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Stalpers, J.A. 1985: Type studies of the species of Corticium described by G.H. Cunningham. New Zealand Journal of Botany 23(2): 301-310.

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Stalpers, J.A. 1985: Type studies of the species of Corticium described by G.H. Cunningham. New Zealand Journal of Botany 23(2): 301-310.
10.1080/0028825X.1985.10425332
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Basidiome thin membranaceous. Hymenial surface cream-coloured to pale yellowish. Subicular hyphae hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled, 2.5-4.5 µm wide, without clamps, often branching at right angles. Subhymenial hyphae thin-walled, 2.5-3.5 µm wide, often sparsely covered with crystalline material. Basidia clavate to subcylindrical, 18-28 X 4-5 µm. Spores hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, navicular to narrowly ellipsoid, rarely subcylindrical, 6.5-7.5(-8) X 2.5-3 x 3-3.5 µm.
The species takes an intermediate position between Ceraceomyces Jlich and Ceraceomerulius (Parm.) J. Erikss. & Ryv. Despite the absence of clamps it is placed in the former genus because of the structure of the basidiome. The type of rot is indistinct.
Basidiome loosely adnate, at first hypochnoid and brick-red, when mature even. Hymenial surface cream coloured to pale ochraceous, but below the hymenial layer the specimen is also red in the mature parts of the basidiome. Margin white; hyphal strands absent. Subicular hyphae hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled, 2.4-4 µm wide, straight or with some minute swellings, often enrusted with hyaline crystals. Clamps absent. Subhymenial hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, 2.4-4 µm wide, encrusted with hyaline to reddish-brown crystals. Cystidia clavate to cylindrical, thin- to thick-walled, 60-90 X 8-12 µm. Basidia clavate to nearly sphaeropedunculate when young, 28-40 X 6-8 µm, basally 3-4 µm wide. Spores hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, ellipsoid, 7.5-9(-10) X 4.5-5.5 X 6-7 µm.
Despite the absence of clamps, the species is placed in Ceraceomyces because of the even hymenial surface, the easily separable hymenium, and the ellipsoid spores. Moreover, C. violascens (Fr.:Fr.) Rilich and C. cystidiatus (J. Erikss. & Hjortst.) Hjortst. have basal hyphae with coloured encrustation. However, it is realized that Meruliopsis hirtellus (Burt) Ginns is also close. The generic distinction between Ceraceomyces and Meruliopsis Bond. is vague.
Under a hand lens the specimen shows a duplex structure; the basal layer is parallel to the substratum and loosely interwoven; the subicular layer is rather compact, but occasionally shows "holes"; the subhymenial layer is more or less agglutinated. Basal hyphae hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled, 2.5-4.5 µm wide, with clamps. Vesicles rare, more or less pyriform, thin- to somewhat thick-walled, about 15 x 9 µm. Cystidia rare, clavate to acuminate, basally often swollen, projecting up to 20 µm, originating in subhymenium or subiculum. Spores hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, ellipsoid to typically pip-shaped, 4.5-6 x 2.5-3.5 x 3-3.5 µm.
The species is transferred to Chondrostereum Pouzar because of its duplex structure, the typical vesicles, and the somewhat thick-walled subicular hyphae which swell in KOH. Contrary to the typically effused-reflexed C. purpureum (Pers.:Fr.) Pouzar, the type specimen of C. coprosmae is strictly resupinate and the texture of the basal hyphae does not give the impression of a potential for reflection of the basidiome. However, this character alone does not justify the erection of a new genus. A comparable situation is found in Amylostereum Boidin, where A. laevigatum (Fr.) Boidin is strictly resupinate and has no distinct basal layer, whereas A. chailletii (Pers.) Boidin and A. areolatum (Fr.) Boidin may also be effused-reflexed and have a distinct basal layer.

= Dendrothele sp.

Hymenial surface cream to yellowish; subiculum white. Hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, 2-3.5 µm wide, somewhat irregular, with clamps. Hyphidia present, simple or more rarely branched (dendrohyphidia), 1.5-2.5 µm wide. Cystidia present, resembling young basidia, but with 1-3 dendroid projections at the apex, sulpho-negative. Intact basidia very rare, up to 18.5 µm wide; sterigmata up to 15 µm long. Spores hyaline, smooth, thin- to slightly thick-walled, ellipsoid to subcylindrical, 13-8 x7-9 x8-10 µm, not amyloid, not dextrinoid, slightly cyanophilous.

The type specimen is not in good condition. Mature basidia were rarely intact and the abundant crystals hindered examination. The species, which causes a white rot, belongs to Dendrothele Hohn & Litsch. and may be identical with D. alba Viegas. It fits Talbot's (1956) description of D. duthiae Talbot (a synonym of D. alba fide Lemke, 1964) except for the presence of hyphal pegs.

= Phlebia sp.

The species turns red in KOH, causes a white rot and belongs to Phlebia Fr. The type material was difficult to study and did not show much detail. However, some thin-walled encrusted cystidia were seen. Spores were not observed. The species is close to or identical with Ph. chrysocreas (Berk. & Curt.) Burdsall. Cunningham gave the spore dimensions as 3-4.5 x 2-2.5 µm, which is smaller than typical Ph. chrysocreas (4-5.5 x 2-2.5 µm).

Basidiome soft membranaceous. Basidia urniform to subclavate, 18-30 x 4-5 um, with a basal swelling up to 6 µm wide; there are 2-4 sterigmata. Spores hyaline, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, (4.5-)5-5.5 X 3.5-4.2 µm, warted, amyloid. The warts dissolve in 4% KOH.
The species is Gloeocystidiellum peroxydatum (Rick) Stalpers & Hjortst.; it is closely related to G. lacticolor (Byes.) Stalpers & Hjortst. and Boidinia furfuracea (Byes.) Stalpers & Hjortst. (Hjortstam & Stalpers 1982). Boidin (1966) compared it with G. heimii Boidin f. citri Boidin and found only minor differences. Judging from Boidin's description, f. citri differed more from the type of G. heimii than from G. crystallitectum. The cultural characters - the species has verticillate clamps, which are unique in Gloeocystidiellum - probably prompted Boidin to this classification. The species causes a weak white rot.
The type specimen is identical with Scotomyces subviolaceus (Peck) Jülich. The generic names Scotomyces Julich (Julich 1978) and Hydrabasidium Parker-Rhodes ex J. Erikss. & Ryv. (Eriksson & Ryvarden 1978) were both published on the same date, 28 Dec. 1978. Thus the first author who made a choice between these genera has to be followed; this is Jülich (1979), who treated Hydrabasidium as a synonym of Scotomyces.
The type specimen is not in very good condition and very few basidia were intact. The gloeocystidia are sulpho-positive. The spores are hyaline, thin-walled, ellipsoid, 5-5.5 X 2.5-3.2 µm, warted, amyloid. It does not seem to be distinct from Gloeocystidiellum porosum (Berk. & Curt.) Donk.
Gloeocystidia long cylindrical, obtuse, originating low in the subiculum and sometimes curving downward from the parallel basal layer (pseudocystidia), 40-120 X 5-11 µm. Simple hyphidia present, 2.5-3.5 µm wide. Spores hyaline, thick-walled, globose to broadly ellipsoid, 7.5-9(-9.5) X 7-8 µm, waited to aculeolate, cyanophilous, not amyloid.
The species is Hypochnicium analogum (Bourd. & Galz.) J. Erikss., as was already more or less suspected by Cunningham (1963).
The type specimen shows collapsed hyphae, no hymenial structures and non-amyloid basidiospores as described by Cunningham. More material is needed before a more definite statement on its taxonomic position can be made. The species causes a brown rot.
Hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, 3-5 µm wide, with clamps. Cystidia clavate to cylindrical, often constricted, sometimes with 1-3 apical constrictions, 32-55 X 5-8 µm, but some swellings up to 14 µm wide. Mature basidia not seen. Spores hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, cylindrical to allantoid, 8.5-10.5 2.5-3.2 x 3-4 µm, sometimes slightly constricted, not amyloid.
The original description points to Galziniella pereximia Parm., but the absence of mature basidia allows neither a positive identification nor an unequivocal assignment to a genus. However, the species may, like Galziniella pereximia, belong to Sistotrema Fr.

= Hyphoderma assimile (H. S. Jacks. & Dearden) Donk

Basidiome membranaceous. Generative hyphae 3-5 µm wide. Leptocystidia thin- to slightly thick-walled, subclavate to cylindrical, 60-120(-150) X 8-10(-12) µm, cyanophilous, sometimes with what seem to be remnants of resinous caps, projecting up to 50 µm. Basidia suburniform to clavate, 25-50 X 6.5-8.5 µm. Spores hyaline, thin-walled, cylindrical to allantoid, 11-14.5 X 4-5.5 µm, generally with a single oil-drop.

The species belongs to Hyphoderma Wallr. and the name is a later synonym of Hyphoderma assimile (H. S. Jacks. & Dearden) Donk. Nakasone (1984) referred the species to Crustoderma Parm., but it deviates quite strongly from the type species, C. dryinum (Berk. & Curt.) Parm. and also from Nakasone's generic description. The basidia are not narrowly clavate or cylindrical, but suburniform and the spores are typical Hyphoderma spores and not thick-walled at all. The type of rot was indistinct in the material studied.
In addition to Cunningham's description the type specimen shows some clavate to acuminate Cystidia, up to 70 µm long. Additional material is needed to ascertain the taxonomic position of this peculiar species.
The type material is in bad condition. No basidia or spores as described by Cunningham were found. Some collapsed amyloid warted basidiospores (about 4 µm long) were seen, but these are probably extraneous. Cunningham compared C. pteridophilum with Gloeocystidium cretatum Bourd. & Galz., which is the type species of Parvobasidium Jlich. It may well belong to this genus, but additional material should be studied before a transfer can be made. The species seems to cause a brown rot.
Besides the large tramal gloeocystidia hymenial leptocystidia are also present, 20-30 X 4-6 µm, slightly projecting and generally capitate or at least with a constriction or narrower part just below the apex. The species is Hyphoderma praetermissum (P. Karst.) J. Erikss. & Strid; it causes a white rot.
Basidiome effused, membranaceous, slightly cracked. Hymenial surface even, cream-coloured; margin white, hypochnoid. Subicular hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, 2.5-4 µm wide, sometimes slightly sinuous, with clamps. Cystidia hyaline, thin-walled, typically acuminate, rarely capitate, basally inflated, sometimes with 1-3 constrictions (not apical), 1830 X 3.5-5 µm. Basidia suburniform, 18-25 X 4-5 µm. Spores hyaline, smooth, thin- to slightly thick-walled, broadly ellipsoid, 4.5-6 X 3.5-4.5 µm, not amyloid.
The species is close to Hyphoderma sambuci (Pers.) Rilich, a species which is intermediate between Grandinia and Hyphoderma and therefore sometimes placed in Lyomyces P. Karst.; the cultural characteristics of H. sambuci (Stalpers 1978) suggest Grandinia. Vesicles as described by Cunningham were not observed. The study of additional material is necessary before the status of the name can be established.

= Aleurodiscus amylaceus (Bourd. & Galz.) D. P. Rogers & H. S. Jacks.

Subicular hyphae thin- to slightly thick-walled, 2.5-4 µm wide, with clamps. Gloeocystidia hyaline, with resinous contents, clavate to cylindrical, up to 15 µm wide, apically with up to three monihoid swellings, not protruding. Young basidia clavate, up to 55 X 6-8 µm. Basidia clavate to suburniform, often with 1-2 constrictions, 45-70 X 10-12 (apically) X 10-14 (widest inflation) X 5.5-8 (narrowest constriction) X 4-6 (basal attachment) µm, with 2-4 sterigmata, up to 9 µm long. Hyphidia rare, simple or very rarely branched, 2.5-3.5 µm wide. Spores hyaline, more or less thin-walled, ovoid to broadly ellipsoid, 8.5-10 X 6.5-7.5 µm, amyloid, distinctly apiculate.

The species is Aleurodiscus amylaceus (Bourd. & Galz.) D. P. Rogers & H. S. Jacks. Cunningham also compared it with this species (as Corticium radiosum Fr.), but rejected the synonymy, because C. vallum had clamps and inamyloid spores. The species causes a white rot.

= Phlebia sp.

Hymenial surface even to warted. Subicular hyphae hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled, 2.5-4 µm wide, with clamps at all septa. Hyphae not agglutinated except in the subhymenium. Crystalline material abundant on and between the hyphae. Cystidia absent. Basidia subclavate to subcylindrical, 15-22 X 3.5-5 µm. Spores hyaline, thin-walled, ellipsoid to cylindrical, 5-6.5 X 2.5-3 µm (few seen). Resinous material present between the basidia.

The species belongs to Phlebia and is close to or identical with Ph. nitidula (P. Karst.) Ryv.
Basidiome annual, resupinate, effused, pellicular to membranaceous. Hymenium easily separable from subiculum and substrate. Hyphae hyaline, thin- to somewhat thick-walled, with clamps on all primary septa. Basidia hyaline, thin-walled, clavate to typically urniform, terminal or lateral, with 4 sterigmata. Spores hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled, echinulate with smooth suprahilar plage, not amyloid, often with large globule.

Basidioma resupinatum, effusum, annuum, pelliculare vel membranaceum. Hymenium faciliter separabile. Hyphae hyalinae, tenui- vel aliquam crassi-tunicatae, fibulatae. Basidia hyalina, tenui-tunicata, clavata vel plerumque umiformia, terminalia vel lateralia, 4 sterigmata gerentia. Sporae hyalinae, tenui- vel minute crassi-tunicatae, echinulatae, inamyloideae, saepe guttis magnis repletae.

Species typica: Corticium umbonatum G. H. Cunn.

TYPE SPECIES: Corticium umbonatum G. H. Cunn.
Basidiome effused, pellicular to thin membranaceous. Hymenial layer easily separable from poorly developed subiculum and substrate. Hymenial surface even, whitish to cream-coloured when old. Margin indistinct; hyphal strands absent. Subicular hyphae somewhat thick-walled, 2.5-6.5 µm wide. Subhymenial hyphae hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled, 2.5-4 µm wide. Clamps present at all primary septa. Cystidia and hyphidia absent. Basidia hyaline, thin-walled, clavate to urniform, often with a basal swelling (probasidium), terminal or lateral (pleurobasidia), 22-45 X 6-7.5 µm, with 4 sterigmata up to 7 µm long. Spores hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled, globose, 7.5-9.5 µm diam., echinulate with smooth suprahilar plage, not amyoid; most spores with a large globule, which may cause a thick-walled appearance.
Hyphae hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled, 2.2 µm wide, with clamps, but not at all septa. Hyphidia simple or branched, hyaline, thin-walled, 2.5-3.5 µm wide at the base, 1-2 µm wide in the branched parts, often apically covered with crystals. Gloeocystidia absent or very indistinct, hardly discernible from young basidia (rarely an apical bulb was seen), sulpho-negative. Basidia clavate to stalked, 15-30 x 6.5-8 µm. Spores hyaline, thin walled, smooth, ovoid to ellipsoid, 7-8.5(-9) x 4.5-5.5(-6) x 5.5-6.5 µm, with prominent apiculus, not amyloid.
The species belongs to Dendrothele and is close to D. commixta (Hohn. & Litsch.) J. Erikss. & Ryv., which has larger spores, and D. microspora (H. S. Jacks. & Lemke) Lemke, which lacks clamps altogether. The type of rot is indistinct, but seems to be white.
Basidiome subinvisible when dry, probably pruinose when fresh, about 60 µm thick. Hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, 1.5-3 µm wide, without clamps. Gloeocystidia clavate, 20-40 x 5.5-9.5 µm, amyloid, with pale yellowish contents, sulpho-positive. Cystidia hyaline, acuminate, 15-40 x 4-6.5 µm, tapering towards the top, rarely abruptly narrowed. Basidia hyaline, clavate to suburniform, sometimes stalked, 15-30 x 6-7.5 µm, amyloid, with 2-4 sterigmata. Spores hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, globose to subglobose, (5-)5.5-6.5 X (4.5-)5-6 µm, amyloid.
Macroscopically, the species appears close to Xenasma Donk or Tubulicrinis. However, pleurobasidia are absent and, although amyloid- basidia and hyphae do occur in Tubulicrinis, the absence of thick-walled, multi-rooted lyocystidia does not permit the inclusion of the species in Tubulicrinis. The presence of two kinds of cystidia and the smooth, globose spores might indicate a relationship to Vesiculomyces Hagstrõm, but there are some obvious differences (amyloid hyphae and basidia, sulpho-positive gloeocystidia, and very thin basidiome). The species causes a weak white rot and is tentatively placed in Gloeocystidiellum Donk rather than in a new monotypic genus.
Basal hyphae thin- to slightly thick-walled, 3-5(-6) µm wide, with rather small clamps. Echinocysts sessile or stalked, hyaline, globose to ellipsoid or ovoid, 6-11 X 6-8 µm, strongly cyanophilous, with a basal clamp, apically with 4-8 slender, tortuous "flagella" up to 8 µm long. Cystidia hyaline, thin-walled, clavate to generally cylindrical and constricted below the apex, thus becoming capitate, 28-40 X 5-6.5 µm. apex up to 8 µm wide, constriction 2.4-4 µm wide. Basidia clavate to typically urniform, 30-50 X 7-9(-10) µm, with four sterigmata. Spores hyaline, thin-walled, ellipsoid to subcylindrical, (7-)8-10(-10.5) X (4-)4.5-5(-6) X (4.5-)5-6(-6.5) µm, smooth, not amyloid.
The species is very close to Hyphoderma comptum (H. S. Jacks.) Jülich, which has similar, but significantly smaller structures. Stephanocysts, echinocysts, and small vesicles are considered to be homologous; they are all strongly cyanophilous, have a basal clamp directly under the swelling, and are found in the subiculum only. Moreover, in H. flagellatum both vesicles with flagella (echinocysts) and similar vesicles without flagella are present. Species with these structures generally also have cystidia with a constriction directly below the apex; they are considered to be closely related. To this group belong: H. comptum, H. echinocystis J. Erikss. & Strid, H. flagellatum and H. praetermissum (P. Karst.) J. Erikss. & Strid.
Hymenial surface even to minutely waned, pale olivaceous brown; margin white. Basal hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, 1.5-2.5 µm wide, with clamps. Vesicles broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, 10-14 X 6-8.5 µm. Basidia clavate, 12-15 X 3.5-4.5 µm. Spores hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, broadly ellipsoid to pip-shaped, 4-5 x 2-3 µm, not amyloid.
The cretaceous basidiome, the vesicles, and the small, clavate basidia make this species a typical member of the genus Parvobasidium Jülich. The type of rot is indistinct, but seems to be brown.
Basal layer strongly developed, consisting of hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled hyphae, 3-5.5(-7.5) µm wide, without clamps. Cystidia absent. Spores hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, ellipsoid to pip-shaped, 4.5-6.5 x 3.5-4.5 µm.
The species causes a white rot and belongs to Phanerochaete P. Karst. It is close to Ph. tuberculata (P. Karst.) Parm., but differs from this species in the pink to vinaceous colour and the slightly wider spores.
Basidiome somewhat hypochnoid when young, becoming membranaceous. Subicular hyphae brown, thin- to somewhat thick-walled, 5-8 µm wide, often branching at right angles. Clamps absent from most septa, but some septa showing 1-3 clamps. Subhymenial hyphae hyaline to yellowish, 3-5 µm wide. Immature basidia 18-25 X 4.5-7 µm; mature basidia not seen. Spores hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, ellipsoid to subcylindrical, 4.5-6 X 2-3 µm (few seen).
At first sight the white-rot species resembles Tomentella Pat. It is here considered as belonging in Phanerochaete because of the verticillate clamps and the smooth spores, but it takes a rather isolated position there. Phanerochaete cacaina (Bourd. & Galz.) Burdsall & Gilbertson is also brown, but here the hyphae are covered with resinous material; moreover, this species has cylindrical spores. Ph. fuscomarginata (Burt) Gilbertson differs in having cystidia and broader spores (5-7 X 3-4 µm).
Hymenial surface even, chrome-yellow at the margin and more orange to reddish brown towards the centre, turning red in KOH. Cystidia hyaline, thin-walled, clavate to capitate, smooth or sometimes (in older parts) covered with resinous material, projecting up to 12 µm. Spores hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, ellipsoid, 4.2-5 X 2-2.3 x 2.2-2.5 µm, not amyloid.
The species, which causes a weak white rot, belongs to Phlebia and is close to Ph. femsjoeensis (Litsch. & Lund.) J. Erikss. & Hjortst., which has a distinct warted to phlebioid hymenial surface and longer cystidia. It also resembles Ph. lilascens (Bourd.) J. Erikss. & Hjortst., which has no cystidia and often a pinkish to violaceous colour.
Basidiome cartilaginous, ceraceous when fresh. Hymenial surface warted, ochraceous; margin white. Subhymenial hyphae thin- to somewhat thick-walled, 2-3.5 µm wide, densely interwoven, sometimes fasciculate, not gelatinised. Clamps absent (or very rare on subicular hyphae). Tramal cystidia hyaline, clavate to cylindrical, thin- to generally somewhat thick-walled except at the apex, smooth or more rarely loosely encrusted with crystalline material, sometimes with a secondary septum, immersed or projecting up to 12 µm. Basidia typically narrowly clavate to cylindrical, 15-23 x2.5-4 µm, but in the youngest parts narrowly cylindrical, 20-32 X 2.5-3.5 µm Spores hyaline, thin-walled, ellipsoid, 3.7-5.5 x 2-2.5 x 2.5-3.3 µm, smooth, not amyloid.
The fungus on the type specimen covers both the bark of Corynocarpus laevigatus and the stroma of a pyrenomycete. It causes a weak white rot. The species fits well in Phlebiopsis Jülich because of the densely interwoven subhymenial hyphae, the narrow Basidia, and the shape of the cystidia; the fact that the cystidia are mostly encrusted in other species of the genus is not considered important at the generic level.
Basidiome when dry reticulate; hymenium not continuous. Hymenial surface whitish. Hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, 2-3.5 µm wide, with clamps. Cystidia hyaline, thin-walled, apically containing a resinous drop which stains strongly in phloxine, but not in Melzer's reagent, smooth or sometimes encrusted with resinous material. Basidia hyaline, thin-walled, often swollen at the base, 13-18 X 5-8 µm, apically 4-6 µm wide. Some repetobasidia seen. Spores globose to subglobose, 5-6 X 4.5-6 µm.
The species belongs to Repetobasidium J. Erikss. and is very close to R. mirificum J. Erikss., differing only in the absence of distinctly capitate cystidia.
Basidiome at first hypochnoid, becoming continuous, at first even, then covered with distant, blunt, completely fertile warts (not odontioid). Hyphae hyaline, thin- to slightly thick-walled, 1.5-3 µm wide, with small, but abruptly curved clamps (Hyphodontia-type). Basal hyphae sometimes with swellings. Cystidia clavate to capitate, 20-35 X 4-5 µm, often with scattered crystals; some capitate cystidia are hyphoid (2-2.5 µm wide) below the terminal swelling, which is up to 5 µm diam. Basidia suburniform, 12-18 X 4-5 µm. Spores hyaline, slightly thick-walled, globose to subglobose, 4.5-5.5 µm diam., echinulate, cyanophilous, not amyloid, with oil droplet and small apiculus.
The species belongs to Rogersella Liberta & Navas (1978) and the name is an earlier synonym of Rogersella aspera Liberta & Navas. Apart from the ornamented spores and the lower warts, the species resembles Grandinia aspera (Fr.) Julich in many respects. Rogersella is, like Lagarobasidium Rilich, a satellite genus of Grandinia Fr. (= Kneiffiella P. Karst. =Hyphodontia J. Erikss.).

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