Horak, E. 1971: Contributions to the knowledge of the Agaricales s.l. (Fungi) of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 9(3): 463-493.

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Full citation

Horak, E. 1971: Contributions to the knowledge of the Agaricales s.l. (Fungi) of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 9(3): 463-493.

Parent reference

New Zealand Journal of Botany

Reference type

Article

Taxonomic concepts

Name

Cited name

Preferred name

Parent name

Hygrophorus variabilis G. Stev. 1963 [1962]

Hygrophorus variabilis G. Stev. 1963 [1962]

Cantharellus wellingtonensis McNabb 1971

Descriptions

Crucispora E. Horak 1971

Latin

Pileo conico vel convexo-campanulato, radialiter rugoso, sicco, estriato, fibrillis veli ad marginem instructo. Lamellis ex adnato adnexis, argillaceis dein brunneis, intermixtis. Stipite cylindraceo, centrali, fistuloso, sicco, fibrillis et squamis veli dense obtecto, cortina nulla. Sporis in cumulo brunneis, cruciformibus vel rhomboideis, brunneo-luteis, levibus, tenuitunicatis, poro germinativo nullo. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis fusoideis, tenuitunicatis, baud cristalligeris. Cuticula e cellulis clavatis epithelio formantibus, pigmento incrustatis, membrana tenui ct baud gelatinosa instructis. Hyphis fibuligeris. Ad terram. Novazelandia.

Typification

Typus generis: Crucispora naucorioides Horak.

Crucispora naucorioides E. Horak 1971

Collections Examined

HOLOTYPE : PDD 27001 (Isotype Herb. HK. ZT 68/641): "On soil under Cyathea dealbata. C. smithii, Phyllocladus trichomanoides, and Leptospermum ericoides; Kauaeranga Valley, Coromandel Peninsula, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 5.VII.1968".

Description

Pileus 5-30 mm diam., hemispherical or conical when young, later convex or campanulate; deep brown, tobacco brown or clay coloured; distinctly grooved or wrinkled, radially veined, dry, hygrophanous: with scattered, fibrillose remnants of the veil along the non striate margin. Lamellae (L 10-15, 13) adnate or adnexed, ventricose: beige, later becoming clay or buff brown with white, fimbriate gill edge. Stipe 20-60 x 2-4 mm, cylindrical, fistulose, single: whitish or concolourous with pileus, covered with darker dots and squamules of the veil remnants, permanent cortina or ring absent; dry, apically pruinose. Context not gelatinous, brownish. Smell and taste not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH— negative.
Spore print brown. Spores 12-15 x 11-14 µm, cruciform, rhomboid (like the spores of Pterospora Metrod 1949), smooth, thin-walled, yellow-brown, germ pore absent. Basidia 13-20 x 8 µm. 4-spored. Cheilocystidia (and caulocystidia) 40-50 x 10-14 µm, fusoid, thin-walled, hyaline, without crystals, forming a sterile zone at the gill edge. Cuticle an hymeniderm consisting of clavate cells (25-40 x 8-15 µm), membrane not gelatinised, strongly encrusted with brown pigment, clamp connections present.

Habitat

On soil under litter of Cyathea, Phyllocladus, and Leptospermum. New Zealand.

Latin

Characteribus generis adsunt; pileo 5-30 mm lato, tabacino. Lamellis acie alba instructis. Stipite 20-60 x 2-4 mm, albido vel argillaceo-brunneo, fibrillis obscurioiribus e velo instructo. Caro argillaceo-brunnea, baud gelatinosa. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 12-15 x 11-14 µm. Basidiis 13-20 x 8 µm. Cheilocystidiis 40-50 x 10-14 µm, hyalinis. Epicute e cellulis clavatis, 25-40 x 8-15 µm, pigmento brunneo incrustatis. Ad terram inter folia deiecta (sub Phylloclado, Leptospermo, Cyathea, etc.). Novazelandia.

Notes

This unique species represents a new genus which has no close relationships to any of the known genera of Agaricales. Furthermore it cannot be placed in any family recognised at the present time. The name "naucorioides" is derived from the wrinkled pileus reminescent of the structure typical of many species of the genus Naucoria (Fr.) Kummer 1871.

Typification

Holotypus: PDD 27001: "Kauaeranga Valley, Coromandel Peninsula, Novazelandia: leg. Horak, 5.VII. 1968"

Gigasperma clelandii (Rodway) E. Horak 1971

Collections Examined

HOLOTYPE: PDD 8358: "Hobart".

Notes

This species was thoroughly described by Cunningham (1942, p.55) and although its peculiarities were recognised, it was classified in Octaviania Vittadini 1851. The Tasmanian G. clelandi is closely related to G. cryptica from New Zealand, but there are sufficient microscopical and macroscopical characters to separate the two as distinct taxa. According to present knowledge the area of distribution of the genus Gigasperma is restricted to Tasmania and New Zealand. Unfortunately too few ecological observations are available, thus no conclusions can be made about the mycorrhizal relationships of the two species with Nothofagus spp.

Gigasperma crypticum E. Horak 1971

Collections Examined

HOLOTYPE: PDD 27002 (Isotype Herb. HK. ZT 68/504): "In humus between roots of Nothofagus fusca and N. menziesii; track to St. Arnaud Range, Lake Rotoiti, Prov. Nelson, N.Z.-, leg. Horak, 23.V.1968".

Description

Pileus 5-25 mm diam., pyriform or irregularly tuberiform, subglobose: whitish or cream coloured, later becoming clay-brownish; dry, glabrous sometimes covered by fragile white rhizoids, not areolate; margin of pileus always attached to the stipe and never exposing the gleba. Glebe of round or elliptical cells (up to 3mm diam.), irregularly distributed rust brown; tramal plates not gelatinised. Stipe always developed and visible, conical, solid, confluent with the compact, sterile subgleba columella absent. Context whitish, not gelatinous. Chemical reactions or pileus: KOH—yellow-brownish. Taste acidulous. Smell like garlic.
Spores 27-36 µm diam., subglobose, usually large and with very thick (5-7 µm) membrane, yellow-brown or reddish-brown in KOH, neither amyloid nor dextrinoid, with prominent apiculus. Basidia 45-60 x 15-30 µm, 4-spored, large pear-shaped or like a sand-glass (in profile) Cystidia absent. Cuticle a cutis consisting of cylindrical, thin-walled, no gelatinised hyphae (3-6 µm diam.), encrusted with yellowish pigment, clamp connections present.
HABITAT: Buried in humus between roots of Nothofagus spp.; New Zealand.

Latin

Characteribus generis adsunt; pileo 5-25 mm diam., pyriformi vel subgloboso cremeo pallide argillaceove, sicco, haud areolato. Gleba lacunosa, peridio membranaceo obtecta, argillacea dein subcinnamomea. Caro luteola. Odore alliaceo vel ingrato. Sapore acidulo. Sporis 27-36 µm, latis, apiculo conspicuo et membrana crassa (5-7 µm) instructis, baud amyloideis vel dextrinoideis. Basidiis 45-60 x 15-30 µm, 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute ex hyphis 3-6 µm crassis, tenuitunicatis, pigmento luteo incrustatis, baud gelatinosis. In terram sub arboribus notbofagineis. Novazelandia.

Typification

Holotypus: PDD 27002: "St. Arnaud, Lake Rotoiti Novazelandia; leg. Horak, 23.V. 1968".

Gigasperma E. Horak 1971

Latin

Habitu secotioidco. Pileo pyriformi vel irregulariter tuberiformi, glebam numquam exposito, glabro. Gleba lacunosa, loculis usque ad 3 mm latis instructa, baud gelatinosa, argillacea vel cinnamoinea. Stipite nullo vel ambiguo, columella abest, pileo concolori. Sporis permagnis, subglobosis, crasse-tunicatis, levibus. luteis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute exhyphis cylindraceis cutem formantibus, pigmento incrustato instructis, fibuligeris. Ad terram et inter folia deiecta, in silvis. Novazelandia, Tasmania.

Typification

Typus generis: Gigasperma cryptica Horak.

Nivatogastrium baylisianum E. Horak 1971

Collections Examined

HOLOTYPE: PDD 27005 (Isotype Herb. HK. ZT 69/258): "In tussock grassland and herbfield, 3000-40CO ft: Rock and Pillar Range, Central Otago. N.Z.; leg. G. T. S. Baylis, IV. 1969". -PDD 26301: "Secotium ?; On rock strewn ground: Mt Rakeahua, Stewart Island, N.Z.; leg. J. R. J. Moore, 3.11.1936".

Description

Pileus 6-14 mm diam., hemispherical or pear-shaped, clavate, margin of pileus always collar-like constricting the stipe and covered with white fibrillose remnants of the veil; orange or red-brown, paler towards the non striate margin; smooth, slightly viscid, not hygrophanous. Lamellae adnate or adnexed, irregularly anastomosed, lacunose, never exposed; more or less radially arranged; dirty brown, gill edge concolourous. Stipe 10-35 x 1-2 mm, cylindrical or attenuated towards the base, no distinct columella developed; orange or red-brown, covered by silky fibrils of the veil; dry, fistulose with age, no rhizoids at the base. Context whitish, cortex about 2 mm thick, not gelatinised. No smell or taste.
Spores 10-12 x 7-9 µm, oval, in KOH yellowish-brownish, smooth, membrane up to 1 µm thick, with distinct germ pore, bilaterally symmetrical. Basidia 28-34 x 7-10 µm, 4-spored. Chrysocystidia 25-40 x 10-13 µm, fusoid or lageniform, thin-walled, with yellow plasmatic pigment, rare. Cuticle a cutis consisting of repent, cylindrical hyphae (3-6 µm diam.), membrane gelatinised and encrusted by yellow-brown pigment, sometimes plasmatic pigment of same colour present, clamp connections numerous.

Habitat

On soil among mosses and grasses. New Zealand.

Latin

Pileo 6-14 mm lato, hemisphaerico vel pyriformi, margine stipitem cingulato, aurantio vel castaneo, viscido, haud striato, marginem versus fibrillis albis veli instructo. Lamellis irregulariter lamelliformibus, anastomosantibus, brunneis, numquam expositis. Stipite 10-35 x 1-2 mm, cylindraceo vel basim versus attenuato, pileo concolori, sicco, glabro, fistuloso, Caro alba, haud gelatinosa. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 10-12 x 7-9 µm, ovatis, levibus, luteobrunneolis, poro germinativo instructis. Basidiis 28-34 x 7-10 µm, 4-sporigeris. Chrysocystidiis 25-40 x 10-13 µm, fusoides vel lageniformibus, pigmento luteo instructis, tenuitunicatis, sparsibus. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis gelatinosisque, pigmento incrustatis, 3-6 µm latis, fibuligeris. Ad terram. Novazelandia.

Notes

This species is named in honour of Professor G. T. S. Baylis (Dunedin) who collected this fungus several times in the mountains of Central Otago and whose zeal and support has stimulated mycology in New Zealand

Typification

Holotypus: PDD 27005: "Rock and Pillar Range, Central Otago: leg. Baylis, IV. 1969".

Nivatogastrium lignicola E. Horak 1971

Collections Examined

HOLOTYPE: PDD 27003 (Isotype Herb. Hk. ZT 68/519: "On rotten wood in forest of Podocarpus, Dacrydium, Griselinia, Coprosma, Pittosporum etc.: Filter Station, Dunedin, New Zealand: leg. Horak and Baylis, 30. V. 1968".

Description

Pileus 5-15 mm diam., hemispherical or conical when young, becoming pulvinate, margin strongly incurved and connected with stipe-columella; yellow brown with distinct reddish or orange tinge; smooth, slightly viscid, non striate; margin conspicuously covered with orange or reddish coloured veil remnants. Gleba cellular, cells about 1-2 mm diam., not distinctly radially arranged; brownish, without well differentiated tramal plates, not gelatinised. Stipe 6-20 x 3-4 mm, cylindrical or fusoid, attenuated towards the apex (columella), normally transcurrent and extending to the cortex of the cuticle but rarely terminating abruptly in the gleba; yellow, ornamented with distinct, adpressed, orange or reddish coloured zones forming one or more girdles of the veil; when wet slightly viscid, becoming dry with age. fistulose. Context whitish, under the cortex of the pileus yellow-brown, up to 2 mm diam. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH—brown. Smell and taste not distinctive.
Spores 13.5-16 x 8-10 µm, elliptical, sometimes even naviculate, smooth, brownish yellow, with distinct germ pore, membrane up to 1µm diam., axially symmetrical. Basidia 23-31 x 7-9 µm., 4-spored. Chrysocystidia 30-40 x 8-10 µm, fusoid, with short terminal projections, coloured by yellow plasmatic pigment, membrane hyaline and thin-walled. Cuticle a cutis consisting of cylindrical, repent hyphae (3-10 µm), membrane gelatinised, encrusted by yellowish pigment, clamp connections present.

Habitat

On rotten wood. New Zealand.

Latin

Characteribus generis adsunt; pilco 5-15 mm lato, marginem versus inflexo et fragmentibus fibrillosis e velo instructo, luteobrunneo vel aurantiocastaneo. Gleba cavernis 1-2 mm latis consistente, cellulis ± radialiter disposita. Stipite 6-20 x 3-4 mm, cylindraceo vel subfusoideo, fistuloso, columella angustiori et apice cuticulam pilei attingente, luteo, viscido, velo aurantiorubro fibrillosoque ornato. Caro gelatinosa. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 13.5-16 x 8-10 µm. Basidiis 23-31 x 7-9 µm. Chrysocystidiis 30-40 x 8-10 µm, sparsis, tenuitunicatis, fusoideis, pigmento luteo instructis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis pigmento incrustatis et membrana gelatinosa instructis, fibuligeris. Ad lignum putridissimum. Novazelandia.

Typification

Holotypus: PDD 27003: "Dunedin; leg. Horak, 3C.V.1968".

Nivatogastrium sulcatum E. Horak 1971

Collections Examined

HOLOTYPE: PDD 27004 (Isotype Herb. HK.. ZT 68/593): "Among mosses on soil under Nothofagus fusca and N. menziesii: beside track to Lake Waikareiti, Urewera National Park, N.Z.; leg. Horak, 25.V1.1968".

Description

Pileus 10-20 mm diam., hemispherical or convex when young, becoming pulvinate or flat, margin always strongly incurved and connected with the stipe, never exposing the gleba: smooth, near or at the margin grooved by deep radially arranged channels; whitish or pallid argillaceous; viscid, in dry condition velvety, no veil remnants visible. Gleba consisting of tortous more or less radially orientated canals, sometimes becoming indistinctly lamelliform; whitish, later turning brownish: strongly gelatinised. Stipe 7-15 x 4-10 mm, clavate or marginate. attenuated towards the apex, columella always distinctly developed, edge or marginate base connected with margin of pileus; concolourous with pileus, viscid, veil remnants absent, basal rhizoids lacking. Context yellowish turning brown, strongly gelatinised. Smell and taste not distinctive. Chemical reactions on pileus: KOH—brown.
Spores 9-11 x 4.5-5.5 µm, oval or elliptical, smooth, yellowish-brownish, membrane thin-walled, with distinct germ pore, bilaterally symmetrical. Basidia not observed. Chrysocystidia 40-60 x 12-16 µm, fusoid or lageniform, with thin-walled hyaline membrane, in KOH with yellow plasmatic pigment. Cuticle a cutis composed of repent, cylindrical, gelatinised hyphae (2-5 µm diam.), membrane encrusted by brownish pigment, clamp connections present.

Habitat

Among mosses on soil in forests of Nothofagus spp. New Zealand.

Latin

Pileo 10-20 mm lato, convexo dein pulvinato, marginem versus incurvato stipitem attingente, apicaliter glabro, marginem versus conspicue radialiter canaliculato, glebam numquam exposito; ex albidulo argillaceo, viscido, glabro, haud striato; velo nullo. Gleba irregulariter lamelliformi, cavernosa, albidula dein isabellina, gelatinosa. Stipite 7-15 x 4-10 mm, turbinato vel clavato, apicem versus attenuato, pileo concolori, viscido, pleno. Caro brunnescente, gelatinosa. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis 9-11 x 4.5-5.5 µm., ex ovato ellipticis, levibus, luteibrunneis, poro germinativo instructis. Basidiis haud visis. Chrysocystidiis 40-60 x 12-16 µm, fusoideis vel lageniformibus, tenuitunicatis, pigmento luteo instructis. Epicute ex hyphis cylindraceis, gelatinosis et tenuitunicatis cutem formantibus, pigmento brunneo incrustatis, fibuligeris. Ad terram in silvis nothofagineis. Novazelandia.

Typification

Holotypus: PDD 27004: "Lake Waikareiti, Urewera N. P.; leg. Horak, 25.V1.1968".

Notholepiota areolata (G. Cunn.) E. Horak 1971

Collections Examined

HOLOTYPE: PDD 4595: "On ground; Swanson, Auckland, N.Z.: leg. J. M. Dingley, IV. 1943". — PDD 24935: "On ground under Leptospermum scoparium; Huia, Auckland, N.Z.', leg. R. F. R. McNabb, 19.1.1966".

Description

Only very few remarks can be added to the detailed original description of Secotium areolatum. The spores measure about 13-18 x 7-8.5 µm. are strongly dextrinoid, smooth, thick-walled (ca. I u. diam.) and lack a germ pore. Basidia and cystidia were not observed

Notes

This new secotioid genus is characterised by the form of the fruiting bodies, the thick-walled, dextrinoid spores (without a germ pore), and the hymeniform cuticle. These characters put the genus close to Lepiota s.l., but it has nothing in common with Brauniella Rick ex Singer 1955 another related secotiaceous genus known from South America.

Notholepiota E. Horak 1971

Latin

Habitu secotioideo. Pileo e convexo depresso globoso, marginem versus conspicue incurvato, sed stipitem numquam attingente, velo conspicuo glebam clausam persistenter obtecto, saepe arcolato, sicco, glabro vel farinaceo. Gleba irregulariter celluliformi, alveolis usque ad 1 mm latis, primo argillacea demum pallide ferruginea, baud gelatinosa. Stipite distincte evoluto, cylindraceo vel basim versus attenuate, turbiniformi, cum velo marginem pilei connecto, columella indistincta vel nulla, sicco, glabro. Sporis ovato-ellipticis vel ovoideis, interdum fusiformibus, levibus, subhyalinis, dextrinoideis, membrana crassa instructis, poro germinativo nullo. Cystidiis nullis. Epicute e cellulis clavatis tenuitunicatisque epithelio formantibus, pigmento nullo instructis. Hyphis defibulatis et baud gelatinosis. Ad terram in silvis. Novazelandia.

Typification

Secotium areolatum Cunningham
Cunningham, N.Z. Jl Sci. Technol. B, 23: 172B. 1942.
= Notholepiota areolata (Cunningham) HK. comb. nov.

Pleurella ardesiaca (G. Stev. & G.M. Taylor) E. Horak 1971

Collections Examined

Holotype (K.): "Leucopaxillus urdesiacus Stev. and Taylor: on fallen log in Nothofagus forest: Butterfly Creek, Wellington, N.Z.: leg. Taylor (77), 8.1V.1961".—Herb. HK. ZT 67/239; "On branches of Phyllocladus alpinus (or Nothofagus fusca) in swampy forest; Kopara, Westland, N.Z.; leg. Horak, II.XII.1967". — Herb HK. ZT 67/269: "On mossy bark of Phyllocladus alpinus; N of Granite Creek near Ahaura, Westland, N.Z.: leg. Horak, 18.X11.1967". —Herb. HK ZT 68/179: "On rotten log of Phyllocladus alpinus; Lake Hochstetter. Westland, N.Z.: leg. Horak, 17.111. 1968".

Description

Pileus 10-35 mm diam., convex later becomes flat or depressed. margin involute; dark grey or smoky dark brown; densely covered with minute squamules, sometimes pruinate, dry, neither hygrophanous nor striate. Lamellae adnate, emarginate or subdecurrent, crowded, when young white, later turning cream, brown coloured in old specimens or after bruising; gill edge fimbriate or floccose, con colorous. Stipe 5-30 x 2-7 mm. excentric or lateral, rarely centrally inserted, cylindrical. curved, solid; concolorous with pileus or paler, dotted with darker dots (caulocystidia) near the apex, fibrillose or squamulose towards the base, dry, veil remnants absent. Context white, below the cuticle and in the cortex of the stipe dark brown. Smell acidulous. Taste mild.
Spore print white. Spores 4.5-6(6.5) x 2-3 µm, elliptical or subcylindrical, sometimes curved and slightly comma-like, smooth, thin-walled, strongly amyloid, germ pore absent. Basidia 18-20 x 3.5-5 µm. Cheilocystidia 20-60 x 7-18 µm., clavate or cylindrical, occasionally with a short projection at the apex, hyaline, thin-walled, forming a sterile zone at the edge. Caulocystidia 30-65 x 6-7 µm, cylindrical, thin-walled, with brown membranal or epicellular pigment. Cuticle a palisade composed of erect or intermixed clavate or cylindrical cells (15-50 x 5-10 p.), membrane thick-walled, not gelatinised, strongly encrusted with brown pigment, clamp connections present.

Habitat

On rotten wood and bark (infrequently on living trees) of Phyllocladus alpinus, rarely on Dacrydium cupressinum or Nothofagus spp. New Zealand.

Illustrations

Stevenson, Kew Bull. 19: 10, fig. 35. pl. 3, fig. 5. 1964.

Notes

Macroscopically the monotypic genus Pleurella resembles Melanoleuca Patouillard 1897 and to a lesser degree Leucopaxillus Boursier 1925. The existence of several distinct characters however, places Pleurella in an independent position between the two above-mentioned genera. The main differences separating Pleurella from Melanoleuca or Leucopaxillus are: smooth, strongly amyloid, elliptical or subcylindrical spores, conspicuous cheilocystidia, form of the carpophores and habitat.
This fungus normally grows on rotten wood of Phyllocladus alpinus (Podocarpaceae) but also occurs rarely on Dacrydium cupressinum (Podocarpaceae) or Nothofagus (Fagaceae). The species was observed many times in the wet lowland forests of the West Coast of the South Island, between Reefton and Haast.

Pleurella E. Horak 1971

Latin

Pileo convexo dein piano vel subdepresso, marginem prime involute postea revoluto, glabro vel adpresse squamuloso, sicco, estriato, baud hygrophano. Velo nullo. Lamellis emarginatis vel subdecurrentibus, ex albido cremeis, fimbriatis. Stipite excentrico vel laterali, cylindraceo, pleno, sicco, longitudinaliter fibrilloso, apicem versus pruinoso. Caro alba, baud gelatinosa. Odore acidulo. Sporis ellipticis vel subcylindraceis, amyloideis, levibus, poro germinativo nullo. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cheilocystidiis (et caulocystidiis) clavatis vel cylindraceis tenuitunicatisque adsunt. Epicute e cellulis clavatis vel cylindraceis formantibus, membrana crassa baud gelatinosa et pigmento brunneo incrustato instructis, fibuligeris. Ad lignum putridum. Novazelandia.

Typification

Typus generis: Leucopaxillus ardesiacus Stevenson and Taylor ap.
Stevenson, Kew Bull. 19:20. 1964.

Tympanella E. Horak 1971

Latin

Habitu primo secotioideo, postea interdum agaricoideo. Pileo globoso vel ovoideo et margine inferiori stipiti adpresso, dein convexo vel campanulato marginem versus semper involuto et lamellis partim exposito, squamuloso, sicco, estriato. Lamellis adnatis vel subdecurrentibus, bene evolutis, acie floccosa instructis, tabacinis, ferrugineis vel cinnamomeis. Stipite cylindraceo, cavo, dense fibrillis veli obtecto, sicco. Caro haud gelatinosa. Odore saporeque nullo. Sporis ellipticis, poro germinativo conspicuo instructis, tenuitunicatis, levibus, ferrugineobrunneolis. Basidiis 4-sporigeris. Cheilocystidiis conspicuis, clavato-cellulosis vel lageniformibus, hyalinis. Epicute ex hyphis repentibus vel suberectis trichodermio formantibus, membrana tenuitunicata et haud gelatinosa instructis, hyalinis. fbuligeris. Ad terram inter folia deiecta. Novazelandia.

Typification

Typus generis: Ag. (Naucoria) galanthina Cooke and Massee Ap. Cooke, Grevillea 19:1.1890. = Tympanella galanthina (Cooke and Massee) Hk. comb. nov.

Tympanella galanthina (Cooke & Massee) E. Horak 1971

Description (NZ)

Although the type collection at Kew is in poor condition, there can be no doubt that it represents a specimen of this fungus commonly found in the forests of New Zealand. In many instances, carpophores can be observed in which the pileus does not open and the lamellae are not exposed. In old and weathered specimens in which a convex or even campanulate pileus frequently occurs, rust brown gills are clearly visible. The deep colour of the lamellae does not change and can still be seen in the type material collected some 80 years ago.
From the microscopical point of view the genus Tympanella could be compared with Galeropsis Velenovsky 1930. The macroscopical characters however are strikingly different. Tympanella never grows in xerothermic localities like Galeropsis, but prefers wetter conditions in rain forests of New Zealand.
Cunningham identified a collection of this fungus (PDD 6389) as Secotium leucocephalum Massee, but it seems that the spores were not thoroughly investigated. Because of the elliptical, warted,rust brown spores, the type of S. leucocephalum represents a well established species of the genus Thaxterogaster Singer (T. leucocephalum (Massee) Singer and Smith).

Collections Examined

HOLOTYPE (K): "Ag. Naucoria galanthina Cooke and Massee; New Zealand; Berggren 142": PDD 6389: "Secotium leucocephalus Massee: on leaf debris on floor of tawa forest; Mt Pirongia, Auckland, New Zealand; leg, Cunningham, 10.V.1947". - Herb. HK. ZT 68/518: "In litter under Podocarpus, Dacrydium, Coprosma. Pittosporum, etc.; Filter Station, Dunedin, New Zealand; leg. Horak, 30.V.1968". - Herb. HK ZT 68/523: "In litter on ground under Dacrydium, Quintinia, etc.; Timaru Stream, Pouakai Range, Mt Egmont National Park, New Zealand; leg. Horak, 11.V1.1968." - Herb. Hk. ZT 68/673: "In litter of Nothofagus fusca and N. menziesii; Te Iringa, E of Lake Taupo (SF 90), New Zealand; leg. Horak, 16.V11.1968"

Description

Pileus 7-30 mm diam., globose when young, secotioid, later becoming convex or even campanulate but margin always strongly incurved: clay, buff, cream or whitish coloured; densely covered by small scales or squamules, conspicuous white fibrillose veil remnants (especially on young fruiting bodies) towards the margin, dry, non striate. Lamellae always distinctly lamellate, never lacunose or anastomosing, adnate or adnexed, occasionally subdecurrent: rust brown or cinnamon brown, with floccose, with coloured edge. Stipe 10-40 x 1.5-5 mm, cylindrical, not attenuated near the apex (columella absent), concolorous with pileus; densely covered by white fibrils from the veil, ring or permanent cortina absent; dry, fistulose, single. Context brownish, watery. No smell or taste.
Spores 10.5-13.5 x 6.5-8 µm, elliptical, smooth, thick-walled, in KOH reddish-brown, neither amyloid nor dextrinoid, with distinct germ pore. Basidia 27-36 x 8-11 µm., 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 15-45 x 12-25 µm, clavate or lageniform, membrane thin-walled, hyaline, forming a sterile zone at the edge. Cuticle a trichoderm composed of cylindrical or fusoid hyphae (5-20 µm diam.) with suberect tips, membrane thin-walled, not gelatinised, pigment not visible, clamp connections rarely absent.

Habitat

On the ground in litter (occasionally on rotten wood) in forests. New Zealand.

Identification keys

Agaricales & Boletales sensu lato

Fruitbody secotioid

Key F

Hymenophore smooth or slightly wrinkled

Key E

Hymenophore tubulose

Boletaceae & Strobilomycetaceae

Hymenophore lamellate

2(1)

Spore print white or greenish

Key A

Spore print pink

Key B

2(1)

Spore print brown

Key C

Spore print black, with germ pore (except Melanophyllum, Agaricus p.p.)

Key D

Agarics: Key A (spore print white or greenish)

Stipe lateral or lacking; pileus ± conchiform

Stipe central

2(1)

Lamellae anastomising or edge serrate or split

Lamellae normally developed, straight; edge sharp

3(2)

Lamellae net-like anastomising; spores globose to oval; cheilocystidia diverticulate; on plant debris

Campanella (4 spp) & Arrhenia fimicola?

Lamellae excentrically converging; edge split or serrate

4(3)

Edge of lamellae split; spores cylindrical; on wood and rotten debris

Schizophyllum commune

Edge of lamellae serrate; spores oval, warty, amyloid; pseudocystidia present; on rotten wood

Hemicybe sp.

5(2)

Cuticle, context or edge of lamellae gelatinous; carpophores reviving when wet

No parts of carpophore gelatinised

6(5)

Metuloid cystidia present; spores oval to phaseoliform; on rotten wood

Hohenbuehelia (6 spp)

Metuloids absent

7(6)

Spores oval to elliptical or comma like; cheilocystidia present

Spores allantoid to reniform, weakly amyloid; cheilocystidia absent

8(7)

Spores oval, amyloid; cheilocystidia cylindrical; cuticle a trichodermium; on rotten wood

Panellus (4 spp)

Spores elliptical to comma-like; cuticle (and edge of lamellae) consisting of corallioid to diverticulate cells; on rotten wood and plant debris

Marasmiellus (3 spp)

9(7)

Cuticle a palisade composed of erect, thick walled cells; on rotten wood; probably introduced

Scytinotus sp.

Cuticle a cutis consisting of repent, strongly gelatinised, cylindrical hyphae; on rotten wood

10(9)

Edge of lamellae conspicuously gelatinised; carpophores small, white; on rotten wood

Panellus p.p. (as Urosporellina?)

Edge of lamellae not gelatinised; carpophores medium sized, varioulsy coloured; on rotten wood

Pleurotopsis (3 spp)

11(5)

Pileus densely covered with thick-walled, cylindrical, dextrinoid hairs; spores dextrinoid; cheilocystidia diverticulate; on rotten wood

Chaetocalathus cocciformis

Pileus felty or glabrous; spores not dextrinoid

12(11)

Pileus felty or squamulose; cuticle ± a palisade; cheilocystidia clavatae

Pileus glabrous; cuticle a cutis composed of repent, cylindrical hyphae (diverticulate tips present: see Resupinatus)

13(12)

Spores subcylindrical to elliptical, amyloid, smooth; stipe excentric (rarely central); lamellae emarginate; on rotten soft wood (Podocrapus, Phyllocladus, etc)

Hydropus ardesiacus

Pileus a trichoderm, lamellae very crowded, on twigs

Cheimonophylum (2 spp)

Spores ± globose covered with spines; on rotten hard wood (Nothofagus spp)

Hohenbuehelia (9 spp)

Spores cylindrical, not amyloid, usually with cheilocystidia, carpophores large; on rotten wood and plant debris

Pleurotus

Spores not as above; carpophores usually smaller than 2 cm diam.; on rotten wood and plant debris

Spores globose, smooth; cheilocystidia diverticulate; KOH reaction in pileus negative

Resupinatus trichotis

Spores oval; spore print greenish, becoming black; KOH recation on context green

Anthracophyllum (3 spp)

Remnants of partial veil (ring) and/or universal veil (volva, scales, patches) well developed and persistent

Remnants of veil absent or inconspicuous

Volva conspicuous, membranous

Volva absent, but ring always conspicuous

Ring present; pyramidal scales or patches on pileus; spores oval, on soil

Amanita p.p. (15 spp)

Fruiting body with tuberously or bulbously thickened sclerotial-like base

Squamanita squarrulosa

Ring absent

19(18)

Pileus strongly sulcate towards margin; spores oval; on soil

Amanita p.p ( as Amanitopsis)

Pileus smooth of ganular and not strikingly striate-sulcate; spores oval, amyloid, on soil

Amanita p.p. (as Amidella)

20(17)

Spores neither amyloid or dextrinoid

spores amyloid or dextrinoid

21(20)

Spores globose; cuticle viscid

Spores oval

22(21)

Spores < 10 um, thin walled; cystidia absent; cuticle a pallisade; on soil

Limacella whereoparaonea

Spores > 10 um, thick walled; cystidia exceptionally large; on rotten wood

Oudemansiella 3 spp (as Mucidula)

23(21)

Pileus glabrous (sometimes covered by veil remnants) consisting of repent hyphae (cutis); lamellae emarginate; clamp connections absent; on soil

Armillaria 3 spp. (as Armillariella)

Spores amyloid

Spores dextrinoid

Stipe double ringed

Catathelasma ventricosum?

Remnants of the universal veil granular or farinaceous, often disappearing; cheilocystidia absent; on soil or rotten wood

Cystoderma clastotrichum

Remnants of the universal veil persistent, forming scales or irregular patches; cheilocystidia present; on soil

Amanita p.p. (15 spp)

26(24)

Cuticle a hymeniderm consisting of clavate or sphaero-pendunculate cells

Cuticle a palisade consisting of erect cylindrical cells frequently thick walled; cheilocystidia present; lamellae free

27(26)

Carpophores secotioid; spores ovoid, thick walled; on soil

Notholepiota areolata

Carpophores agaricoid; spores spurred; on soil

Lepiota p.p. (10 spp)

Carpophores agaricoid; spores not spurred, endosporium metachromatic in cresyl blue; on soil (frequently in hot houses)

Leucocoprinus (3sp), Leucoagaricus (2spp)

Ring mobile; spores oval, with distinct germ pore; on soil and litter; some species probably introduced

Macrolepiota (3 spp)

Ring fixed, other veil remnants frequently present on pileus and/or stipe; spores oval to fusoid; on soil

Lepiota p.p. (8 spp)

Lamellae distinctly decurrent; pileus often umbilicate or depressed in centre

Lamellae emarginate, adnate, adnexed or free

Lamellae venose, anastomosing, forked; cheilocystidia absent

Lamellae straight, fully developed

Spores fusoid; amyloid; on soil

Cantharellula (2 spp)

Spores oval

Spores dextrinoid; with encrusting pigment; on soil

Hygrophoropsis (2 spp)

Spores neither amyloid nor dextrinoid; with plasmatic pigment, not encrusting membranes; on soil

Cantharellus (3 spp)

Spores with warts, spines, projections etc

Spores smooth, without any ornamentation; subglobose to oval

Spores with amyloid warts

Spores inamyloid; cheilocystidia absent

Edge of lamellae serrate; cuticle with thick walled, embedded chlamydospores; context tough; on soil

Lentinellus (4 spp), Lentinula (1sp)

Edge of lamellae entire; chlamydospores absent; cystidia absent (if present see Melanoleuca); on soil

Leucopaxillus cerealis var. piceinus?

Spores with very broad conical projections; clamp connections absent; on soil

Hygroaster (see Hygrophoraceae)

Spores with pointed spines or tubular warts

Fruiting body in all parts flesh pink, orange fleshy brown, lilac to purple-brown. Lamellae thickish, distant, broadly adnate to decurrent; on soil.

Laccaria (14 spp)

Lamellae not thickish; spore print occasionally pinkish; on soil; probably introduced

Lepista (2? sp)

Spores with tubular warts; spore print becoming brownish; on soil

Ripartites helomorphus

38(33)

Spores amyloid, oval

Spores inamyloid, subglobose to oval

39(38)

Cuticle a hymeniderm composed of clavate cells; pileus and stipe slimy; on rotten wood

Mycena p.p. (43 spp)

Cuticle a cutis composed of repent, cylindrical hyphae; pileus and stipe dry

40(39)

Pileus deeply umbilicate, covered by squamules; cheilocystidia and caulocystidia absent; on soil

Pseudoarmillariella fistulosa

Pileus glabrous, depressed at the centre only; cheilocystidia and caulocystidia conspicuous; gregarious on rotten wood

Xeromphalina (3 spp)

41(38)

Spores subglobose

Spores oval to elliptical

42(41)

Cuticle a cutis, tips of hyphae diverticulate; pigment encrusting; on rotten wood and plant debris

Pleurocollybia cremea

Cuticle a palisade; pigment not encrusting; on soil

Aeruginospora furfuracea

43(41)

Pileus and stipe glutinous; on soil

Hygrophorus (5 spp)

Pileus and stipe dry

44(43)

Cuticle an cheilocystidia conspicuous; on soil and rotten wood

Gerronema fibula

Cuticle a cutis: Cheilocystidia absent

45(44)

Pileus deeply umbilicate; clamp connections absent; among mosses and on rotten wood

Omphalina (5 spp, inc. Omphalia)

Pileus (when young) umbonate. becoming concave

46(45)

Lamellae crowded. trama regular; on rotten wood, litter and soil

Clitocybe (3 spp)

Lamellae distant trama irregular; on soil

Camarophyllus (9 spp)

47(29)

Lamellae distant trama irregular; on soil . Spores amyloid

Spores dextrinoid or inamyloid

48(47)

Spores covered by, amyloid warts or crests

Spores smooth

49(48)

Context without sphaerocysts. spores with distinct plage; crystal-bearing cystidia present; on soil

Melanoleuca vinosa

Context with sphaerocysts, brittle: cystidia present, without crystals

50(49)

Carpophores secotioid; latex absent; on soil

Macowanites carmineus

Carpophores agaricoid

51(50)

Latex absent; on soil

Russula (35 spp)

Latex present; on soil

Lactarius (13 spp)

52(48)

Cuticle an hymeniderm consisting of clavate cells

Cuticle a cutis consisting of repent, cylindrical hyphae, with or without corallioid or diverticulate tips

53(52)

Lamellae emarginate, cheilocystidia and lactifers absent; on soil

Dermoloma (2 spp)

Lamellae adnate; cheilocystidia, caulocystidia and lactifers present; on rotten wood

Hydropus ardesiacus

54(52)

Cuticle with corallioid or diverticulate hyphae

Cuticle without diverticulate hyphae

55(54)

Lamellae frequently anastomosing and Transversally connected

Lamellae straight, if connected then only at the bottom; carpophores fragile; Mycena s.l.

56(55)

Pileus, stipe and edge of lamellae covered by thick-walled,ramified cystidia; spores oval, spore print ochraceous; on rotten wood

Heimiomyces (2 spp)

Pileus only with diverticulate cells, cheilocystidia none, spores limoniform; on rotten wood and bark

Campanella tristris (as Delicatulla)

57(55)

Latex present; cheilocystidia fusoid with pointed apex; on rotten wood and plant debris

Mycena p.p. (as Galactopus, 3 spp)

Latex absent; cheilocystidia generally diverticulate

58(57)

Pileus and stipe glutinous; edge of lamellae gelatinised; on rotten wood

Mycena epipterygius, M. subviscosus (as Collopus)

Pileus and stipe dry

59(58)

Basal disc conspicuous; on plant debris

Mycena p.p. (as Basidopus?)

Basal disc absent

60(59)

Spores globose; lamellae broadly adnate; on rotten wood and plant debris

Mycena p.p. (as Insiticia flavovirens, I. roseoflava)

Spores oval; lamellae subfree to adnate; on plant debris

Mycena p.p.

61(54)

Cheilocystidia absent

Cheilocystidia present

62(61)

Pileus fleshy, robust; lamellae emarginate; spores oval; habitlike Tricholoma; on soil

Porpoloma amyloideum

Pileus membranous, striate, hygrophanous; lamellae adnate; spores subglobose; cutis consisting of long cylindrical hyphae;on rotten wood

Clitocybula grisella

63(61)

Edge of lamellae distinctly coloured, cheilocystidia with plasmatic pigment; on rotten wood

Mycena p.p. ( as Prunulus?)

Edge of lamellae concolorous; cheilocystidia none, pleuro- cystidia often present, not pigmented; on soil

Mycenula fuscovinacea (see Mycena)

64(47)

Spores dextrinoid, oval; clamp connections absent

Spores neither dextrinoid nor amyloid

65(64)

Carpophores secotioid; cuticle gelatinised; lamellae lacunose; on soil; Norfolk Island

Secotium fragariosum

Carpophores agaricoid; cuticle dry; lamellae subfree; spores oval; among litter on soil

Pseudobaeospora (none in NZ?)

66(64)

Spores covered with spines or broad warts

Spores smooth

67(66)

Spores with spines, oval; pileus squamulose; cystidia none; on soil, among mosses

Laccaria (12 spp)

Spores with warts, subglobose; pileus farinaceous (dermatocystidia present); cheilocystidia ramified at the top; on plant debris

Mycenella (2 spp)

pileus a cutis

Tephrocybe tesquorum

Spores large, globose, thick-walled; cuticle consisting of irregular, oval and subglobose cells, membrane gelatinised; cystidia comparatively large; on soil

Oudemansiella (3 spp)

Spores and structure of cuticle not as above

Pileus glabrous to fibrillose (cutis of repent, cylindrical hyphae); lamellae emarginate to adnexed

Pileus farinaceous. squamulose, scaly or hairy

Pileus and or stipe glutinous

Pileus (and stipe) dry, hygrophanous

Pileus and stipe glutinous: lamellae distant; clamp connections present; on soil

Gliophorus, 14 spp

Pileus glutinous; stipe dry lamellae crowded; clamp connections absent., plasmatic pigment; on soil

Tricholoma (5 spp)

Lamellae subfree to adnexed pileus frequently conical, vividly coloured; context retaining colour; on soil

Hygrocybe (20 spp)

Lamellae emarginate (see Hygrocybe p.p.)

Cheilocystidia present. plasmatic pigment; context reddening on exposure to air; lamellae rather distant; on soil

Hygrocybe p.p. ( as Neohygrocybe 2 spp)

Cheilocystidia absent; pigment encrusting the hyphae; clamp connections present

Pileus striate, hygrophanous, frequently grey coloured; stipe slender, sometimes rooting; on soil and among litter

Tephrocybe tesquorum (except this has rough spores - JAC!)

Pileus fleshy, not striate, whitish or deep coloured; habit like Tricholoma; on soil

Calocybe (onycina?, readiae)

Pileus (and stipe) farinaceous to felted; context often a gelatinous, reviving; caulocystidia present; spores elliptical to comma-like

Pileus (and stipe) squamulose, scaly or hairy

Cuticle an hymeniderm, frequently intermixed with dermatocystidia

Cuticle a cutis consisting of diverticulate hyphae

Dermatocystidia absent; lamellae collariate or otherwise (adnexed, adnate); cheilocystidia with warts or projections; on rotten wood, bark and plant debris

Marasmius (25 spp)

Dermatocystidia present; cheilocystidia without projections

Carpophores small, single; cheilocystidia thick-walled; hymeniderm well developed; on rotten wood, leaves, etc

Strobilurus (not in NZ)

Carpophores medium-sized, growing in dense clusters; cheilocystidia thin-walled, uteriform; hymeniderm irregular and sometimes not distinctive; on rotten wood

Flammulina (strasosa, velutipes)

Cheilocystidia present, warty or diverticulate; hyphae of cuticle (and caulocystidia) corallioid; on rotten plant debris

Collybiopsis rimutaka (but see Collybia)

Cheilocystidia absent (if present then smooth); tips of cuticular hyphae ramified or only irregularly diverticulate

Smell unpleasant; stipe tapering towards the base; context gelatinous; on rotten wood

Micromphale (brassicolens, perforans, but not in NZ?)

Smell not distinctive; stipe frequently rooting on a sclerotium; context tough but not gelatinous; among litter or on rotten agarics

Collybia (8 spp)

Pileus (and stipe) distinctly hairy, often with distinct conical umbo; cheilocystidia diverticulate; hairs with dextrinoid membrane; on rotten plant debris

Crinipellis (3 spp)

Pileus squamulose or scaly; cheilocystidia clavate without projections

Pileus (and stipe) squamulose; cheilocystidia large, balloonshaped, plasmatic pigment present; hyphae of cuticle thin walled, on rotten wood

Tricholomopsis (ornaticeps, rutlans)

Pileus (and stipe) scaly; cheilocystidia clavate; hyphae of cuticle thick-walled, amyloid; on soil and rotten wood

Xerulina asprata?

Agarics: Key B (spore print pink)

Spores (in profile) round or elliptical

Spores (in profile) angular or (in polar view) with longitudinal ribs

2(1)

Spores globose, verrucose; cuticle a hymeniderm; stipe excentric or lateral; on rotten wood

Rhodotus (none in NZ)

Spores smooth

3(2)

Spores elliptical; cheilo-, pleuro- and caulocystidia sharply pointed; smell like cucumber

Macrocystidia reducta

Spores globose to oval

4(3)

Stipe with membranous volva; on soil

Volvariella (2 spp)

Stipe without volva or other veil remnants; on rotten wood, rarely on soil

Pluteus (4 spp)

5(1)

Spores with longitudinal ribs; stipe excentric or lateral

Clitopilus prunulus (not in NZ)

Spores angular

6(5)

Spores elliptical, contoured like corrugated iron; frequently with pseudocystidia; stipe often excentric or lateral

Rhodocybe (9 spp)

Spores typically angular (polygonal, cubic)

7(6)

Carpophores secotioid, without stipe or columella; on soil

Richoniella pumilla

Carpophores agaricoid

8(7)

Stipe lateral or lacking

Claudopus byssisedus

Stipe central. rarely excentric

9(8)

Cuticle composed of conspicuous, thick-walled, erect hyphae (forming the scales): spores comparatively large, but carpophores small; on soil and rotten wood

Pouzaromyces minutus

Cuticle a cutis or a trichoderm, hyphae thin-walled; on soil

Entoloma (59 spp)

Agarics: Key C (spore print brown)

Spores with distinct germ pore

Spores without germ pore (or indistinct)

2(1)

Spores mitriform; lamellae when young bluish-greenish; pileus scaly; on rotten wood

Cystoagaricus strobilomyces

Spores citriform, verrucose; lamellae mottled

Panaeolina foenisecii

Spores oval or elliptical, smooth (excluding Conocybe p.p.)

Cuticle an hymeniderm

Cuticle a cutis, consisting of repent, cylindrical hyphae

Stipe with obvious veil remnants

Stipe without any particular veil remnants

Veil remnants fibrillose (cortina), rarely membranous, sometimes even lacking., pileus granular, fragile; on rotten wood and soil

Psathyrella p.p. (2 spp)

Veil remnants a striate, membranous ring; often growing on dung, rich soil, in paddocks, etc.

Pileus fragile, ochraceous; spores thin-walled, ochraceous (see also escolea)

Conocybe p.p. (as Pholiotina)

Pileus fleshy, whitish to pallid brown; spores thick-walled, brown; probably introduced

Agrocybe (10 spp)

Cheilocystidia (also pleuro- and/or dermatocystidia when present) lecythiform; pileus ochraceous, dry, fragile; on soil and rotten wood

Conocybe (8 spp)

Cheilocystidia different from above., pileus viscid

Pileus yellow; cuticle consisting of clavate cells; on dung; probably introduced

Bolbitius (3 spp)

Pileus grey to dark brown; cuticle consisting of articulate, erect chains of cells., on rotten wood

Bolbitius muscicola

Chrysocystidia conspicuous, frequent

Chrysocystidia absent

Carpophores secotioid; pileus glutinous; on rotten wood

Nivatogastrium (3 spp)

Carpophores agaricoid

Pileus (and stipe) glutinous and smooth, or dry and scaly; on rotten wood, rarely on soil

Pholiota (6 spp)

Pileus glutinous with embedded squamules of the universal veil, girdles of incomplete rings along the stipe; spore print with lilac tinge; on soil

Stropharia (5 spp)

Carpophores secotioid

Carpophores agaricoid

Pileus occasionally opened and exposing lamellae, hairy-squamulose, composed of a trichoderm, hyphae not gelatinised; cheilocystidia conspicuous

Tympanella galanthina

Pileus always closed (not exposing the lamellae or the lacunose gleba), smooth, viscid, consisting of gelatinised hyphae, on soil

Weraroa (3 spp)

Stipe lateral or lacking; pileus conchiform; veil absent; on rotten wood and plant debris

Melanotus (3 spp)

Stipe central

Stipe (and margin of the pileus) with permanent veil remnants; pileus umbonate, striate, hygrophanous; frequently growing in clusters on rotten wood and plant debris

Kuehneromyces mutabilis (called Pholiota in NZ)

Without conspicuous veil remnants

Lamellae broadly adnate, triangular; spores thin-walled; on soil

Psilocybe p.p. (as Deconica)

Lamellae adnexed, never emarginate-subdecurrent; spores thick-walled; on soil (or dung)

Psilocybe (10 spp)

Spores cruciform, nodulose or fusoid

Spores not as above, smooth or with warts or spines

Spores cruciform; cuticle a hymeniderm; on soil

Crucispora naucorioides

Spores nodulose or fusoid

Spores nodulose; cystidia metuloid, with crystals; on soil

Astrosporina (Inocybe s.l.)

Spores fusoid; lamellae decurrent; cuticle a trichoderm

Lamellae dichotomously forked, cystidia often absent; on soil

Paxillus p.p.

Lamellae anastomosing, cystidia cylindrical to clavate, thin-walled, conspicuous; on soil

Phylloporus novae-zelandiae, see Xerocomus)

Spores smooth

Spores bearing warts, spines, etc

Carpophores secotioid. without stipe or columella; spores extremeiv large, globose, thick-walled; hypogaeous in soil and litter

Gigasperma cryptica

Carpophores agaricoid

Stipe lateral; pileus conchiform; spores oval, thick-walled

Stipe central

Spores brownish; veil remnants none; context gelatinous; on rotten wood

Crepidotus (4 spp)

Spores rust brown; veil remnants conspicuous; context not gelatinous; on rotten wood and plant debris

Pleuroflammula praestans

Lamellae decurrent, triangular or broadly attached to the stipe

Lamellae adnate or adnexed only

Lamellae decurrent, anastomosing; spores oval; pileus fleshy, felted; on soil

Paxillus p.p.

Lamellae triangular, subdecurrent; spores oval; pileus fragile, striate

Fibrillose or patchy remnants of the veil scattered along the stipe and margin of the pileus; on rotten wood

Tubaria rufofulva

Veil remnants absent: pileus densely covered by granular squamules; on plant debris (bark, leaves, etc.) (similar to Crinipellis)

Phaeomarasmius (5 spp)

Cuticle a cutis of cylindrical, radially arranged hyphae; pileus often scaly; spores elliptical to phaseoliform; cystidia metuloid, with crystals; on soil

Inocybe (15 spp)

Cuticle an hymeniderm or consisting of loosely arranged glo- bose or ovate cells

Spores sublimoniform; on rotten wood and leaves

Flammulaster (3 spp)

30(21)

Cuticle an hymeniderm or covered by aggregations of globose cells

Spores phaseoliform; on rotten wood

Simocybe (6 spp)

Cuticle a cutis, composed of repent, cylindrical hyphae, membranes frequently gelatinised

Cuticle an hymeniderm: universal veil as squamules or scales on pileus and at base of stipe; partial veil as persistent, striate, membranous ring; spores sublimoniform, mucronate; on soil and rotten wood

Descolea (2 spp)

Cuticle consisting of chains of. globose cells; universal veil remnants often vanishing; spores elliptical, almost hyaline; on rich soil

Melanophyllum echinatum

Cheilocystidia capitate to almost lecythiform: spores frequently with clearly visible plage, sublimoniform

Characters not as above

Stipe excentric or lateral; on rotten wood and plant debris

Pyrrhoglossum (2 spp)

Stipe central

Stipe cylindrical; pileus yellow to ochraceous, scaly., veil frequently present; on rotten wood

Gymnopilus (3 spp)

Stipe fusoid; carpophore without deep yellow or ochre colours; veil absent; clamp connections absent in many cases, rooting in litter or among mosses

Phaeocollybia (3 spp)

Stipe lateral or lacking; pileus conchiform., spores globose or oval; cheilocystidia conspicuous; on rotten wood, bark, leaves, etc .

Crepidotus improvisus (as Phialocybe)

Stipe central; pileus normally developed

Carpophores secotioid; spores axially symmetrical; pileus dry or glutinous, not exposing lamellae or gleba; on soil

Thaxterogaster (14 spp)

Carpophores agaricoid; spores bilaterally symmetrical

Double veil present, ring often conspicuous; on soil

Rozites (5 spp)

Partial veil only present (a cortina)

No ring or cortina

Cuphocybe (4 spp)

38(37)

Pileus (and stipe) viscid to glutinous

Pileus (and stipe) dry, frequently striate, hygrophanous

39(38)

Pileus and stipe glutinous; on soil

Cortinarius p.p. (as Myxacium)

Pileus only glutinous

40(39)

Cheilocystidia conspicuous; pileus only faintly coloured; lamellae argillaceous; on soil

Hebeloma (2 spp)

Cheilocystidia absent; pileus often richly coloured; stipe frequently marginate; lamellae brownish or lilac; on soil

Cortinarius p.p. (as Phlegmacium)

41(38)

Pigment encrusting membrane of hyphae; pileus brown to ochraceous, hygrophanous, striate

Pigment plasmatic or vacuolar; pileus squamulose or scaly, often with vivid colours, e.g. lilac, red, yellow, etc

42(41)

Pileus fragile; cheilocystidia (and caulocystidia) present; spores frequently with conspicuous perispore., among mosses, on soil, rarely on rotten wood

Galerina (4 spp)

Pileus more , robust; cheilocystidia occasionally present, generally lacking, caulocystidia none; spores without perispore; on soil

Cortinarius p.p. ( as Hydrocybe)

43(41)

Pileus deep lilac-violet; cystidia fusoid, with plasmatic pig- ment, on soil

Cortinarius (~30 spp)

Pileus red, ,ellow. olive or brown coloured; cystidia absent. on soil

Dermocybe (=Cortinarius p.p.)

Agarics: Key D (spore print black)

Spores with warts or spines or verrucose

Spores smooth

2(1)

Lamellae and sulcate pileus deliquescent

Coprinus p.p. (15 spp)

Carpophore not deliquescent

3(2)

Spores sublimoniform., cheilocystidia club-shaped; pileus scaly; probably introduced

Lacrymaria lacrymabunda

Spores elliptical, with spines, germ pore absent; pileus farinaceous or granular., lamellae red or brown when young

Melanophyllum echinatum

4(1)

Lamellae and pileus deliquescent; spores elliptical

Coprinus p.p. (15 spp)

Carpophore not deliquescent

5(4)

Spores mitriform, lamellae bluish-greenish when young; on rotten wood

Cystoagaricus strobilomyces

Spores oval to elliptical

6(5)

Cuticle an hymeniderm consisting of round or clavate cells

Cuticle a cutis consisting of repent, cylindrical hyphae

7(6)

Conspicuous dermatocystidia present; fruiting bodies in dense clusters or scattered, on soil or rotten wood

Coprinus p.p. ( as Pseudocoprinus)

Dermatocystidia absent (or only setae present: see Psathyrella)

8(7)

Pileus and stipe farinaceous, margin of pileus dentate from veil remnants; lamellae always speckled; on dung; probably introduced

Panaeolus speciosus

Pileus smooth; veil lacking or present as cortina or mem- branous ring; on soil or rotten wood

Psathyrella (3 spp)

9(6)

Carpophores with conspicuous yellow colours; ring absent; chrysocystidia present; spore print usually with lilac tinge; on rotten wood

Hypholoma (4 spp)

Carpophores not yellow (but context may stain yellow) instead white to dark brown; ring frequently present; chrysocystidia none., on soil or dung, in paddocks

Agaricus (24 spp)

Gigasperma

Gleba (when mature) cinnamon or rust brown, loculi to 3 mm diam.; compact subgleba and stipe present; hyphae ofcuticle encrusted by pigment, thin-walled; hypogaeous in soil. New Zealand

G. cryptica

Gleba (when mature) chocolate brown or umber, loculi to 1 mm diam.; without sterile subgleba or stipe; hyphae of cuticle conspicuously thick-walled; on ground. Tasmania

G. clelandi (not from NZ)

Nivatogastrium

Stipe marginate; margin of yellowish-whitish pileus deeply grooved or sulcate; gleba alveolar; spores 9-11 X 4.5-5.5 um; among mosses on soil

N. sulcatum

Stipe fusoid or cylindrical; margin of pileus smooth, never sulcate

2(1)

Spores 13.5-16 X 8-10 u; pileus yellow-brown or orange, gleba cellular; on rotten wood

N. lignicola

Spores 10-12 X 7-9 u pileus red-brown or orange; gleba (gills) distinctly lamellate; on soil

N. baylisianum

Cited scientific names

Metadata

Record id

59b5f6a5-b590-4021-ba43-bcfbae2078b8

Record class

reference

Record source

Names_Fungi

Date added

16 June 2001

Date last updated

30 January 2002

BIOTAof NEW ZEALAND

BIOTA of NEW ZEALAND

Names and classification of bacteria, fungi, land invertebrates and plants