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Horak, E. 1973: Fungi Agaricini Novazelandiae I-V. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia. 43.
Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia.
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Aeruginospora furfuracea E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27075); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/231): 'Bell Hill Junction, Kopara. Ngahere, Prov. Westcoast. nov.Z.; leg,. Horak, 29.III.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 69/137: 'X-mas Village, Track to Mt. Anglem, Stewart Island, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 15.III.1969'.
Pileus 5-20 mm diam., hemispherical when young becoming convex to campanulate, aged specimen plane, grey-beige, brownish to dark beige densely covered with small concolorous scales or squamules, felty, degraded carpophores sometimes concentrically cracking, dry, estriate. Lamellae emarginate-adnate to subdecurrent, anastomosing, whitish-grey turning beige, subdistant, gill edge concolorous, even. Stipe 8-20 x 1.5-3 mm, attenuated towards the base, rarely equal, concolorous with pileus, apex pruinose, elsewhere glabrous, dry, solid, single. Context whitish-beige, not waxy. Taste and odor slightly acidulous or not distinctive. Chemical reactions on Pileus: KOH, HCl - negative. Spores 3.5-4.5(5) µm, subglobose, smooth, dextrinoid to faintly amyloid. Basidia 25-36 x 5 µm, 4 (rarely also) 2-spored. Cystidia lacking. Cuticle a palisade consisting of erect, short-cylindric, not gelatinized hyphae (6-12 µm diam.), terminal cells apically rounded or conic, vacuolar and plasmatic pigment present. Clamp connections absent on cuticular hyphae.
On soil under Nothofagus, Metrosideros, Weinmannia, Senecio, etc. New Zealand.
Pileo 5-20 mm lato, ex hemisphaerico convexo vel campanulato, pallide brunneo vel argillaceo, furfuraceo usque ad squamuloso, sicco. Lamellis emarginato-adnatis vel subdecurrentibus, ex albido argillaceis, anastomosantibus. Stipite 8-20 x 1.5-3 mm, basim versus attenuato, pileo concolori, sicco. Sporis 3.5-4.5(5) µm, subglobosis, dextrinoideis. Epicute ex hyphis erectis palisadam formantibus, pigmento plasmatico instructis, fibulis nullis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
This is a striking species by virtue of the brownish, unchanging, squamulose pileus, subglobose spores and absence of clamp connections.
Holotypus (PDD 27075): 'Kopara, Ngahere Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 29.III.1968'.
Bertrandia astatogala R. Heim 1966
Herb. HK. ZT 68/553: '.Timaru Stream, Pouakai Range, Mt. Egmont, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 16.VI.1968'. - PDD 26555: 'Atkinson's Park, Titirangi Range., Auckland, N.Z.; leg. R.F.R. McNabb, 17.VI.1965'.
Pileus 13-35 mm diam., obtusely to sharply conic when young, becoming conico-campanulate, radially splitting, yellowish to orange when young, quickly becoming black when bruised or in aging, densely covered with black, hairy fibrils, dry, estriate. Lamellae nearly free to adnexed, deep orange when young turning grey-yellow and finally black, gill-edge concolorous, eroded, not reaching margin of pileus. Stipe 60-130 x 3-6 mm, cylindric, equal, occasionally attenuated towards the apex, strict, brittle, fistulose, yellowish to light orange, becoming black like pileus, densely covered with hairy to scaly black fibrils, dry, single. Context yellow turning black. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: HCl, KOH and NH3 - negative. Spores 7-9.5 x 6-8.5 µm, subglobose to ovoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 42-45 x 10-11 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia absent, but gill edge formed by clavate cells (40-90 x 10-15 µ) with yellow or (on old carpophores) black, plasmatic pigment. Cuticle a cutis consisting of repent, long cylindric, not gelatinized hyphae, grey-lilac plasmatic pigment present, lactiferous hyphae numerous. Clamp connections on septae.
On soil amongst litter of Beilschmiedia, Weinmannia and Cyathea. New Zealand, Madagascar, Congo, Cameroon, Philippines.
 Heim 1936: l.c.; Heinemann 1966: 279.
The lectotype of this striking species, originally collected in Madagascar, was studied (Horak 1968: 118) and compared with the N.Z. material. No apparent differences were found. According to our present knowledge B. astatogala Heim occurs in the tropical-subtropical belt of Africa (Cameroon, Congo, Madagascar) and SE-Asia (Philippines, New Zealand).
Camarophyllus aurantiopallens E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27088); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/309): 'Westbay of Lake Rotoiti, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 29.IV.1968'.
Pileus 10-20 mm diam., hemispherical or convex when young becoming expanded or even concave, deep orange to apricot yellow (like Mycena fibula [Fries]), darker at the centre, dry, glabrous, slightly striate at the margin. Lamellae broadly adnate to subdecurrent, light orange, frequently connected by anastomoses at the bottom, close, gill edge concolorous. Stipe 20-40 x 2-4 mm, fusoid or rarely cylindric, concolorous with pileus, dry, glabrous, fistulose, often curved. Context orange, not waxy. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions on Pileus: KOH, HCl- negative. Spores 4.5-5.5 x 4-5 µm, subglobose to ovoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 30-35 x 5-6 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia lacking. Gill trama interwoven. Cuticle a cutis of repent, irregularly interwoven, cylindric, not gelatinized hyphae (2-7 µm diam.). Clamp connections present.
Amongst mosses under Leptospermum scoparium (and Nothofagus cliffortioides). New Zealand.
Pileo 10-20 mm lato, e convexo plano vel concavo, aurantiaco, sicco, glabro. Lamellis late adnatis vel decurrentibus, pallide aurantiacis. Stipite 20-40 x 2-4 mm, fusoideo, pileo concolori, sicco. Sporis 4.5-5.5 x 4-5 µm, subglobosis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis, haud gelatinosis cutem formantibus. Septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis Leptospermum. Novazelandia.
Holotypus (PDD 27088) ‘Lake Rotoiti, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 29.IV.1968'.
Camarophyllus canus E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27073); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 69/199): 'Denton Range, NE of Te Anau, Prov. Southland, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 30.III.1969'.
Pileus 5-10 mm diam., hemispherical when young becoming plano-convex, estriate margin always inrolled, slate grey with faint lilac tinge, dry, hygrophanous, minutely fibrillose. Lamellae arcuate to decurrent, concolorous with pileus, distant, gill edge concolorous, even. Stipe 15-30 x 2-3 mm cylindric, equal, whitish or greyish, dry, longitudinally fibrillose, stuffed, mostly single. Context greyish. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions on Pileus: KOH, HCl and NH3 - negative. Spores 5.5-7 x 4-4.5 µm, ovoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 42-50 x 7 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Gill trama interwoven. Cuticle a cutis consisting of repent, irregularly arranged, cylindric, not gelatinized hyphae (2-6 µm diam.). Clamp connections present.
On soil amongst mosses under Leptospermum scoparium (and Nothofagus cliffortioides). New Zealand.
Pileo 5-10 mm lato, ex hemisphaerico plano-convexo, griseo-cano, sicco, minute fibrilloso. Lamellis arcuatis, pileo concoloribus, distantibus. Stipite 15-30 x 2-3 mm, cylindrico ex albo griseo, sicco. Sporis 5.5-7 x 4-4.5 µm, ovatis. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis (3-7 latis) repentibus, pigmento incrustatis cutem formantibus. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
The grey to lilac or violaceous drab colour of C. canus Hk. reminds of H. subviolaceus Peck (see Hesler & Smith 1963: 62) but its dry cuticle, the smaller size of the carpophores and its habitat distinctly separate these two fungi.
Holotypus (PDD 27073): 'Denton Range, Te Anau, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 30.III. 1969'.
Camarophyllus delicatus E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27087); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 67/136): 'Kowai Bush, Mt. Grey, Prov. Canterbury, N.Z.; leg. 'Horak, 25.IX.1967'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/140: 'Nelson Creek, Lake Ahaura, Ngahere, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 11.III.1968'.
Pileus 3-8 mm diam., convex later becoming plane, orange fading to argillaceous or beige, hygrophanous, conspicuously striated, margin undulated, glabrous, dry. Lamellae adnate to slightly decurrent, arcuate, whitish to beige, gill edge concolorous. Stipe 10-20 x 1 mm, cylindric, equal, concolorous with pileus or paler, dry, glabrous, fistulose, single. Context light orange, whitish in the stipe. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions on Pileus: KOH - negative. Spores 3-5 x 3-4.5 µm, subglobose, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 24-32 x 5-6 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle a cutis consisting of interwoven, cylindric, not gelatinized hyphae (4-7 µm diam.), membranes encrusted with pigment. Clamp connections present.
On soil amongst mosses in Nothofagus forest (N. fusca, N. menziesii, N. cliffortioides). New Zealand.
Pileo 3-8 mm lato, convexo, aurantiaco, pallescente, sicco, striato. Lamellis adnato-subdecurrentibus, pileo concoloribus vel argillaceis. stipite 10-20 x 1 mm, cylindrico, aurantiaco vel pallidiori, sicco, glabro. Sporis 3-5 x 3-4.5 µm, subglobosis, inamyloideis. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis, irregulariter intermixtis cutem formantibus, pigmento incrustatis, fibulatis. Ad terram inter muscos in silvis nothofagineis. Novazelandia.
This delicate fungus may be sought in Omphalina but its characters refer it to Camarophyllus (ser. Microspori). C. delicatus keys out with H. microscporus Smith & Hesler (1942) but differs in its smaller size, other colours and different type of cuticle. H. aurantius Murrill ss. Stevenson (1962) is considered to be the above described taxon.
Holotypus (PDD 27087); 'Kowai Bush, Mt. Grey, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 25.IX. 1967'.
Camarophyllus muritaiensis (G. Stev.) E. Horak 1973
Holotype (K): 'Muritai (Butterfly)N.Z.; leg. C. Cone in Stevenson (1352), 2.VI.1958'.
'Pileus 10-20 mm diam., salmon pink, hemispherical, dry, smooth, finally fibrillose; flesh pink-tinged, continuous with stipe. Gills decurrent, tinged pink, rather thick, moderately distant. Stipe 30-40 x 3-4 mm, white, solid, smooth, silky'. Spores 6.5-8 x 4.5-5.5 µm, ovoid to subglobose, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 45-55 x 6 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Gill trama of interwoven hyphae. Cuticle a cutis consisting of repent, densely woven, not gelatinized hyphae (4-8 µm diam.). Clamp connections numerous.
On mossy banks under Nothofagus. New Zealand.
Illustrations: Stevenson 1962: l.c.: Fig. 2/6, P1. 6/1.
In dried condition the carpophores of C. muritaensis (Stev.) resemble very much C. virgineus (Fr.) but fresh fruiting bodies are distinguished at once by the salmon pink coloured pileus and lamellae.          
Camarophyllus patinicolor E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27072); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/556): 'Rahiri Lodge, N of Mt. Egmont, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 17.VI.1968'.
Pileus 10-30 mm diam., convex when young later becoming plano-umbonate or depressed, at the centre distinct umbo, estriate margin of Pileus not upturned, whitish turning bluish-greenish, greenish tints especially on old carpophores, dry, not hygrophanous, minutely felty. Lamellae decurrent, whitish or cream, close, not anastomosing, gill edge even, concolorous. Stipe 12-30 x 1-3 mm, cylindric, tapering towards the base, whitish, dry, glabrous, solid becoming fistulose, single. Context whitish. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions on Pileus: KOH, NH3 - negative. Spores 5-6 x 3.5-4.5 µm, ovoid (to subglobose), smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 35-42 x 6 µm 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Gill trama interwoven. Cuticle consisting of cylindric, not gelatinized, irregularly interwoven, repent hyphae (2-8 µm diam.) forming a cutis. Clamp connections present.
On soil amongst litter of Weinmannia, Metrosideros, Schefflera, Cyathea, etc. New Zealand.
Pileo 10-30 mm lato, e conico-convexo umbonato-depresso vel plano, albido, aetate coloribus glaucis tinctu, sicco, estriato. Lamellis decurrent bus, ex albido cremeis. Stipite 12-30 x 1-3 mm, cylindrico, basim versus attenuato, albido, sicco, longitudinaliter fibrilloso. Sporis 5-6 x 3.5-4.5 µm, ovoideis. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis irregulariter intertextis cutem formantibus, septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
When young the fruiting bodies of C. patinaecolor are pure white but with aging or bruising the colour turns to a blue-green like patina. This characteristic species in its area of distribution, which probably is restricted to the podocarp-broadleaf forests, was met only once in the bush on the northern slopes of Mt. Egmont.
Holotypus (PDD 27072): 'Mt. Egmont, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 17.VI.1968'.
Camarophyllus pratensis var. gracilis E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27074); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 60/651): 'Kauaeranga Valley, Coromandel Peninsula, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 8.VII.1968'.
Pileus 10-40 mm broad, convex then more or less expanded, umbonate from the very beginning, deep orange to apricot brown, darker at the centre, margin not upturned, estriate, not hygrophanous, dry, minutely fibrillose under a lens. Lamellae decurrent, whitish or concolorous with pileus, gill edge even, intervenose. Stipe 15-50 x 2-4 mm, cylindric, equal, concolorous with pileus and lamellae or paler, dry, minutely fibrillose, hollow, single or grown together. Context deep orange beneath the cuticle. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions on Pileus: KOH, HCl and NH3 - negative. Spores 5.5-6.5 x 4.5-5 µm, subglobose to ovoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 35-46 x 4-5 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Trama of lamellae intricately interwoven. Cuticle a cutis of loosely interwoven, cylindric, not gelatinized hyphae (3-7 µm diam.), pigment encrusted. Clamp connections numerous.
On soil under Phyllocladus trichomanoides, Dacrydium cupressinum., Cyathea, etc. New Zealand.
Differt a typo habitu graciliori, coloribus intensioribus et sporis minoribus.
This variety differs from the type in its deeper colours and its pronounced umbo on the pileus, the slender habit of the carpophores and the smaller spores.
Holotypus (PDD 27074) 'Kauaeranga Valley, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 8.VII.1968'.
Claudopus byssisedus (Pers.) Gillet 1876
Herb. HK. ZT 69/74: 'Between mosses on bark of Schefflera digitata, Hari-Hari, Westland, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 15.11.1969'. - Herb. HK. ZT 69/237: 'On rotten wood, Shallow Bay, Lake Manapouri, Fjordland N.P., N.Z.; leg. Horak, 6.IV.1969'.
Pileus 3-10 mm diam., ear-shaped, flabelliform or conchiform, convex, whitish or greyish, hygrophanous, dry, striate, radially fibrillose or silky. Lamellae excentrically or laterally radiating, densely intermixed, pink when young turning beige-pink, with concolorous gill edge. Stipe always developed, eccentric or laterally inserted, cylindrical, curved, white, glabrous. Context greyish. Odor and taste strongly farinaceous.
Spores 8-9 x 6-7.5 µm. 5-6-angled. Basidia 27-36 x 10-12 µm. 4 spored. Cheilocystidia none. Cuticle a cutis of repent, cylindrical hyphae (6-14 µm diam.), membrane thin-walled, not gelatinized. without conspicuous pigmentation. Clamp connections lacking
On rotten bark (Schefflera digitata) and wood. New Zealand, Europe, North America.
It seems that Claudopus depluens (Fr.) firstly mentioned for New Zealand by Colenso (1893) is identical with Cl. byssisedus (Fr.) described above. In spite of a thorough study no apparent differences were found between the microscopical and macroscopical characters of Claudopus byssisedus (Fr.) collected in Europe or North America (Hesler 1967: 16) and the material gathered in New Zealand.
Cuphocybe alborosea R. Heim 1951
Herb. HK. ZT 67/154 (PDD 27101): 'Cave Stream, Craigieburn Range, Prov. Canterbury, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 14.X.1967'. - Herb. HK. ZT 67/173: 'Lake Rotoiti, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 25.X.1967'. -Herb. HK. ZT 60/99: 'Tophouse Saddle, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 3.III.1968'.
Pileus 25-65 mm diam., convex-pulvinate, umbonate, later becoming expanded and sometimes subdepressed at the centre (at maturity) pink to reddish-brown, radially fibrillose, densely covered with concolorous or yellowish to brownish small squamules, especially around the centre, membranaceous veil remnants at the margin lacking, viscid when wet, otherwise dry, not hygrophanous. Lamellae emarginate-adnate, sometimes decurrent with short tooth, argillaceous turning rust brown at maturity, gill edge concolorous conspicuously serrate. Stipe 25-80 x 6-14 mm (up to 25 mm diam. at the base), equal or attenuated towards the apex, base frequently abruptly swollen, marginate and sometimes bulbous, pestle-like, white, densely covered with small whitish, pink or rust-brown squamules, sometimes arranged in bands or zones, fibrillose, dry, hollow. Cortina absent. Context whitish. Odor and taste not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH, HCl and NH3 - negative.
Spore print rust brown. Spores 13-17 x 8-9 µm, ovoid to ellipsoid, densely covered with small (0.5-1 µm diam.), isolated warts, warts not coarser towards the apical region; plage or germ pore absent. Basidia 30-46 x 10-13 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle consisting of cylindrical, slightly gelatinized hyphae (5-8 µm diam.) forming a cutis, encrusted with yellow-brown pigment. Clamp connections numerous.
Amongst litter under Nothofagus spp. (N. cliffortioides, N. menziesii, N. solandri), mainly in dry or montane forests. New Zealand.
Heim (1951: 3).
On several occasions it was observed that volva-like, membranaceous veil remnants were attached to the marginate bulb. These conditions occur when the carpophores have grown during dry weather.
Cuphocybe olivacea R. Heim 1951
Herb. HK. ZT 68/21: 'S of Gordon’s Knob, Motueka River, Golden Downs, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 8.II.968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/55 (PDD 27034): 'Goldwater Hut, S of Lake Rotoiti, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 3.II.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 69/106: 'St. Arnaud, Lake Rotoiti, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 25.II.1969'.
Pileus 30-60 mm diam., pulvinate or convex becoming plano-convex, brown olive when young turning date brown-olivaceous, densely covered with radially arranged, persistent, brown or ochraceous squamules or scales from the veil, viscid to glutinous, margin sometimes slightly striated, often seamed with membranaceous veil remnants. Lamellae adnate to adnexed, occasionally decurrent, large, greyish-blue when young turning beige-olivaceous and bright rust brown to argillaceous at maturity, gill edge concolorous, conspicuously notched or serrate, with an irregular, vertical striation at the gill face, intermixed. Stipe 25-60(80) x 5-15 mm, up to 25 mm diam. at the base, equal or attenuated towards the apex, base abruptly marginate but never with marginate, conspicuous bulb, rather piston-like. Bluish-greenish when young, turning ochraceous, densely covered with golden or ochraceous squamules or small scales from the veil, sometimes arranged in irregular bands or patches, fibrillose, dry, hollow. Cortina absent. Context whitish to brownish, olive brown beneath the cuticle, green-blue in the upper parts of the stipe. Odor and taste not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH - reddish brown; HCl - yellow; NH3 - negative.
Spore print deep rust brown. Spores 11-15.5 x 7-8.5 µm, broadly ovate to ellipsoid, densely covered with small (up to 0.5  µm diam.) isolated warts, warts not coarser towards the apical region; germ pore, plage or mucro absent. Basidia 35-46 x 12-14 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle consisting of strongly gelatinized cylindrical hyphae (4-6 µm diam.) forming a cutis, encrusted with yellow-brown pigment, clamp connections present. Patches of the veil composed of cylindrical, not-gelatinized hyphae, 6-15 µm diam., strongly encrusted with brown pigment
Amongst litter under Nothofagus spp. (N. fusca, N. menziesii, N. cliffortioides). New Zealand.
Fig. 1 a-d; Heim (1951); Horak (1968: 200).
Cuphocybe phaeomyxa E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27071); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 69/297: 'Tophouse Saddle, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 5.V.1969'.
Pileus 15-30 mm diam., convex to umbonate, date brown to umber brown, glutinous when wet, covered with numerous, small, ochraceous squamules swimming in the slime. Lamellae waxy, straminous, turning ochraceous, adnexed, ventricose, gill edge concolorous, even. Stipe 35-55 x 34 mm, cylindric, equal or subfusoid, whitish or brownish, densely covered with dry, ochraceous longitudinal fibrils becoming squarrose towards the base, cortina absent, single, hollow. Context brown. Odor and taste not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH, HCl and NH3 - negative.
Spore print ochraceous-brown. Spores 12-14.5 x 7-8 µm, ellipsoid, ferruginous, densely covered with isolated warts; germ pore or plage absent. Basidia 35-45 x 10-12 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia lacking. Cuticle consisting of strongly gelatinized, densely woven, cylindric, hyaline hyphae (2-6 µm diam.) forming an ixocutis, subcutis subcellular, membranes encrusted with brown pigment. Clamp connections numerous
Amongst litter under Nothofagus fusca and N. menziesii. New Zealand
Pileo 15-30 mm lato, e convexo umbonato, obscure brunneo, glutinoso, squamis ochraceis in glutine instructo, estriato. Lamellis adnexis, primo stramineis dein brunnescentibus. Stipite 35-55 x 3-4 mm, cylindraceo, aequali, brunneolo, squamis fibrillosis ochraceisque dense obtecto, sicco, velo nullo. Sporis 12-14.5 x 7-8 µm, ovato-ellipticis, verrucosis, ferrugineis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Epicute ex hyphis gelatinosis ixodermium formantibus, septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis nothofagineis. Novazelandia
This species is easily recognized by its glutinous pileus and the deep brown colours. In spite of the wax-yellow lamellae and the lack of a marginate bulb on the stipe this taxon undoubtedly belongs to the genus Cuphocybe. Aged carpophores resemble macroscopically Descolea phlebophora Horak or Descolea gunnii (Berkeley).
Holotypus (PDD 27071): 'Tophouse Saddle, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 5.V.1969'
Cuphocybe R. Heim 1951
convex to umbonate, innately and radially fibrillose, covered with minute squamules from the veil, dry or glutinous, not hygrophanous. Lamellae adnate or with a short tooth decurrent, wax-yellow to argillaceo-ferruginous, gill edge serrate or even. Stipe cylindric with marginate-bulbous base or subfusoid (never napiform), longitudinally fibrillose, densely covered with squarrose squamules or scales from top to bottom, dry. Cortina lacking. Spore print argillaceous to rust brown. Spores elliptic germ pore, plage or mucro absent, covered with small isolated warts. Basidia 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle a cutis or an ixodermium, consisting of repent or suberect, cylindrical frequently gelatinized hyphae, with encrusting pigment, clamp connections present. Habitat exclusively in Nothofagus forests. New Zealand.
Type species: C. olivacea Heim (1951).
Entoloma aberrans E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27019); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/176): 'S of Lake Hochstetter, prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 17.III.1968'.
Pileus 15-25 mm diam., convex to convex-umbonate, chocolate brown, with conspicuous radially arranged darker brown or black zones, innately fibrillose, sometimes also minutely squamulose near the centre, dry, estriate, not hygrophanous. Lamellae (L 12-18, l  3) adnexed or emarginate, beige when young, later becoming pink, gill edge concolorous, not fimbriate. Stipe 30-45 x 2-3 mm, cylindrical or slightly attenuated downwards, lilac-blue, densely covered by silky fibrils, white near the base, dry, cartilaginous, fistulose, solitary. Context lilac or bluish in the stipe, whitish in the pileus. Odor and taste strongly acidulous (like Lepiotula cristata).
Spores 6-7.5 x 6-7.5 µm, subglobose, with 5-7 blunt angles. Basidia 30-36 x 10 µm, 4-spored. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia 20-40 x 15-25µm, clavate or vesiculose, thin-walled, without pigment, hyaline. Caulocystidia absent. Cuticle a palisade of erect or suberect, cylindrical hyphae (5-10 µm diam.), membrane thin-walled, not gelatinized, with brownish, plasmatic (and also epimembranous) pigment. Clamp connections frequent.
On soil among mosses in Nothofagus-forests (with Dacrydium cupressinum, Podocarpus hallii, P. ferrugineus). New Zealand.
Pileo 15-25 mm lato, convexo vel umbonato-expando, brunneo, zonis obscurioribus vel nigris radialiter ornato, sicco, minute innato-fibrilloso, haud striato hygrophanove. Lamellis ex adnexo emarginatis, griseo-argillaceis demum brunneolo-roseis, acie concolori instructis. Stipite 30-45 x 2-3 mm, cylindraceo vel attenuato basim versus, amoene lilacino-azureo, albido ad basim, fibrillis argenteis instructo, sicco, cartilagineo, fistuloso. Odore saporeque acidulo. Sporis 6-7.5 x 6-7.5 µm, subglobosis, polygonatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cheilo- et pleurocystidiis 20-40 x 15-25µm, clavato-vesiculosis, tenui-tunicatis, haud pigmentatis. Caulocystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis palisadam formantibus, membrana haud gelatinosa, pigmento brunneo dissoluto vel incrustato instructis. Septis fibuligeris. Ad terram in silvis nothofagineis. Novazelandia.
The macro- and microscopical characters of this Entoloma are rather aberrant in that genus. Especially the vesiculose cheilocystidia, the subglobose spores and the palisade-like cuticle emphasize its isolated taxonomic position.
Holotypus (PDD 27019): 'Lake Hochstetter, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 17.III.1968'
Entoloma acuticystidiosum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27015); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/581): 'Lake Waikaremoana, Tawa Track, Urewera N.P., N.Z.; leg. Horak, 24.VI.1968'.
Pileus 10-25 mm diam., hemispherical, becoming convex, aged carpophores pulvinate and often depressed or subconcave at the centre, margin incurved. brown, covered by soot-brown fibrils and scales, dry, neither striate nor hygrophanous. Lamellae (L 10-16, l 1-3) adnate-emarginate, whitish when young, becoming grey-pink, gill edge concolorous, not fimbriate. Stipe 20-40 x 2-3 mm, cylindrical, often curved near the base, grey or purplish brown, densely covered by concolorous dots at least near the apex, dry, hollow, solitary or in clusters. Context light brown. Odor and taste not distinctive.
Spores 12-14 x 11-13 µm, 5-6-sided, with prominent knobs. Basidia 45-52 x 10 µm. 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 70-110 x 10-20 µm, awl-shaped, membrane thin-walled, hyaline. pleurocystidia none. Caulocystidia 60-100 x 10µm, clavate, often curved. Cuticle a cutis of cylindrical, repent or suberect hyphae (10-15 µm diam.), membrane thin-walled, with conspicuous, brown, plasmatic pigment. Clamp connections present.
On soil in forests (under Dacrydium, Beilschmiedia, Elaeocarpus, Dicksonia, etc.). New Zealand.
Pileo 10-25 mm lato, ex hemisphaerico pulvinato, subdepresso, brunneo, squamis et fibrillis fuligineis obtecto, sicco, haud striato Lamellis emarginato-adnatis, albidis postea griseo-roseis, acie concolori instructis. Stipite 20-40 x 2-3 mm, cylindraceo, sicco, griseo vel porphyreo, apicem versus pruinoso, cavo. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 12-14 x 11-13 µm, 5-6-angulatis, sasidiis 4-sporigcris. Cheilocystidiis 7-110 x 10-20µm, tenui-tunicatis, haud coloratis, pleurocystidiis nullis. Caulocystidiis 60-100 x l0 µm, clavatis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis cutem formantibus, pigmento brunneo plasmaticoque instructis. Hyphis fibuligeris. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
This species is distinguished by its large, complex spores, awl-shaped cheilocystidia, presence of conspicuous caulocystidia and scaly pileus. Macroscopically it resembles E. squamiferum Hk. (see discussion there).
Holotypus (PDD 27015): 'Lake Waikaremoana, Urewera N.P., N.Z.; leg. Horak, 24.VI.1968'.
Entoloma aromaticum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27038); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/153): 'S of Ahaura, Ngahere, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 14.III.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 67/172: 'Lake Rotoiti, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 25.X.1967'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/267: 'Moonlight Valley, Paparoa Range, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 5.IV.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/299: 'Kaituna Valley, Banks Peninsula, Prov. Canterbury; N.Z.; leg. Horak, 24.IV.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/404: 'Puponga, N of Collingwood, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 9,V.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 69/17: 'Buller Bridge, W of Murchison, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 25.I.1969'. - Herb. HK. ZT 69/213: 'Denton River, Te Anau Downs, Prov. Southland, N.Z.; leg. Horak, l.IV.1969'.
Pileus 10-20 mm diam., conical when young becoming papillate or umbonate, pronounced umbo always present, grey-brown, fading to beige, glabrous or finely fibrillose, strongly striate, dry, hygrophanous. Lamellae (L 10-14, 1 3) free, ventricose, whitish or beige, turning pink, gill edge concolorous. Stipe 20-45 x 1-2 mm, cylindrical, coloured like pileus or paler, apically glabrous, densely covered with white fibrils especially near the base, dry, fistulose, brittle. Context brownish, watery. Odor aromatic, fruity becoming farinaceous. Taste farinaceous.
Spores 9-11 x 6-7.5 µm, 5-6-angled. Basidia 30-38 x 9-12 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia none. Cuticle a cutis of repent, cylindrical hyphae (5-15 µm), loosely interwoven, membrane thin-walled and not gelatinized, pigment brown, plasmatic or epimembranous. Clamp connections present or absent.
On soil in forests (of all kind of forests from the coast to 1200 m a.s.l.). New Zealand.
Horak sp. n.                                                          [3357]
Pileo 10-20 mm lato, primo conico dein convexo-umbonato vel papillato, umbo constanter praedito, griseobrunneo, desiccato pallidiori, glabro vel minute fibrilloso, striato, hygrophano, sicco. Lamellis ex libero adnatis, albidis dein roseis, acie integra instructis. Stipite 20-45 x 1-2 mm, cylindraceo, pileo concolori, fibrillis albis basim versus dense obtecto, sicco, fistuloso, fragili. Odore grato vel farinaceo. Sapore rancido. Sporis 9-11 x 6-7.5 µm, 5-6-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis cutem formantibus, pigmento brunneo plasmatico vel incrustato instructis Septis fibulatis defibulatisve. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
E. aromaticum is the most variable of all Entoloma species studied in New Zealand. Though the size, shape and colour of the pileus is more or less constant the shape of the spores, the localization of the pigment in the hyphae of the cuticle and the presence or absence of the clamp connections can vary widely. The most striking character of this species is the strong fruity smell which may change to mealy in old carpophores.
Holotypus (PDD 27038): 'Ngahere, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 14.III.1968'.
Entoloma aromaticum f. minimum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27039); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 69/131): 'Xmas Village, Stewart Island, New Zealand; leg. Horak, 13.III.1969'.
Pileus 5-8 mm diam., conical or umbonate-plane, grey-beige, smooth, dry, hygrophanous. Lamellae (L 10-14, 13), adnexed or emarginate, exceeded by the margin of the pileus, whitish becoming pink, gill edge concolorous. Stipe 10-15 x 1 mm, cylindrical, coloured like pileus, white at the base, glabrous, fistulose, brittle. Taste and odor farinaceous.
Spores 6.5-7 x 5-5.5 µm, 5-6-angled. Basidia 25-30 x 8 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia none. Cuticle a cutis of repent, cylindrical hyphae (3-10 µm diam.), the thin-walled, not gelatinized membrane encrusted by brown pigment. Clamp connections lacking.
On soil or rotten wood in forests (under Dacrydium cupressinum, Podocarpus s pp., Metrosideros spp.). New Zealand.
Differt a typo carpophoribus et sporis minoribus et lamellis adnexo-emarginatis.
Entoloma asprelloides G. Stev. 1962
'Holotype (K): 'Keith George Park, Wellington, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson 852, 25.V.1952'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/268: 'Thompson River, Waimakariri, Prov. Canterbury, N.Z.; leg. Baker, 26.III.1968'. -Herb HK. ZT 68/647 (PDD 27055): 'Kauaeranga Valley, Coromandel Peninsula, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 8.VIII.1968'.
Pileus 10-30(-45) mm, hemispherical when young becoming plane-convex to umbilicate, striate margin finally waved, dark brown to fuliginous, fading to beige, covered by concolorous squamules or fibrils, dry, hygrophanous. Lamellae (L 8-12, l 7), emarginate, grey becoming pink, with fimbriate, blue gill edge. Stipe 15-50 x 2-3 mm, cylindrical or subclavate, central, concolorous with pileus, with white mycelium at the base, blue tints absent, glabrous, dry, fistulose. Context brownish. Odor and taste not distinctive.
Spores 11-13 x 7-9 µm, 5-6-angled. Basidia 30-50 x 10 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia in dense clusters at the gill edge, 30-100 x 14-25 µm, clavate, membrane thinwalled, with brown-blue plasmatic pigment. Pleuro- and caulocystidia none. Cuticle a cutis of repent or suberect, cylindrical hyphae terminal cells clavate (10-28 µm diam.), with brown plasmatic pigment, membrane not gelatinized. Clamp connections absent or present.
On soil (under Beilschmiedia tawa, Nothofagus spp.) or rotten debris of ferns (Cyathea dealbata). New Zealand.
Stevenson 1962: l.c.
The above description is based on the data found on the well preserved type material supplemented by observations made on two additional collections. Typical for the species are the blue gill edge, the large spores and the large cheilocystidia.
Entoloma atrellum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27048); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/203): 'Red Jack Valley, Ngahere, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z; leg. Horak, 21.III.1968'.
Pileus 15-25 mm diam., umbilicate with incurved, not striate margin, dark brown or black and densely covered by small, blue squamules, especially at the centre, dry, not hygrophanous. Lamellae (L 1-18, 1 3) emarginate and with short tooth attached to the stipe, whitish-bluish when young, turning bluish-pink, with fimbriate blue gill edge. Stipe 20-30 x 1.5-3 mm, cylindrical, dark blue, with white mycelium at the base, densely covered with concolorous or fuligenous appressed fibrils, dry, single. Context blue. Odor and taste not distinctive.
Spores 9.5-11 x 6.5-7.5 µm. 5-6-sided. Basidia 25-32 x 10 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 35-70 x 12-20 µm, fusoid or ampulliform, with long and apically rounded neck, conspicuous blue, plasmatic or vacuolar pigment present, membrane thin-walled. Pleuro- and caulocystidia none. Cuticle a cutis or trichoderm of suberect, fasciculate, cylindrical hyphae (6-10 µm diam.), membrane thin-walled, not gelatinized, with brown (in KOH) plasmatic or vacuolar pigment. Clamp connections absent.
Between mosses on bark of living Dacrydium cupressinum Podocarpaceae). New Zealand.
Pileo 15-25 mm lato, umbilicato, marginem incurvo, fuligineo squamis minutis nigrocoeruleis instructo, sicco, haud striato. Lamellis emerginatis, primo albido-coeruleis dein coeruleo-roseis, acie fimbriata coeruleaque instructis. Stipite 20-30 x 1.5-3 mm, cylindraceo, pileo concolori, fibrillis obscurioribus obtecto, sicco, pleno. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 9.5-11 x 6.5-7.5 µm  5-6-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cholocystidiis 35-70 x 12-20 µm, fusoideo-ampullaceis, pigmento coeruleo impletis. Epicute ex hyphis suberectis cutem aut trichodermium formantibus, pigmento brunneo plasmatico vacuolatove instructis. Septis defibulatis. Inter muscos ad lignum Dacrydii cupressini. Novazelandia.
This species resembles E. melanocephalum Stev. but the carpophores do not have green colours. Microscopically the two taxa are also separated by their differently shaped cheilocystidia and by the structure of the cuticle.
Holotypus (PDD 27048): 'Ngahere, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 21;III.1968'.
Entoloma brunneolilacinum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27026): Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 69/222): 'Doon River, Middle Fiord, Lake Te Anau, Fiiordland N.P., N.Z; leg. Horak, 3.IV.1969'.
Pileus 15-25 mm diam., hemispherical at first or convex with an umbo, later becoming umbonate or plano-convex, dark brown with distinct lilac tinge, colour fading in aged carpophores, densely squamulose or scaly, strongly striate, hygrophanous, dry. Lamellae (L 10-15, l 3), adnate or emarginate, grey or dark beige, turning brownish-pink with lilac tinge, gill edge even and concolorous. Stipe 15-30 x 2 mm, cylindrical, concolorous with pileus, innately fibrillose, dry, fistulose, solitary. Context dark brown, membranous. Odor acidulous. Taste not distinctive.
Spores 11-12 x 7-9.5 µm, 6-sided. Basidia 35-45 x 12 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia (and pleurostidia) 90-140 x 12-16 µm, awl-shaped or fusoid, apically tapering to a rounded tip, membrane thin-walled and hyaline. Caulocystidia none. Cuticle a trichoderm of fasciculate, cylindrical hyphae (8-15 µm diam.), terminal cells conical, with brown plasmatic pigment. Clamp connections abundant.
On soil in forests (under Nothofagus menziesii, Leptospermum scoparium). New Zealand.
Pileo 15-25 mm lato, ex umbonato plano-convexo, obscure brunneo reflexo lilacino instructo, squamuloso vel squarroso, striato, sicco. Lamellis late adnatis vel emarginatis, primo griseis dein brunneo-roseis, acie concolori instructis. Stipite 15-30 x 2 mm, cylindraceo, pileo concolori, fibrilloso, cavo, sicco. Odore acidulo, sapore nullo. Sporis 11-12 x 7-9.5 µm, 6-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cheilocystidiis (et pleurocystidiis) 90-140 x 12-16 µm, fusoideis, tenuitunicatis, apicaliter rotundatis. Caulocystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis cutem vel trichodermium formantibus, pigmento brunneo plasmatico instructis. Septis fibuligeris. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia
Macroscopically E. brunneolilacinum resembles E. acuticystidiosum Hk. or E. squamiferum Hk. but the spores are distinctly different from those of these taxa. Because of its lilac tint this species could be confused with E. porphyrescens Hk., but the spores, cystidia and the size of the carpophores clearly distinguish the two fungi.
Holotypus (PDD 27026): 'Doon River, Lake Te Anau, Fiordland N.P., N.Z.; leg. Horak, 3.IV.1969'.
Entoloma caesiomarginatum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27051); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 69/221): 'Doon River, Middle Fiord, Lake Te Anau, Fiordland N.P., N.Z.; leg. Horak, 3.IV.1969'.
Pileus 12-20 mm diam., umbilicate, with distinct conical papilla at the depressed centre, striate margin incurved, green, fading in aged specimens, covered with small appressed squamules, dry, hygrophanous. Lamellae (L 10-13, 1 3), emarginate or slightly decurrent, greenish when young becoming yellow-green with pinkish-brown tinge, gill edge fimbriate and dark blue. Stipe 30-40 x 1-1.5 mm, cylindrical, slender, yellowish, glabrous, dry, fistulose. Context greenish-olive. Odor and taste not distinctive.
Spores 9.5-11 x 6-8 µm, 5-6-sided. Basidia 23-28 x 9-10 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia cylindrical-articulate, terminal cell (25-50 x 8-12 µm) apically rounded, with thin-walled membrane, conspicuous greenish-blue plasmatic pigment present. Clamp connections abundant.
On soil in forests (under Nothofagus spp., and Leptospermum spp.). New Zealand.
Pileo 12-20 mm lato, umbilicato, sed papilla conspicua instructo, viridi, squamis concoloribus adpresse obtecto, sicco, striato, hygrophano. Lamellis emarginatis, ex viridi luteo-brunneis reflexo roseo tinctu, acie fimbriata et coerulea instructis. Stipite 30-40 x 1-1.5 mm, cylindraceo, luteo, glabro, sicco, fistuloso. Caro viridi-olivacea. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 9.5-11 x 6-8 µm, 5-6-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cheilocystidiis 25-50 x 8-12 µm, articulato-cylindraceis, pigmento viridi-coeruleo instructis. Epicute ex hyphis erectis vel suberectis palisadam formantibus, pigmento viridi impletis. Septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
The distinctive characters of this species include the green colour of the papillate-umbilicate pileus, blue gill edge and cylindrical, articulate cheilocystidia. Weathered carpophores are suggestive of E. chloroxanthum Stev. which lacks the papilla and cheilocystidia.
Holotypus (PDD 27051): 'Doon River, Lake Te Anau, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 3.IV.1969'.
Entoloma cavipes E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27054); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 69/162): 'Ulva Island, Paterson Inlet, Stewart Island, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 23.III.1969'.
Pileus 10-25 mm diam., convex to pulvinate, centre plane at first becoming depressed to subumbilicate, brown, drying beige, glabrous (in the centre sometimes with indistinct radially arranged wrinkles), dry, neither striate nor hygrophanous, cuticle cartilaginous. Lamellae (L 12-16, I 1-7), broadly adnate or subdecurrent, whitish when young turning pink, gill edge concolorous and not fimbriate. Stipe 15-20 x 2-5 mm, cylindrical, robust, grey to beige, with white weft from the mycelium at the base, dry, glabrous, often twisted, hollow, solitary. Context brownish, cartilaginous. Odor and taste acidulous.
Spores 8-9 x 5.5-6.5 µm, 5-6-angled. Basidia 35-40 x 8 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 35-55 x 8-13 µm, fusiform or lageniform, hyaline, membrane thin-walled. Pleuro- and caulocystidia lacking. Cuticle a cutis of repent or suberect, cylindrical hyphae (5-10 µm diam.), with plasmatic, brown pigment, membrane not gelatinized. Clamp connections absent.
On soil in forests (under Dacrydium cupressinum spp., Weinmannia racemosa). New Zealand
Pileo 10-25 mm lato, e convexo pulvinato, dein depresso et subumbilicato, marginem incurvo, brunneo, glabro, neque striato neque hygrophano. Lamellis late adnatis vel subdecurrentibus, isabellinis, postea roseis, acie integra concolorique instructis. Stipite 15-20 x 2-5 mm, cylindrico, robusto, griseo vel brunneolo, glabro, cavo. Odore saporeque acidulo. Sporis 8-9 x 5.5-6.5 µm, 5-6-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cheilocystidiis 35-55 x 8-13 µm, fusiformibus, hyalinis. Epicute ex hyphis suberectis cutem formantibum, pigmento brunneo plasmatico instructis. Septis defibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia
This species is characterized by its robust, hollow stipe and the fusiform, hyaline cheilocystidia. Because of the dull brown colours and the habit E. cavipes could be taken to be a species of Tephrocybe Donk.
Holotypus (PDD 27054): 'Ulva Island, Stewart Island, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 23.III.1969'.
Entoloma cerinum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 2701 8); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/629): 'S of Lake Waikareiti, Urewera N.P., N.Z.; leg. Horak, 30.VI.1968'.
Pileus 40-70 mm diam., conical or convex with prominent umbo, margin undulating, dark brown, dry, radially fibrillose, striate near the margin, hygrophanous. Lamellae adnexed, deep waxy-yellow when young, becoming dark pink, gill edge concolorous, serrate, crowded. Stipe 50-80 x 7-12 mm, cylindrical or attenuated towards the apex, deep yellow or coloured like brass, in aged carpophores yellowish-brownish, dry, innately fibrillose, with white weft at the base, hollow, fragile, twisted. Context yellowish-brownish. Odor acidulous. Taste mild.
Spores 6-7 x 5.5-7 µm, subglobose, 6-7-sided. Basidia 35-45 x 8-1O µm, 4-spored (rarely 2-spored). Cystidia none. Cuticle a cutis of cylindrical hyphae (6-12 µm diam.), membrane thin-walled, not gelatinized, with brown pigment dissolved in the plasma or located in the vacuoles. Clamp connections absent.
On soil among mosses and litter in Nothofagus spp. forests (with Phyllocladus alpinus, Dracophyllum spp., etc.). New Zealand.
Pileo 40-70 mm lato, conico vel convexo-umbonato, brunneo, radialiter innato-fibrilloso, sicco, hygrophano, marginem versus striato. Lamellis adnexis, cerino-luteis dein intense roseis, acie concolori serratoque instructis. Stipite 50~80 x 7-12 mm, cylindraceo vel attenuato apicem versus, cerino-luteo vel aureo, aetate brunneo-luteo, sicco, longitudinaliter fibrilloso, cavo, fragili. Odore acidulo. Sapore miti. Sporis 57 x 5.5-7µm, subglobosis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis cutem formantibus, pigmento brunneo plasmatico vel vacuolato instructis. Hyphis defibulatis. Ad terram in silvis nothofagineis. Novazelandia.
E. cerinum is not related to any of the other known species of Entoloma in New Zealand. It has only some characters in common with E. luteifolium Hesler from Cuba but the two fungi are definitely different.
Holotypus (PDD 27018): 'Lake Waikareiti, Urewera N.P., N.Z; leg. Horak, 30.VI.1968'.
Entoloma chloroxanthum G. Stev. 1962
Holotype (K): 'Fringed Hill, Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson 1116, 3.VI.1956'. - Herb. HK. ZT 69/133 (PDD 27046): Track to Mt. Anglem, Stewart Island, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 14.III.1969'. - Holotype of Entoloma citreostipitatum Stev. (K): 'Botanical Gardens, Wellington, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson 615, 2.VI.1949'. - Holotype of Entoloma pteridicola' Seev. (K): 'Botanical Gardens, Wellington, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson, 26.V.1949 .
Pileus 5-20 mm diam., convex when young, becoming depressed or subumbilicate at the centre and expanded, deep green fading to yellow towards the strongly striate margin, covered by concolorous squamules or fibrils, dry, hygrophanous. Lamellae adnate or emarginate-decurrent, beige-greenish at first, turning pink, with concolorous gill edge. Stipe 25-40 x 1-2 mm, cylindrical, slender, deep green or yellow-green, with white weft at the base, glabrous, dry, fistulose. Context green-yellow. Odor and taste not distinctive.
Spores 9-11 x 6-7.5 µm, 5-6-angled. Basidia 30-40 x 8-10 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia none. Cuticle a cutis of loosely woven, repent, cylindrical hyphae (5-8 µm diam.), membrane thin-walled, not gelatinized, with vacuolar or plasmatic pigment. Clamp connections absent.
On soil in forests or shrubland (under Nothofagus spp., Leptospermum spp.) or on rotten debris (of Phormium tenax). New Zealand.
Stevenson 1962: l.c.
Critical revision of the type of Entoloma described by Stevenson (1962) showed that E. chloroxanthum had been described three times (see list of synonyms).
In aged specimens the deep green-yellow colour of the stipe and the pileus fades so that the most conspicuous macroscopic character of the fungus is lost. The microscopical features of the three type collections studied are identical. The above description is based on revision of the types supplemented by data obtained from fresh material collected in Stewart Island.
Entoloma colensoi G. Stev. 1962
Holotype (K): 'Waikanae, N.Z.; Stevenson 791, 1.1.1951'.
‘Pileus 35 mm diam., plano-convex, purple-brown; covered with a close cottony weft. Gills adnexed, moderately distant. creamy becoming pink. Stipe 55 x 5 mm. tapering upwards. cottony-striate. purple above to white at bulbous base’ (Description according to Stevenson 1962: 1.c.).
Spore print dark pink. Spores 11- l 5 x  l 2-14 µm. quadrate, at times obscurely 5-sided. basidia 50-55 x 14 µm. 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 55-110 x 10-l5 µm. irregularly fusoid, several times constricted, thin-walled, in KOH with yellow-brownish, plasmatic pigment, conspicuously clustered at gill edge. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle a cutis consisting of cylindrical, repent hyphae (3-8 µm diam.), terminal cells suberect and apically rounded, in KOH with yellow-brown, plasmatic pigment. Clamp connections present.
 In litter under mixed forest. New Zealand.
Stevenson 1962: 1.c.
This interesting species is characterized by the cuboid spores, the conspicuous cheilocystidia and the deep purple-brown colour of pileus and stipe. The rather unusual colour for a species of Entoloma changes in KOH to yellow-brown and can be observed in the hyphae of the pileus and trama and in the cheilocystidia. The dimensions of the spores as described by Stevenson in the original diagnosis are by far too small and there is no doubt also about the presence of cheilocystidia.
Entoloma congregatum G. Stev. 1962
Holotype (K): 'Queens Gardens, Nelson, N.Z; leg. Read, 30.V.1956'.
'Pileus 30-55 mm diam., hemispherical or broadly conical at first, then becoming plane, deep olivaceous, waxy, moist, drying subfibrillose. Gills adnate, moderately distant, long and short intercalated, creamy becoming pink. Stipe 50-70 x 7,.5-10 mm, creamy to light fawn, silky striate, hollow, rather brittle. Context thin, whitish to olive brown'.
Spores 7.5-11 x 7-8.5 µm, 5-6-sided. Basidia 30-40 x 12 µm 4-spored. Cystidia none. Cuticle a cutis of repent, cylindrical hyphae (7-14 µm diam.), membrane hyaline, not gelatinized, with yellow (in KOH) plasmatic and epimembranous pigment, lactifers present. Clamp connections abundant.
On Soil. New Zealand.
Stevenson 1962: 1.c.
The above description of microscopic characters is based on a study of the type material. Further collections are required to settle the taxonomic position of this species which belongs probably to the introduced fungi.
Entoloma convexum G. Stev. 1962
Holotype (K): 'Butterfly, Wellington, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson. 7.V111.1949'. - Herb. HK. ZT 67/115 (PDD 27021): 'Kowai River, Mt. Grey, prov. Canterbury, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 20.1X.1967'.
Pileus 10-20 mm diam., conical, umbo small, sharp, rarely absent, papillate, bay brown or dark brown, drying paler, striate, hygrophanous, dry, radially fibrillose. Lamellae (L 8-12, 1 3) free or slightly adnexed, distant, deep pink, gill edge concolorous. Stipe 30-60 x 1.5-2 mm, cylindrical, grey-brown, sometimes with white weft at the base, fragile, hollow, glabrous, single. Context brownish. Odor unpleasant. Taste mild.
Spores 10-14.5 x 10-14 µm, subglobose, 5-6-angled. Basidia 40-60 x 11-16 µm, 4-spored. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia none. Cuticle a cutis of repent, cylindrical hyphae (5-24 µm diam.), membrane not gelatinized, thin-walled, encrusted by brown pigment. Clamp connections present or absent.
On soil in forests (under Nothofagus solandri). New Zealand.
Stevenson 1962: 1.c.
The name of this species is in some ways misleading because the pileus is not truly convex but practically always has a well-pronounced umbo. E. convexum is well characterized by its large, subglobose spores, the papillate pileus and the deep pink and free lamellae.
Entoloma corneum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27030); Isotype (Herb. HK. Zl68/656): 'Kauaeranga Valley, Coromandel Peninsula, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 9.VII.1968'.
Pileus 5-10 mm diam., hemispherical at first becoming convex, umbo lacking, brown or fuliginous, densely covered especially near the centre by small scaly squamules, squamules appressed towards the striate margin, dry, hygrophanous. Lamellae (L 6-8, l -3) adnate or emarginate, beige-pink, with concolorous fimbriate gill edge. Stipe 15-25 x 1-1.5 mm, cylindrical, sometimes slightly attenuated upwards, brownish, pruinate at the apex, glabrous towards the base, dry, fistulose, fragile. Context brownish. Odor and taste slightly farinaceous.
Spores 12-15 x 8.5-10 µm, 6-sided. Basidia 36-42 x 15 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 50-80 x 10-18 µm, fusoid or ampulliform, ventricose with long tapering neck, membrane hyaline, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia none. Caulocystidia 45-65 x 6-11 µm, like cheilocystidia but often capitate. Cuticle a palisade consisting of erect, short cylindrical, not gelatinized hyphae (6-12µm diam.), with brown, plasmatic pigment. Clamp connections absent.
On soil h forests (under Pittosporum spp., Knightia exelsa, Cyathea spp.). New Zealand.
Pileo 5-10 mm lato, hemisphaerico vel convexo, ex obscure brunneo fuligineo, squamis concoloribus squarrosis vel adpressis obtecto, sicco, marginem versus striato. Lamellis adnato-emarginatis brunneo-roseis, acie concolori, haud fimbriata instructis. Stipite 15-25 x 1-1.5 mm, cylindraceo vel attenuato apicem versus, pileo concolori, glabro vel subpruinato, sicco, fistuloso. Odore saporeque vix farinaceo. Sporis 12-15 x 8.5-10 µm, 6-angulatis. Basidia 4-sporigera. Cheilocystidiis 50-80 x 10-18 µm, fusoideis vel lageniformibus, hyalinis. Pleurocystidiis nullis. Caulocystidiis 45-65 x 6-11 µm, fusoideo-capitatis hyalinisque. Epicute ex hyphis erectis cylindraceis palisadam formantibus, pigmento brunneo plasmaticoque instructis. Septis defibulatis Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
Holotypus (PDD 27030): Coromandel Peninsula, N.Z; leg. Horak, 9.VII.1968'.
Entoloma crinitum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27022); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 69/202): 'Near Denton River, Te Anau Downs, Prov. Southland, N.Z.; leg. Horak, l.IV.1969'.
Pileus 10-16 mm diam., carpophores distinctly concave or subumbilicate even when young, dark brown or soot-brown, densely covered by concolorous or grey-brown velvety fibrils or small scales, neither striate nor hygrophanous, dry. Lamellae (L 6-10, 1 7) broadly adnate or subdecurrent, distant, dark grey-brown without any pink tinge, gill edge concolorous. Stipe 15-20 x 1-1.5 mm, cylindrical or attenuated towards the base, concolorous with pileus, with white hyphal weft at base, longitudinally fibrillose, dry, fistulose. Context brown. Taste and odour not distinctive. Chem. reactions: KOH and HCl on pileus -negative.
Spores 6.5-7.5 x 6-7 µm, subglobose, 5-7-sided. Basidia 30-35 x 7-9 µm, 4-spored. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia none. Cuticle a cutis consisting of repent or suberect, fasciculate cylindrical hyphae (6-12 µm diam.), membrane thinwalled and not gelatinized, encrusted with brown pigment. Clamp connections present.
Among mosses on soil (margin of Nothofagus cliffortioides-forests). New Zealand.
Pileo 10-16 mm lato, concavo, subumbilicato, fuligineo, grosse fibrilloso vel radialiter squamuloso, sicco, haud striato. Lamellis adnatis vel subdecurrentibus, obscure brunneis, acie concolori instructis. Stipite 10-20 x 1-1.5 mm, cylindraceo, pileo concolori, fibrilloso, sicco, fistuloso. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 6.5-7.5 x 6-7 µm subglobosis, 5-6-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis cutem formantibus, pigmento brunneo incrustatis. Septis fibuligeris. Ad terram inter muscos. Novazelandia.
In the field E. crinitum would hardly be recognized as an Entoloma but its microscopical characters clearly indicate that genus. The deep grey-brown colour of pileus and lamellae at first suggest rather a species of Rhodocybe Maire.
Holotypus (PDD 27022): 'Denton River, Te Anau Downs, N.Z.; leg. Horak, l.IV.1969'.
Entoloma cucurbita E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27033); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 69/128): 'S of Xmas Village, Stewart Island' N.Z.; leg. Horak, 13.III.1969'.
Pileus 15-30 mm diam., papillate or convex with distinct conical umbo, margin incurved at first, later becoming upturned, beige-brown to grey-brown, smooth, dry, striate towards the margin. Lamellae (L10-14, l 3) adnexed to subfree, whitish when young turning pinkish-brown, gill edge concolorous. Stipe 20-35 x 2-4 mm, cylindrical, beige or grey-brown, with concolorous, silky fibrils towards the base, dry, fistulose, brittle. Context grey to brownish. Odor and taste strongly farinaceous or like cucumber.
Spores 9.5-11 x 7.5-8 µm, 5-angled. Basidia 30-35 x 8 µm, 4-spored. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia none. Cuticle a cutis of repent, cylindrical hyphae (6-10 µm diam. ), loosely interwoven, membrane thin-walled, hyaline, with brown plasmatic pigment. Clamp connections absent.
On soil in forests (under Weinmannia, Dacrydium cupressinum, Metrosideros sp.). New Zealand.
Pileo 15-30 mm lato, e papillato umbonato, marginem recurvo griseo-brunneo, glabro striato, sicco. Lamellis adnexis, primo albidis dein brunneo-roseis, acie concolori et haud fimbriata instructis. Stipite 20-35 x 2-4 mm, cylindraceo, pileo concolori, fibrillis longitudinaliter obtecto, sicco, fistuloso, fragili. Odore saporeque farinaceo. Sporis 9.5-1 x 7.5-8 µm, 5-angulatis. Basidiis 30-35 x 6 µm, 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis repentibus cylindraceisque cutem formantibus, pigmento brunneo et plasmatico instructis. Septis defibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
E. cucurbita is characterised by its strong farinaceous smell, prominent conical papilla and complex spores with pronounced angles.
Holotypus (PDD 27033): Xmas Village, Stewart Island, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 13.III.1969'.
Entoloma deceptivum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27057); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/412): 'Kaihoka Reserve, Whanganui Inlet, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 10.V.1968'. - Herb. HK ZT 69/332: 'Track to Mt. Luxmore, Lake Te Anau, Fjordland N.P., N.Z; leg. Horak, 9.IV.1969'.
Pileus 15-30 mm diam., convex at first becoming plano-convex and depressed or subumbilicate at the centre, dark beige to brown, velvety in the umbilicus, finely squamulose towards the striate margin, dry, hygrophanous. Lamellae densely crowded, broadly adnate to subdecurrent, grey-brownish later becoming; pinkish, with white coloured, fimbriate gill edge. Stipe 35-60 x 2-4 mm, cylindrical. concolorous with pileus, white weft at the base, longitudinally fibrillose dry, fistulose. Context brownish. Odor and taste none.
Spores 8-10 x 6-8 µm, 5-6-angled. Basidia 30-35 x 10 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia absent. Cuticle a palisade of erect or suberect, cylindrical hyphae (8-12 µm diam.), terminal cells sometimes conically tapering, with brown plasmatic pigment.
On soil in forests (under Metrosideros umbellata, Nothofagus spp.). New Zealand.
Pileo 15-30 mm lato, ex convexo depresso-plano vel subumbilicato, brunneo, velutino, striato, hygrophano, sicco. Lamellis late adnatis aut subdecurrentibus, argillaceis deinde roseis acie alba fimbriataque instructis. Stipite 35-60 x 2-4 mm, cylindraceo, pileo concolori fibrilloso, sicco, fistuloso. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 8-10 x 6-8 µm, 5-6-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cheilocystidiis 30-85 x 10-20 µm, clavatis, tenui-tunicatis, hyalinis. Epicute ex hyphis suberectis trichodermium formantibus, pigmento brunneo et plasmatico instructis. Septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
Like E. cavipes Hk. this species superficially resembles a species of the genus Tephrocybe Donk.
Holotypus (PDD 270s7) 'Kaihoka Reserve, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 10.V.1968'.
Entoloma decolorans E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27049); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/167): 'Ahaura, Ngahere, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 15.III.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/145 (PDD 27047): 'S of Lake Hochstetter, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 12.III.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 697169: 'Track to Mt. Luxmore, Lake Te Anau, Fjordland N.P., N.Z.; leg. Horak, 26.III.1969'
Pileus 6-20 mm diam., hemispherical or convex when young becoming depressed or umbilicate at the centre, margin incurved, deep blue, covered by black or concolorous squamules or fibrils, dry, not striate. Lamellae (L 8-15, 1 1-3) adnexed or adnate, sometimes subdecurrent with short tooth, whitish at first, turning pink, gill edge concolorous and not fimbriate. Stipe 20-50 x 1-3 mm, cylindrical, slender, blue, with white weft of mycelium at the base, glabrous, dry, fistulose. Context blue underneath the cuticle. Odor and taste not distinctive or slightly farinaceous only.
Spores 9-11.5 x 6.5-8 µm, 5-6-sided. Basidia 25-30 x 10 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia consisting of fasciculate chains of cylindrical cells, terminal cells clavate or cylindrical (15-75 x 6-10 µm), pigment absent. Pleuro- and caulocystidia absent. Cuticle a cutis of suberect, fasciculate, cylindrical hyphae (4-10 µm diam.), membrane thin-walled, not gelatinized, with grey, plasmatic pigment. Clamp connections absent.
On soil in forests (under Nothofagus spp., Podocarpus spp., Dacrydium cupressinum). New Zealand.
Pileo 6-20 mm lato, hemisphaerico deinde umbilicato, coeruleo, squamis vel fibrillis atris instructo, sicco, haud striato. Lamellis ex adnato adnexis, primo isabellinis postea roseis, acie concolori integraque instructis. Stipite 20-50 x 1-3 mm, cylindraceo, coeruleo, mycelio albo ad basim obtecto, glabro, sicco, fistuloso. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 9-11 x 6.5-8 µm, 5-6-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeriis. Cheilocystidiis conspicuis, cellulis terminalibus clavatis (15-75 x 6-10 µm), haud coloratis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis et suberectis cutem formantibus, pigmento griseo plasmaticoque instructis. Septis defibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
Holotypus (PDD 27049): ‘Ahaura, Ngahere, N.Z; leg. Horak, 15.III.1968'.
Entoloma farinolens E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27011); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/576): 'Lake Waikaremoana, Tawa Track, Urewera N.P., N.Z.; leg. Horak, 23.VI.1968'.
Pileus 10-25 mm diam., convex or umbonate, but umbo always indistinct, margin incurved in young carpophores, dry, radially fibrillose, strongly striate, hygrophanous, dark brown. Lamellae (L 10-14, l 3-7) broadly adnate or uncinate; dark beige, finally pink, gill edge concolorous, sometimes wavy. Stipe -20 x -1.5 mm, frequently excentrically inserted, cylindrical, swollen at the base, curved, glabrous or slightly fibrillose, fistulose, solitary. Context brownish, thin. Odor and taste farinaceous.
Spores 8.5-10 x 6-8 µm, 5-angled, but also 4-sided. Basidia 30-35 x 10-11 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 35-50 x 8-10 µm, irregularly fusoid or clavate, thinwalled, without pigment. Pleurocystidia none. Cuticle a cutis of repent, cylindrical hyphae (10-15 µm diam.), membrane thin-walled, encrusted by brown pigment. Clamp connections absent.
On rotten tree-fern (Dicksonia fibrosa). New Zealand.
Pileo 10-25 mm lato, convexo vel subumbonato, sicco, perstriato, radialiter fibrilloso, brunneo. Lamellis ex adnato uncinatis, acie concolori instructis, griseobrunneis. Stipite -20 x –1.5 mm, saepe excentrico, cylindrico, curvato, ad basim subclavato, fistuloso. Odore saporeque farinaceo. Sporis 8.5-10 x 6-8 µm, 5-angulatis, raro 4 angulatis. sasidiis 4 sporigeris. Cheilocystidiis 35-50 x 8-10 µm, irregulariter clavatis vel fusoideis, haud coloratis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis cutem formantibus, pigmento brunneo incrustatis, haud fibuligeris. Ad truncos putridos Dicksoniae fibrosse. Novazelandia.
The closest affinity is with E. sordidulum Hk., which differs however, in its smaller pileus and concave pileus, lack of cheilocystidia and more distinctive, 4-sided spores.
Holotypus (PDD 27011): 'Lake Waikaremoana, Urewera N.P., N.Z.; leg. Horak, 23.VI.1968'.
Entoloma flavum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27045); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/512): 'Pukekura Park, New Plymouth, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 10.VI.1968'.
Pileus 3-7 mm diam., obtusely convex becoming plane at the centre and subumbilicate, striate near the margin, not recurved, deep yellow, glabrous, dry, hygrophanous. Lamellae (L 8-12,13) broadly adnate to subdecurrent, yellow when young, turning yellowish-pink, gill edge concolorous, not fimbriate. Stipe 12-25 x 1 mm, cylindrical, slender, deep yellow, glabrous, dry, stuffed-hollow, solitary. Context yellow. Odor and taste not distinctive.
Spores 8.5-10 x 6-7 µm, 5-6-angled. Basidia 26-35 x 9 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 25-50 x 7-9 µm, formed by cylindrical or clavate cells with thin-walled membrane, sometimes encrusted by pigment, sterile zone at gill edge not conspicuous. Pleuro- and caulocystidia absent. Cuticle a cutis of repent, cylindrical hyphae (8-12 µm diam.), membrane not gelatinized, encrusted by yellowish pigment. Clamp connections lacking.
On soil under shrubs in forests. New Zealand.
Pileo 3-7 mm lato, ex pulvinato depresso-plano, subumbilicato, flavo, glabro, sicco, striato, hygrophano. Lamellis late adnatis vel subdecurrentibus, flavis dein flavo-roseis, acie integra instructis. Stipite 12-25 x 1 mm, cylindraceo, tereti, pileo concolori, glabro, sicco, fistuloso. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 8.5-10 x 6-7 µm, 5-6-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cheilocystidiis 25-50 x 7-9 µm, clavato-cylindraceis, hyalinis, inconspicuis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis repentibusque cutem formantibus, pigmento flavido membranis incrustatis. Septis defibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
The small, slender fruitbodies and large spores readily separate this species from E. sulphureum Hk. Neither has green or olive colours and they are thus even macroscopically distinguishable from E. chloroxanthum Stev., which is rather common, whereas the two other species are rare.
Holotypus (PDD 27045J: 'New Plymouth, N.Z.: leg. Horak, 10.VI.1965'.
Entoloma fragile E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27041); Isotype (Herb. Horak 68/368): 'Pakawau Creek N of Collingwood, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 7.V.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 69/147: 'Xmas Village, Stewart Island, N.Z; leg. Horak, 17.III.1969'.
Pileus 6-12 mm diam., convex at first becoming umbonate or campanulate, later also plane and sometimes subdepressed at centre, brown to beige, drying colours fading, glabrous or slightly fibrillose, striate, hygrophanous, dry. Lamellae (L 6-10, 1 3), adnexed, ventricose, whitish or beige turning pink, gill edge concolorous. Stipe 10-15 x 1-1.5 mm, cylindrical, coloured like pileus, glabrous, dry, fistulose, fragile. Odor and taste not distinctive.
Spores 6-7.5 x 5-6 µm, 5-angled. Basidia 25-36 x 8 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle a cutis of repent, cylindrical hyphae (8-12-18 µm diam.), membrane hyaline, thin-walled and encrusted by brown pigment. Clamp connections abundant.
On rotten debris ( of tree-fern,) or wood (of Dacrydium cupressinum). New Zealand.
Pileo 6-12 mm lato, ex convexo umbonato, aetate plano, usque ad subdepresso, brunneo siccitate pallidiori, glabro, striato, sicco. Lamellis adnato-emarginatis, brunneolis postea roseis, acie integra instructis. Stipite 10-15 x 1-1.5 mm, cylindraceo, pileo concolori, levi, sicco, fragili, fistuloso. Odore saporeque haud distincto. Sporis 6-7.5 x 5-6 µm, 5-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis cutem formantibus, membrana hyalina pigmento brunneo incrustatis. Septis fibulatis. Ad detritum et lignum putridum. Novezelandia.
The small, fragile carpophores and the small 5-angled spores characterise E. fragile. Macroscopically it greatly resembles E. melleum Hk., but the spores of that fungus are considerably larger (8-10 x 6-7 µm).
Holotypus (PDD 27041): 'Collingwood, N.Z.: leg. Horak, 7.V. 1968'.
Entoloma gelatinosum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27028); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/243): 'Track from Taylorville to Mt. Sewell, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 1.IV.1968'.
Pileus 30-50 mm diam., convex at first becoming plano-convex or broadly umbonate, brown, pinkish towards the substriate margin, with lilac tints all over, distinctly gelatinous, cuticle cartilaginous, glabrous. Lamellae adnexed, ventricose, densely crowded, whitish at first turning pink, with concolorous gill edge. Context lilac-brownish in pileus, whitish in stipe. Odor and taste not distinctive.
Spores 8-9 x 6.5-7.5 µm, 6-sided. Basidia 45-60 x 11 µm, 4-spored. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia none. Cuticle a palisade consisting of erect, fasciculate, cylindrical hyphae (6-10 µm diam.), terminal cells fusoid or tapering towards the tips, with brownish plasmatic pigment, membrane thin-walled, strongly gelatinized. Clamp connections present.
On soil among litter in forests (under Nothofagus spp., Dacrydium cupressinum, Quintinia, Coprosma, etc.). New Zealand.
Pileo 30-50 mm lato, e convexo late umbonato, brunneo, reflexo lilacino tinctu, gelatinoso, cuticula cartilaginea instructo, glabro, vix striato. Lamellis adnatis, ventricosis, primo albidis dein roseis, acie concolori instructis. Stipite 3-50 x 8-10 mm, cylindraceo, basim versus attenuato, albidulo fibrillis lilacinis instructo, sicco, cavo. Odore saproque nullo. Sporis -9 x 6.5-7.5 µm, 6-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Epicute ex hyphis erectis, gelatinosis, fasiculatis palisadam formantibus, pigmento brunneo et plasmatico instructis. Hyphis fibuligeris. Ad terram in silvis Novazelandia.
The gelatinous pileus, the palisadic structure of the cuticle and the robust habit of the fruit-bodies are distinctive features of E. gelatinosum.
Holotypus (PDD 27029): 'Mt. Sewell, Taylorville, N.Z.; leg. Horak, l.IV.1968'.
Entoloma gracile G. Stev. 1962
Holotype (K): 'Rotoiti, prov. Nelson, N.Z; leg. Stevenson 998, 6.VI.1955'.
'Pileus 5-6 mm diam., planoconvex, pinkish grey, darker at centre, silky fibrillose. Gills sinuately adnexed, moderately distant, pink. Stipe 50 x 1 mm, slate blue, pale yellow to white at base, silky, smooth' (description according to Stevenson 1962: l.c.).
Spores 6.5-7.5 x 6-7 µm, subglobose, 5-6-sided. Basidia 30-35 x 8-10 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia not observed. Structure of cuticle unknown.
On soil in Nothofagus solandri-forest. New Zealand.
 Stevenson 1962: l.c.
The description of the microscopical characters is based on a study of the type. Because of the fragmentary condition of the authentic material the presence of cystidia and the structure of the cuticle could not be demonstrated. Finally it seems that the measurements given for this fungus do not correspond with those to be deduced from the figures (see original diagnosis, Stevenson 1962).
The taxonomic position and the relationships of E. gracile cannot yet be worked out but the known characters suggest the species is near E. haastii Stev.
Entoloma haastii G. Stev. 1962
Holotype (K): 'Dun Mt. Track, Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson 509, 25.1V.1949'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/290: 'Kowai River, Mt. Grey, prov. Canterbury, N.Z; leg. Horak, 21.IV.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/378: 'St. Arnaud Range, Lake Rotoiti, prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 5.V.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 69/140: 'Track from Xmas Village to Mt. Anglem, Stewart Island, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 15.III.1969'. - Herb. HK. ZT 69/174 (PDD 27020): 'Track to Mt. Luxmore, Lake Te Anau, Fjordland N.P., N.Z; leg. Horak, 26.III.1969'.
Pileus 15-55 mm diam., conical later becoming distinctly umbonate, gibbous or campanulate, in aged carpophores margin also upturned, dark brown or soot-brown but always showing a more or less blue tinge, dry, covered by radially arranged wrinkles or veins, neither striate nor hygrophanous. Lamellae (L 16-22, l 3(-7), adnexed to subfree, grey-bluish becoming pink, gill edge straight or subserrate, concolorous. Stipe 40-100 x 3-10 mm, fusoid, bulbous-rooting or clavate, apically deep blue fading towards the whitish or ochraceous base, strongly fibrillose, dry, hollow, fragile, often twisted. Context blue in pileus and upper parts of stipe, whitish or yellowish at the base. Taste and odor strongly acidulous.
Spores 7-9 x 6.5-8 µm, subglobose, with 5-7 blunt angles. Basidia 30-35 x 10 µm, 4-spored. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia none. Cuticle a trichoderm observed on not weathered specimens, or a cutis with suberect to cylindrical hyphae (5-12 µm diam.), terminal cells fusoid, membrane thin-walled, not gelatinized, with blue-brownish, plasmatic pigment. Clamp connections present.
On soil among litter in forests (mainly under Nothofagus spp., rarely under Leptospermum spp., Dacrydium or Podocarpus spp.). New Zealand.
Stevenson 1962: l.c.
This species is quite common in the forests of New Zealand and its altitudinal range is from the coast to the timber line.
As Stevenson (1962: l.c.) already indicates E. haastii is closely related to the European E. nitidum Quelet and E. madidum (Fr.) and resembles also another undescribed species from the Patagonian forests in South America. A thorough study of all members of this group is necessary to define these different taxa clearly.
Entoloma hochstetteri (Reichardt) G. Stev. 1962
Holotype lost. - Herb. Stevenson (K): 'Levin, N.Z.; leg. Parsons, 26.VI.1948'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/73 (PDD 27010): 'Kopara, Haupiri River, prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 9.III.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/122: 'Between Kumara and Mitchells, Lake Brunner, prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 9.iii.1968.
Pileus 15-50 mm diam., conical to sharply umbonate, edge inturned (even in aged carpophores), light blue turning greenish blue and finally ochraceous coloured near the apex, hygrophanous, striate towards the margin, dry, appressed fibrillose. Lamellae adnexed or subfree, bluish when young, becoming bluish-reddish brown to pink brown, moderately crowded, gill edge concolorous, even or irregularly scalloped. Stipe 50-100(-150) x 3-5 mm, cylindrical, equal or attenuated upwards, concolorous with pileus, fading to brownish, whitish at the base, dry, fistulose, fragile, fibrillose, frequently twisted. Context bluish or bluish-greenish (especially at the base). Odor and taste indistinct. Chem. reactions: on pileus: KOH - light reddish-brown; HCl yellowish; NH3- negative.
Spore print purplish or deep red-brown. Spores 11-15 x 11-14 µm, cuboid. basidia 40-60 x 15-20 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 40-60 x 8-14 µm, fusoid, with long tapering and apically rounded neck, membrane thin-walled. pleurocystidia none. Cuticle a cutis composed of repent or slightly suberect, cylindrical hyphae (5-13 µm diam.), terminal cells rounded, membrane thinwalled, with indistinct plasmatic pigment. Clamp connections present.
Among litter and moss on soil particularly in broad-leaved forests and Podocarpus-forests, rarely occurring in Nothofagus-bush. New Zealand.
Berkeley 1867 (in sched., K); Reichardt 1870; Stevenson 1962: 1.c.
This fungus is common in the lowland-forests of New Zealand, especially on the western side of the three islands. The pale blue or greenish colours of this beautiful Entoloma attracted the interest of all collectors (Haast, Hochstetter, Colenso, Berggren) since the very beginning of botanical investigations in this country (see Stevenson 1962: I.c.). So it is not surprising that the species was subsequently described several times (see list of synonyms).
According to our present knowledge, the closest relatives of E. hochstetteri occur in Japan (Imazeki & Hongo 1962) and North America (Hesler 1967).
Entoloma mariae G. Stev. 1962
Holotype (K): 'Muritae Park, N.Z.; leg. Taylor, 29.III.1958'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/147 (PDD 2705S): 'S of Lake Hochstetter, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 12.III.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/551: 'Timaru Stream, Pouakai Range, Mt. Egmont N.P., N.Z; leg. Horak, 16.VI.1968'.
Pileus 10-30 mm diam., hemispherical at first, becoming convex and later
plane and subumbilicate, brown to beige, aged carpophores often fading, velvety or covered by small squamules, especially at the centre, with conspicuous darker striae, hygrophanous, dry. Lamellae (L 10-16, 1 3), broadly adnexed to subdecurrent, grey or beige brown turning pink, with white, fimbriate gill edge. Stipe 20-50 x 1-3(5) mm, cylindrical, sometimes swollen at the base, grey or light brown, conspicuously pruinose above, white at the base, occasionally with rhizoids, dry, fistulose. Context brownish. Taste and odor none or slightly farinaceous.
Spores 9-11 x 7-8.5 µm, 5-6-angled. Basidia 30-45 x 8-10 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 35-100 x 10-22 µm, ventricose with long, subcapitate neck, or lageniform, hyaline, membrane thin-walled. Caulocystidia like cheilocystidia. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle a cutis of repent or suberect, cylindrical hyphae (10-20 µm diam.), membrane not gelatinized, thin-walled, with brown, plasmatic pigment. Clamp connections absent.
On soil in forests (under Dacrydium cupressinum, Beilschmiedia tawa, Weinmannia racemosa, Quintinia spp., etc.). New Zealand.
Stevenson 1962: l.c.
Our two collections agree in general appearance and in the microscopical characters with the type material of E. mariae. This species is defined by the pruinose stipe, dull brown colours and the fusoid-subcapitate cheilocystidia.
Entoloma melanocephalum G. Stev. 1962
Holotype (K): 'Keith George Park, Wellington, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson 597, 30.V.1949'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/181 (PDD 27050): 'Ahaura, Ngahere, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 18.III.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/236: 'Track from Taylorville to Mt. Sewell, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 31.III.1968'.
Pileus 20-50 mm diam., convex or campanulate with distinct umbilicus or at least depression at the centre, margin incurved and striate, dark brown-blue or black-blue, velvety or finely squamulose all over, dry, not hygrophanous. Lamellae (L 12-20, 1-7), emarginate and slightly decurrent with short tooth, greenish-bluish when young, turning pinkish-blue or pinkish-brown, gill edge fimbriate and blue coloured. Stipe 25-55 x 2-4 mm, cylindrical or attenuated upwards, curved, sometimes eccentric, blue or greenish-blue at the apex, bluish-green or bluish-olive towards the base which is often covered with the white weft of mycelium, dry, stuffed or fistulose, glabrous. Context blue, greenish-blue at the base. Chem. reactions: HCl on pileus - lilac, KOH - negative. Odor and taste not distinctive.
Spores 9.5-11 x 6.5-8.5 µm. 5-6-angled. Basidia 32-50 x 10-12 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 35-80 x 7-18 µm, clavate or cylindrical, thin-walled, with bluish plasmatic pigment, dense clusters forming the sterile zone at the gill edge. Pleuro- and caulocystidia none. Cuticle a trichoderm of suberect or erect, clavate hyphae (terminal cells 35-80  x 15-20 µm), apically rounded membrane thin-walled, not gelatinized, with blue plasmatic pigment. Clamp connections absent.
On soil (under Beilschmidia tawa, Nothofagus spp., Podocarpus spp.) or on rotten wood or debris (of Nothofagus spp. and Dicksonia spp.). New Zealand
Stevenson 1962: 1.c.
This species is characterized by its green-blue stipe (the colour may fade in aged specimens but is still recognisable in the context of the stipe), the blue coloured gill edge and the large spores.
Entoloma melleum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27025); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 69/129): 'X-mas Village, Stewart Island, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 13.III.1969'.
Pileus 5-10 mm diam., hemispherical becoming convex to plane, without umbo or central depression, whitish or light beige with faint yellow tinge, innately fibrillose, strongly striate, hygrophanous, dry. Lamellae (L 8-12, l -3) adnexed, whitish turning pink, with concolorous, even gill edge. Stipe 6-15 x 1 mm, cylindrical, central, coloured like pileus, densely covered by concolorous, silky fibrils, dry, solitary. Context beige. Odor and taste not distinctive.
Spores 8-10 x 6-7 µm, 5-6-sided. Basidia 35-40 x 10 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia none. Cuticle a cutis consisting of repent, cylindrical hyphae (8-14 µm diam.) with brown, vacuolar or plasmatic pigment, membrane of hyphae thin-walled, not gelatinized. Clamp connections present.
On rotten wood of Dacrydium cupressinum. New Zealand.
Pileo 5-10 mm lato, convexo ex albido sordide isabellino, innato-fibrilloso, sicco. Lamellis adnexis, albis postea roseis, acie concolori instructis. Stipite 6-15 x 1 mm, cylindraceo, pileo concolori, fibrilloso, pleno. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 6-10 x 6-7 µm, 5-6-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis cutem formantibus, pigmento brunneo plasmatico vel vacuolato instructis. Septis fibuligeris. Ad lignum putridissimum Dacrydium cupressini. Novazelandia.
This species is well characterized by the size and shape of the pileus and fruit-bodies and is thereby quite distinguished from the two other, above-mentioned wood-inhabiting species of Entoloma.
Holotypus (PDD 27025): 'Xmas Village, Stewart Island, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 13.III.1969'.
Entoloma niveum G. Stev. 1962
Holotype (K): 'Johnson's Hill, Wellington, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson 642, 12.VI.1949'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/124 (PDD 27023): 'Nelson Creek, Kopara, Ngahere, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak. 10.111.1968'. Herb. HK. ZT 69/30: ‘Matakitaki, S of Murchison, Prov. Nelson, N.Z., leg. Horak, 28.1.1969'.
Pileus 10-30 mm diam., hemispherical or convex at first, becoming conical, aged carpophores mostly plane with pronounced papilla at the centre, white turning pink or pink-beige, very densely covered by radial, white fibrils, forming a felt-like weft or sometimes also with fine squamules, membranous, striate near the margin, dry. Lamellae (L 8-14, l 3) adnate to adnexed, occasionally emarginate, white becoming deep pink, gill edge white and fimbriate. Stipe 10-40 x 1-3 mm, cylindrical, often bent, white or hyaline, densely covered by white, silky fibrils, apically also pruinose (in young specimens), dry, hollow, fragile. Context white. Taste and odor strongly farinaceous.
Spores 8-10 x 6-8.5 µm, 5-sided. Basidia 30-35 x 8-10 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 35-60 x 7-12 µm, capitate-fusoid, sometimes even lecythiform, often irregularly constricted, membrane thin-walled and hyaline. Pleuro- and caulocystidia none. Cuticle a cutis of repent, cylindrical hyphae (6-9 µm diam.), membrane not gelatinized, pigment lacking or encrusting. Clamp connections absent, or very scanty.
On rotten wood or sawdust of Nothofagus spp., Dacrydium cupressinum or Podocarpus spp. New Zealand.
 Stevenson 1962: 1.c.
E. niveum is closely related to E. albidum Hesler which differs in several minor characters only. According to Hesler the North American species does not grow on rotten wood but on soil.
The relationship of E. niveum with E. pluteoides Hk. is obvious but the two species can be easily separated by the following characters: colour and structure of the cuticle, attachment of the lamellae, presence or absence of cystidia and localization of the pigment.
Entoloma nothofagi G. Stev. 1962
Holotype (K): 'Fringed Hill, Nelson; leg. Stevenson 1118, 3.V.1956'. - Herb. HK. ZT 69/130 (PDD 27013): 'Christmas-Village, Stewart Island, N.Z; leg. Horak, 13.111.1969'. - Holotype of Entoloma botanicum Stev. (K): 'Catchpole, Wellington, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson and Well. Bot. Soc.. 3.V.1958'.
Pileus 20-40 mm diam., conical or broadly convex-umbonate, margin incurved, conspicuously fibrillose, aged carpophores wrinkled or grooved (at least at the centre), dry, margin not striate, deep brown or fuscous. Lamellae adnexed or free, brownish when young, becoming deep pink-brown, gill edge concolorous, moderately crowded. Stipe 30-50 x 3-5 mm, cylindrical or attenuated upwards, dry, greybrown, densely covered by brownish fibrils, white (from mycelium) at the base, fragile, hollow, sometimes twisted. Context brownish. Odor and taste farinaceous or like cucumber.
Spores 10-12 x 9-11.5 µm, quadrate or rhomboid, with pronounced edges. Basidia 30-40 x 10-12 µm, 4-spored. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia none. Cuticle a cutis of repent or suberect, cylindrical hyphae (8-18 µm diam.), membrane thin-walled, not gelatinized, with brown plasmatic or vacuolar pigment. Clamp connections absent.
On soil under Nothofagus spp., rarely under Dacrydium-podocarpus. New Zealand.
Stevenson 1962: 1.c.
The deep brown pileus (covered by conspicuous wrinkles), the free lamellae and the rhomboid spores characterize E. nothofagi. The species grows not only under Nothofagus spp. but also in broad-leaved- and podocarpus-forests miles from the nearest stand of Nothofagus (Stewart Island).
According to its macro- and microscopical characters (see also original descriptions) E. botanicum Stev. has to be regarded as a synonym of E. nothofagi. In the field E. nothofagi can readily be confused with E. procerum Stev. but the latter species has large cheilocystidia and cuboid-tetrahedral spores.
Entoloma parsonsiae G. Stev. 1962
Holotype (K): 'Ettrick, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson-Cone 894, 16.V.1963'. Herb. HK. ZT 67/170 (PDD 27032): 'Lake Rotoiti, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 24.X.1967'.
Pileus 10-25 mm diam., hemispherical to convex, without umbo, brown fading to fawn aged carpophores slightly blackening, radially fibrillose, or silky squamulose near the centre, substriate towards the margin, dry, hygrophanous. Lamellae (L 12-20, 1 -3), adnexed to subfree, whitish or fawn becoming pink, with concolorous, even gill edge. Stipe 20-50(-90) x 2-5 mm, cylindrical, frequ. attenuated upwards, concolorous with pileus, whitish at the base, silky-fibrillose, dry, hollow, brittle, twisted. Odor and taste not distinctive.
Spores 10-12 x 6.5-9.5 µm, 5-sided. Basidia 40-64 x 10-12 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia none. Cuticle a cutis of repent, cylindrical hyphae (5-12 µm  diam.), with brown plasmatic pigment, membrane thin-walled, not gelatinized. Clamp connections absent
On soil in forests (under Pinus spp., Nothofagus spp., Leptospermum spp.). New Zealand.
Stevenson 1962: 1.c.
Entoloma peralbidum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27043); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/521): 'Pukekura Park, New Plymouth, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 10.VI.1968'.
Pileus 10-40 mm diam., umbilicate, margin always inrolled, never up-turned, pure white when young later becoming pinkish, innately fibrillose, occ. tomentose at the centre, dry, striate near the margin. Lamellae broadly adnate or decurrent, sinuate, white, turning deep pink, gill edge white, fimbriate, densely crowded. Stipe 25-50 x 3-4 mm, cylindrical, occasionally eccentric, white waxy or yellowish when aged, dry, glabrous, but densely covered by a white weft near the base, fistulose. Context white. Odor and taste acidulous.
Spores 9-11 x 6-7.5 µm, 6-angled. Basidia 35-40 x 10 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 40-80 x 12-18 µm, articulated, terminal cells clavate or lageniform, membrane thin-walled, hyaline, pigment absent. Pleuro- and caulocystidia none. Cuticle a cutis of repent cylindrical, pigmentless hyphae (6-12 µm diam.), membrane thill-walled, and not gelatinized. Clamp-connections present.
On soil in forest or under shrubs. New Zealand.
Pileo 10-40 mm lato, umbilicato, marginem incurvo, albo aetate roseolo, glabro, haud striato, sicco. Lamellis adnato-decurrentibus, sinuatis, primo albis dein perroseis, acie fimbriata albaque instructis. Stipite 25-50 x 2-4 mm, cylindraceo, albo, glabro, saepe ad basim mycelio albo dense obtecto, sicco, fistuloso. Odore saporeque acidulo. Sporis 9-11 x 6-7.5 µm, 6-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cheilocystidiis 40-80 x 12-18 µm, clavatis vel lageniformibus, hyalinis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis cutem formantibus, pigmento nullo instructis. Septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
According to the descriptions E. peralbidum is related to E. albidum Murrill and E. murrillii Hesler, both native in North America. The species from New Zealand, however, is distinguished by its more robust habit, conspicuous cheilocystidia and presence of clamp connections.
Holotypus (PDD 27043): 'New Plymouth, N.Z.; leg. Horak' 10.VI.1968'.
Entoloma perplexum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27058); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/213): 'Ikamatua, N of Totara Flat, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 22.III.1968'.
Pileus 5-10 mm diam., at first convex becoming plane, centre slightly depressed, brownish-grey or beige, colours fading on drying, dry, velvety, neither hygrophanous nor striate, membranous. Lamellae (L 8-10, l 3) broadly adnate, beige when young turning pinkish-beige, with concolorous, even gill edge. Stipe 10-15 x 1-1.5 mm, cylindrical, coloured like pileus, glabrous, dry, fistulose. Context brownish. Odor and taste subfarinaceous.
Spores 10-13 x 7-9 µm, 5-6-angled. Basidia 30-35 x 12-15 µm, normally 4-spored, occasionally 2-spored. Cheilocystidia 30-50 x 10-20 µm, lageniform or ventricose with subcapitate neck, membrane hyaline, pigment absent. Pleuro- and caulocystidia absent. Cuticle a palisade of erect, short cylindrical hyphae, terminal cells clavate (8-12 µm diam.), frequently, thin-walled, not gelatinized, with brown plasmatic pigment. Clamp connections lacking.
soil in forests (under Nothofagus spp., Dacrydium cupressinum). New Zealand.
Pileo 5-10 mm lato, convexo vel plano subdepresso, marginem incurvo, pallide brunneo, velutino, sicco, striato, hygrophano. Lamellis late adnatis, ex argillaceo roseis, acie integra instructis. Stipite 10-15 x 1-1.5 mm, cylindraceo, pileo concolori, sicco, glabro, fistuloso. Odore saporeque subfarinaceo. Sporis 10-13 x 7-9 µm, 5-6-angulatis. Basidiis 4(2-)-sporigeris. Cheilocystidiis 30-50 x 10-20 µm, lageniformibus vel ampullaceo-subcapitatis, hyalinis. Epicute ex hyphis erectis palisadam formantibus, cellulis terminalibus clavatis aut ventricosis, 8-12 µm diam., pigmento brunneo plasmatico impletis. Septis defibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
This species is closely related to E. mariae Stev. but its fruiting bodies are much smaller. From the microscopical point of view the spores of E. perplexum are larger and the structure of the cuticle is quite different from that of the before mentioned species.
Holotypus (PDD 27058): 'Ikamatua, Totara Flat, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 22.III.1968'
Entoloma perzonatum E. Horak 1973
holotype (PDD 27035); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 69/215): 'Te Anau, Prov. Southland, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 3.IV.1969'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/269: 'Valley of Thompson River, Waimakariri Catchment, Prov. Canterbury, N.Z.; leg. Baker, 26.III.1968'.
Pileus 20-35 mm diam., persistently conical, always with sharp papilla, dark brown, fading to beige, conspicuously zonate, lighter and darker zones alternating, strongly fibrillose, dry, hygrophanous, estriate. Lamellae free or adnexed, at first dark beige turning pink-brown, gill edge concolorous, even or scalloped, densely crowded. Stipe 50-75 x 2-4 mm, cylindrical, concolorous or lighter than the pileus, strongly fibrillose, dry, hollow, very brittle. Odor and taste not distinctive.
Spores 9.5-11 x 7-8 µm, 6-angled. Basidia 35-45 x 12-13µm, 4-spored. Cystidia none. Cuticle a cutis of repent or suberect, short cylindrical hyphae (6-20 µm diam.), membrane thin-walled, hyaline, with brown plasmatic or vacuolar pigment. Clamp connections absent.
Between grasses in riverbeds, paddocks, etc. New Zealand.
Pileo 20-35 mm lato, persistenter conico, obscure brunneo, concentrice zonato, fibrilloso, sicco, hygrophano. Lamellae ex adnato liberis, argillaceis dein brunneo-roseis, acie integra instructis. Stipite 50-75 x 2-4 mm, cylindraceo, brunneolo, dense fibrilloso, sicco, fistuloso, fragili Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 9.5-11 x 7-8 µm, 6-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis cutem formantibus, pigmento brunneo et plasmatico instructis. Septis defibulatis. In pratis, locis apricis. Novazelandia.
This species is characterised by its conical pileus and the conspicuous concentric zones which remain also visible in dried material.
holotype (PDD 27035): 'Te Anau, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 3.IV.1969'.
Entoloma phaeomarginatum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27052);Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 69/163: 'Ulva Island, Paterson Inlet, Stewart Island, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 23.III.1969'.
Pileus 10-30 mm diam., convex to pulvinate or expanded and depressed-umbilicate at the centre, margin estriate and incurved, dark brown , densely covered by concolorous or fuliginous small squamules, especially around the umbilicus, dry, not hygrophanous. Lamellae (L 10-14, 1 -15), adnexed or adnate, not decurrent with a tooth, grey when young becoming pinkish beige, with fimbriate, brown gill edge. Stipe 10-25 x 1.5-3 mm, cylindrical, grey-beige to light brown, white towards the base, densely fibrillose, dry, fistulose, single. Context brownish. Odor and taste none.
Spores 8.5-11 x 6-7.5 µm, 5-6-angled. Basidia 30-35 x 9-11 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia forming dense clusters at the edge, consisting of fasciculate hyphae, with clavate terminal cells 25-45 x 7-11 µm), membrane thin-walled, with brown, plasmatic pigment. Pleuro- and caulocystidia absent. Cuticle a palisade of erect, short, cylindrical hyphae, terminal cells (20-40 x 6-10 µm), clavate, with brown plasmatic pigment. Clamp connections lacking.
On rotten trunk of Dicksonia squarrosa. New Zealand.
Pileo 10-30 mm lato, e convexo plano-depresso, subumbilicato, brunneo, fibrillis fuligineis obtecto, sicco, neque striato neque hygrophano. Lamellis adnato-adnexis, griseis dein roseis, acie fimbriata brunnea instructis. Stipite 1-25 x 1.5-3 mm, cylindraceo, brunneolo, fibrillis concoloribus instructo, sicco, fistuloso. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 8.5-11 x 6-7.5 µm, 5-6-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeriis. Cheilocystidiis fasciculatis (25-45 x 7-11 µm), pigmento brunneo et plasmatico impletis. Septis defibulatis. Ad detritum Dicksoniae squarrosae. Novazelandia.
Holotypus (PDD 27052): 'Ulva Island, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 23.III.1969'.
Entoloma pluteoides E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27024); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 67/215): 'Springs Junction, Lewis Pass, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 5.XII.1967'.
Pileus 15-45 mm diam., papillate or convex with pronounced umbo, aged carpophores occasionally depressed at the centre, beige to dark brown, glabrous when young but becoming slightly wrinkled, strongly striate, hygrophanous, dry. Lamellae free, densely crowded (l 3-7), pink, gill edge concolorous and not fimbriate. Stipe 25-50 x 2 mm, cylindrical, often curved, central, light brownish and densely covered by white, silky fibrils, dry, fistulose, fragile, occasionally twisted. Context watery, brownish. Taste and odor farinaceous.
Spores 10-11 x 6.5-7.5 µm, 5-sided. Basidia 26-44 x 11-13 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia none. Cuticle a cutis or trichoderm of short, cylindrical hyphae (7-20 µm diam.), membrane thin-walled, not gelatinized, with plasmatic, brown pigment. Clamp connections absent.
On rotten wood of Nothofagus fusca. New Zealand.
Pileo 15-45 mm lato, conico vel papillato, ex argillaceo obscure brunneo, subrugoso, striato, hygrophano, sicco. Lamellis liberis, roseis, dense confertis, acie concolori instructis. Stipite 25-50 x 2 mm, cylindraceo, brunneolo, sericeo-fibrilloso, sicco, fistuloso, fragili Odore saporeque farinaceo. Sporis 10-11 x 6.5-7.5 µm, 5-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute et hyphis cylindraceis cutem vel trichodermium formantibus, pigmento brunneo plasmaticoque instructis. Septis defibulatis. Ad lignum putridissimum Nothofagi fuscae. Novazelandia.
species was observed several times in the beech forests of New Zealand, on rotten wood of Nothofagus fusca only. See also under E. niveum Stev.
Holotypus (PDD 27024): 'Springs Junction, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 5.XII.1967'.
Entoloma porphyrescens E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27027); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 69/167): 'Track to Mt. Luxmore, Lake Te Anau, Fjordland N.P., N.Z.; leg. Horak, 26.III.1969'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/61: 'Lake Rotoiti, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 5.II.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/123: 'Between Mitchells and Kumara, Lake Brunner, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 9.III.1968'.
Pileus 25-65 mm diam., young and old specimens umbonate, dark brown or soot-brown with distinct purplish tints, densely covered by concolorous squamules or scales, dry, neither striate nor hygrophanous, membranous. Lamellae (L 16-30, 1 3(-5)) adnate or emarginate and decurrent with short tooth, whitish-purple at first becoming brown-pink with lilac or purplish tints, gill edge whitish and fimbriate. Stipe 30-70 x 3-6 mm, cylindrical or attenuated upwards, concolorous with pileus, covered with purple, lilac or dark brown fibrils, whitish at the base, dry, fistulose, fragile, frequently twisted. Context lilac, especially in the cortex of the stipe. Odor and taste acidulous.
Spores 7.5-8.5 x 5-6 µm, 5-6-sided. Basidia 35-40 x 8-10 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 30-65 x 8-20 µm, polymorphic, varying between vesiculose, clavate, fusoid or uteriform, occasionally even lecythiform, membrane hyaline, thinwalled. Pleuro- and caulocystidia none. Cuticle a cutis of cylindrical, fasciculate, repent or suberect hyphae (7-15 µm diam.) with brown plasmatic pigment not gelatinized. Clamp connections absent.
On soil among mosses and litter in forests (under Nothofagus spp., Dacrydium cupressinum, Podocarpus spp., Metrosideros umbellata, Leptospermum spp.). New Zealand.
Pileo 25-65 mm lato, umbonato, obscure brunneo vel fuligineo reflexo porphyreo instructo, radialiter squamoso vel squarroso, haud striato, sicco. Lamellis ex adnato emarginatis, brunneo-roseis, primo purpureo vel lilacino tinctu, acie fimbriata albidaque instructis. Stipite 30-70 x 3-6 mm, cylindraceo vel attenuato apicem versus, pileo concolori vel pallidiori, dense fibrillis fuligineis, lilacinis vel purpureis obtecto, ad basim frequ. albido, sicco, fistuloso, fragili. Caro in stipite lilacina. Odore saporeque acidulo. 8poris 7.5-8.5 x 5-6 µm, 5(6)-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cheilocystidiis 30-65 x 8-20 µm, polymorphis (lecythiformibus, clavatis vel uteriformibus), tenui-tunicatis, hyalinis. Pleuro- et caulocystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis cutem vel trichodermium formantibus, pigmento brunneo plasmatico instructis. Septis defibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
This species is distinguished by its purplish or lilac tints, umbonate pileus and spores which are distinctly smaller as those of E. porphyrophaeum (Fr.) a closely related species known from Europe.
Sometimes aged and weathered specimen do not show the lilac colours on the pileus or the lamellae but this striking character may then often still be recognized in the cortex of the stipe.
Holotypus (PDD 27027): 'Mt. Luxmore, Fjordland N.P., N.Z.; leg. Horak, 26.III.1969'.
Entoloma procerum G. Stev. 1962
Holotype (K): 'Wellington, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson 599, 30.V.1949'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/470 (PDD 27014): 'Puponga, N of Collingwood, prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 17.V.1968'. - Holotype of Entoloma inconspicuum Stev. (K): 'Kaingaroa, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson 1260, 12.III.1958'.
Pileus 15-45 mm diam., hemispherical when young becoming convex or campanulate, sometimes with distinct, small umbo or even slightly depressed at the centre, dark brown, covered by radially arranged, ± repent, soot-brown fibrils, margin striate and exceeding gills, dry. Lamellae adnexed to free, moderately crowded, whitish to pale pink, turning pink, with white later brownish, fimbriate edge. Stipe 40-70(-150) x (2) 3-8 mm, cylindrical, white or with soot-brown tinge, at the base often with white weft, fibrillose, dry, hollow, fragile. Context brownish, watery. Odor and taste not distinctive. Chem. reactions: KOH and HCl on pileus - negative.
Spores 10-13 x 8-12 µm, like twinned tetrahedra. Basidia 35-42 x 10-12 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 40-130 x 10-18 µm (terminal cell), cylindrical, often curved near the apex, membrane thin-walled, with brownish, plasmatic pigment. Cuticle a cutis of repent, cylindrical hyphae, membrane thinwalled, not gelatinized, with conspicuous, brown (in KOH) plasmatic or vacuolar pigment. Clamp connections numerous.
On soil in forests of Beilschmiedia tawa, Leptospermum spp. or Pinus. Rarely also observed in woods of Nothofagus spp. New Zealand
Stevenson 1962: 1.c.
E. procerum can be considered as a common fungus in different kind of forests in New Zealand and occurs also in some exotic forests under Pinus and Pseudotsuga (Stevenson 1962: I.c.).All characters of the type collection of E. inconspicuum Stev. correspond in every respect with those of E. procerum. There is no doubt about the synonymy of these two species.
Entoloma rancidulum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27017); Isotype Herb. HK. ZT 69/209): 'Denton River, Te Anau Downs, prov. Southland, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 1.IV.1969'. - Herb. HK. ZT 67/203: 'Kowai River, Mt. Grey, prov. Canterbury, N.Z; leg. Horak, 2.XII.1967'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/183: 'S of Ahaura, Ngahere, prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 18.III.1968'.
Pileus 5-12 mm diam., hemispherical to convex or expanded, umbilicate or at least depressed at the centre, whitish, beige or sometimes light brown, dry, radially fibrillose, striate near the margin, hygrophanous. Lamellae (L 4-8, l 1-(3)), sinuate to subdecurrent, grey or beige when young, becoming beigepink, gill edge concolorous. Stipe 10-20 x 1-1.5 mm, cylindrical or attenuated downwards, concolorous with pileus, with white weft at the base, dry, fibrillose, hollow, often cespitose. Context whitish. Odor and taste strongly farinaceous or rancid.
Spores 10-12.5 x 8-10 µm, subglobose with 5-6 blunt angles, prominent apiculus. Basidia 45-80 x 12 µm, 4-spored (35-50 x 10-11 µm in 2-spored basidia). Cheilo- and pleurocystidia none. Caulocystidia 30-50 x 4-7 µm, fusoid-subcapitate, hyaline. Cuticle a cutis of cylindrical hyphae (5-16 µm diam.), terminal cells sometimes fusoid with rounded neck, membrane thin-walled and not gelatinized, encrusted by brown pigment. Clamp connections present.
On soil among mosses and litter in and along the margin of forests (Nothofagus spp., Leptospermum spp., Podocarpus ferrugineus, Weinmannia racemosa). New Zealand
Pileo 5-12 mm lato, ex hemisphaerico umbilicato, centro concavo, albidulo vel brunneolo, sicco, vix striato, hygrophano, glabro. Lamellis sinuato-decurrentibus, griseo-argillaceis demum roseis, acie concolori instructis. 8tipite 10-20 x 1-1.5 mm, cylindrico vel basim versus attenuato, pileo concolori, fibrilloso, sicco frequenter connato. Odore saporeque farinaceo. Sporis 10-12.5 x 8-10 µm, subgloboso-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris, frequ. 2-sporigeris. Cheilo- et pleurocystidiis nullis. Caulocystidiis inconspicuis, sed praesentibus. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis cutem formantibus, pigmento brunneolo incrustatis, fibuligeris. Ad terram inter muscos in silvis. Novazelandia.
E. rancidulum shows some affinities with E. floridanum (Murrill) Hesler and E. subplanum (peck) Hesler. The carpophores of the New Zealand species, however,are in general smaller and the spores also differ considerably in shape from those of the two North American species.
Holotypus (PDD 27017): 'Denton River, Te Anau Downs, N.Z.; leg. Horak, l.IV.1969'.
Entoloma readiae G. Stev. 1962
Holotype (K): 'Church Valley Road, Wakefield, N.Z.; leg. Read, 17.IV.1956'. - Herb. HK. ZT 69/243 (PDD 27036): 'Harry Creek, Te Anau Bush, Prov. Southland, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 8.IV.1969'.
Pileus 10-25(-40) mm diam., convex becoming campanulate or plane with depressed centre, membranous margin exceeding gills, fawn or brown, finely silky or radially fibrillose, dry, striate, hygrophanous. Lamellae (L 10-14, l 3), adnexed or emarginate, at first brown turning pink-brown, gill edge concolorous, sometimes scalloped. Stipe 20-45 x 1.5-3 mm, cylindrical, concolorous with pileus, white weft near the base, occasionally with strigose mycelium or rhizoids, fibrillose, dry, fistulose, brittle, often in clusters. Context brownish. Odor and taste strongly farinaceous or like cucumber.
Spores 7-9.5 x 5.5-7.5 µm, 5-angled. Basidia 35-40 x 10 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia none. Cuticle a cutis of repent, cylindrical hyphae (4-12 µm diam.), membrane hyaline, thin-walled, not gelatinized, with brown, epimembranous pigment, lactifers present. Clamp connections none.
On soil in forests. (Pinus spp., Nothofagus spp.). New Zealand.
Stevenson 1962: 1.c.
Entoloma rubescentipes E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27040); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 69/134): 'Between Xmas Village and Mt. Anglem, Stewart Island, N.Z; leg. Horak, 14.III.1969'.
Pileus 12-20 mm diam., convex becoming campanulate with plane centre, margin not or slightly striate and incurved, beige or light brown, densely velvety, dry, not hygrophanous. Lamellae adnexed and shortly decurrent with a tooth or emarginate, at first whitish turning beige with pink tints, gill edge concolorous and not fimbriate, moderately crowded. Stipe 20-40 x 1.5-2.5 mm, cylindrical, coloured above like pileus, becoming increasingly orange or reddish below, covered by white fibrils next the base, dry, fistulose, solitary. Context beige in pileus, reddish-orange at the base of the stipe. Odor and taste not distinctive.
Spores 8.5-10 x 6.5-7.5 µm, 5-angled. Basidia 32-40 x 10 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia none. Cuticle a cutis of repent or suberect, cylindrical hyphae (8-16 µm diam.), membrane thin-walled, not gelatinized, with brown, plasmatic pigment. Clamp connections absent.
On soil in forests (under Leptospermum scoparium). New Zealand
Pileo 12-20 mm lato, ex convexo campanulato, centro applanato, marginem incurvo, brunneolo, minute velutino, sicco, vix striato. Lamellis emarginatis, ex albido brunneolo-roseis, acie integra instructis. Stipite 20-40 x 1.5-2.5 mm, cylindraceo, ad apicem pileo rubescens, sicco, fistuloso. Caro brunneola in pileo, aurantiaco vel rubro ad basim stipitis. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 8.5-10 x 6.5-7.5 µm, 5-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis repentibus vel suberectis cutem formantibus, pigmento brunneo plasmatico instructis. Septis defibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Nova-Zealandia.
This species is distinguished by its velvety, obtusely conical pileus and the reddening base of the stipe. It is as yet known only in pure stands of Leptospermum spp. (Myrtaceae)
Holotypus (PDD 27040): 'Mt. Anglem, Stewart Is., N.Z.; leg. Horak, 14.III.1969'.
Entoloma rubromarginatum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27053); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/637): 'Kauaeranga Valley, Coromandel Peninsula, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 5.VIII.968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 69/104: 'Hari Hari, Prov. Westland, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 21.II.1969'.
Pileus 12-25 mm diam., convex to umbilicate, central depression distinct, beige or bluish-grey, densely covered with fuligineous or dark blue squamules, especially around the centre, margin strongly striate, hygrophanous, membranous. Lamellae (L 8-12, 1 3-4) emarginate, with red coloured, fimbriate gill edge. Stipe 20-35 x 1-2 mm, cylindrical, blue, with white weft at the base, smooth, fistulose. Odor and taste not distinctive.
Spores 10-12 x 7-8 µm, 5-6-angled. Basidia 24-30 x 9 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 40-95 x 5-14 µm, clavate, thin-walled membrane, with brown plasmatic pigment. Pleuro- and caulocystidia none. Cuticle a cutis or loose trichoderm of suberect, short, cylindrical hyphae (5-20 µm diam.), terminal cells subclavate, with brown, plasmatic pigment. Clamp connections absent.
On or among litter of tree-fern (Dicksonia spp., Cyathea spp.). New Zealand.
Pileo 12-25 mm lato, e convexo umbilicato, griseocoeruleo vel brunneolo squamulis nigris (coeruleis) obtecto, valde striato, sicco. Lamellis emarginatis, isabellinis dein roseis, acie fimbriata et rubrobrunnea instructis. Stipite 20-35 x 1-2 mm, cylindraceo, coeruleo, mycelio albo ad basim instructo, glabro, sicco, fistuloso. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 10-12 x 7-8 µm, 5-6 angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cheilocystidiis clavatis vel cylindraceo-articulatis (40-95 x 5-14 µm), pigmento brunneo plasmatico instructis. Epicute ex hyphis suberectis cutem formantibus, pigmento brunneo plasmatico impletis. Septis defibulatis. Ad detritum Dicksoniae vel Cyatheae. Novazelandia.
Holotypus (PDD 27053): 'Kauaeranga Valley, Coromandel Peninsula, N.Z.; leg. Horak.5.VII.1968'.
Entoloma sordidulum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27012); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/239J: 'Along the track between Taylorville and Mt. Sewell, prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 31.III.1968'.
Pileus 5-12 mm diam., convex and depressed at the centre, becoming concave or even subumbilicate, radially fibrillose or velvety, hygrophanous, striate at the margin, dry, membranous, whitish or light beige, colour fading in aged carpophores. Lamellae (L 6-10, l 3), adnate to subdecurrent, when young whitish turning deep pink, gill edge concolorous and not fimbriate. Stipe 8-15 x -1 mm, cylindrical, central or sometimes eccentric, curved, with white rhizoids at the base, glabrous, dry, hyaline or beige-brownish, solitary. Context membranous, whitish. Odor and taste farinaceous.
Spores 8-9 x 6-8.5 µm, 4-sided, rarely with 5 obtuse angles. Basidia 25-38 x 10-12 µm, 4-spored. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia none. Cuticle a cutis of repent and densely woven, cylindrical hyphae (6-15 µm diam.), membrane thin-walled, pigment absent. Clamp connections abundant.
On rotten wood. New Zealand.
Pileo 5-12 mm lato, convexo-umbilicato, concavo, radialiter fibrilloso vel sublanato, hygrophano, sicco; marginem versus striato, albidulo vel argillaceo. Lamellis adnato-decurrentibus, albidulis dein perroseis, acie concolori instructis. Stipite 8-15 x -1 mm, cylindraceo, frequenter curvato et subexcentrico, hyalino vel argillaceo-brunneolo, glabro, basim rhizoidibus albis instructo. Odore saporeque farinaceo. Sporis 8-9 x 6-8.5 µm, 4-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis cutem formantibus, haud pigmentatis, fibuligeris. Ad truncos putridos. Novazelandia.
Holotypus (PDD 27012): 'Between Taylorville and Mt. SeweD, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 31.III.1968'.
Entoloma squamiferum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27016); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/565): 'Timaru Stream, Pouakai Range, Mt. Egmont, N.Z; leg. Horak, 18.VI.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/156 (PDD 27059):'Ahaura, Ngahere, prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 15.III.1968'.
Pileus 10-40 mm diam., convex becoming applanate with ± distinct shallow umbilicus at the centre, margin expanded, dark brown (tobacco), densely covered by concolorous squamules or (near the centre) scales, striate towards the margin, dry, hygrophanous. Lamellae (L 10-15, 1 3(7), emarginate adnate, brownish, turning pink-brownish, gill edge concolorous, not fimbriate. Stipe (25) 30-90 x 2-3.5 mm, cylindrical or somewhat attenuated towards the base, whitish-brownish, pruinose (at least apically), stiff, twisted, fragile, dry, fistulose. Context brownish. Odor and taste none or slightly farinaceous.
Spores 10-12 x 10-12 µm, mostly 5-sided, with prominent knobs, complex. Basidia 30-38 x 10-13 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia (and pleurocystidia) 55-120 x 12-25 µm, fusoid or ampullaceous, the distinct mucro apically rounded, membrane thin-walled, hyaline, sometimes coloured by brownish, plasmatic pigment. Caulocystidia 40-85 x 10-20 µm, clavate, hyaline, in clusters. Cuticle a cutis of cylindrical, repent or suberect hyphae (8-17 µm diam.), membrane thin-walled, not gelatinized, with brown, plasmatic pigment. Clamp connections abundant.
On soil among mosses and litter in forests (under Beilschmiedia, Weinmannia, Coprosma, Cyathea, etc.) or on rotten wood (of Nothofagus spp.). New Zealand.
Pileo 10-40 mm lato, convexo, applanato-depresso, subumbilicato, brunneo, fibrillis squamisque concoloribus obtecto, sicco, striato ad marginem. Lamellis emarginatis, brunneo-roseis, acie concolori instructis. Stipite (25) 30-90 x 2-3.5 mm, cylindrico vel attenuato basim versus, albido vel brunneolo, in toto pruinoso, sicco, fistuloso. Odore saporeque nullo vel subfarinaceo. Sporis 10-12 x (8.5)10-12 µm, 5-angulatis, complexis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cheilocystidius (et pleurocystidiis) 55-120 x 12-25 µm, fusoideis vel ampullaceis, hyalinis. Caulocystidiis 40-85 x 10-20µm, clavaris. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis cutem formantibus, pigmento brunneo, plasmatico instructis, haud fibuligeris. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
Macroscopically, in its scaly pileus, pruinose stipe and colouring, E. squamiferum resembles E. acuticystidiosum Hk. but the species can easily be distinguished by the different size and shape of the spores and the form of the cheilo- and pleurocystidia respectively.
Holotypus (PDD 27016): 'Pouakai Range, Mt. Egmont, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 18.VI.1968'.
Entoloma strictum G. Stev. 1962
Holotype (K): 'Levin, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson 268 A, 15.V.1948'. - Herb. HK. ZT 69/170 (PDD 27028): 'Track to Mt. Luxmore, Lake Te Anau, Fjordland N.P., N.Z.; leg Horak, 26.III.1969'.
Pileus 10-20(-25 mm) diam., campanulate to umbonate-plane, margin exceeding lamellae and incurved, deep blue, velvety or fibrillose, dry, neither striate nor hygrophanous. Lamellae (L 12-16, 1 3) adnexed, emarginate or decurrent (especially in aged carpophores), pink, with concolorous gill edge. Stipe 20-80 x 2 mm, cylindrical, straight, deep blue, densely covered by darker pustulate squamules or fibrils, dry. Context blue (pileus, upper parts of stipe), whitish at the base of stipe. Odor and taste strongly farinaceous.
Spores 10-12 x 6-8 µm, 5-6-sided. Basidia 30-45 x 10-12 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia none. Cuticle a trichoderm of short cylindrical hyphae (10-20 µm diam.), terminal cells conically tapering, membrane thin-walled and not gelatinzed, with brown (in KOH) plasmatic pigment. Clamp connections present.
On soil among mosses in forests (under Nothofagus spp., Dacrydium cupressinum). New Zealand.
Stevenson 1962: 1.c.
The type collection of E. strictum is in very poor condition so that only the size and shape of the spores could be observed of it. The other observations used in the description were made on a fresh collection, which corresponded, in all essential characters with Stevenson's diagnosis
Entoloma sulphureum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27044); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/392): 'Pakawau, N of Collingwood, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 8.V.1968', - Herb. HK. ZT 68/214: 'Kowai River, Mt. Grey, Prov. Canterbury, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 5.IV.1968'.
Pileus 10-25 mm diam., convex when young becoming depressed at the centre and finally umbilicate, straw-yellow to deep yellow, yellow-brownish, colours fading in aged carpophores, glabrous, dry, slightly striate near the margin, hygrophanous. Lamellae (L 10-14, 1 1-3), adnexed or emarginate, ventricose, pink from the first, gill edge intact and concolorous. Stipe 15-40 x 1-2.5 mm, cylindrical, coloured like pileus, with white weft of mycelium at the base, glabrous elsewhere, dry fistulose, solitary. Context yellowish. Odor and taste slightly farinaceous.
Spores 6-7 x 5-6 µm, 5-6-angled. Basidia 26-30 x 7-8 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia none. Cuticle a cutis consisting of repent, cylindrical hyphae, with hyaline membrane encrusted by yellowish-brownish pigment. Clamp connections present.
On soil in forests (under Leptospermum spp., Nothofagus spp.). New Zealand.
Pileo 10-25 mm lato, primo convexo dein umbilicato vel depresso in centro, ex stramineo vitellino, glabro, sicco, striato. Lamellis adnexo-emarginatis, roseis, ventricosis, acie integra instructis. Stipite 15-40 x 1-2.5 mm, cylindrico, pileo concolori vel luteo-olivaceo mycelio albo ad basim obtecto, glabro, sicco, fistuloso. Odore saporeque subfarinaceo. Sporis 6-7 x 5-6 µm, 5-6-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis cutem formantibus, pigmento luteo-brunneo incrustatis. Septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
Holotypus (PDD 27044): 'Collingwood, N.Z; leg. Horak, 8.V.1968'.
Entoloma translucidum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27037); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/117): 'Between Kumara and Mitchells, Lake Brunner, Prov. Westcoast, Mt. Grey, Prov. Canterbury, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 2.XII.1967
Pileus 25-60 mm diam., at first conical becoming convexo-umbonate or papillate, dark brown, drying light brown with reddish tints, at centre squamulose, towards the margin velvety or fibrillose, strongly striate, dry, hygrophanous. Lamellae (L -30, 1 3), free, ventricose beige when young turning pinkish-brown, gill edge concolorous. Stipe 40-80 x 2-6 mm, cylindrical or attenuated upwards, coloured like pileus or paler, densely covered especially near the base) with white fibrils, dry, fistulose, very brittle. Context dark brown, watery. Odor and taste not distinctive.
Spores 9.5-12 x 6.5-8 µm, 5-6-angled. Basidia 35-45 x 10-13 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia none. Cuticle a cutis or trichoderm of repent or semierect short cylindrical hyphae (6-20 µm  diam.), cells of subcutis inflated, membrane thin-walled, not gelatinized, with brown, plasmatic pigment. Clamp connections absent.
On soil in forests (under Nothofagus spp., Leptospermum spp., different Podocarpaceae). New Zealand.
Pileo 25-60 mm lato, conico vel umbonato-convexo, ex brunneo fuligineo, raro reflexo rubro instructo, centro squamuloso marginem versus minute velutino, perstriato, sicco, hygrophano. Lamellis liberis, ventricosis, roseis, acie integra instructis. Stipite 40-80 x 2-6 mm, cylindraceo, attenuato apicem versus, brunneolo, dense fibrillis albis obtecto, sicco, fistuloso, fragili. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 9.5-12 x 6.5-8 µm, 5-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullo. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis cutem vel trichodermium formantibus, pigmento brunneo plasmatico instructis. Septis defibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia,
This species is related, through its general shape and colours, to E. porphyrescens Hk. but differs in microscopical characters. The extremely striate pileus and the brittle consistence of the carpophores are further typical features characterising E. translucidum.
Holotypus (PDD 27037): 'Lake Brunner, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 9.III.1968'.
Entoloma tristificum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27042); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/380): 'St. Arnaud Range, Lake Rotoiti, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 5.V.1968.
Pileus 20-45 mm diam., campanulate or broadly umbonate, dark brown to date brown, fading to grey-beige, finely wrinkled at the centre, more or less fibrillose towards the substriate margin, dry. Lamellae free, beige at first turning brownish-pink, gill edge white, scalloped, densely crowded. Stipe 30-45 x 2-7 mm, subclavate, attenuated upwards, robust, concolorous with pileus or lighter, densely covered by white fibrils, fistulose, dry. Context brownish, watery. Odor and taste not distinctive.
Spores 9-10.5 x 6.5-8.5 µm, 5-angled. Basidia 32-38 x 12 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia lacking. Cuticle a palisade or trichoderm of erect to suberect; short cylindrical hyphae (12-20 µm diam.), membrane thin-walled not gelatinized, with brown, plasmatic pigment. Clamp connections absent.
On soil in forests (under Nothofagus spp.). New Zealand.
Pileo 20-45 mm lato, campanulato vel late umbonato, obscure brunneo, centro subrugoso marginem versus fibrilloso et substriato, sicco. Lamellis liberis, brunneolis demum roseis, acie albida integraque instructis. 8tipite 30 45 x 2-7 mm, clavato, curvato, pileo concolori vel pallidiori, fibrillis albis dense obtecto, sicco, fistuloso. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 9-10.5 x 6.5-8.5 µm, 5-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis erectis vel suberectis palisadam aut trichodermium formantibus, pigmento brunneo instructis. Septis defibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novezelandia.
Holotypus (PDD 27042): 'Lake Rotoiti, N.Z. leg. Horak, 5.V.1968'.
Entoloma vulsum E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27031); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/186): 'S of Ahaura, Ngahere, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 18.III.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/422: 'Whanganui Inlet, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 12.V.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/520: 'Pukekura Park, New Plymouth, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 10.VI.1968'.
Pileus 10-40 mm diam., hemispherical at first becoming convex or pulvinate, often plane or depressed at the centre, sometimes even concave, soot-brown like Lactarius fuliginosus, fading around the centre, dry, neither hygrophanous nor striate. Lamellae broadly adnate or emarginate and decurrent with a short tooth, whitish-beige turning grey-beige-pink, gill edge concolorous and fimbriate, moderately crowded. Stipe 15-50 x 1.5-4 mm, cylindrical, straight, coloured like pileus, with white weft near the base, totally covered by fibrils, at the apex occasionally pruinose, dry, fistulose, single. Context white, brown in the cortex of pileus and stipe. Odor and taste not distinctive.
Spores 7-9 x 6.5-7.5 µm, 5-6-sided. Basidia 30-40 x 8-12 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 45-100 x 8-12 µm, lageniform or fusoid, hyaline, rarely coloured by brown plasmatic pigment. Pleuro- and caulocystidia none or like cheilocystidia, scattered. Cuticle a palisade of erect, fusoid or awl-shaped cells (40-140 x 6-20 µm), membrane hyaline, thin-walled, with brown plasmatic pigment. Clamp connections present or absent
On soil in forests (under Nothofagus spp., Podocarpus spp., Dacrydium cupressinum, Quintinia spp., etc.). New Zealand.
Pileo 10~40 mm lato, hemisphaerico dein pulvinato, centro plano vel subdepresso, fuligineo, squamoso vel velutino, rugoso, haud striato, sicco. Lamellis late adnatis vel emarginatis, primo isabellinis postea griseo-argillaceo-roseis, acie fimbriata albidaque instruct s. Stipite 15-50 x 1.5-4 mm, cylindrico, pileo concolori, ad basim albido, fibrilloso, sicco, fistuloso. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 7-9 x 6.5-7.5 µm, 5-6-angulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cheilocystidiis 45-100 x 8-12 µm, lageniformibus, hyalinis. Pleurocystidiis et caulocystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis erects vel suberectis palisadam formantibus, pigmento brunneo et plasmatico instructis. Septis fibulatis vel defibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
This species is characterised by its velvety, soot-brown pileus and the palisadic structure of the cuticle, which is similar to that found in several species of the genus Pluteus Fr. (sect. Hispidodermi). In colour and structure the surface of the pileus on fully developed fruitbodies as seen from above is strongly reminiscent of Lactarius fuliginosus Fr.
Holotypus (PDD 27031): 'Ahaura, Ngahere, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 18.III.1968'.
Gliophorus bichromus E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27093); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/383): Track to St. Arnaud Range, Lake Rotoiti, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 5.V.1968'.
Pileus 5-l5 mm diam., hemispherical or convex becoming plano-convex or subumbilicate, egg yellow to lemon yellow fading to yellowish-grey, darker at the centre, glutinous, translucidly striated, membranaceous. Lamellae arcuate, whitish-yellowish, gill edge concolorous and even, glutinous thread absent. Stipe 10-20 x 1-2 mm, cylindric, equal but often subbulbous at the base, apex whitish, yellow at the base, glutinous, single or in clusters, solid. Context yellow. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH- negative. Spores 5.5-7.5 x 3-3.5 µm, ellipsoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 28-32 x 4-5 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle a trichodermium of suberect, strongly gelatinized, hyaline, cylindric hyphae (2-5 µm diam.). Clamp connections numerous.
In soil under Nothofagus cliffortioides (montane forest). New Zealand.
Pileo 5-15 mm lato, e convexo plano, vitellino, glutinoso, striato. Lamellis arcuatis, albo-luteis, distantibus. Stipite 10-20 x 1-2 mm, albido cylindrico, basin versus luteo, glutinoso. Sporis 5.5-7.5 x 3-3.5 µm, ellipticis. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis glutinosis ixotrichodermium formantibus. Septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis nothofagineis. Novazelandia.
There is little possibility that G. bichromus could be confused with any of the other yellow coloured Gliophorus species in New Zealand if the microscopic characters are studied. Concerning G. nitidus Berk. & Curt. ss. Stev. no material was seen but it appears that this collection refers to G. bichromus Hk. Undoubtedly these two fungi are closely related but differ mainly in the different size of the spores and basidia (Hesler & Smith 1963: 232). From the point of view of size and colour of the carpophores Mycena primulina Stev. (1964) is very much similar to G. bichromus Hk. but differs in its conspicuous cheilocystidia and size of spores.
Holotypus (PDD 27093): "Lake Rotoiti, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 5.V.1968'.
Gliophorus chromolimoneus (G. Stev.) E. Horak 1973
Holotype (K): 'Lake Rotoiti, N.Z.; leg. E. Kidson in Stevenson (1088), 16.V.1956'. - Herb. HK. ZT 67/224: 'Kopara, Ngahere, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 8.XII.1967'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/474: 'Puponga, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 16.V.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 69/190: 'Esk Burn, South Arm, Lake Te Anau, Fjordland, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 28.III.1969'.
Pileus 5-25 mm diam., hemispherical becoming umbilicate, egg yellow to lemon yellow or chrome yellow, fading to yellowish, glutinous, hygrophanous, striated at the margin, membranaceous. Lamellae broadly adnate to decurrent, concolorous with pileus, fading in age, distant, gill edge darker coloured, gelatinous thread present. Stipe 20-40 x 2-3(4) mm, cylindric, equal or attenuated below concolorous with pileus, but orange at the base, very glutinous throughout its entire length, hollow, single or fasciculate. Context yellow. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH and HCl- negative. Spores 7-9.5 x 4-6 µm, ellipsoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 30-47 x 6-7 µm, 4 spored. Cheilocystidia conspicuous, forming a gelatinous thread, terminal elements 30-50 x 2-6 µm, cylindric to clavate, hyaline, membrane strongly gelatinized, occasionally yellow plasmatic pigment present. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle a cutis of initially suberect later repent, gelatinized, hyaline hyphae (2-8µm diam.). Clamp connections numerous on cuticular hyphae.
On soil under Nothofagus spp. and Leptospermum spp. New Zealand.
Stevenson 1962: Fig. 2/19; Pl. 8/3.
Undoubtedly this species has close relationships to H. octayensis Singer (1962). Both taxa are deep yellow coloured and the pileus and stipe are coated with a glutinous layer; however, the Chilean species is of smaller size and the spores measure about 8.5-10 x 4.5-5.5 µm.
Gliophorus graminicolor E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27096); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/201): 'Red Jack valley, Ngahere, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 21.III.1960'. - Herb. HK. ZT 69/177: 'Track to Mt. Luxmore, Lake Te Anau, Fjordland, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 26.III.1969'.
Pileus 10-40 mm diam., hemispherical later becoming plano-convex to subumbilicate, grass green or moss green, paler towards the translucidly striated margin, glutinous. Lamellae broadly adnate to decurrent, whitish-greenish, with grey coloured gelatinized gill edge, distant. Stipe 25-70 x 2-5 mm, cylindric, apex concolorous with pileus, whitish to orange towards the base, glutinous throughout its entire length, glabrous, fistulose, single. Context greenish, turning pink on drying. Taste and odor unpleasant, like burnt hair. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH and HCl - negative. Spores 4.5-6 x 3-4 µm, ovoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 25-35 x 5-6 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia conspicuous, forming a sterile gill edge, hyphae (1-3 µm diam.) with strongly gelatinized membranes. Cuticle consisting of cylindric, gelatinized, hyaline hyphae (1-5 µm diam.) forming an ixotrichodermium. Clamp connections present.
In soil amongst mosses under Nothofagus, Dacrydium, Podocarpus, Metrosideros, etc. New Zealand.
Pileo 10-40 mm lato, e convexo subumbilicato, viridi, glutinoso, striato. Lamellis decurrent bus, albido-viridibus, acie concolori glutinosaque instructis. stipite 25-70 x 2-5 mm, cylindrico, pileo concolori glutinoso. Odore ingrato. Sporis 4.5-6 x 3 –4 µm, ovoideis. Cheilocystidiis praesentibus. Epicute ex hyphis gelatinosis ixotrichodermium formantibus. Septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
For discussion see G. viridis (Stev.) (39).
Holotypus (PDD 27096): 'Red Jack Valley, Ngahere, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 21.III.1968'.
Gliophorus lilacinoides E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27094); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/646): 'Kauaeranga Valley, Coromandel Peninsula, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 5.VII.1968'. - Herb. Hk. ZT 68/164: 'Kopara, Ahaura River, Ngahere, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 14.III.1968'.
Pileus 10-20 mm diam., hemispherical when young becoming convex to campanulate, never flat or concave, lilac to wine red or reddish-brown, paler towards the striated margin, fading to grey, glutinous, glabrous. Lamellae adnexed or emarginate-adnexed, not decurrent, reddish-brown, pink or lilac when young fading to whitish, moderately distant, gill edge concolorous, even. Stipe 15-60 x 1.5-3 mm, cylindric, equal or attenuated towards the apex, above concolorous with pileus, becoming ochraceous-yellow near the base, glutinous, fistulose, single. Context red-brown beneath the cuticle, pink in the stipe. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH - negative. Spores 7-8.5 x 4-4.5 µm, ellipsoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 38-47 x 6-7 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia lacking. Cuticle an ixotrichoderm consisting or erect, gelatinized, densely interwoven hyphae (2-6 µm diam.), terminal cells differentiated (cylindric or fusoid, frequently branched), plasmatic pigment present. Clamp connections numerous.
In soil amongst litter or on rotten wood in forests of Nothofagus spp. and Podocarpus-Dacrydium (associated with Cyathea, Elaeocarpus, Knightia, etc.). New Zealand.
Pileo 10-20 mm lato, ex hemisphaerico convexo vel campanulato, lilacino vel vinaceo, glutinoso, striato. Lamellis adnatis, roseis vel lilacinis, pallenscentibus. stipite 15-60 x 1.5-3 mm, cylindrico, sursum pileo concolori, ad basim ochraceo, glutinoso. Sporis 7-8.5 x 4-4.5 µm, ellipticis. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis erectis ixotrichodermium formantibus, pigmento plasmatico instructis, fibulatis. Ad terram vel ad lignum putridisimum in silvis. Novazelandia.
Considering the lilac colours only, G. lilacinoides Hk. is very similar to G. versicolor Hk. However, macroscopically both species are already separated by the different shape of the lamellae and presence or absence of a characteristic unpleasant odor. In this way the green tinted pair G. viridis- G. graminicolor can be compared with the above mentioned lilac coloured species.
Holotypus (PDD 27094): 'Kauaeranga Valley, Coromandel Peninsula, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 5.VII.1968'.
Gliophorus lilacipes E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27097); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 69/325): 'Track to Mt. Luxmore, Lake Te Anau, Fjordland, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 9.IV.1969'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/28: 'Nelson Creek, Kopara, Ngahere, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 16.I.1968'.
Pileus 15-45 mm diam., hemispherical when young later becoming plano-convex, aged specimen broadly umbilicate, deep green-blue fading to blue-brown or greenish-blue, darker at the centre, glutinous, margin striated, hygrophanous, glabrous. Lamellae broadly adnate to decurrent, lilac-blue or greenish-bluish, fading, distant; gill edge with gelatinized, grey coloured thread. Stipe 20-60 x 2-5 mm, cylindric, equal to attenuated towards the lilac apex, yellowish or ochraceous at the base, glutinous, hollow, single. Context: deep lilac at the upper portions of the stipe, reddish on drying. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH - orange to pink; NH3 and HCl- negative. Spores 4.5-6 x 3-4.5 µm, ovoid, smooth, inamyloid. basidia 25-35 x 5 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia forming a sterile gill edge, consisting of cylindric cells densely interwoven and branched at the tips, strongly gelatinized and forming the glutinous thread, 2-6 µm diam. Epicutis of repent or suberect, cylindric gelatinized hyphae (2-7 µm diam.), occasionally branched at the free ends, forming an ixocutis. Clamp connections present.
On soil in Nothofagus forest with Dacrydium, Weinmannia, etc. New Zealand.
Pileo 15-45 mm lato, ex hemisphaerico plano-convexo, aetate umbilicato, glauco vel azureoviridi, glutinoso, striato. Lamellis decurrent bus, glaucis vel lilaceis, filo glutinoso instructis. Stipite 20-60 x 2-5 mm, cylindrico, apicaliter lilaceo, basim versus ochraceo, glutinoso, cavo. Sporis 4.5-6 x 3-4.5 µm, ovatis. Cheilocystidiis gelatinosis ramificatis, 2-5 µm latis. Epicute ex hyphis gelatinosis hyalinis repentibusque cutem formantibus. Septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis nothofagineis. Novazelandia.
Aging and drying change the colours of this beautiful polychromous species and one is puzzled to see many different shades and combinations of its typical colours. However, the lilac-blue tints at the upper part of the stipe and the relatively small spores are distinctive characters for its identification.
Holotypus (PDD 27097): 'Mt. Luxmore, Lake Te Anau, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 9.IV.1969'.
Gliophorus luteoglutinosus E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27092); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/667): 'Tapu, Coromandel Peninsula, N.Z.; leg. Horak:. 11.VII.1968'.
Pileus 5-12 mm diam., hemispherical when young becoming convex, margin never upturned, lemon yellow or sulphur yellow, glutinous, translucidly striated at the membranaceous margin. Lamellae adnexed or emarginate adnexed, not decurrent, whitish to yellowish, gill edge concolorous, glutinous thread absent. Stipe 15-30 x 1.5-3 mm, cylindric,-concolorous with pileus, connected in dense clusters, glutinous, upper portion of stipe often dry, solid, flexuous. Context yellow. Odor and taste unpleasant, like burnt hair. Chemical reactions on pileus unknown. Spores 7.5-9 x 5-5.5 µm, ellipsoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 50-60 x 8 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia absent. Cuticle consisting of repent or suberect, strongly gelatinized, hyaline hyphae (1-4 µm diam.) forming an ixocutis. Clamp connections present.
 In soil under Weinmannia, Metrosideros, Dacrydium. etc. New Zealand.
Pileo 5-12 mm lato, ex hemisphaerico convexo, limoneo vel sulphureo glutinoso, striato. Lamellis adnexis, albido-luteis, filo gelatinoso nullo instructis. stipite 15-30 x 1.5-3 mm, cylindraceo, pileo concolori glutinoso, connato. Odore cornum adustum in mentem revocante. Sporis 7.5-9 x 5-5.5 µm, ellipsoideis. Cheilocystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis gelatinosis ixocutem formantibus, septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
In moist and fresh condition the fruiting bodies of G. luteoglutinosus are covered with a thick layer of slime. This species is near G. chromolimoneus (Stev.) which lacks the pronounced and unpleasant odor and has conspicuous cheilocystidia forming a gelatinous thread on the gill edge. G. chromolimoneus Hk. is distinguished by its smaller spores and its occurrence in montane Nothofagus forests.
Holotypus (PDD 27092): 'Tapu, Coromandel Peninsula, N.Z; leg. Horak, 11.VII.1958'.
Gliophorus pallidus E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27090); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/613): 'Ngamoko Track, Urewera National Park, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 27.VI.1968'.
Pileus 5-20 mm diam., convex becoming plane or umbilicate, creamy or beige later turning light brownish with orange tinge, glutinous, translucidly striated at the membranaceous margin. Lamellae broadly adnate to decurrent, whitish, turning pallid orange, with hyaline, gelatinous thread at the gill edge. Stipe 15-40 x 2-3 mm, cylindric, whitish or pinkish, towards the base with ochraceous tints, glutinous throughout its entire length, solid, frequently in clusters. Context whitish. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH - negative. Spores 6.5-7.5 x 3.5-4 µm, ellipsoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 34-36 x 6 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia consisting of branched hyphae (2-5 µm diam.) with strongly gelatinized membranes, forming the glutinous thread at the gill edge. Cuticle consisting of repent to suberect, gelatinized hyphae (1-5µm diam.), free ends irregularly branched or coralloid, forming an ixocutis. Clamp connections present.
In soil under Nothofagus (N. fusca, N. menziesii), Dacrydium cupressinum, Elaeocarpus, etc. New Zealand.
Taylor 1970 (back cover).
Pileo 5-20 mm lato e convexo depresso-umbilicato, isabellino vel argillaceo, glutinoso, striato. Lamellis adnato-decurrentibus, albidis, filo gelatinoso instructis. Stipite 15-40 x 2-3 mm cylindrico, glutinoso, albido, basin versus pallide ochraceo, saepe connato. Sporis 6.5-7.5 x 3.5-4 µm, ellipticis. Cheilocystidiis gelatinosis, hyalinis, ramificatis. Epicute ex hyphis gelatinosis (2-5 µm diam.) ixocutem formantibus, ad apicem corralioideis vel ramificatis, septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
This is a characteristic fungus from which a painting is found on the back cover of Taylor's book (1970; between H. viridis and H. conicus).
Holotypus (PDD 27090): 'Ngamoko Track, Urewera N.P., N.Z; leg. Horak, 27.VI.1968'.
Gliophorus subheteromorphus (Singer) E. Horak 1973
Herb. HK. ZT 68/464: 'Mangarakau, Whanganui-Inlet, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 16.V.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/526: 'Pukeiti, Pouakai Range, Mt. Egmont, N.Z.; leg. Horak,11.IV.1968'.
Pileus 5-20 mm diam., hemispherical, convex or becoming flat with depressed centre, scarlet or tomato red, glutinous, conspicuously striated, glabrous. Lamellae adnexed to adnate, whitish-reddish when young becoming reddish-orange, ventricose, gill edge concolorous. Stipe 10-35 x 1-2 mm, cylindric, equal, concolorous with pileus or reddish-orange, glutinous, glabrous, fistulose, single. Context red-orange, yellowish towards the base of the stipe. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH - yellow. Spores 8-10.5 x 5-7 µm, ovoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 32-35 x 7-10 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle an ixocutis composed of repent or suberect cylindric, strongly gelatinized hyphae (4-10 µm diam.), plasmatic and encrusting pigment present. Clamp connections on the septae.
On soil or on rotten bark under Dacrydium cupressinum. New Zealand; South America (Chile).
Since we have not studied the type of G. subheteromorpha Singer we refer our N.Z. material with some hesitation to this taxon. But there is a striking coincidence of the macroscopic and microscopic characters as well so it may likely be that the area of distribution stretches from Chile to New Zealand. Furthermore the N.Z. fungus is also closely related to H. araucana Singer, another species described from Chilean forests.
Gliophorus versicolor E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27095); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/202): 'S of Ahaura, Totara Flat, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 21.III.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/189: 'Nelson Creek, Kopara, Ngahere, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 19.III.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/196: 'S of Lake Hochstetter, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 19.III.1968'.
Pileus 5-20(-25) mm diam., hemispherical when young then convex to plano-convex or centre of pileus subdepressed and margin upturned, reddish-brown liver brown or lilac-pink, fading towards the strongly striated margin, glutinous, glabrous, membranaceous. Lamellae broadly adnate to subdecurrent, whitish or concolorous with pileus, occasionally grey-lilac, distant, gill edge even, concolorous, gelatinized at times. Stipe 20-70 x 1.5-3 mm, cylindric, equal, rarely attenuated towards the base, grey, pinkish-brown or lilac above, ochraceous or whitish at the base, glutinous, hollow, single and in clusters. Context waxy, on drying reddish to pink. Taste and odor absent or slightly like burnt hair. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH - yellowish, HCl and NH3 - negative. Spores 5.5-7 x 3.5-4 µm, ovoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 24-30 x 5-7 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle an ixotrichoderm consisting of erect, strongly gelatinized, cylindric hyphae (1-4 µm diam.), terminal cells branched, occasionally subcapitate. Clamp connections on septae.
Amongst litter under Nothofagus (N. fusca, N. cliffortioides), Podocarpus, Dacrydium, Quintinia, etc. New Zealand.
Pileo 5-20(-25) mm laeo, ex hemisphaerico convexo dein subdepresso-plano, carneo vel lilacino-roseo, glutinoso, striato. Lamellis adnato-decurrentibus, albidis vel pileo concoloribus. Stipite 20-70 x 1.5-3 mm, cylindrico, sursum griseo vel roseo-brunneolo, basim versus ochraceo, glutinoso. Sporis 5.5-7 x 3.5-4 µm, ovatis. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis erectis gelatinosisque ixotrichodermium formantibus. Fibulis praesentibus. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
For discussion see G. lilacinoides Hk. (38).
Holotypus (PDD 27095): ‘Ahaura, Totara Flat, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 21.III. 1968'.
Gliophorus viridis (G. Stev.) E. Horak 1973
Holotype (K): 'Levin, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson (338), 26.VI.1948'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/514: 'Near Filter station, NW of Dunedin, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 30.V.1968'.
Pileus 10-15(-35) mm diam., hemispherical when young becoming convex or even expanded, herbage green to malachite green, darker at the centre, glutinous, striated at the sharp margin. Lamellae adnate to subdecurrent, whitish-greenish, moderately close, gill edge even, concolorous, without gelatinous thread. Stipe 15-50 x 2-3 mm, cylindric, equal, apex concolorous with pileus, orange-grey to yellowish towards the base, glutinous except uppermost portion, hollow, single. Context green in pileus, orange-grey at the base of the stipe, unchanging. Odor slightly alkaline. Taste mild. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH - yellow. Spores 7-8(-9) x 4-5 µm, ellipsoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 35-45 x 5-7 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia lacking. Cuticle an ixotrichodermium consisting of erect, cylindric, apically branched hyphae (2-5µm diam.), membranes strongly gelatinized, thin-walled. Clamp connections numerous.
On soil in broadleaf forest (Fuchsia, Melicytus), Podocarpus, Dacrydium, etc. New Zealand.
Stevenson 1962: Fig. 2/20, Pl. 8/1; Taylor 1970 (back cover).
This beautiful species (see Taylor 1970) differs from G. graminicolor Hk., another green coloured Hygrophoraceae from New Zealand, in its adnate (!) lamellae, larger spores, and absence of an unpleasant odor.
Gliophorus viscaurantius E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27091); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/146): 'S of Lake Hochstetter, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 12.III.1968'.
Pileus 5-25 mm diam., hemispherical when young becoming convex, aged specimen subumbonate-plane, brilliant orange to red-orange, fading in aging, viscid when moist, innate-fibrillose in dry conditions, slightly hygrophanous, margin striated. Lamellae adnate to shortly decurrent, yellow, distant, gill edge concolorous. Stipe 10-25 x 1-3 mm, cylindric or attenuated towards the base, coloured like pileus at the apex, whitish or paler at the base, viscid, glabrous, fistulose, single, Context orange. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH, HCl - negative. Spores 6-7.5 x 3.5-4.5 µm, elliptic, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 33-40 x 5 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle a cutis consisting of cylindric, hyaline slightly gelatinized, interwoven hyphae (3-8 µm diam.), clamp connections present.
Amongst mosses or on rotten wood under Nothofagus, Dacrydium, Weinmannia, etc. New Zealand.
Pileo 5-25 mm lato, ex hemisphaerico-convexo vel subumbonato-plano, aurantiaco, viscido, striato. Lamellis adnato-decurrentibus, luteis. Stipite 10-25 x 1-3 mm, cylindrico vel attenuato basim versus, apicaliter pileo concolori, albido ad basim, viscido, glabro. Sporis 6-7.5 x 3.5-4.5 µm, ellipticis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis intermixtis cutem formantibus, septis fibulatis. Ad terram vel lignum putridissimum in silvis. Novazelandia.
The presence of a viscid pellicle places this N.Z. species into Gliophorus. In the field old and degraded specimens may be confused with G. aurantiopallens Hk. whose spores however are considerably smaller. In Europe the nearest relatives to this species represent H. insipidus (Fr.) ss. Favre (1960) whilst in Venezuela H. hondurensis Dennis appears to be akin t o G. viscaurantius.
Holotypus (PDD 27091) 'Lake Hochstetter, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 21.III.1968'.
Hygrocybe apricosa E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27084); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 69/138): 'Track to Mt. Anglem, Xmas Village, Stewart Island, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 15.III.1969'.
Pileus 6-18 mm diam., hemispherical when young becoming convex or campanulate, deep orange or apricot, glabrous, dry, slightly striated, not hygrophanous. Lamellae broadly adnate or decurrent with short tooth, light, apricot when young later turning deep orange, moderately distant, frequently anastomosing, gill edge concolorous, even. Stipe 10-25 x 1-2 mm, cylindric, equal, coloured like pileus, apex pruinate, towards the base with appressed fibrils, fistulose, dry, single: Context orange. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions: on pileus: KOH, HCl and NH3 - negative. Spores 45 x 2-2.5 µm (5-6 x 3-3.5 µm borne on 2-spored basidia), ovoid or ellipsoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 32-35 x 4-5 µm, 4 and 2-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle a cutis of repent, cylindric hyphae (4-8 µm diam.), membrane not gelatinized but encrusted with pigment. Clamp connections numerous.
On soil amongst mosses and litter of Weinmannia, Metrosideros, Senecio, Olearia, etc. New Zealand.
Pileo 6-18 mm lato, ex hemisphaerico convexo vel campanulato, aurantiaco, glabro, sicco, substriato. Lamellis adnatis vel subdecurrentibus aurantiacis. Stipite 10-25 x 1-2 mm, cylindrico, pileo concolori vel pallidiori, sicco, apicaliter pruinoso basim versus minute fibrilloso. Sporis 4-5 x 2-2.5 µm, ovoideis. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis repentibus, pigmento incrustatis cutem formantibus, septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
In habit, this species resembles H. aurantius Murrill ss. Stevenson (1962: 382). However, the two taxa are easily distinguished by virtue of the size and shape of their spores (see also C delicatus Hk.).
Holotypus (PDD 27084) Mt. Anglem, Stewart Island, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 15.III.1969'.
Hygrocybe cavipes E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27082); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT. 68/472): Puponga, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 17.V.1968'.
Pileus 20-45 mm diam., convex later becoming broadly umbonate or concave. red-yellow to deep orange-red, viscid, with minute radially arranged concolorous fibrils, margin striated. Lamellae emarginate-adnexed to adnate, varying from yellow to red-orange, gill edge crenulate, concolorous, ventricose. Stipe 25-60 x 4-10 mm, cylindric or attenuated towards the base, red-orange, paler towards the base to yellowish-grey, fibrillose, viscid, hollow, fragile. Context reddish-orange. Odor and taste not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH, NH3 and HCl - negative. Spores 7.5-10 x 5-5.5 µm, ellipsoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 35-40 x 7-8 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle consisting of erect, cylindric, strongly, gelatinized hyphae (3-6 µm diam.) forming a palisade, subcutis of cylindric hyphae 5-90 µm diam. Clamp connections present.
In soil under Leptospermum scoparium and L. ericoides. New Zealand.
Pileo 20-45 mm lato, e convexo umbonato usque ad concavo, rubroluteo vel aurantiaco, viscido, striato. Lamellis emarginato-adnexis, aurantiacis vel rubro-luteis. Stipite 25-60 x 4-10 mm, cylindrico vel attenuato basim versus, pileo concolori, fibrilloso, viscido, cavo. Sporis 7.5-10 x 5-5.5 µm, ellipticis. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis suberectis gelatinosisque ixodermium formantibus, septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis Leptospermum. Novazelandia.
H. cavipes shows some affinities with the European H. intermedia (Pass.) and H. elegans Hk. from New Zealand, but is clearly distinguished from the two taxa by its microscopical characters.
Holotypus (PDD 27082): 'Puponga, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 17.V.1968'.
Hygrocybe cerinolutea E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27083); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/262): 'Track to Elliott Range, Granville Forest, Totara Flat, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 4.IV.1968'.
Pileus 10-25 mm diam., hemispherical when young becoming convex then expanded, flat at the centre, golden yellow to lemon yellow, hygrophanous, estriate, dry, minutely squamulose to felty. Lamellae broadly adnate to decurrent with short tooth, coloured like pileus or deep yellow, without red or orange tinge, gill edge concolorous, even. Stipe 25-40 x 3-5 mm, cylindric, equal or slightly attenuated towards the base, concolorous with pileus, yellowish-grey near the base, dry, glabrous, waxy, hollow or stuffed. Context yellow, not blackening. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reaction on pileus: KOH, NH3 and HCl - negative. Spores 8.5-10 x 6 µm (11-13 x 6.5-8 µm borne on 2-spored basidia), ovoid, smooth inamyloid. Basidia 65-80 x 8-10 µm, 4 and 2-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle trichodermium consisting of suberect, cylindric, not gelatinized hyphae (5-10 µm diam.), plasmatic pigment present. Clamp connections numerous.
In soil under Metrosideros umbellata, Weinmannia, Quintinia, etc. New Zealand.
Pileo 10-25 mm lato, ex hemisphaerico plano convexo, pulvinaceo, aureo vel limoneo, sicco velutino. Lamellis adnatis vel subdecurrentibus, pileo concoloribus. Stipite 25-40 x 3-5 mm, cylindrico vel basim versus attenuato, pileo concolori, sicco, glabro. Sporis 8.5-10 x 6 µm, ovatis. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis suberectis, haud gelatinosis trichodermium formantibus. Septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novezelandia
Macroscopically this species is near H. ceracea (Fr.) but the spores of the N.Z. fungus are considerably larger and there is no gelatinous layer on the pileus and stipe.
Holotypus (PDD 27083): 'Granville Forest, Totara Flat, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 4.IV.1968'.
Hygrocybe conspicua E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27079); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/141): 'S of Lake Hochstetter, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 12.III.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 67/233: 'Kopara, Ngahere, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 10.XII.1967'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/266: 'Moonlight Valley, Paparoa Mts., Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 5.IV.1968'.
Pileus 5-35 mm diam., conic when young becoming convex and then umbonate-expanded, occasionally margin of pileus upturned, deep orange to red-brown, darker at the centre, fading to pink-yellowish-brownish, subviscid to dry, margin slightly striated, glabrous, pellicle separable. Lamellae adnexed to emarginate-adnate, brilliant orange, especially at the even gill edge, turning deep ochraceous, moderately distant. Stipe 15-75 x 3-7 mm, fusoid, often curved, apex yellowish or whitish, pinkish-yellow-orange towards the base, dry, glabrous, hollow, single. Context apricot-yellow. Taste and odor unpleasant, like rotten meat. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH orange, NH3 and HCl- negative. Spores 6-7 x 4-4.5 µm, ovoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 32-46/5-6 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia lacking. Cuticle a cutis consisting of repent, cylindric, slightly gelatinized hyphae (5-10 µm diam.), occasionally interwoven, encrusted with pigment. Clamp connections absent on cuticular hyphae.
In soil amongst litter of Nothofagus (N. menziesii, N. fusca) and Dacrydium cupressinum. New Zealand.
Pileo 5-35 mm lato, e conico convexo demum umbonato-expanso, aurantio vel rubrobrunneo, pallescente, sicco, substriato. Lamellis emarginato-adnatis, laete aurantiacis. Stipite 15-75 x 3-7 mm, fusoideo, luteolo basim versus fulvo, flexuoso, cavo. Sporis 6-7 x 4-4.5 µm, ovatis. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis, pigmento incrustatis subgelatinosisque cutem formantibus. Septis defibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
The characters of this species are so conspicuous that it can be identified at once in the felt. H. conspicua Hk. was observed on several occasions both in Nothofagus and Podocarpus forests along the Westcoast of South Island.
Holotypus (PDD 27079): 'Lake Hochstetter, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 12.III.1968'.
Hygrocybe elegans E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27086); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 69/96): 'In coastal forest, Okarito Trig, Prov. Westland, N.Z; leg. Horak, 19.II.1969'.
Pileus 5-20 mm diam., convex -when young, soon becoming flat and concave with upturned margin, deep red-orange at the disc, paler or yellow towards the estriate margin, dry,  hygrophanous, minutely felty. Lamellae decurrent, yellowish, red colours lacking, gill edge concolorous. Stipe 20-50 x 2-4 mm, cylindric, equal, yellowish like lamellae, orange or red colours absent, dry, glabrous, hollow, single or fasciculate. Context yellowish. Taste and odor unpleasant. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH, HCI and NH3 - negative. Spores 7-8.5 x 4.5-5.5 µm, ovoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 50-60 x 6-7 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle a trichoderm or palisade, composed of suberect cylindric, not gelatinized hyphae (3-8 µm diam.), plasmatic pigment present. Clamp connections on septae.
Amongst litter on soil under Weinmannia racemosa, Dacrydium cupressinum, etc. New Zealand..
Pileo 5-20 mm lato, convexo dein applanato vel concavo, aurantio marginem versus flavo, sicco, velutino. Lamellis decurrent bus, flavis. Stipite 20-50 x 2-4 mm, cylindrico, lamellis concolori, sicco, cavo. Caro foetida. Sporis 7-8.5 x 4.5-5.5 µm, ovoideis. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindricis trichodermium formantibus, pigmento plasmatico instructis, haud gelatinosis. Septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
In the New Zealand bush this species could be confused with H. procera (Stev.) or H. aurantiopallens Hk. but the microscopic characters of both species are distinctly different. H. elegans Hk. apparently belongs to the H. firma (Corner) stirps but is separated mainly in its particular structure of the cuticle. Compared with European species of Hygrocybe the N.Z. fungus is close to H. coccineocrenata (Orton) but differs in addition to other characters by its smaller spores and other type of cuticle.
Holotypus (PDD 27086): 'Okarito Trig. Westland, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 19.II.1969'.
Hygrocybe fuliginata E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27080); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 69/198): 'Track to Denton Range, NE of Te Anau, Prov. Southland, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 30.III.1969'.
Pileus 10-25 mm diam., hemispherical when young becoming convex to flat, sometimes with indistinct umbo, deep brown to sooty brown, yellow towards the often splitting, unstriated margin, densely covered with concolorous, radially arranged fibrils, viscid when wet. Lamellae emarginate-adnexed, decurrent with short tooth, ventricose, golden yellow, unchanging, gill edge even or undulated. Stipe 20-35 x 1.5-3 mm, equal, single or in clusters, golden yellow, paler towards the base, dry, glabrous, fistulose. Context deep yellow, brown beneath the cuticle, unchanging. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH, NH3 and HCl- negative. Spores 8.5-11 x 4 -5 µm, elliptic to subcylindric, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid. Basidia 34-38 x 7 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle a cutis consisting of repent, cylindric, hyaline hyphae (3-10 µm diam.), membranes slightly gelatinized, brown plasmatic pigment present. Clamp connections numerous.
Amongst mosses under Leptospermum scoparium (and Nothofagus cliffortioides ). New Zealand.
Pileo 10-25 mm lato, ex hemisphaerico applanato, viscido, fuligineo, aureo marginem versus, innato-fibrilloso. Lamellis emarginato-adnexis, aureis. Stipite 20-35 x 1.5-3 mm, cylindrico, aureo, basim versus pallidiori, sicco. Sporis 8.5-11 x 45 µm, ellipticis. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis repentibusque cutem formantibus, fibulatis, pigmento brunneo plasmaticoque instructis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
This is a beautiful and delicately coloured Hygrocybe which resembles H. spadicea (Fr.). However, the size and shape of the spores, the shape of the pileus and the colours are different.
Holotypus (PDD 27080): 'Denton Range, Te Anau, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 30.III.1969'.
Hygrocybe insipida sensu E. Horak 1973
Holotype of Hygrocybe insipida (Lange ex Lundell): 'W of Slavsta. Upland, Upsala. Sweden; leg. H. Belin, 25.X.1953' Fungi Exsic. Succ. 2331. - Holotype of Hygrophorus julietae Stev. (K): 'Wellington Botanic Garden. nov.Z.; leg. Juliet Cone in Stevenson (697), l.VII.1949'.
‘Pileus 5-11 mm diam., orange, hemispherical to plano-convex, matt to velvety-fibrillose; flesh luteous. Gills decurrent, creamy yellow to creamy white, moderately distant with venose folds between, occasionally forked. Stipe 10-15 x 1-2 mm, luteous, sometimes orange above, sometimes with white fibrils at the foot, equal or slightly attenuated below, solid'. Spores 6-8 x 3-3.5 µm, ellipsoid, conspicuously constricted, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 30-35 x 5 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle consisting of repent, slightly gelatinised hyphae (2-10 µm diam.) forming a cutis. Clamp connections present.
In soil under scrub. New Zealand, Europe.
Stevenson 1962: Fig. 2/3; Pl. 6/9.
All micro- and macroscopic characters of the species described as H. julietae Stev. agree with H. insipida (Lange ex Lundell) which occurs in Europe on grassy places (see Lange 1940, P. 168 C). This fungus must be considered as an introduced species in New Zealand.
Hygrocybe keithgeorgei (G. Stev.) E. Horak 1973
Holotype (K): 'Wellington, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson (648), 15.VI.1948'.
'Pileus 30-35 mm, olive green, hemispherical, some with a broad umbilicus, flocculose; flesh olive green, continuous with that of hollow stipe, ventral plug differing in texture. Gills adnate, mauve tinged on-olive green, deep, distant. Stipe 50 x 5 mm, olive green with mauve tinge at base, waxy, smooth with fine striations, hollow, somewhat tough'. Spores 9-10 x 4-4.5 µm, ellipsoid to cylindrical, sometimes slightly constricted, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 45-55 x 6-7 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle a cutis consisting of repent, hyaline, not gelatinized hyphae (4-10 µm diam.). Clamp connections present.
Under broadleaf forest. New Zealand.
Stevenson 1962: Fig. 2/7, Pl. 6/3.
This very distinct fungus is characterized by its olive green colours in all parts of the fruitingbody. No other close relatives are known from New Zealand or elsewhere.
Hygrocybe lilaceolamellata (G. Stev.) E. Horak 1973
Holotype (K): 'Wellington, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson (619), 2.VI.1949'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/559: 'Rahiri Lodge, Mt. Egmont, N.Z; leg. Horak, 17.VI.1968'.
Pileus 10-30 mm diam., hemispherical later becoming plano-convex, reddish brown when moist fading to fulvous, viscid, innately fibrillose or (in aged carpophores) appressed squamulose, striated near the margin. Lamellae adnate to subdecurrent, lilac to violaceous, distant, rather thick, gill edge concolorous, even. Stipe 20-50 x 2-6 mm, cylindric, equal, concolorous with pileus fading to ochraceous, dry, silky, flexuous, hollow. Context in pileus brownish-orange, yellowish in stipe. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: unknown. Spores 7-9.5 x 3.5-5 µm, ellipsoid, sometimes constricted and pyriform, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 35-55 x 6-8µ, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle a cutis of repent, cylindric, hyaline hyphae (3-6 µm diam.), pigment plasmatic and encrusting the ungelatinized membranes. Clamp connections present.
In soil amongst litter of Weinmannia, Beilschmiedia, Metrosideros, Cyathea, etc. New Zealand.
Stevenson 1962: Fig. 2/5; Pl. 6/2.
Fresh carpophores of this species resemble in stature and colours a degraded form of Laccaria laccata (Fr.) or L. amethystina (Bolt. ex Hooker). On drying the reddish brown colour fades especially on the pileus but the lilac tints remain on the lamellae and the upper portion of the stipe. According to the original description given by Stevenson there is a close relationship between this N.Z. species and 2 other species of Hygrocybe from the southern parts of South America: H. laccarioides Singer (1952) collected in Fireland and H. lateritiorosella Singer (1969) from Chile. Further studies are necessary to get more information about their interspecific relationships.
Hygrocybe luteovirens E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27085); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 69/78: 'Track to Wilberg, SE of Hari Hari, Prov. Westland, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 15.II.1969'.
Pileus 10-20 mm diam., convex becoming umbonate to campanulate, margin upturned in aged carpophores, deep green at the centre, yellow towards the estriate margin, reddish-brown drying out, not hygrophanous, dry. Lamellae decurrent, lemon yellow to greenish-yellow, moderately distant, gill edge concolorous. Stipe 20-35 x 1-2 mm, cylindric or attenuated towards the base, yellowish above, deeper coloured at the base, finally becoming pinkish, glabrous, dry, hollow, single or fasciculate. Context greenish in the pileus. Odor and taste not distinctive. Chemical reaction on pileus: KOH, HCl and NH3 - green colours of the pileus fading immediately. Spores 6-8 x 4-4.5 µm, ellipsoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 35-42 x 7µ,  4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle a cutis of repent, cylindric hyphae (3-6 µm diam.), membrane not gelatinized, subcutis-subcellular. Clamp connections absent.
In soil under Weinmannia, Schefflera, Aristotelia, Fuchsia, etc. New. Zealand.
Pileo 10-20 mm lato, ex umbonato-convexo concavo, viridi-luteo, sicco. Lamellis arcuato-decurrentibus, limoneis vel viridi-luteis. 8tipite 20-35 x 1-2 mm, cylindraceo vel attenuato basim versus, luteolo, sicco. Sporis 6-8 x 44.5 µm, ellipticis. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis repentibus cylindraceisque cutem formantibus, fibulis nullis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
This species has the colours of Gl. psittacinus (Fr.) but its spores are considerably smaller and neither pileus nor stipe are glutinous. A species closely related to H. luteovirens is reported from Japan. However, H. olivaceo-viridis Hongo (1967) differs from the N.Z. species by its emarginate-adnate lamellae, its more conic pileus, its habitat, and microscopical characters of the hyphae composing the cuticle.
Holotypus (PDD 27085): 'Wilberg, Hari Hari, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 15.II.1969'.
Hygrocybe mavis (G. Stev.) E. Horak 1973
Holotype (K): 'Levin, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson (654) 18.VI.1949'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/144: 'Lake Hochstetter, Prov. Westcoast'' N.Z.; leg. Horak, 12.III.1968'.
Pileus 10-40 mm diam., conical when young later becoming plano-convex, aged specimens radially splitting, ivory or whitish, silky fibrillose, slightly striated towards the margin of the pileus, dry. Lamellae free to adnexed, white, distant, gill edge concolorous, even. Stipe 20-60 x 3-8 mm, cylindric, equal or attenuated at the base, concolorous with pileus, silky, dry, hollow, fragile, often twisted. Context white. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH, HCl and NH3 - negative. Spores 7-10 x 4.5-5 µm, ellipsoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 33-42 x 7-8 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle a cutis of repent, cylindric, hyaline, not gelatinized hyphae (2-5 µm diam.). Clamp connections lacking.
In soil in Dacrydium-Podocarpus forests, rarely under Nothofagus spp. New Zealand.
Stevenson 1962: Fig. 1/1 a,b.
H. mavis (Stev.) has much the stature and the colours of H. purus Peck from North America but the dry pileus and stipe as well and the absence of clamp connections are clearly distinguishing characters.
Hygrocybe miniata (Fr.) P. Kumm. 1871
Herb. HK. ZT 67/241: 'W of Kopara, Lake Haupiri, Ngahere, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 12.XII.1967'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/223: ‘Red Jack Valley, Ngahere, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 28.III.1968'.
Pileus 10-25 mm diam., hemispherical, broadly convex, in age convex to plane and the centre of the pileus often depressed, margin always incurved, scarlet when young and fresh, fading to red-yellow, bleached when old, fibrillose-scurfy to minutely scaly (especially at the disc), dry, estriate. Lamellae broadly adnate to subdecurrent, ventricose, distant, concolorous with pileus becoming reddish to orange. Stipe 15-40 x 1.5-4 mm, cylindric. equal, sometimes tapering towards the base, dry, fistulose, glabrous. Context yellow to orange, scarlet beneath the cuticle and in the cortex of the stipe. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH yellow; HCl – negative. Spores 7.5-9 x 4.5-5.5 µm, ovoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 30-42 x 7-9 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle a trichodermium consisting of cylindric, not gelatinized hyphae (6-15 µm diam.), terminal elements subclavate, orange-red plasmatic pigment present. Clamp connections present or absent.
On soil under ferns or amongst mosses (under Nothofagus, Dacrydium, Weinmannia, Quintinia, etc.). New Zealand, cosmopolitan (?) species.
Hesler & Smith 1963.
The N.Z. material of H. miniata (Fr.) corresponds in all characters with the specimen described and illustrated from Europe and North America. In New Zealand the first record of this conspicuous fungus was made by Cooke (1879) and was mentioned later again by Colenso (1890). H. pseudococcineus Hongo ss. Stevenson may be placed close to forms of H. miniata (Fr.) but further observations are necessary in order to obtain more information about this species. According to Cleland (1934: 71) H. miniata (Fr.) also occurs in New South Wales, Australia.
Hygrocybe procera (G. Stev.) E. Horak 1973
Holotype (K): 'Keith George Park, Wellington, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson (643), 15.VI.1949'. - Holotype of H. miniceps Stev. (K): 'Butterfly, Wellington, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson (1348), 2.VI.1958'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/119: 'SW of Kumara, Mitchell’s, Lake Brunner, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 9.III.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 69/145: Xmas Village, Stewart Island, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 17.III.1969'.
Pileus 5-50 mm diam., scarlet, deep red-orange or orange-luteous hemispherical when young, later becoming expanded with low umbilicus fibrillose to minutely scaly, fibrils concolorous, squamules free and upturned or appressed, margin estriate, dry. Lamellae adnate to decurrent, red-orange to orange paler at the edges, distant. Stipe 15-70 x 3-6 mm, cylindric, equal or attenuated towards the base, red-orange to orange, paler near the base, smooth, dry, hollow. Context red-orange, yellow in the stipe. Odor and taste not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH, NH3 and HCl - negative. Spores 11-17 x 7-10 µm, ellipsoid to amygdaliform, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 55-75 x 8-12 µm, 4- and rarely also 2-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle consisting of cylindric, not gelatinized hyphae (8-14 µm diam.) forming a cutis, tips of hyphae suberect, epimembranous and/or plasmatic pigment present. Clamp connections numerous.
In soil under Beilschmiedia, Dacrydium, Weinmannia, Metrosideros, etc., occasionally also under Nothofagus. New Zealand.
Stevenson 1962: Fig. 2/10-11; Pl. 6/5,7; Taylor 1970 (back cover).
In New Zealand this is a widely distributed and easily recognized species which occurs mainly in Podocarpus and broad leaved forests but is rarely seen in Nothofagus associations. Macroscopically H. procera . (Stev.) resembles H. intermedia (Pass.) or H. marchii (Bres.) but its large spores definitely separate it from the two European fungi. With respect to the size of the spores, the squamulose pileus and the colours, H. procera appears to be closely related with H. pseudococcineus Hongo (1955). Unfortunately no type material was available to compare the two taxa, which also have some relationships with H. suzukaensis Hongo (1962). However, the latter species differs in having a glabrous and non scurfy pileus. All characters found on the type material of H. miniceps Stevenson (1962) . also described from New Zealand indicate that this fungus is conspecific with H. procera (Stev.).
Hygrocybe rosella E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27078); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/200): 'Red Jack Valley, Ngahere, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 21.III.1969'. - Herb. HK. ZT 69/159: 'Ulva Island, Stewart Island, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 23.III.1969'.
Pileus 20-45 mm diam., conical when young becoming conico-convex or campanulate, radially splitting, pink, glabrous, dry, not striated. Lamellae adnexed or slightly emarginate-adnexed, pink, ventricose, gill edge concolorous, occasionally serrate. Stipe 35-80 x 4-6 mm, cylindric, equal, pink, dry, glabrous, hollow fragile, single. Context whitish. Odor and taste not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH and HCl- negative. Spores 6.5-7.4-5 µm, ovoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 28-40 x 7-8 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle consisting of repent, cylindric, not gelatinized hyphae (1-4 µm diam.) forming a cutis. Clamp connections absent.
In soil under Podocarpus, Dacrydium, Weinmannia, etc. New Zealand.
Pileo 20-45 mm lato, conico dein convexo-campanulato, roseo, sicco, glabro. Lamellis adnexis vel subadnatis, roseis. Stipite 35-80 x 4-6 mm, cylindrico, pileo concolori, sicco, cavo, fragili. Sporis 6.5-7 x 4-5 µm, ovoideis. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis repentibusque cutem formantibus. Septis defibulatis. Ad terram in silvis virgineis. Novazelandia.
This species is close to H. mavis (Stev.) from which it is distinguished by its pink colour and the smaller spores. Both species are similar in habit and lack clamp connections.
Holotypus (PDD 27078): 'Red Jack Valley, Ngahere, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 21.III.1968'.
Hygrocybe rubrocarnosa (G. Stev.) E. Horak 1973
Holotype (K): 'Levin, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson (568), 22.V.1949'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/644: 'Kauaeranga Valley, Coromandel Peninsula, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 5.VII.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/209: 'Ikamatua, Grey Valley, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 22.III.1968'.
Pileus 10-35 mm diam., hemispherical becoming plano-convex to irregularly expanded, scarlet to deep red fading to orange-yellow, glabrous or (in aged carpophores) minutely fibrillose-squamulose, dry, occasionally margin of pileus striated. Lamellae broadly adnate to decurrent, blood red when young turning pale red or cream, rather thick, distant, gill edge concolorous. Stipe 25-70 x 2-5(6) mm, cylindric, equal, sometimes attenuated below, concolorous with pileus paler towards the base, longitudinally fibrillose, silky, dry, hollow, single or in clusters. Context deep red especially in the cortex of pileus and stipe. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH - negative. Spores 7.5-10 x 4-6 µm, pyriform to ovoid, sometimes distinctly constricted, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 45-65 x 6-8 µm, 4- and 2-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle a cutis consisting of suberect ends of the hyphae (5-10 µm diam.) forming the small squamules, membrane not gelatinized, conspicuous yellowish-red pigment dissolved in the cell sap present. Clamp connections numerous.
In soil under Dacrydium, Podocarpus, Nothofagus; Cyathea, etc. New Zealand.
Stevenson 1962: Fig. 2/9; Pl 6/6(? ).
Stevenson (1962: Pl. 6/8, not 6/6 which refers to Gl: bichromus Hk.!) gives an excellent picture of this characteristic species. The painting shows well the deep red layer beneath the cuticle and the upper portion of the stipe.
Hygrocybe spadicea sensu E. Horak 1973
Holotype of H. fusco-aurantiacus (Stev.) (K): 'In litter under forest, Keith George Park, Wellington, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson (645), 15.VI.1949'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/558: 'Near Rahiri Lodge, Mt. Egmont, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 17.VI.1968'. :
Pileus 15-45 mm diam., conic to campanulate, umbo present, sooty brown to dark brown, occasionally with faint olive tints, pale yellowish towards the striated margin, densely covered with concolorous, radially arranged fibrils, viscid when moist. Lamellae adnexed to free, yellowish when young turning grey-yellow to orange, gill edge concolorous, even. Stipe 30-60 x 3-6(-10) mm, tapering towards the base, slightly fusoid, lemon yellow, paler at the base, dry, covered with longitudinal fibrils, fistulose, single. Context yellowish" with a brown layer beneath the cuticle. Taste and odor not distinctive" Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH - negative. Spores 7-10 x 4-5.5 µm, ovoid, inamyloid, smooth. Basidia 40-52 x 6-9 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia lacking. Cuticle a cutis consisting of repent, cylindric, slightly gelatinized hyphae (2-7 µm  diam.), subcutis of chains of subfusoid cells, brown, plasmatic pigment present. Clamp connections numerous.
In soil amongst litter and mosses under Weinmannia racemosa, Beilschmiedia tawa, Metrosideros, Schefflera, etc. New Zealand.
The N.Z. collections studied which are referable to H. fusco-aurantiaca (Stev.) appear to be conspecific with H. spadicea (Fr.), in spite of the fact that some minor characters are different. According to the original description H. inocyboides Heim (1967) collected under oak in New Guinea, also very much resembles H. spadicea (Fr.).
Hygrocybe striatolutea E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27081); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/417): 'Kaihoka Reserve, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 10.V.1968'.
Pileus 25-50 mm diam., convex when young later becoming convex-umbonate or umbonate-depressed, umbo always distinct, golden yellow to deep yellow, fading towards the striated margin, radially splitting, membranaceous, glutinous, glabrous. Lamellae adnexed or almost free, ventricose, yellow or light orange-yellow, gill edge with grey gelatinous thread. Stipe 35-60 x 5-7 mm, cylindric, concolorous with pileus or paler, whitish-grey towards the base, viscid, longitudinally fibrillose, hollow, single. Context orange-yellow in pileus, otherwise yellow, not blackening. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH and HCl - negative. Spores 9-l1 x 6-7 µm, ovoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 42-52 x 10-13 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia of articulate cells, membrane strongly gelatinized, forming the gelatinous thread on the gill edge. Cuticle of repent or suberect, hyaline gelatinized hyphae forming a cutis, plasmatic pigment present. Clamp connections numerous.
In soil under broadleaf trees (Metrosideros, Elaeocarpus, Dodonaea, Rhopalostylis, etc.). New Zealand.
Pileo 25-50 mm lato, convexo dein umbonato-convexo vel umbonato-depresso, aureo, glutinoso, striato. Lamellis adnatis vel subliberis, e luteo aurantiacis, filo gelatinoso instructis. Stipite 35-60 x 5-7 mm, cylindrico, pileo concolori, subviscido, longitudinaliter fibrilloso, cavo. Caro haud nigrescente. Sporis 9-11 x 6-7 µm, ovatis. Cheilocystidiis ex hyphis candelabriformibus, gelatinosis hyalinisque. Epicute ex hyphis repentibus vel suberectis, gelatinosis, pigmento plasmatico instructis cutem formantibus. Septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis.
This species is characterized chiefly by its glutinous pileus and stipe and the spores which are considerably larger than those reported for the related European species H. ceracea (Fr.).
Holotypus (PDD 27081): 'Kaihoka Reserve, N.Z.: leg. Horak, l0.V.1968'.
Hygrophorus carcharias E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27089); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/555): 'Timaru Stream, Pouakai Range, Mt. Egmont, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 16.VI.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/511: 'Filter station NW of Dunedin, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 30.V.1968'.
Pileus 10-40 mm diam., hemispherical or convex when young becoming umbonate and expanded, whitish or creamy turning pallid argillaceous, viscid when moist, glabrous, hygrophanous and slightly striated at the margin Lamellae adnate to emarginate-adnate, whitish-creamy turning yellowish close, gill edge concolorous, even. Stipe 15-55 x 3-8 mm, cylindric, equal, white, dry, longitudinally fibrillose or even minutely squamulose, solid, mostly single. Context white, stuffed in the stipe. Taste mild. Odor changing from fruity to unpleasant (like Cystoderma carcharias [Fries]). Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH - negative. Spores 6.5-8 x 4.5-5 µm, ovoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 38-48 x 6-7 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia lacking. Cuticle an ixocutis consisting of repent, gelatinized, cylindric hyphae (2-5 µm diam.). Clamp connections numerous.
In soil under Podocarpus, Dacrydium, Beilschmiedia and different tree-ferns. New Zealand.
Pileo 10-40 mm lato, ex hemisphaerico convexo dein umbonato expanso, cremeo vel pallide argillaceo, viscido, estriato, glabro. Lamellis emarginato-adnatis, albido-cremeis Stipite 15-55 x 18 mm, cylindraceo, albido, sicco. Odore fruticoso vel ingrato maturescens. Sporis 6.5-8 x 4.5-5 µm, ovatis. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis repentibus gelatinosisque ixocutem formantibus. Fibulis praesentibus. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
Holotypus (PDD 27089): 'Pouakai Range, Mt. Egmont, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 16.VI.1968'.
Hygrophorus gloriae G. Stev. 1963 [1962]
Holotype (K): 'Hokio, N.Z.; leg. G. Parsons in Stevenson (816), 29.VII.1951'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/643: 'Kauaeranga Valley, Coromandel Peninsula, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 5.VII.1968'.
Pileus 8-40 mm diam., conic or hemispherical with inrolled margin when young, later becoming umbonate-expanded or flat with upturned margin, beige or drab, fuliginous at the centre, aged carpophores fading to whitish, viscid, estriate, glabrous. Lamellae adnexed to emarginate-subdecurrent, creamy or faintly greenish when young later turning whitish, moderately distant, gill edge concolorous. Stipe 25-60 x 4-6(-10) mm, cylindric, equal, yellowish-greenish above, obviously pink at the strigose base, longitudinally fibrillose, dry, hollow, fragile. Context in pileus brown, yellowish-greenish in upper portions of the stipe, pink at the base of the stipe. Odor unpleasant, like Cystoderma carcharias (Fries). Taste mild. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH, NH3 and HCl - negative. Spores 6-8 x 4-5.5 µm, ovoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 40-55 x 7-8 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle a palisade or trichoderm consisting of densely interwoven, gelatinized hyphae (4-10 µm diam.), tips of the hyphae rounded, brownish plasmatic pigment present. Clamp connections present.
Terrestrial in Podocarpus and broadleaf forests (Elaeocarpus, Beilschmiedia, etc.) with Cyathea. New Zealand.
Stevenson 1962: Fig. 2/15; Pl. 7/4.
In the field this species is easily recognized and identified by its pink coloured base of the stipe.
Hygrophorus involutus G. Stev. 1963 [1962]
Holotype (K): 'Butterfly, Wellington, N.Z.; leg. Stevenson, 2.VI.1958'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/650: 'Kauaeranga Valley, Coromandel Peninsula, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 8.VII.1968'.
Pileus 10-30 mm diam., hemispherical becoming convex to plane, rarely subdepressed at the centre, margin strongly inrolled, white, turning yellowish, glutinous, neither hygrophanous nor striated. Lamellae broadly adnate to subdecurrent, yellowish to wax yellow, crowded, gill edge concolorous, even. Stipe 40-65 x 2-3 mm, tapering towards the base, rooting, single or fasciculate, whitish-yellowish, apically densely covered with glutinous drops being pruinose or velutinous in dry conditions, slimy towards the base, fistulose, very fragile and brittle. Context whitish-yellowish. Odor and taste not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH - orange. Spores 5-7.5 x 3-3.5 µm, ellipsoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 30-38 x 4-5 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle consisting of erect, cylindric or subclavate hyphae forming a palisade, membrane strongly gelatinized, yellow plasmatic pigment present. Clamp connections present.
In soil under broad leaved trees (Weinmannia, Elaeocarpus), Phyllocladus, Brachyglottis, tree-ferns (Cyathea, Dicksonia), etc. New Zealand.
Stevenson 1962: fig. 1/2 a, b.
The most distinctive characters of this species are the strongly enrolled margin of the pileus, the tapering stipe, the slimy drops at the upper portion of the stipe and the fragility of the carpophores. For more detailed discussion see H. salmonipes Stev. (29).
Hygrophorus salmonipes G. Stev. 1963 [1962]
Holotype (K): 'Keith George Park, Wellington, N.Z.: leg. Stevenson (606), 30.V.1949'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/549: 'Lucy's Gully, Kaitake Range. Mt. Egmont, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 14.VI.1968'.
Pileus 15-25 mm diam., hemispherical later becoming convex, aged specimens with shallow umbilicus, yellowish-greenish, fading to whitish-creamy, hygrophanous, distinctly striated at the margin, dry. Lamellae deeply decurrent, arcuate, whitish-greenish, fading to cream, brownish on dried carpophores, gill edge concolorous. Stipe 30-50  x 2-4 mm, cylindrical, equal or tapering towards the base, glabrous, dry, fragile. Context whitish. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus unknown. Spores 7-9 x 4.5-5 µm, ellipsoid to subvirguliform, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 35-40 x 6 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Cuticle a cutis of repent, hyaline, cylindric, not gelatinized hyphae (2-6 µm diam.). Clamp connections numerous.
In soil under Weinmannia, Knightia, Cyathea, etc. New Zealand.
Stevenson 1962: Fig. 2/1; Pl. 7/1.
Macroscopically aged fruiting bodies of H. salmonipes Stev. could resemble H. involutus Stev. but the spores of the latter species are smaller and the structure of the cuticle observed in the two fungi is quite different.
Neohygrocybe innata E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27076); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/199): 'Red Jack Valley, Ngahere, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 21.III.1968'.
Pileus 20-45 mm diam., hemispherical or convex when young then plano-convex or expanded, light brown, covered with radially arranged, innate, concolorous fibrils (like Inocybe), dry, slightly hygrophanous, estriate. Lamellae emarginate-adnexed, whitish, pinkish to brownish when bruised, distant, thick, gill edge even, concolorous. Stipe 30-60 x 5-8 mm, cylindric, equal or attenuated towards the base, often curved, whitish to concolorous with pileus, densely covered with innate, longitudinal fibrils, dry, hollow, fragile. Context whitish, turning pink or red. Odor alkaline to fruity. Taste mild. Chemical reactions on Pileus: KOH - brownish; HCl - negative. Spores 7-8.5 x 4.5-5 µm, ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 32-40 x 7 µm, 4-spored. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle a cutis consisting of cylindric. repent hyphae (4-10 µm diam.), membranes not gelatinized. plasmatic pigment present. Clamp connections rare on the cuticular hyphae.
Amongst litter of Dacrydium cupressinum, Metrosideros umbellata, Quintinia, etc. New Zealand.
Pileo 20-45 mm lato, e convexo plano, fibrillis brunneolis innatisque radialiter obtecto, sicco. Lamellis emarginato adnatis, albidis, brunnescentibus. Stipite 30-60 x 5-8 mm, cylindrico vel basim versus attenuato, pileo concolori, sicco, fibrilloso, cavo. Odore alcalino. Caro rufescente. Sporis 7-8.5 x 4.5-5 µm, ellipticis. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis repentibus, cylindraceis, pigmento brunneo plasmatico instructis cutem formantibus. Septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
This species resembles in some ways H. nitiosus (Blytt) but its spores are smaller and its context is less reddened and not blackening at all (Haller 1951: 179).
Holotypus (PDD 27076) 'Red Jack Valley, Ngahere, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 21.III.1968'.
Neohygrocybe squarrosa E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27077); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 69/164): 'Ulva Island, Paterson Inlet, Stewart Island' N.Z.; leg. Horak,23.III.1969'.
Pileus 25-45 mm diam., conico-convex when young later becoming flat, plane, brownish grey to beige-grey, densely covered with small squarrose, concolorous scales, splitting radially, dry, estriate, not hygrophanous. Lamellae emarginate-adnate to decurrent with short tooth, whitish turning greyish, ventricose, moderately distant, gill edge concolorous, even. Stipe 30-60 x 7-9 mm, cylindrical, equal or attenuated towards the base, apex grey towards the base lighter or even whitish, dry, with conspicuous longitudinal fibrils, hollow, fragile, single or grown together. Context grey, unchanging after bruising. Taste and odor not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH, HCl - negative. Spores 6.5-7.5 x 4.5-5.5 µm ovoid, smooth, inamyloid. Basidia 30-38 x 7 µ, 4-spored. Pleurocystidia 70-95 x 14 x 18 µm, fusoid to lageniform, membrane thin-walled, hyaline, occasionally with refractive granules in the plasma, rare.cuticle a trichoderm consisting of fasciculate, cylindric hyphae- (8-16 µdiam.), terminal cells fusoid, uplifted and forming the squamules, encrusted with brown pigment. Clamp connections present.
On soil under Dacrydium, Podocarpus, Weinmannia, etc. New Zealand.
Pileo 25-45 mm laeo, e conico-convexo plano, griseobrunneo vel griseolo, dense squamis squarrosis concoloribus obtecto, sicco. Lamellis emarginato-adnatis, albido-griseis, ventricosis. Stipite 30-60 x 7-9 mm, cylindrico vel attenuato basim versus, albido, apicaliter griseo, sicco, cavo. Odore nullo. Caro haud rubescente. Sporis 6.5-7.5 x 4.5-5.5 µm, ovatis. Pleurocystidiis 70-95 x 14-18 µm, sparsis, fusoideis, hyalinis. Epicute ex hyphis suberectis squamas formantibus, pigmento brunneo incrustato instructis, haud gelatinosis. Septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
At first sight N. squarrosa could be taken as H. fornicatus (Fr.) but the N.Z. species is well characterized by its striking squamulose pileus, grey-brown stipe and presence of cystidia. The colour of the pileus never fades to whitish not even near the margin.
Holotypus (PDD 27077): 'Ulva Island, N.Z. leg. Horak, 23.III.1969'.
Phaeocollybia longipes E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27100); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/246): 'Waiuta, E of Totara Flat, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 2.IV.1968'.
Pileus 25-50 mm diam., conic becoming broadly conico-umbonate, plane with conspicuous small umbo in age, olive turning olive-brown at the centre, dark brown towards the striated margin, viscid when moist, hygrophanous, glabrous. Lamellae adnexed to subfree, ventricose, pink to reddish-brown turning pallid ferruginous in age, crowded, gill edge whitish, crenulate. Stipe 100-150 x 4-6 mm, gradually attenuated towards the base, rooting, brownish, reddish-brown towards the base, lilac or violaceous colours lacking, dry, glabrous, tough, hollow, rhizoids absent, single. Context olive in pileus and upper portions of the stipe, fibrillose-stuffed. Taste and odor fragrant, like burnt hair. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH - yellow-brown; HCI and NH3 - negative.
Spores 8-9 x 5-5.5 µm, amygdaliform with a short and blunt beak, distinctly verrucose, ferruginous. Basidia 26-30 x7-8 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 22-30 x 2-6 µm, narrowly clavate, occasionally subcapitate, hyaline, membrane thin-walled abundant on gill edge. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle a cutis consisting of repent, cylindric, slightly gelatinized hyphae (2-6 µm diam.), encrusted with brownish pigment. Clamp connections absent.
Amongst Sphagnum in swamp-forest under Nothofagus cliffortioides, Phyllocladus alpinus, Libocedrus bidwillii etc. New Zealand.
Pileo 25-50 mm lato, conico dein conico-umbonato, e olivaceo brunneo-olivascente, viscido, glabro. Lamellis adnatis vel subliberis, ex carneo-brunneo ferrugineis. Stipite 100-150 x 4-6 mm, radicato, pallide brunneo. Odore ingrato. Sporis 8-9 x 5-5.5 µm, amygdaliformibus, verrucosis, ferrugineis. Cystidiis cylindrico-subcapitatis, 22-30 x 2-6 µm. Epicute ex hyphis cylindricis cutem formantibus, pigmento brunneo incrustatis, septis defibulatis. Inter Sphagnum in silvis nothofagineis. Novazelandia.
The habit and colours of Phaeocollybia longipes remind one of Ph. festiva (Fr.), Ph. pseudofestiva Smith or Ph. olivacea Smith. However, the spores of Ph. festiva (Fr.) (within the European-Japanese area of distribution) are ovoid and not beaked at the ape. Furthermore the spores and cheilocystidia of Ph. pseudofestiva Smith are distinctly different concerning size and shape. Finally Ph. olivacea Smith is distinguished by its robust habit, its glutinous cuticle, the larger strongly beaked spores and the capitate cheilocystidia
Holotypus (PDD 27100): 'Waiuta, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 2.IV.1968'.
Phaeocollybia minuta E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27099); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 69/207): 'Milford Sound, Fiordland, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 1.IV.1969'.
Pileus 4-12 mm broad, conic when young becoming conico-convex then campanulate with distinct obtuse umbo, date brown to yellow-brown or honey brown, dry, glabrous to minutely fibrillose, striated towards the margin. Lamellae adnexed to free, whitish or yellowish when young turning brownish-yellow with rust brown tinge, crowded, gill edge concolorous, even. Stipe 15-35 x 1-2(3) mm, fusoid, rooting, pseudorhiza absent, concolorous with pileus or paler, often whitish at the base, dry, glabrous, tough, hollow, single. Context dark brown, not gelatinous. Odor and taste distinctly raphanoid. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH, HC1 and NH3 - negative.
Spores 6-7 x 3.5-4 µm, subamygdaliform to ellipsoid, rugulose-roughened, without distinct mucro, ferruginous. Basidia 20-27 x 5 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 20-30 x 2-3 µm, hair-like with rounded apex, hyaline, membrane thin-walled, scattered on gill edge. Pleurocystidia absent. Cuticle a cutis consisting of repent, cylindric, thin-walled, not gelatinized hyphae (2-8 µm diam.), encrusted with brown pigment. Clamp connections numerous on cuticular hyphae.
On soil amongst mosses in Nothofagus forests (N. menziesii, N. cliffortioides) with Dacrydium cupressinum. New Zealand.
Pileo 4-12 mm lato, e conico conico-convexo, dein obtuso-campanulato, brunneo vel obscure melleo, sicco, innate fibrilloso. Lamellis adnexo-subliberis, e luteolo luteobrunneis. Stipite 15-35 x 1-2(3) mm, fusoideo, radicato, pileo concolori vel pallidiori, sicco. Odore saporeque raphanoideo. Sporis 6-7 x 3.5-4 µm, subamygdaliformibus, asperulatis, ferrugıneis. Cystidiis 20-30 x 2-3 µm, filiformibus. Epicute e hyphis cylindraceis cutem formantibus, septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis nothofagineis. Novazelandia.
From the microscopic point of view (spores, cheilocystidia) this species resembles Ph. yenniae (Karsten) (= Ph. cidaris [Fr.] ss. Kuhner & Romagnesi 1957: 48; ss. Moser 1967) but the habit of the N.Z. fungus is much more delicate and its stipe is fusoid rather than gradually tapering towards the base.
Ph. minuta Hk. represents by far the smallest member presently known in the genus Phaeocollybia. The pileus does not exceed 15 mm in diameter. Another outstanding character of this taxon are the clamp connections which occur on all septae of the cuticular hyphae. Except for Ph. radicata (Murrill) Singer and Ph. amazonica Singer clamp connections are absent in all other species of Phaeocollybia.
Holotypus (PDD 27099): 'Milford Sound, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 1.IV.1969'.
Phaeocollybia ratticauda E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27098); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/230): 'S of Lake Hochstetter, Prov. Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 29.III.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 69/329: 'Track to Mt. Luxmore,. Lake Te Anau, Fjordland, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 9.IV.1969'.
Pileus 15-45 mm broad, convex with inrolled margin when young becoming broadly umbonate to campanulate then umbonate-expanded, dark brown to liver brown, opaque, fading to ochraceous-brown or red-brown, dry, radially fibrillose to subsquamulose in age, estriate. Lamellae adnexed to free, crowded, lilac or greyish-lilac when young turning coffee brown then rust brown, gill edge concolorous or paler, eroded. Stipe 50-100 x 3-6 mm, fusoid (up to 12 mm diam.) or abruptly attenuated towards the base, with conspicuous pseudorhiza like a rat tail, dry, glabrous or longitudinally fibrillose, ape lilac, towards the base orange-brown, tough, hollow, single. Context deep lilac in upper portions of the stipe, brown in pileus, orange at the base of the stipe. Taste and odor very unpleasant, like burnt hairs. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH - negative.
Spores 5-6 x 3.5-4 µm, ovoid, mucro absent, verruculose, ferruginous. Basidia 20-24 x 5-6 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 17-25 x 4-6 µm, subfusoid, with distinct capitate apex (-2 µm diam.), hyaline, membrane thin-walled, scattered at gill edge. Pleurocystidia lacking. Cuticle a cutis consisting of repent, cylindric, not gelatinized hyphae (2-6 µm diam.), encrusted with brown pigment. Clamp connections absent.
Amongst mosses in Nothofagus forests (N. menziesii, N. cliffortioides) intermixed with Dacrydium cupressinum, Libocedrus bidwillii, etc. New Zealand.
Pileo 15-45 mm lato, e convexo umbonato-expanso, brunneo, pallescente, sicco, radialiter fibrilloso vel subsquamuloso. Lamellis adnexis vel subliberis, lilaceis maturitate ferrugineis. Stipite 50-100 x 3-6 mm, fusoideo, radicato, sursum lilaceo, basim versus ochraceo-aurantiaco, sicco, cavo. Odore ingrato. Caro lilacea apicem stiptitis versus. Sporis 8-6 x 3.5-4 µm, ovatis, verrucosis, ferrugineis. Cystidiis 17-24 x 4-6 µm, fusoideis, capitatis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis repentibusque cutem formantibus. Septis defibulatis. Ad terram in silvis nothofagineis. Novazelandia.
This fungus is characterized by its lilac gills (see young carpophores), deep lilac context at the upper portions of the stipe, ovoid spores, fusoid-capitate cheilocystidia and its remarkable odor (like burnt hair). As far as we know there is only one other closely related species known (Ph. rancida Hk. ined.) but the shape of pileus and stipe, the odor and the shape of the cheilocystidia can be used to separate clearly the two taxa.
Lilac coloured lamellae also occur in Ph. fallax Smith  and Ph. lilacifolia Smith. However, both North American taxa are distinguished from Ph. ratticauda Hk. by their sublimoniform spores and the glutinous cuticle of the pileus.
From the microscopic point of view the N.Z. fungus could be taken as Ph. radicata (Murrill) Singer or Ph. rancida Hk. ined. but all other characters of these fungi are different.
Holotypus (PDD 27098): 'Lake Hochstetter, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 29.III.1968'.
Pouzaromyces minutus E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27059); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 69/14): 'W of Matakitaki-River, Murchison, N.Z; leg. Horak, 25.I.1969'.
Pileus 2-5 mm diam., minute, hemispherical to convex, fragile, estriate, dry, brownish to beige, densely covered with white or concolorous fibrillose squamules. Lamellae (L 1-3, l  0) broadly adnexed, distant, brownish with concolorous, flocculose gill edge. Stipe -4 x -1 mm, cylindric, densely covered with brownish or white fibrils, dry, fragile. Context very brittle, greyish. Odor and taste none.
Spores 16-20 x 10-12 µm, tuberculate-angular, 6-9-angled. Basidia 32-44 x 15-18 µm, 4-spored. Cheilocystidia none, but the gill edge may be covered with thin-walled hyphae (see cuticle). Cuticle a trichoderm consisting of cylindrical, thick-walled, strongly pigmented hyphae, membrane brown, not gelatinized. Clamp connections absent.
On soil in forests (Podocarpus dacrydioides, Elaeocarpus hookerianus, Melicytus ramiflorus, etc.). New Zealand.
Pileo 2-5 mm lato, minuto, fragili, convexo vel hemisphaerico, ex brunneolo argillaceo, dense flocculoso fibrilloso, sicco. Lamellis late adnatis, distantibus, argillaceis, acie flocculosa instructis. Stipite -4 x -1 mm, cylindraceo, pileo concolori, sicco, dense fibrillis concoloribus vel albis obtecto. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 16-20 x 10-12 µm, multiangulatis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis trichodermium formantibus, membrana crassa grosse pigmento brunneo incrustatis. Septis defibulatis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.
This species fits easily into the genus Pouzaromyces Pilat which is characterized by large, many-angled spores and hair-like, thick-walled hyphae on pileus, gill edges and stipe. P. minutus differs from all other known species of that genus by its small dimensions of the fruiting bodies, morphology of the cuticular hyphae and colours.
Holotypus (PDD 27059): 'Murchison, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 25.I.1969'.
Richoniella pumila G. Cunn. 1940
Holotype (PDD 8385): 'On ground; Titirangi Range., Auckland; leg. Hodgkins'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/235: 'In soil along a bank-side, track from Taylorville to Mt. Sewell, Westcoast, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 31.III.1968'.
Carpophores 3-24 mm diam., globose or irregularly tuberiform, folded near the base, pure white, turning pallid cream or ochraceous, smooth, dry, peridium covering the gleba but in old specimen leaving the gleba occasionally exposed. Gleba irregularly labyrinthiform, loculi not radially arranged, cells up to 2 mm diam., columella absent or only rudimentary, vivid pink, later becoming pallid ferruginous, not gelatinous. Stipe absent or present, short cylindrical, concolorous with peridium, without rhizoids. Odor and taste not distinctive. Chemical reactions on peridium: KOH, HCl or NH3 - negative.
Spores 9-12 x 7-10 µm, rhomboid or 5-angled, pink, smooth. Basidia 26-35 x 10-11 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia none. Cuticle a cutis of short cylindrical, densely interwoven, hyaline hyphae (5-10 µm diam.), membrane thin-walled, not gelatinized. Clamp connections absent.
On ground among litter of Dicksonia sp., Carpodetus serratus, Ouintinia sp., etc. New Zealand.
From the taxonomical point of view Richoniella pumila represents a very interesting species with highly reduced macroscopical characters. The tuberiform gastrocarp (pileus) rarely exposes the loculate gleba (lamellae) and a fragile stipe may be observed only occasionally. The microscopical characters of Richoniella do not differ widely from those of Entoloma (Fr.) or Rhodogaster Hk., another secotioid genus, linking Richoniella with Entoloma (Fr.).
Thaxterogaster anisodorus E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27068); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/343): 'Mt. Robert, Lake Rotoiti, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.: leg. Horak, 2.V.1968'.
Gastrocarp 20-35 x 15-20 mm, initially globose becoming subglobose, finally irregularly tuberiform, peridium 1-2 mm diam., ochraceous or pallid brownish with reddish tints, radially fibrillose or tomentose, dry, margin of peridium attached to the stipe and covered with ochraceous remnants of the veil. Gleba loculate, cells irregularly arranged, 1-2 mm diam., rust brown, penetrated by whitish or brownish tramal plates, never exposed. Stipe 10-20 x 1-3[(-15) at the base)] mm, turbinate or marginate, margin of base attached to the margin of peridium and connected (in young carpophores) with the hyphae of the veil at least, the button-like lower parts of the stipe extending as a rudimentary columella or few branches of the tramal plates into the gleba, concolorous with peridium, dry. Context whitish turning brownish. Odor intensely like anis-seed. Taste not distinctive. Chemical reactions on peridium: KOH - brown; HCl or NH3 - negative.
Spores 11-13 x 6.5-7.5 µm, elliptic, minutely verrucose, warts coarser towards the apex, perisporium absent, ferruginous. Basidia 35-45 x 8 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Epicutis consisting of cylindric, thin-walled, not gelatinised hyphae forming a cutis, encrusted with yellow-brown pigment, clamp connections present.
On ground amongst litter of Nothofagus cliffortioides, N. menziesii and N. fusca. New Zealand.
Gastrocarpio 20-35 x 15-20 mm, globoso, subgloboso vel irregulariter tuberiformi, ex ochraceo rubrobrunneolo, sicco, glabro, marginem versus fragmentibus ochraceis e velo ornato. Gleba lacunosa, ferruginea, haud exposita. Stipite 10-20 x 1-3(-15) mm, obsoleto, basim versus distincte marginato, interdum haud evoluto, pileo concolori. Odore anisato. Sapore nullo. Sporis 11-13 x 6.5-7.5 µm, ellipticis, minute verrucosis, ferrugineis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Ad terram in silvis nothofagineis. Novezelandia.
The characters of this species are the strong anis-seed like odor, the rudimentary or absent columella and the elliptic spores with coarser warts in the apical region.
Holotypus (PDD 27068): 'Mt. Robert, Lake Rotoiti, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 2.V.1968'.
Thaxterogaster aurantiacus E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27066); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 67/151): 'Atkinson Park, Titirangi Range., Auckland, N.Z.; leg. McNabb & Horak, 8.X.1967'. - The following collections deposited at PDD are conspecific: PDD 6230, 26010, 26011, 26012, 26013, and 26015.
Gastrocarp 10-20 mm diam., globose or ovoid, subhypogaeous buried among litter, peridium deep orange, golden yellow or reddish brown, mucilaginous, very glutinous, cuticle cartilaginous, up to 2 mm diam., margin of peridium not dehiscent from the base of the stipe, veil remnants absent. Gleba loculate, cells 1-2 mm diam., not radially arranged, without branching tramal plates, rust brown, neither exposed nor dehiscent from stipe (columella).
Stipe -15 x -3(5) mm, turbinate or bulbous-marginate at the base, strongly tapering towards the apex or absent, columella not branched, merging into central parts of peridium. Context whitish, tough. Odor and taste nor distinctive. Chemical reactions on peridium: KOH - negative.
Spores 13-15 x 7-9 µm, elliptic, verrucose, warts tubular and coarser towards the apex, perisporium well developed, ferruginous. Basidia 30-45 x 9-12 µm, 4 spored. Cystidia absent. Epicutis consisting of highly gelatinised, cylindric (2-7 µm diam.), thin-walled hyphae, encrusted with brown pigment; subcutis cellular. Clamp connections present.
In soil amongst litter, under Leptospermum scoparium, Knightia sp., Cyathea sp., etc. New Zealand.
Gastrocarpio 10-20 mm lato, globoso vel ovoideo, subhypogaeo, aurantiaco vel luteo-aureo, glutinoso mucilagineove, glabro. Gleba lacunosa, ferruginea, haud columella dehiscente. Stipite -15 x -3(5) mm, percurrente vel nullo, ad basim marginato, apicem versus attenuato vel obsoleto. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 13-15 x 7-9 µm ellipticis, verrucosis, ferrugineis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis intense glutinosis, 2-8 µm diam., membrana hyalina pigmento luteobrunneo instructis, septis fibuligeris. Ad terram inter detritum in silvis virgineis (sub Leptospermo ericoideo). Novazelandia,
New Zealand a closely related form of this species is known to grow under Nothofagus (N. fusca, N. menziesii). This variety is distinguished from the type by its slightly larger spores, more gelatinous peridium and in many cases the beech forest inhabiting species does not have a well developed stipe and the columella is often absent or rather oblique (see Herb. HK. ZT 67/159; 68/635).
Holotypus (PDD 27066): 'Titirangi Range., Auckland, N.Z.; leg. McNabb & Horak, 8.X.1967'.
Thaxterogaster carneolus E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27065); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 67/182): 'Camp Stream, Craigieburn Range., Prov. Canterbury, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 3.XI.1967'.
Gastrocarp 35-55 x 30-40 mm, globose later becoming depressed globose with strongly enrolled margin, dehiscent from upper part of the stipe at maturity, peridium 1-3 mm thick, brownish to reddish brown, densely covered with small orange brown squamules from the veil, dry, radially fibrillose. Gleba loculate, cells up to 3-4 mm diam., elliptic, in aged carpophores deshiscent from stipe-columella, the exposed gleba chambers covered with whitish fibrils of the veil, without conspicuous trama plates, rust brown. Stipe 60-100 x 10-17 mm, cylindrical, robust, not or only slightly attenuated towards the apex (columella), whitish, becoming yellowish ochraceous, dry, longitudinally fibrillose, hollow, without significant veil remnants. Context whitish. Odor and taste not distinctive. Chemical reactions on peridium: KOH, NH3 or HCl - negative.
Spores 12-15 x 8.5-10 µm, broadly elliptic to ovate, mostly axially symmetric, covered with minute warts, coarser towards the apex, ferruginous. Basidia 25-40 x 10-13 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Epicutis a cutis of cylindrical (4-8 µm diam.), thin-walled, not gelatinised hyphae, strongly encrusted with brown pigment; hyphae of subcutis 12-22 µm diam. Clamp connections present.
ground amongst mosses under Nothofagus cliffortioides. New Zealand.
Gastrocarpio 35-55 x 30-40 mm, subgloboso, marginem versus involuto, brunneolo vel dilute castaneo, squamis luteobrunneis e velo obtecto, sicco, innato-fibrilloso. Gleba lacunosa, e stipite dehiscente et demum exposita sed fibrillis veli obtecta. stipite 60-100 x 10-17 mm, cylindraceo, ex albido luteolo, sicco, fibrilloso, cavo, velo nullo Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 12-15 x 8.5-10 µm, ovatis, minute verrucosis, ferrugineis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis, haud gelatinosis et pigmento brunneo incrustatis cutem formantibus, septis fibuligeris. Ad terram in silvis nothofagineis. Novazelandia.
The characters of this species are the robust carpophores, the loculate gleba and the broad and ovate spores. Th. carneolum Hk. occurs together with Th. epiphaeum Hk. in montane Nothofagus cliffortioides forests and it may be difficult to distinguish the two taxa in the field.
Holotypus (PDD 27065) camp stream Craigieburn Range., N.Z.; leg Horak, 3.XI.1967'.
Thaxterogaster cartilagineus (G. Cunn.) M.M. Moser 1965
Holotype (PDD 1099): 'On ground, Mt. Dun, Nelson, May 1923; leg. J.C. Neill'. - Herb. HK. ZT 67/147: 'Cave Stream, Craigieburn Range., Prov. Canterbury, N.Z.; leg Horak, 12.X.1967'. - Herb. HK. ZT 67/171: 'Lake Rotoiti. Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 25.X.1967'.
Gastrocarp 5-40 x 15-30 mm, globose or depressed globose, peridium up to 2 mm diam., enrolled towards the margin and dehiscent from upper parts of the marginate base of the stipe, excavated, ochraceous to deep apricot yellow (especially at the centre), paler on drying, densely covered with fibrillose, concolorous squamules of the veil, scabrid, dry. Gleba cellular, chambers oval, up to 3 mm diam., irregularly arranged, exposed only in aged carpophores, rust brown. Stipe (columella) absent or obliquely developed, -30 x 2-3(-22) mm, base of stipe marginate, turbiniform, columella tapering towards the apex and emerging into the peridium or irregularly branched or lacking altogether, base of stipe concolorous with peridium, squamulose from remnants of the veil. Context whitish to yellow-brown. Odor and taste not distinctive. Chemical reactions on peridium: KOH - brown; HCl - yellowish; NH3 - negative.
Spores 12-15 x 8,5 µm, broadly ovate, coarsely warted, perisporium well developed, axially symmetric, ferruginous. Basidia 35-50 x 10-12 µm, 4-spored Cystidia absent. Epicutis consisting of cylindric, repent, not gelatinised hyphae (3-12 µm diam.) forming a cutis, membranes encrusted with brownish pigment. Clamp connections present
On ground under Nothofagus spp. and Leptospermum scoparium. New Zealand.
The description has been drawn from the type and from two fresh collections made in the beech forests of South Island. The macroscopic characters of this species are well described by Cunningham who says that the peridium in appearance and to the touch closely resembles chamois leather. However, it seems that Cunningham never saw this fungus in fresh condition because he overlooked the significant turbinate base of the stipe. Microscopically this species also may be distinguished by the broadly ovate and strongly warted spores (Cunningham 1942: 86; Horak & Moser 1965: 228).
Thaxterogaster coneae (R. Heim) E. Horak & M.M. Moser 1965
Holotype (PC); 'Akaroa, N.Z.; leg. G. Stevenson, 1.VIII. 1948 (409)'.
‘Cap fragile, splitting, silky, purple stained, with bright yellow dusting; gills or ? tramal plates closely pressed together, somewhat convoluted in places, covered with rust coloured spores; stalk fragile, solid, fleshy purple stained yellow, silky, striate, distinct small volva at base. 1 specimen rotten' (description after G. Stevenson, in sched.)
Spores 12-14 x 7-8 µm, sublimoniform, axially symmetric, covered with broad warts, perisporium well developed, germ pore absent, ferruginous. Basidia or cystidia not observed. Structure of the cuticle unknown because of the fragmentary condition of the type material.
On soil. New Zealand.
Heim (1951: 142)
This species is remarkable because of its membranaceous volva at the base of the stipe and the sublimoniform spores. The description of Th. conei (Heim) is based on the observations of a single, half-rotten carpophore and inevitably fresh material must be found again in order to define all taxonomic characters not known at present. We agree with Singer & Smith (1958: 204) that a critical study of fresh gastrocarps may reveal that Th. conei (Heim) should to be assigned to another genus which was named Volvigerum (Horak & Moser) Heim (1966: 152)
Thaxterogaster epiphaeus E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27064); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/670): 'Cass, Craigieburn Range., Prov. Canterbury, N.Z.; leg. Moonan, 31.III.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 67/161: 'Maruia, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. McNabb, 23.III.1966'.
Gastrocarp 15-30 x 15-12 mm, depressed globose becoming ovoid, peridium brown or yellow-brown (pallid tan), slightly viscid, smooth, margin of peridium dehiscent from stipe partially exposing gleba. Gleba loculate or indistinctly lamelliform, ± radially arranged, loculi oblong, dull rust brown, with pallid tramal plates, gleba free from stipe (columella) for about half of its length, exposed, but covered with white thin veil. Stipe 40-80 x 5-10 mm, cylindric, occasionally attenuated towards the base, whitish to yellow-brown, smooth, dry, hollow, without veil remnants. Context white, longitudinally fibrous. Odor and taste not distinctive. Chemical reactions on peridium unknown.
Spores 9.5-14 x 6-7 µm, elliptic, with minute warts becoming coarser towards the apex, mostly axially symmetric, ferruginous. Basidia 30-37 x 8-10 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Epicutis consisting of radially arranged, gelatinised, cylindrical (2-6 µm diam.) hyphae forming a cutis, membrane thin-walled and encrusted with brown pigment. Hyphae of subcutis 5-20  µm diam. Clamp connections numerous.
On ground under Nothofagus cliffortioides, N. fusca and N. menziesii. New Zealand.
Gastrocarpio 15-30 x 15-12 mm, subgloboso dein ovoideo, marginem versus e stipite dehiscente, e brunneo luteo-brunneo, viscido, Gleba lacunosa vel sublamelliformi, ferruginea exposita sed velo albo obtecta. Stipite 40-80 x 5-10 mm, cylindraceo, pileo concolori, sicco, fistuloso, velo nullo. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 9.5-14 x 6-7 µm, ellipticis, minute verrucosis, ferrugineis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis gelatinosisque, cutem formantibus, pigmento brunneolo incrustatis, septis fibuligeris. Ad terram in silvis nothofagineis. Novazelandia.
This species is well characterised by its yellow-brown colouration, the equal stipe and relatively small, minutely warted spores. Only considering the species of Thaxterogaster found in New Zealand, this taxa keys out to Th. carneolum HK;. whose spores, however, are larger and the colours of the gastrocarp more reddish brown. The closest relative is Th. cunninghamii Hk (see above) which grows in the Eucalyptus forests of South Australia.
Holotypus (PDD 27064): ‘Cass, Craigieburn Range., N.Z.; leg. Moonan, 31.III.1968'.
Thaxterogaster leoninus E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27063); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 67/153): 'Cave Stream, Craigieburn Range., Prov. Canterbury, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 14.X.1967'. - Herb HK. ZT 67/202: 'Cave Stream, Craigieburn Range., Prov. Canterbury, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 3.XI.1967'
Gastrocarp 25-35 x 25-40 mm, hemispherical or ovoid, peridium (1-2 mm thick) yellow or yellow-brown, glutinous, smooth, margin dehiscent from stipe, without conspicuous veil remnants. Gleba loculate, chambers up to 2 mm diam., indistinctly radially arranged, in aged carpophores dehiscent from stipe and then exposed but always covered with white, 1 mm thick 'cortina’, loculi not shining through, deep rust brown. Stipe 30-55 x 5-14 mm, cylindric or clavate, attenuated above and columella sometimes rudimentary or even lacking, white, silky, dry, occasionally covered with glutinous patches from the margin of the peridium. Context white. Odor and taste not distinctive. Chemical reactions on peridium: KOH, NH3 and HCl - negative.
Spores 15-18 x 10.5-12.5 µm, ovoid or broadly ovate, mostly axially symmetric, coarsely verrucose, perisporium well developed, ferruginous. Basidia 36-50 x 10-13 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Epicutis: a cutis consisting of strongly gelatinised hyaline hyphae with yellow pigment encrusting the thin-walled membranes. Clamp connections present.
On ground amongst litter of Nothofagus cliffortioides, in montane forests. New Zealand.
Gastrocarpio 25-35 x 25-40 mm, hemisphaerico vel ovoideo, glutinoso, ex luteo luteo-brunneo, velo nullo. Gleba lacunosa, e stipite dehiscente, haud exposita, ferruginea. stipite 30-55 x 5-14 mm, cylindraceo vel clavato, apicem versus conspicue attenuato vel obsoleto, albo, sicco. Sporis 15-18 x 10.5-12.5 µm, ovatis, grosse verrucosis, ferrugineis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis gelatinosis, pigmento luteo incrustato vel plasmatico instructis cutem formantibus, septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis nothofagineis Novazelandia.
This species was observed several times in the montane Nothofagus cliffortioides- forests around the type locality. It appears that this species prefers to fructificate during late winter and early spring; therefore, no further records were obtained in other regions of New Zealand as at this time of the year no mycological fieldwork was undertaken.
Holotypus (PDD 27063): ‘Cave stream, Craigieburn Range., N.Z; leg. Horak, 14.X.1967'.
Thaxterogaster leucocephalus (Massee) Singer & A.H. Sm. 1958
Holotype (K): 'New Zealand; Berggren'.
To the full description, given by Singer & Smith (1958), can be added only a few additions. According to our observations on the type material (K) the base of the stipe is not equal but obviously marginate (see Fig. 2 a) and attenuating towards the apex.
Spores 12-14.5 x 8-9 µm ellipsoid, verrucose, warts coarser towards the apex, ferruginous, ± axially symmetric, perisporium well developed. Basidia and cystidia not seen. Cuticle a cutis consisting of strongly gelatinised, hyaline hyphae (2-4 µm diam.), hyphae of the subcutis cylindrical, encrusted with brown pigment, clamp connections present.
On ground. New Zealand.
Cunningham 1924: 113.
Singer & Smith (1958: 210) found that the description of Secotium leucocephalum given by Cunningham (1924: 112; 1942: 85) differs considerably from the details observed in the type material. There is no doubt that Cunningham based his description of this fungus on the type collection and on material from Australia which was supposed to be identical with the fungus from New Zealand.
The thorough study of this particular Australian collection revealed that their characters are significant enough to propose a new species: Thaxterogaster cunninghamii Hk. sp.n. (Differt a Th. leucocephalo (Massee) sporibus et habitu. Holotypus (PDD 8394)) - The spores measure about 9-11.5 x 5.5-6.5 µm, elliptic, warted, warts coarser towards the apex, rust brown coloured, perisporium not observed. The rooting stipe attenuates towards the base and shows no sign of a marginate bulb. - Examined material: Holotype (PDD 8394): 'Secotium leucocephalum Massee; Upper Waterfall Gully, S.A.; leg Cleland'. - PDD 8395: 'Secotium leucocephalum Massee; on dead wood, Mt. Lofty, S.A.; July 1928; leg Cleland'.
Fresh material of both fungi are needed to define exactly the macroscopical characters of the fruitingbodies. In spite of the little knowledge we have concerning the fresh carpophores of Th. leucocephalum (Massee) the nearest relatives are Th olorinum Hk. (1965: 218 (= Th. bibulum Singer 1969: 361) and Th. glutinopallens Hk. (1965: 220) in the Nothofagus forests of South America.
Thaxterogaster luteolus E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27067); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 67/102): 'Kowai Bush, Mt. Grey, Prov. Canterbury, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 15.X.1967'.
Gastrocarp 20-35 x 15-20 mm, subglobose, depressed globose or irregularly tuberiform, peridium 1 mm thick, frequently peeling off and exposing parts of the gleba, whitish-yellowish becoming brownish at maturity, dry, smooth, without veil remnants. Gleba loculate, cells up to 2 mm diam., not radially arranged, neither exposed nor dehiscent from the base of the stipe, coffee brown to rust brown. Stipe absent or button-like, resembling a subgleba in the Lycoperdaceae concolorous with the peridium. Context whitish. Odor and taste not distinctive. Chemical reactions on peridium: unknown.
Spores 12-15 x 9-11 µm, broadly ovate or subglobose, very coarsely warted, with prominent apiculus, ferruginous. Basidia 30-35 x 10-12 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Epicutis consisting of cylindrical, repent, hyaline, not gelatinised, thin-walled hyphae forming a cutis, without conspicuous pigment; subcutis cellular. Clamp connections not observed.
On ground amongst litter under Nothofagus cliffortioides and N. solandri. New Zealand.
Gastrocarpio 20-35 x 15-20 mm, subgloboso vel oboideo, ex albido luteolo, brunnescente, sicco, glabro, velo nullo. Gleba lacunosa, haud exposita, brunnea dein ferruginea. Stipite nullo vel haud bene evoluto, turbiniformi, peridio ad marginem confluente. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 12-15 x 9-11 µm, grosse verrucosis, ovoideis, ferrugineis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis repentibus et cutem formantibus, membrana hyalina haud gelatinosa instructis, fibulis non visis Ad terram inter folias in silvis nothofagineis. Novazelandia.
This species is characterised by the pale yellow colour of the peridium, absence of stipe-columella and the coarsely warted spores. It is closely related to Th. nivale Hk. but differs in the dry cuticle and smaller sized spores.
Holotypus (PDD 27067): 'Kowai Bush, Mt. Grey, N.Z.; leg Horak, 15.IX.1967'.
Thaxterogaster napivelatus E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27069); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/381): 'Track to St. Arnaud Range., Lake Rotoiti, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 5.V.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 67/118: 'Kowai Bush, Mt. Grey, Prov. Canterbury, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 20.IX.1967'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/276: Near Base Camp N.Z.F.S., Cave Stream, Craigieburn Range., Prov. Canterbury, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 19.IV.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/671: 'Maruia, Prov. Nelson, N.Z'; leg. McNabb, 6.V.1968'. - PDD 8393: 'Secotium leucocephalum Massee; near Summit of Haast Pass, Prov. Otago, N.Z.; leg. Moore, det. Cunningham, I.1938'. - PDD 26300: 'Secotium; Lake Rotoiti, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Brook, 25.IV.1965'.
Gastrocarp 20-50 x 10-35 mm, globose or depressed globose, margin broadly enrolled and dehiscent from the stipe, (date) brown or yellow-brown, densely covered with small ochraceous patches from the veil, veil remnants becoming larger towards the margin, viscid when wet, otherwise dry, innate-fibrillose, slightly hygrophanous. Peridium 1-4 mm thick, cartilaginous. Gleba loculate or sublamelliform, cells 1-5 mm diam., rust brown, tramal plates well developed, whitish, branching from the inner layer of the peridium into the gleba, dehiscent from upper parts of the stipe, never exposed but covered with whitish-yellow, fibrillose hyphae of the 'cortina'. Stipe 15-60 x 6-15(-20) mm, cylindric, attenuated towards the apex or equal, turbinate-bulbous or marginate at the base, margin of base dentate because of conspicuous, ochraceous or ferruginous remnants of the veil, remnants occasionally even forming a membranous volva, dry, fibrillose, yellowish-ochraceous. Context yellowish-brownish, watery. Odor and taste not distinctive. Chemical reaction on peridium: KOH or HCl - negative.
Spores 10-12 x 6-8 µm, ovate or broadly elliptic, minutely verrucose, warts coarser around the apex, without distinct perisporium, mostly bilaterally symmetric. Basidia 25-35 x 6-8 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Epicutis consisting of cylindric, repent, slightly gelatinised hyphae forming a cutis, membranes thin-walled, encrusted with brown pigment. Septae with clamp connections.
On ground under Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii and N. cliffortioides. New Zealand.
Gastrocarpio 20-50 x 10-35 mm, hemisphaerico vel ovoideo, depresso-globoso, marginem versus incurbato, e brunneo luteobrunneo, squamis aurantiacis ferrugineisve e velo obtecto, viscido vel sicco, innato-fibrilloso. Gleba lacunosa vel sublamelliformi, stipite dehiscente, velo alboluteo obtecto numquam exposito, ferruginea. Stipite 15-60 x 6-15(-20) mm, cylindraceo vel apicem versus attenuato, ad basim distincte marginato-bulboso, dense squamis aurantiacis vel volva membranacea concolorique instructis, luteobrunneo, sicco, fibrilloso, pleno. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 10-12 x 6-8 µm, ovatis vel ellipticis, minute verrucosis, ferrugineis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis, vix gelatinosis cutem formantibus, pigmento brunneo incrustatis, septis fibulatis. Ad terram in silvis nothofagineis. Novazelandia.
Microscopically this species resembles Th. epiphaeum Hk.; both taxa possess small, minute, verrucose and elliptic spores but they are easily separated by their macroscopical characters. Th. napivelatum Hk. represents one of the most common species of that genus in New Zealand. - There is no doubt that Th. napivelatum Hk. from New Zealand is related to Th. mustella Moser and Th. carneoroseum Hk., hitherto known only from beech forests in South America. The three species have in common the marginate stipe, the colour of the gastrocarp and the minutely warted, ovate spores.
Holotypus (PDD 27069): 'Lake Rotoiti, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 5.V.1968'.
Thaxterogaster nivalis E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27060); Isotype (Herb. HK.ZT 68/492):'Track to Mt. Robert, Lake Rotoiti, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak 21.V.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/677: 'Track to St. Arnaud Range, Lake Rotoiti, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak 30.XI.1968'.
Gastrocarp 15-35 x 10-40 mm, subglobose to ovoid or irregularly tuberiform, peridium white, unchanging, glutinous, smooth when dry and occasionally covered with pentagon-like cracks, about 2 mm thick, not exposing gleba but easily peeling off. Gleba when young grey-lilac becoming ferruginous or chocolate brown, loculate with irregular chambers (up to 4 mm diam.), radially arranged, not gelatinised. Columella absent or penetrating only with few branches into the gleba. Stipe always present but not well developed, resembling a subgleba in the Lycoperdaceae, mostly button-like at the base of the gastrocarp, white, glutinous, smooth, lower portion of peridium connected with apex of the stipe, without rhizoids. Context whitish. Taste mild. Odor aromatic or intensely acidulous (especially at an over-mature stage). Chemical reactions on peridium: KOH - negative.
Spores 16-20(-22) x 13-15 µm, ovoid or ellipsoid-oblong, ± axially symmetric, with prominent apiculus, ferruginous, densely covered with coarse isolated warts, perisporium well developed, without suprahilar depression or germ pore. Basidia 40-48 x 14-20 µm, clavate, 4-spored. Cystidia none. Cuticle a cutis of intensely woven gelatinous hyphae (2-4 µm diam.), membrane thin-walled, hyaline, without pigment. Subcutis consisting of cylindrical hyphae, 8-14 µm diam., clamp connections present.
On ground amongst mosses and litter under Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. cliffortioides and Leptospermum spp.: New Zealand.
Gastrocarpio 15-35 x 10-40 mm, ovoideo vel tuberiformi, albo, glutinoso, glabro. Gleba brunneo-ferruginea, lacunosa. Columella nulla. Stipite nullo vel indistincte evoluto, turbiniformi, peridio concolori. Odore aromatico, sapore nullo. Sporis 16-20(-22) x 13-15 µm, ovoideis, ± axialiter symmetricis, grosse verrucosis, ferrugineis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis gelatinosis hyalinisque cutem formantibus, pigmento nullo instructis, fibuligeris. Ad terram in silvis nothofagineis. Novazelandia.
This species is well characterised by its white colour, the absence of a columella and the large, coarsely warted spores. In New Zealand Th. nivale Hk. could be mistaken for Th. anisodorum Hk. or even Th. luteolum Hk. but the microscopic characters of these taxa are distinctly different. The south American species Th. brevisporum Singer however, shows a close relationship to Th. nivale Hk., but differs in shape and size of the spores, a different kind of ornamentation and other characters of minor importance.
Holotypus (PDD 27060): 'Mt. Robert, Lake Rotoiti, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 21.V.1968'.
Thaxterogaster pisciodorus E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27062); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 67/103): 'Kowai Bush, Mt. Grey, Prov. Canterbury, N.Z.; leg. Benecke & Horak, 15.IX. 1967'.
Gastrocarp 30-55 x 30-50 mm, hemispherical or ovoid when young, later becoming pear-shaped, margin of peridium dehiscent from stipe and exposing gleba at maturity, dark brown, yellow towards the margin, viscid, smooth, without conspicuous veil remnants, peridium near apex about 4 mm thick. Gleba loculate, chambers up to 3 mm diam., irregularly arranged, rust brown to argillaceous. Stipe 35-70 x 10-15 mm, cylindrical, attenuated towards the apex (columella) and extending into the peridium, gleba around lower parts of columella partly dehiscent, white, becoming brown, dry, smooth, without veil remnants. Context orange brown at the base of stipe, dark brown in the peridium. Odor and taste unpleasant, like rotten fish or burnt horn. Chemical reactions on peridium unknown.
Spores 11-13.5 x 7-8 µm, elliptic to ovoid, verrucose, mostly axially symmetric but frequently also bilaterally symmetric, germ pore lacking, ferruginous. Basidia 36-50 x 10-12 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Epicutis consisting of interwoven, repent, slightly gelatinised hyphae (2-6 µm diam.), encrusted with brown pigment, membrane thin-walled; hyphae of subcutis short-cylindric, 10-20 µm diam., clamp connections rare but present.
On ground under Nothofagus cliffortioides and N. solandri. New Zealand.
Gastrocarpio 30-55 x 30-50 mm, hemisphaerico dein irregulariter ovoideo vel pyriforme, obscure brunneo marginem versus luteo, viscido, velo conspicuo nullo. Gleba lacunosa, haud gelatinosa, argillaceo-brunnea. Stipite 35-70 x 10-15 mm, cylindraceo, apicem versus (columella) attenuato, albo, brunnescente, sicco. Odore saporeque ingrato. Sporis 11-13.5 x 7-8 µm, ellipticis, verrucosis plus minusve axialiter symmetricis, ferrugineis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis, hyalinis leviter gelatinosis cutem formantibus, pigmento brunneo incrustatis, septis fibuligeris. Ad terram in silvis nothofagineis. Novazelandia.
This species is recognised by its dark brown and yellow colouration, large fruitingbodies and the strong fish-like smell. The spores tend to be rather bilaterally symmetric. From the taxonomic point of view no close relatives are known.
Holotypus (PDD 27062): 'Kowai Bush, Mt. Grey N.Z.; leg. Benecke & Horak, l5.IX.1967'.
Thaxterogaster porphyreus (G. Cunn.) Singer 1954 [1953]
Holotype (PDD 10142): 'Secotium porphyreum Cunningham; on ground in beech forest; York Bay, 1922; leg. Atkinson & Cunningham'. - PDD 873: 'On ground in beech forest; York Bay, Wellington; Oct. 1919; leg. Atkinson & Cunningham'. - PC (Herb. Stevenson-Cone 409); 'Akaroa (Ile du Sud de la Nouvelle-Zélande; ler août 1948'. - Herb HK. ZT 67/100 (+ 67/101): 'Kowai Bush, Mt. Grey, Prov. Canterbury, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 15.IX.196, '. - Herb. HK. ZT 67/1967'. - Herb. HK. ZT 68/57: 'Lake Rotoiti, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 3.II.1968'. - Herb. HK. ZT 69/10: 'ST. Arnaud Range.. Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 23.I.1969'.
The fruitingbodies of this common fungus in New Zealand can vary considerably in shape and size as is shown in Fig. 3 a-d. Excellent descriptions have been given by Cunningham (1942: 84), Heim (1951: 129) and Singer & Smith (1958: 212) but the white veil remnants scattered along the margin of the gastrocarp or along the stipe hitherto have been overlooked. All collections kept in our herbarium showed in fresh conditions obvious veil remnants, which cover parts of the peridium and still more frequently the lower portion of the stipe.
Spores 12-1.5 x 7.5-9.5 µm, ellipsoid to ellipsoid-oblong, rust brown, verrucose, mostly axially symmetric, perisporium poorly developed or lacking. Basidia 35-50 x 10-14 µm 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Epicutis consisting of interwoven, gelatinised, hyaline hyphae (2-6 µm diam.) forming a cutis, hyphae of subcutis cylindrical, with thin-walled membrane and epimembranous pigment. Clamp connections present, but sometimes rare.
On ground amongst litter of Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. solandri, N. cliffortioides. New Zealand.
Cunningham 1942: pl. 8, fig. 1, 2); Heim (1951: 129).
This species represents one of the most common fungi in all types of New Zealand Nothofagus forests. Th. porphyreum (Cunningham) also occurs during mild winter and its purple colours have attracted the attention of mycologists and naturalists alike.
Thaxterogaster violaceovolvatus E. Horak 1973
Holotype (PDD 27061); Isotype (Herb. HK. ZT 68/382): 'Track to St. Arnaud Range., Lake Rotoiti, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 5 V.1968'.
Gastrocarp 15-30 x 8-20 mm, globose or ovoid when young, becoming depressed at the centre, margin of the peridium appressed to the stipe but in the end partially exposing the gleba, at the centre red-brown or chestnut brown, towards the margin lilac or violaceous (like Phlegmacium dibaphum), colours fading on over-mature carpophores, glutinous, smooth, margin without veil remnants. Gleba loculate, chambers irregularly arranged, up to 2 mm diam., rust brown, exposed in aged specimens but always covered with white or lilac fibrils. Stipe 10-20 x 7-10 µm, cylindric, attenuated towards the apex (columella), and extending above into the cuticular layer of the peridium, white or lilac, longitudinally covered with white or lilac fibrils, glutinous and membranaceous ring or volva present, initially ring or volva continuous with the gelatinous cuticle of the peridium. Context white, not gelatinised. Odor unpleasant, like acetylene. Taste mild. Chemical reactions on peridium: KOH and HCl- negative.
Spores 11-14 x 7-8.5 µm, ovoid or elliptic-oblong, mostly axially symmetric, verrucose, warts coarser towards the apex, ferruginous, germ pore absent. Basidia 30-40 x 8 µm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Epicutis consisting of a thick layer of strongly gelatinised, hyaline hyphae (2-6 µm diam.), with a thin-walled membrane, clamp connections numerous.
On ground under Nothofagus cliffortioides, N. menziesii and N. fusca. New Zealand.
Gastrocarpio 15-30 x 8-20 mm ex hemisphaerico ovoideo, demum centro depresso, marginem versus involuto, violaceo-lilacino, apicaliter castaneo, glutinoso, glabro. Gleba lacunosa, ferruginea fibrillis albido-violaceis obtecta. Stipite (columella) 10-20 x 7-10 mm, percurrente, cylindraceo, apicaliter attenuato, ex albido lilacino, annulo violaceo vel volva concolori, glutinosa membranaceaque instructo, Odore ingrato. Spore nullo. Sporis 11-14 x 7-8.5 µm, ovoideis vel ellipticis, verrucosis, ferrugineis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis gelatinosis cutem formatibus, septis fibuligeris. Ad terram in silvis nothofagineis. Novazelandia.
Th. violaceovolvatum Hk. is suggestive of three other species of Thaxterogaster (Th. glutinopallens Hk., Th. lubricum Moser, Th. gliocyclum Hk.) occurring in the Nothofagus forests of South America. The distinct red-brown and lilac colours, however, serve to separate clearly the New Zealand species from their relatives in Patagonia. With respect to the microscopical characters all four species also show close relationships.
Holotypus (PDD 27061): 'St. Arnaud Range., Lake Rotoiti, N.Z.; leg Horak, 5.V.1968'.

Click to collapse Identification keys Info

Cuphocybe

1
Stipe (and context) greenish-blue, densley covered with yellow or ochraceous squamules of the veiol; pileus (30-70 mm) olive brown to dark brown, viscid; spores 11-15 x 7-8.5um
C. olivacea
Stipe (and context) neither green nor blue; ochraceous veil remnants absent
2
2
Stipe covered with pink or rust brown squamules of the veil; pileus (20-60 mm) pink or reddish brown, dry; spores 12.5-17 x 8-9 um
C. alborosea
Stipe covered with whitish to brownish squamules of the veil; pileus (20-300 mm) dark brown, glutinous; spores 12-14.5 x 7-8 um
C. phaeomyxa

Entoloma

1
Pileus (and stipe white) cuticle a cutis
2
Pileus and/or stipe yellow, green, blue, brown, etc.
4
2(1)
Pileus convex or flat with distinct umbo; lamellae adnate or emarginate; smell farinaceous; among litter or on saw-dust
E. niveum
Pileus umbilicate; lamellae decurrent
3
3(2)
Pileus 10-40 mm diam.; cheilocystidia cylindrical; smell absent; on soil
E. peralbidum
Pileus -10 mm diam., whitish when young, turning beige; smell farinaceous; on soil
E. rancidulum
4(1).
Pileus and/or stipe (and lamellae) yellow or yellow-green
5
Pileus and/or stipe blue, brown, etc
10
5(4)
Pileus dark brown, -70 mm diam.; lamellae and stipe deep yellow; spores angular globose; among litter
E. cerinum
Pileus and stipe yellow or yellow-green
6
6(5)
Pileus and stipe yellow
7
Pileus and stipe yellow-green; spores angular
9
7(6)
Pileus and stipe yellowish-melleous, convex, -10 mm diam.; lamellae adnexed; spores angular; smell absent; on rotten wood of Dacrydium
E. melleum
Pileus and stipe deep yellow; pileus umbilicate
8
8(7)
Pileus -6 mm diam.; lamellae decurrent; spores angular (> 8 um long); smell absent; on soil
E. flavum
Pileus 10-25 mm diam.; lamellae emarginate; spores angular (< 7 um long); smell farinaceous; on rotten wood or soil
E. sulphureum
9(6)
Pileus convex or depressed, papilla absent; edge of lamellae concolorous; cuticle a cutis; on soil or rotten debris
E. chloroxanthum
Pileus umbilicate with papilla; edge of lamellae blue; cuticle a palisade; on soil
E. caesiomarginatum
10(4)
Pileus and/or stipe purple or blue
11
Pileus andlor stipe ± brown
22
11(10)
Pileus (and stipe) purple, convex, -40 mm diam.; spores tetrahedral; cheilocystidia irregularly ampullaceous; among litter
E. colensoi
Pileus and/or stipe lilac or blue
12
12(11)
Pileus umbilicate or depressed at the centre, squamulose, dark blue; spores angular
13
Pileus convex, umbonate or conical
17
13(12)
Stipe and emarginate lamellae (edge sometimes blue) distinctly greenish-blue; pileus 15-45 mm diam.; cheilocystidia clavate; on soil or rotten wood
E. melanocephalum
Greenish colours absent (but see E. hochstetteri)
14
14(13)
Edge of lamellae coloured
15
Edge of lamellae not coloured
16
15(14)
Edge of lamellae blue; Pileus 15-25 mm diam.; cheilocystidia fusoid, with apical projection; on mossy bark
E. atrellum
Edge of lamellae red-brown; Pileus 10-20 mm diam; cheilocystidia cylindrical clavate; on living fern-trees
E. rubromarginatum
16(14)
Pileus 10-25 mm diam.; cheilocystidia cylindrical; smell farinaceous; among litter
E. decolorans
Pileus 5-10 mm diam.; cheilocystidia fasciculate-clavate; smell absent; among litter
E. decolorans
17(12)
Pileus convex, pinkish-grey, -6 mm diam.; stipe blue; cheilocystidia absent; spores angular-globose; on soil
E. gracile
Pileus conical or umbonate
18
18(17)
Pileus distinctly conical, old carpophores turning bluish-greenish; stipe concolorous; cheilocystidia fusoid; spores rhomboid to tetrahedral; on soil
E. hochstetteri
Pileus umbonate or convex-umbonate
19
19(18)
Pileus and stipe brown but with distinct lilac tinge; spores angular (see also E. porphyrescens)
20
Pileus and stipe blue only; cheilocystidia absent
21
20(19)
Pileus gelatinous, glabrous; 25-50 mm diam.; cuticle a palisade; stipe -10 mm diam.; cheilocystidia absent; on soil
E. gelatinosum
Pileus dry, squamulose, 15-20 mm diam.; cuticle a trichoderm; cheilocystidia fusoid, large.. on soil
E. brunneolilacinum
21(19)
Stipe cylindrical, covered by dark blue squamules; pileus 10-15 mm diam.; spores angular; smell farinaceous; on soil
E. strictum
Stipe fusoid, turning yellowish at the base, adpressed fibrillose, hollow; pileus 15-60 mm diam.; spores angular-globose; smell absent; on soil
E. haastii
22(10)
Pileus convex, convex-umbonate, campanulate or conical
23
Pileus umbilicate, depressed at the centre
43
23(22)
Pileus convex to flat
24
Pileus conical, convex-umbonate or campanulate, frequently with distinct papilla. .
33
24(23)
Pileus distinctly scaly or squamulose; cuticle a palisade or trichoderm
25
Pileus fibrillose to glabrous; cuticle a cutis
28
25(24)
Base of stipe reddening; pileus 10-20 mm diam., dark beige; cheilocystidia absent; spores angular, < 10 um long; among litter of Leptospermum
E. rubescentipes
Base of stipe not reddening, concolorous with smoke-brown pileus; cheilocystidia conspicuous, fusoid
26
26(25)
Small squamules at the centre of the small pileus (5-10 mm diam.) only; spores angular, > 12 p long; on soil
E. corneum
Scaly squamules covering the whole pileus
27
27(26)
Stipe apically pruinate, with purplish tinge; spores tetrahedral; cheilocystidia sharply pointed; on soil
E. acuticystidiosum
Stipe fibrillose, concolorous with pileus; spores angular-globose; cheilocystidia apically rounded; on soil
E. vulsum
28(24)
On rotten wood or decaying tree-fern; smell often farinaceous
29
On soil among mosses or litter
30
29(28)
Pileus 5-10 mm diam; stipe -1 mm diam., fragile; spores < 7 um long, angular
E. fragile
Pileus more robust; spore > 9 um long, often rhomboid; stipe frequently eccentric
E. farinolens
30(28)
Spores tetrahedral; cheilocystidia conspicuous, cylindrical; pileus 15-30 mm diam.; on soil
E. procerum
Spores not as above; cheilocystidia absent
31
31(30)
Spores angular-globose; pileus (5) 10-15 mm diam., striate; smell like cucumber; on soil among mosses or debris
E. aromaticum
Spores angular
32
32(31)
Pileus -60 mm diam., when young deep olivaceous, turning brown; growing in clusters on soil
E. congregatum
Pileus 10-25 mm diam., grey-brown, beige; among moss
E. parsonsii
33(23)
Spores rhomboid or tetrahedral; smell farinaceous
34
Spores angular-globose or angular
35
34(33)
Spores rhomboid, quadrate; pileus 15-40 mm diam., dark brown, margin not upturned; on soil (in Nothofagus forests)
E. nothofagi
Spores tetrahedral; pileus 15-30 mm diam., grey-brown, campanulate, often margin upturned; on soil
E. cucurbita
35(33)
Spores angular-globose
36
Spores angular, 5-angled; lamellae ± free.
37
36(35)
Spores < 7 um long; pileus 15-25 mm diam., brown with darker radial stripes, broadly umbonate; cheilocystidia clavate; on soil
E. aberrans
Spores > 10 um long; pileus 15-20 mm diam., often with distinct papilla; cheilocystidia absent; on soil
E. convexum
37(35)
Smell strong and distinctive; pileus conical, beige to brownish, striate
38
Smell absent; pileus dark brown
40
38(37)
Smell aromatic, pleasant; pileus 10-25 mm diam.; on soil
E. aromaticum
Smell farinaceous, like cucumber, unpleasant
39
39(38)
On soil; pileus 10-25 mm diam .
see E. aromaticum
On rotten wood of Nothofagus (esp. N. fusca) pileus 15-50 mm diam.
E. pluteoides
40(37)
Pileus +- regularly conical; cuticle composed of broad cylindrical cells
41
Pileus umbonate or convex with broad umbo; stipe clavate
42
41(40)
Pileus 20-40 mm diam., with distinct concentric zones, glabrous; on soil
E. perzonatum
Pileus 20-50 mm diam., at the centre rugose or squamulose, distinctly striate; on soil
E. translucidum
42(40)
Pileus 15-45 mm diam., veined at the centre. spores > 10 um long, cheilocystidia absent; on soil
E. tristifilum
Pileus 20-60 mm., densely squamulose, on pileus and stipe with characteristic purplish tinge; spores < 8 p long: cheilocystidia clavate or fusoid-capitate; on soil
E. porphyrescens
43(22)
Edge of lamellae coloured; pileus 10-35 mm diam., dark brown, squamulose; spores angular
44
Edge of lamellae not coloured
45
44(43)
Edge of lamellae blue; cheilocystidia broadly clavate; spores > 11 um long; on soil or trunks of tree fern
E. asprelloides
Edge of lamellae brown; cheilocystidia cylindrical; spores < 11 um long; on soil or living tree fern
E. phaeomarginatum
45(43)
Spores angular; cheilocystidia present
46
Spores tetrahedral or angular-globose
50
46(45)
Cheilocystidia clavate, large; pileus 15-40 mm diam., smooth; spores < 10 um long; on soil or among mosses on bark
E. deceptivum
Cheilocystidia fusoid or ampullaceous
47
47(46)
Pileus squamulose, scaly; 10-30 mm diam., stipe pruinose
48
Pileus smooth, glabrous
49
48(47)
Pileus squamulose at the centre; cuticle a trichoderm; cheilocystidia often capitate; spores angular; on soil
E. mariae
Pileus scaly right to the margin, strongly striate- sulcate; cuticle a palisade; cheilocystidia with long, not capitate neck, often forked; spores irregularly angled; on soil
E. squamiferum
49(47)
Pileus 5-10 mm.; cuticle a palisade of clavate and fusoid cells; spores > 10 um long, cheilocystidia fusoid-capitate, on soil
E. perplexum
Pileus 15-25 mm diam. (aspect of Lyophyllum); cuticle a cutis; stipe hollow; spores < 10 um long; cheilocystidia fusoid-cylindrical; on soil
E. cavipes
50(45)
Spores tetrahedral; cheilocystidia fusoid or ampullaceous; pileus 25-50 mm diam., squamulose; on soil
E. squamiferum
Spores angular-globose (rhomboid in 4. E. sordidulum); cheilocystidia absent.
51
51(50)
Pileus 10-15 mm diam., squamulose or velvety; lamellae dark grey (like Rhodocybe); spores 6-8 um diam.; smell absent; among mosses on soil
E. crinitum
Pileus glabrous; lamellae always with pink tinge; smell strong, farinaceous or like cucumber
52
52(51)
Spores > 8 um diam.., pileus whitish-beige; 6-10 mm diam., often in clusters on soil (frequently 2-spored)
E. rancidulum

Phaeocollybia

1
Lamellae (when young) and apex of stipe lilac (pileus (15-45mm) dark brown; odor like burnt hair; spores ovate, 5-6 x 3.5-4 um; in Nothofagus forests
Ph. ratticauda
Lilac colours on lamellae and stipe lacking; spores amygdalliform to sublimoniform
2
2(1)
Pileus (4-12 mm) dark brown to yellow brown; odor raphanoid; spores 6-7 x 3.5-4 um in Nothofagus forests
Ph. minuta
Pileus (25-50 mm) olive brown; odor like burnt hair; spores 8-9 x 5-5.5 um; amongst Sphagnum in Nothofagus forests
Ph longipes

Thaxterogaster

1
Peridium and (or) stipe white
2
Peridium and (or) stipe purple, yellow or brown
3
2(1)
Without stipe (columella); peridium glutinous; spores 16-20(-22) x 13-15 um (see also Th. luteolum)
Th. nivale
With distinct, percurrent stipe (columella) and marginate base; peridium dry; spores 12-14,51 x 8-9um
Th. leucocephalum
3(1)
Peridium and (or) stipe purple or lilac
4
Peridium and (or) stipe tan, yellowish, brown, red-brown
6
4(3)
Peridium deep purple fading to brownish; marginate or clavate (occasionally fusoid) base of stipe with scattered scales of the universal veil; spores 12-15.5 x 7.5-9.5um
Th. porphyreum
Base of stipe with membranous, volva-like remnants of the universal veil
5
5(4)
Volva dry; peridium purple fading to yellow, fragile; spores sublimoniform, without distinct warts, 12-14 x 17-8 um
Th. conei
Volva (or ring) glutinous; peridium purple fading to reddish-brown or lilac-violaceous, robust; spores elliptic, with isolated warts, 11-14 x 17-8.5 um
Th. violaceovolvatum
6(3)
Base of stipe cylindrical or clavate
7
Stipe (columella) absent or base turbinate-marginate
10
7(6)
Peridium with distinct yellow colours, glutinous
8
Peridium tan to reddish-brown, dry
9
8(7)
Peridium yellow near the margin, dark brown at the centre; smell fish-like, unpleasant; spores 11-13.5 x 7-8 um
Th. pisciodorum
Peridium yellow to yellow-brown; smell absent; spores 15-18 x 10.5-12.5 um
Th. leoninum
9(7)
Peridium tan to brownish; spores 9.5-14 x 6-7 um
Th. epiphaeum
Peridium reddish-brown; spores 12-15 x 8.5-10 um
Th. carneolum
10(6)
Stipe (columella) absent or indistinctly developed only
11
Stipe present, columella percurrent, base turbinate, marginate; peridium covered with fibrous squamules of the veil
13
11(10)
Peridium deep yellow, orange or red-brown, very glutinous; spores 13-15 x 7-9 um . . ..
Th. aurantiacum
Peridium yellowish or brownish, after bruising brown, dry
12
12(11)
Peridium whitish-yellowish; stipe (columella) none; spores 12-15 x 9-11um, very coarsely warted
Th. luteolum
Peridium ochre to brownish, with reddish tints; stipe (columella) occasionally dendroid; smell like anis-seed; spores 11-13 x 6.5-7.5 um, faintly warted
Th. anisodorum
13(10)
Peridium. yellowish to apricot-yellow, dry; base of stipe without veil remnants; spores 12-1.5 x 8.5-11 um coarsely warted.
Th. cartilagineum
Peridium yellow-brown to date brown, viscid; base of stipe covered with patches of the veil, occasionally bearing a volva; spores 10- 12 x 6-8 um, faintly warted
Th. napivelatum

Click to collapse Cited scientific names Info

Click to collapse Metadata Info

1cb0ea0d-36b9-11d5-9548-00d0592d548c
reference
Names_Fungi
18 March 2001
13 September 2019
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