). In the following season it was recorded in Wellington, Auckland, and Nelson districts. The rust occurs sporadically on Iris spp. throughout New Zealand but recently it appears to be well established in the Wairarapa area. Say (1964) noted it was not widespread in New Zealand.
The rust is indigenous to New Zealand but also occurs in Australia and Tasmania. The host species include three that are endemic to New Zealand (Juacus novae-zelandiae, J. polyanthemos, and J. vaginatus); the indigenous species J. pallidus and J. pusillus are also present in Australia and Tasmania. J. effusus is a cosmopolitan species. The rust is common throughout New Zealand.
The host plant [Olearia nummularifolia] is endemic, occuring in mountainous regions in both the North and the South Island. The rust has been found in both islands.
The host plant [Angelica geniculata] and rust are both endemic to New Zealand. The rust occurs only in Canterbury.
Cunningham (1931a) stated that both host and rust species are endemic, the one host, Rumex flexuosus, being widespread throughout New Zealand. The rust has been recorded from the South Island only.
The host plant [Angelica rosaefolia] is endemic and confined to coastal areas in the North Island. The rust occurs occasionally on this plant.
The rust and host plants are endemic, occurring in the mountainous districts; Anistome aromatica is the only species found in the North Island (Cunningham, 1931b). The rust is present in both North and South Islands.
Owing to the introduction into Europe of the Australasian species of rust fungus on groundsel (Senecio vulgaris), the identification of three species of rust oil hosts in Compositae has been reinvestigated by Viennot-Bourgin (1964) and Wilson, Walshaw, and Walker (1965). Viennot-Bourgin separated groundsel rust from Puccinia erechtites McAlpine on morphology of teleutospores but Wilson, Walshaw, and Walker (1965) regard both species as being the same rust; they also regard these species as synonymous with P. distincta and P. lagenophora, P. lagenophora being the prior name. As teleutospore characters are variable, the synonomy given by Wilson, Walshaw, and Walker (1965) has been accepted. Cunningham (1931b) suggested that with this fungus, a rust endemic to Australasia, has spread to exotic host species such as Bellis perennis, Calendula officinalis, Senecio cruentus and S. vulgaris. It is very common throughout New Zealand; when cultigens of Bellis perennis are grown as ornamental bedding plants, the rust can be most destructive.
Both host [Lapsana communis] and rust are common in waste places throughout the warmer parts of New Zealand (Cunningham, 1931a).
The host plant [Eleocharis sphacelata] is endemic. The rust has been collected only from a single locality.
The rust has been introduced into New Zealand with the hosts [Althaea, Lavatera, Malva spp.], all of which are introduced species (Cunningham, 1931a). Rust and hosts are widely distributed throughout New Zealand.
Cunningham (1931a) stated that the rust is endemic, and that two of the hosts [Carex berggreni and C. whakatipu] are endemic, whereas the third, C. pyreniaca, is a cosmopolitan species. The rust is recorded only from the South Island.
This endemic rust species is widely distributed throughout New Zealand; of the hosts (Cunningham 1931a), Carex wallii is endemic and the other two are indigenous. Carex inversa is extended to Australia and C. pumila to Australia, Asia, and South America.
Mint rust was introduced on imported mint plants in December 1959 and became established in a garden in Christchurch in the following spring 1960. By the summer 1964-65 it occurred throughout New Zealand in home gardens and in areas where the host species has become naturalised (McNabb, 1966). As mint in most parts of the country is not grown commercially no control measures have been practised.
The host [Mentha cunninghamii] and the rust are endemic to New Zealand. Cunningham (1923b) first described this rust as Puccinia menthae Pers. but later (1930) separated it as a new species. Baxter (1960) described it as a variety of P. menthae.
Both host plant [Pelargonium inodorum] and rust occur in Australia and New Zealand. In New Zealand the rust has been collected only in the Wellington area.
Cunningham (1928) recorded the uredospore stage of this rust as Uredo moschata. Both host [Olearia moschata] and rust are endemic to New Zealand; it has been collected only from one locality in Canterbury.
Both the host [Anisotome filifolia] and rust are endemic; the rust occurs only in north Canterbury.
There is a single collection [on Myosotis capitata] in the Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, from Auckland. Cunningham (1931a) stated that he had not seen Berkeley's material. No other collections of this rust exist.
Both rust and host [Cirsium arvense] are introduced. The host is a troublesome weed throughout New Zealand. Experiments have been carried out without success to use this rust as a biological control of this weed (Cunningham, 1927a) but it has always proved impossible to establish a heavy enough infection to eradicate the weed.
Both rust and host are introduced. Rust on paspalum grass has been found only in the Dargaville area, North Auckland. As yet it is of no economic importance.
Both rust fungus and host [Ourisia spp.] plants are endemic. They are confined to mountain regions in both islands.
Cunningham (1923b) recorded this rust as Puccinia granularis Kalch and Cke. Doidge (1926) showed that P. pelargonii-zonalis was morphologically distinct from this species, and Cunningham (1931a) described this rust under P. pelargonii-zonalis. This species has been introduced into New Zealand with the host. In the North Island it can be an important disease of horticultural varieties of bedding zoned-leaved geraniums. Fortunately it occurs only in late summer months after the plants have flowered. Infected plants can be pruned back and sprayed with an organic fungicide.
Cunningham (1931a) stated that the host [Olearia laetmosa] is endemic and widely distributed throughout the South Island but confined to the Tararua Ranges in the North Island. The rust is confined to the South Island.
This rust was first recorded by Wakefield (1917) on Hoheria. Cunningham (1923b) using the same specific epithet described it as a species morphologically distinct from Puccinia plagianthi. Later (1931a) he concluded that it was synonymous with P. plagianthi. Rust on Plagianthus and Hoheria is common in areas from Taranaki southwards in the North Island and in the South Island. It is an indigenous species occurring also in Tasmania. All host plants are endemic to New Zealand.
McNabb (1962b) followed Jorslad (1932) and separated this rust from Puccinia poarum Niels. All New Zealand hosts [grasses] are introduced species; as none of the host plants are important pasture grasses it is of minor economic importance.
Both the rust and the host [Polygonum hydropiper] are introduced. It became common around Auckland in the summer of 1964.
Cunningham (1931a) stated that both host plants [Senecio spp.] are endemic and confined to mountain areas in the South Island. The rust has been collected only from Otago.
All host species [Epilobium spp.] are indigenous to New Zealand. The rust is a cosmopolitan species probably indigenous. It is common throughout New Zealand.
All three host plants [Galium spp.] are endemic to New Zealand; the rust is sporadic in its occurrence in this country.
This endemic species of rust on Carex occurs only in Otago; the host C. gaudichaudiana is indigenous occurring also in Australia whilst C. kirkii is an endemic species.
McNabb (19626) stated that this fungus had previously been recorded by Cunningham (1931a) as Puccinia elymi. Owing to overseas investigations P. elymi had been accepted as a separate species not occurring on cereal and not present in New Zealand (McNabb, 1962b). With the exception of Agropyron scabrum and Deyeuxia forsteri all host plants of leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) are introduced grass species. The aecidial stage is not present in New Zealand. Allen (1961b) stated that the losses due to leaf rust are not known; some years it may have been severe but usually late in the season when wheat yields did not suffer any obvious damage. Results of observations on variety trials would suggest that `Arawa', 'Dreadnought', `Hilgendorf (1947)', and `Hilgendorf (1961)' are resistant to leaf rust but as there are over 100 physiological races known of this rust, the relative resistance of these varieties is likely to change (Allen, 1961 b).
Both the host species [Cheesemania wallii] and rust are endemic and are restricted in their distribution to a single locality in Otago (Cunningham, 1931a).
Rust on rhubarb was first found in a private garden in Wellington in 1932; it has spread slowly throughout the country (Cunningham, 1945a). Only the uredospores are present on New Zealand collections.
The host [Oreomyrrhis colensoi] is indigenous and widespread throughout New Zealand (Allan, 1961). The rust was described from South America. There is a single New Zealand collection from north Canterbury.
The host [Schoenus pauciflorus] is endemic and common throughout. The rust only occurs in Canterbury and Otago, South Island. It is of no economic importance.
Both rust and host [Schoenoplectus lacustris] are widely distributed throughout the world. The rust has been collected in New Zealand only from a single locality near Auckland.
Only uredospores have been collected in New Zealand. Although maize is grown in Auckland, Bay of Plenty, and Gisborne, rust on leaves is rarely seen.
All four hosts [Gentiana spp.] are endemic and confined to the mountain regions of the North and South Islands and the Antarctic islands. The rust is widespread throughout New Zealand wherever the host plants grow.
The host [Olearia odorata] is endemic and confined to mountain regions of the South Island. The rust has been found only near Lake Tekapo in Canterbury.
The rust occurs in Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. Cunningham (1923b) misidentified this rust as Puccinia obscura Schroet. After examination of European material of this species Cunningham (1931a) classified it as P. tenuispora. The rust occurs commonly in the South Island and in the Wellington Province [on Luzula spp.].
The rust is described from Australia. It occurs occasionally on the host plants throughout New Zealand. The host species Apium australe is indigenous occurring in coastal regions throughout the Southern Hemisphere. A. filiforme is endemic.
The rust is widespread throughout New Zealand. The host species Muehlenbeckia australis and M. complexa are endemic and widely distributed, whereas M. axillaris is indigenous and occurs also in Australia and Tasmania.
Cunningham (1923b) described the species as Puccinia halorrhagidis but found that the name was preoccupied. He renamed the New Zealand species P. toa. Cunningham (1931a) stated that both hosts are indigenous and widespread in New Zealand; they occur also in Australia and Haloragis erecta extends to Chile. The rust occurs sporadically in the South Island and in the Wellington area in the North Island .
The rust was described from Chile. In New Zealand it is found occasionally throughout both islands. The host species [Unicinia spp.] are indigenous sedges and are widely distributed throughout both islands.
Both host plant [Vittadinia australis] and rust are present in both Australia and New Zealand (Cunningham, 1945a). In New Zealand the rust has been collected only from Hurunui, North Canterbury.
The rust is known only from Tongariro National Park in the centre of the North Island. The host [Wahlenbergia albomarginata] is endemic and abundant throughout the mountain districts in both islands.
Cunningham (1931a) stated that in the original description of this species the host was erroneously listed as Anisotome filifolia. All hosts [Anisotome spp.] are endemic and confined to mountainous districts in the South Island. The rust is occasionally found in the mountainous districts in Otago and Canterbury.
Pucciniastrum epilobii was recorded on endemic species of Epilobium by Cunningham (1931a); in 1965 it was found in New Zealand attacking cultivated species of Fuchsia hybrida. This rust has become common in the Auckland area on cultivated fuchsia causing considerable defoliation, especially in cuttings in propagating frames. It has also been recorded causing damage to plants in New Plymouth and Wellington.
Leaf scorch and bud blast of Rhododendron sp. have been recorded occasionally in the Auckland area and from New Plymouth. It is of minor economic importance in nursery stock.
Pink root rot is common in onion crops throughout New Zealand, especially when a crop is grown on land recently brought into cultivation from pasture. Overseas it is also present on grass roots but its presence in pastures in New Zealand has not been investigated.
It is reported associated with seedling blight and root rot of oats, especially Algerian oats. Anon. (1953b) stated that in the season 1952-53 Algerian oat samples from Marlborough, North and mid Canterbury were showing an average of 12% infection; they stated that good control was obtained with an organic mercury seed dusting. Ammon (1963) has been followed in accepting Pyrenophora avenae as a synonym of P. chaetomoides.
Leaf strip disease on barley is occasionally present in barley crops in New Zealand. It is of minor economic importance.
Leaf spot on ryegrass is common throughout New Zealand, causing a brown blight of ryegrass (Latch, 1966a). It is of minor economic importance.
Net blotch in barley has been observed in a young crop in Oamaru in late autumn. The importance of this disease on barley crops in New Zealand has never been assessed.
This leaf spot is common on Digitaria sanguinalis - a weed grass species common in warmer parts of New Zealand. It is of no economic importance.
Bassett (1958), and Thulin, Will, and Bassett (1958) found Pythium spp. to be associated with damping-off of seedlings of conifers in nursery beds at State Forest Service nurseries. Pythium spp. were also found associated with pre-emergence rot of pea seedlings (Brien, Chamberlain, et al., 1955). Smith (1953) found a Pythium sp. among organisms associated with black root rot of strawberries. In the Te Kauwhata district in Auckland Province Atkinson (1953a) and Newhook (1957) found a Pythium sp. associated with discoloration in phloem tissue of pear trees, which showed a sudden wilt.
It commonly occurs throughout New Zealand associated wide damping-off of seedlings in nursery rows and in newly sown crops. It may be controlled by seed dusting prior to sowing. Soil drenching with an organic fungicide such as captan may be used if damping-off due to Pythium develops in seed pans in nurseries. Copper fungicides may be used-but with caution, as with some seedlings it gives serious root burn. Brien (1940b) associated it with a storage rot of potatoes known as "leak", where it may be of considerable economic importance.
Gilmour (1957b) recorded a resinous disease of roots, a collar rot, and a stem canker of young larch trees in Golden Down, Nelson. Later (1966a) he stated that this condition was associated with Pythium undulatum and Phytophthora cinnamomi. Bassett (1961) found Pythium undulatum in soils from nursery beds from which these trees had been propagated.
Dingley (1959) recorded this leaf spot from plants [of Centhranthus ruber]grown in the Auckland area, where this herbaceous perennial has become naturalised on the volcanic cones in the area.
This leaf spot is common especially on Lathyrus latifolius in alte summer months. This herbaceous perennial is a common garden ascape in the Auckland area.
This fungus was misidentified by Cunningham (1931b) as Phyllachora pastinacae Rostr. Brandenburg (1961 b) stated that Ramularia pastinacae attacked foliage of parsnips as they approached maturity. The fungus is common throughout the North Island and in Nelson in the South Island. Brandenburg (ibid.) recommended regular sprays with copper or with organic fungicides such as zineb or maneb.
A leaf spot [on Picris echioides] due to Ramularia picridis is common throughout New Zealand.
Ramularia leaf spot is sometimes severe on Primula malacoides and P. polyantha in autumn and winter. It is of minor economic importance.
A leaf spot caused by this fungus has been recorded only on introduced pasture-grass species: it occurs throughout the year. Latch (1964; 1966a) stated that it may cause minor damage to pasture.
Dingley recorded this fungus from leaf lesions [Plantago lanceolata] of on material collected at Lower Hutt, and from Stewart Island.
Ramularia leaf spot is common on dock throughout New Zealand.