Basidiocarps very small to medium, solitary or rarely gregarious. Pileus 20-90 mm wide, convex to piano-convex, then piano-depressed, margin occasionally splitting and rolling back to give a ragged appearance, disc dark buff, honey or isabelline, paling to buff at the margin, viscid when young or wet, drying with age, volva remnants forming conical to pyramidal warts aggregated on disc, becoming sparse and low towards the margin, at first white then greyish sepia or isabelline with white to buff tips. Lamellae crowded, free, 6-10 mm wide, white, margin entire; lamellulae truncate. Stipe 37-90 mm high, 6-26 mm diameter, narrowest at centre, hollow, from sub-bulbous to abruptly bulbous base, 14-38 mm diameter, surface above annulus white, floccose, below annulus white with white, buff or sordid transverse, striate bands, base with or without a rim of pulverulent, sordid buff to greyish sepia volva remnants. Annulus membranous, striate, white to buff, pendulous then adhering to stipe. Context of pileus white, occasionally pale isabelline under disc, rarely a grey line above lamellae, stipe white.

Spore print white. Basidiospores (367/31), (8-)9-12(-13-14.5) x (7-)8-10.5 µm, Q^m 1.10, Q 1.00-1.33(-1.60), globose to ellipsoid, thin-walled, hyaline, amyloid. Basidia 43.5-76.5 x 10.5-17 µm, mostly 4-spored, clamped. Lamella margin cells numerous, 16-39.5 x 10.5-27.5 µm, globose, elliptic or clavate, hyaline. Pileipellis consisting of 220-270 µm wide, gelatinised suprapellis and non-gelatinised subpellis. Volva remnants on pileus consisting of abundant globose, clavate, napiform cells, 10-86 x 9-85 µm, pale umber to umber, in chains perpendicular to the pileus surface, becoming smaller and paler at tip of wart, subtended by moderately abundant hyphae, 4-10 µm wide, clamp connections abundant.

Basidiocarps medium, solitary. Pileus 50-85 mm, convex to plano-convex, then plano- depressed, greyish sepia to fuscous, volva remnants consisting of blunt, pyramidal warts to 1.5 mm high, or scab-like scales, which become smaller and floccose towards pileus margin, fuscous and occasionally with pale edges. Lamellae crowded, free, 6-9 mm wide, white then 'creamy white', possibly with 'pale pink' to 'pale apricot' tints; lamellulae truncate. Stipe 38-80 mm high, 4-20 mm diameter, solid, clavate, with rounded to slightly radicating base, surface above annulus powdery, striate, 'greyish' to 'lilac grey', below annulus apically free, 'dark grey' fibrils, or volva remnants forming bands, base white to sordid white. Context of pileus white and 'grey' beneath pellis, stipe white or turning slightly 'yellowish' or 'apricot' on exposure.

Spore print 'creamy'. Basidiospores (42/3), (7.5-)8-9(-10) x (5.5-)6-7.5(-8) µm, Q^m 1.31, Q (1.12-)1.20-1.50, occasionally subglobose, usually broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, amyloid. Basidia not observed, however hymenial elements 29-35. 5 x 9-10.5 µm, clamped. Lamella margin cells absent. Volva remnants from pileus consisting of abundant, globose, ellipsoid, clavate, umber cells, 51-166 x 17-58 µm, with hyphae to 13 µm wider 'clamped, elements vertically orientated to pileipellis.

Basidiocarps very small to medium, solitary to subgregarious. Pileus 20-60 mm, convex to plano-convex, then plano-depressed, margin entire or occasionally splitting and pellis rolling back to give a ragged appearance, greyish to fawn, mouse-grey to greyish sepia, or honey to buff, viscid when young or wet, drying with age, volva remnants flat, squarish warts to fibrillose crumbs at pileus margin, rarely pointed, dark greyish sepia to mouse-grey and occasionally paler at the tips, arranged concentrically. Lamellae crowded, free, 3-6 mm wide, white; lamellulac subtruncate. Stipe 38-70 mm high 5-8 mm diameter, solid or tending to hollow, from marginate to marginate-depressed bulbous base, 7-21 mm diameter, surface above annulus, white to pale smoke-grey, sparsely floccose, or breaking into trans- verse, striate bands, below annulus white to smoke-grey, or pale greyish sepia, smooth to finely scaled, base with band or rim of pulverulent, dark greyish sepia to fuscous volva remnants. Annulus membranous, finely striate, white to sordid white at margin, or very pale grey with fuscous margin. Context of pileus white, or pale greyish sepia to mouse-grey under disc, rarely grey line above lamellae, stipe white or streaked with grey.

Spore print white. Basidiospores (223/21), 6.5-9 x 5.5-6.5(-8) µm, Q^m1.32, Q(1-)1.5-1.54, occasionally globose, usually broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, hyaline, amyloid. Basidia25-35.5 x 7.5-12 µm,usually4-spored,notelamped. Lamella margin cells numerous, 17-60.5(-86) x 9-26.5(-53) µm, sphaeropedunculate, clavate, hyaline. Pileipellis consisting of 170-220 µm wide, gelatinised suprapellis, and non-gelatinised subpellis. Volva remnants on pileus consisting of abundant globose to elliptic, umber cells 16-60.5(-81) x 16-53(-81) µm, single or in short chains on abundant, 5-10 ttffl wide, umber hyphae; arranged vertically to pileipellis.

Basidiocarps small to medium, solitary. Pileus 45-64 mm, convex to piano-convex, margin appendiculate with friable volva remnants, dry, disc white to buff, pale fulvous sienna at margin, volva remnants forming complete, pulverulent, buff covering, occasionally completely eroded in older specimens. Lamellae crowded, free, 8 mm wide, white; lamellulae attenuate. Stipe 50-100 mm high, 10-32 mm diameter, clavate to sub-bulbous, hollow, smooth, buff with luteous and sienna fulvous stains, volva remnants coating the lower stipe and upper bulb in pulverulent to sub-felted, adnate layer, pale buff with luteous and sienna stains, occasionally forming spurious, inferior ring (seen only in Taylor 1168). Annulus friable, felted, disappearing in older specimens, buff to pale ochreous. Context of pileus and stipe pale buff, with some yellowing on exposure. On drying basidiocarp becoming rosy buff.

Spore print white. Basidiospores (53/5), (8-)9-12 x (6-)6.5-8.5 µm, Q^m 1.40, QI-20-1.61(-1.69), broadly ellipsoid to elongate, hyaline, amyloid. Basidia 49-72.5 x 9-16 µm,4-spored,clamped. No distinct lamella margin cells observed. Pileipellis consisting of 250-340 µm wide, gelatinised suprapellis, and dense, non-gelatinised subpellis. Volva remnants on pileus consisting of abundant hyaline, globose, ellipsoid or clavate cells 18. 5-1 19 x 18.5-46 µm, with sparse to moderately abundant, hyaline hyphae, 6-13 µm wide, clamped, occasionally finely encrusted; elements irregularly arranged.

Basidiocarps medium to large, solitary to gregarious. Pileus to 130 mm, convex to plano- convex, then plano-depressed, margin sulcate (c. 0.07 R), entire, disc scarlet, paling to orange at the margin, then developing a metallic bronze appearance, viscid when young or wet, drying with age, volva remnants forming squarish to pointed, white warts on disc, becoming narrow, flocculent patches towards margin, often arranged concentrically. Lamellae crowded, free, 6- 10 mm wide, white; lamellulae subtruncate. Stipe to 170 mm high, 20-23 mm diameter, hollow, from bulbous base, 32-33 mm diameter, surface above annulus floccose to pulverulent, striate, white, below annulus sparsely floccose, white to sordid white, basal bulb crowned with concentric bands or squarish warts. Annulus membranous, pendulous then adhering to stipe, white to primrose. Context of pileus white, with orange to pale luteous directly under the pileipellis, stipe white.

Spore print white. Basidiospores (20/2), 9-10.5 x 7-5-8 µm, Q^m 1. 38, Q 1. 12-1.40, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, inamyloid. Basidia 50-63. 5 x 10-13 µm, 4-spored, not clamped. Lamella margin cells indistinct. Pileipellis composed of c. 460 µm wide, gelatinised suprapellis, and dense, non-gelatinised subpellis. Volva remnants from pileus composed of globose, elliptic or clavate, hyaline cells, to 40 x 20 µm, with abundant hyphae to 8 µm wide; tending to vertically arranged on the disc, less so towards the pileus edge.

Basidiocarps very small to medium, solitary to subgregarious. Pileus 25-65 mm, piano- convex to plano-depressed, with sulcate margin (0. 17-0.38 R), buff, non-viscid, volva remnants pulverulent, pale greyish sepia to fuscous, on disc raised into wart-like peaks, or radial ridges. Lamellae crowded, free, 6-7 mm wide, white to pale buff, margin laciniate; lamellulae subtruncate. Stipe 20-75 mm high, 4-11 mm diameter, hollow, from clavate or bulbous base, 10-16 mm diameter, surface white, very pale buff or very pale greyish sepia, upper stipe smooth to subfloccose, lower stipe smooth, base with rim or band of pulverulent, greyish sepia to fuscous volva remnants. Exannulate. Context of pileus white, very pale grey beneath disc, stipe white, streaked with very pale grey or buff.

Spore print white. Basidiospores (312/26), 6.5-9 x 5.5-8(-8.5) µm, Q^m 1.16, Q 1.06-1.33, subglobose to ellipsoid, thin-walled, hyaline, inamlyloid. Basidia 30.5-54 x (8-)9-13(-14) µm, 4-spored, rarely less than 4-spored, clampless. Lamella margin cells globose, elliptic to clavate, thin-walled, hyaline, 8-22.5 x 5.5-14.5 µm, in short chains of up to six cells, easily detached. Pileipellis consisting of 90-110 µm wide, slightly gelatinised suprapellis, dense, non-gelatinised subpellis. Volva remnants on pileus consisting of abundant umber, finely encrusted, globose to ellipsoid cells, 18.5-92 x 13.5-92 µm, either single or in chains on moderately abundant hyphae, 6-12 µm wide, umber, finely encrusted, irregularly arranged.

Basidiocarps small to large, solitary to subgregarious. Pileus 30-130 mm, convex to plano-convex, then plano-depressed, with striate margin (0.05-0.06 R), entire, colour variable, buff to pale buff, dark mouse-grey to greyish sepia, hazel or cinnamon to buff, dark greyish sepia radially streaked with fuscous, or fuscous black streaked with greyish sepia, viscid when young or wet, drying with age, volva remnants forming small to extensive, irregularly shaped, felted patches, dull greyish sepia to sepia, occasionally scab-like, then greyish sepia with pale centres, rarely arranged concentrically. Lamellae crowded, free, white to 'cream', margin entire, 6- 10 mm wide, lamellulae subtruncate. Stipe 40-140 mm high, 5-25 mm diameter, tapering slightly at apex, hollow, from sub-bulbous, or occasion- ally abruptly bulbous base, 10-30 mm diameter, surface above annulus white, sparsely floccose, occasionally breaking into transverse bands, below annulus smooth or occasionally breaking into bands or fibrillose scales, white, sordid white, buff or greyish sepia streaked with mouse-grey, base with or without a band or rim of buff to greyish sepia volva remnants. Annulus membranous, striate, white, sordid white, buff, greyish sepia or lavender-grey, pendulous then adhering to stipe, often tearing and adhering to pileus edge. Context of pileus white or stained mouse-grey under the disc, occasionally with a grey line above lamellae, stipe white to pale buff.

Spore print white. Basidiospores (929/78), (6.5-)7.5-9(-13) x (6.5-)7.5-9(-13) µm, Q^m 1.05, Q 1.00-1.16(-1.40), globose to broadly ellipsoid, occasionally ellipsoid, thin- walled, hyaline, amyloid. Basidia 30.5-57 x (6.5-)8-16 µm, 4-spored, rarely less, not clamped. Lamella margin cells numerous, 13-58 X 8-33 µm, globose, clavate or sphaeropedunculate, hyaline. Pileipellis consisting of 130-220 µm wide, strongly gelatinised suprapellis and dense, non-gelatinised subpellis. Volva remnants on pileus consisting of abundant globose, elliptic and clavate cells, 21-119 x 14.5-115 µm, intermixed with 4-9 µm wide hyphae, pale umber and either irregularly arranged, or tending to vertically orientated.

Basidiocarps small to large, solitary to subgregarious. Pileus 40-115 mm, convex to plano-convex, or plano-conical, margin inflexed, appendiculate (less so in older specimens), pale luteous ochreous, occasionally with slight rosy buff tinge, dry, possibly subviscid when wet, tending to split into large, fleshy squamules, volva remnants on disc conical to broadly conical warts, becoming smaller, subfelted crumbs towards margin, pale luteous, to ochreous at the tip. Lamellae crowded, free, 7-12 mm wide, smooth to slightly floccose margin, very pale buff; lamellulae gradually attenuate. Stipe 50-120 mm high, 10-18 mm diameter, solid, from bulbous base, 28-42 mm diameter, surface above annulus floccose, striate, flushed rosy buff, below annulus fibrillose, pale luteous, becoming finely scaled towards base, at base scales becoming larger, slightly recurved, and palisade-like, usually flushed rosy buff. Annulus membranous, striate, tearing unevenly, pale luteous. Context of pileus and stipe unchanging, white to very pale buff.

Spore print white. Basidiospores (85/8), 8-12 x (6.5-)8-10.5 µm, Q^m 1.09, Q 1.00-1.25(-1.38), globose to broadly ellipsoid (to ellipsoid), hyaline, amyloid. Basidia 46-86 x 9-16 µm, 4-spored, not clamped. Lamella margin cells numerous, 18-5-47.5 x 14.5-31.5 µm, globose, clavate, sphaeropedunculate, hyaline. Pileipellis consisting of 85-140 µm wide, slightly gelatinised suprapellis, and dense, non-gelatinised subpellis. Volva remnants composed of globose, ellipsoid or clavate cells, 8.5-159 x 8.5-68 µm, hyaline, becoming smaller towards tip of wart, mixed with abundant, branching hyphae, 5-17 µm wide; tending to vertically orientated, and clamps absent.

Basidiocarps small to medium, solitary to subgregarious. Pileus 32-82 mm, convex to plano-convex, then plano-depressed, with sulcate margin (0.17-0.31 R), entire, occasionally splitting along furrows, disc hazel to dark greyish sepia, paling to greyish sepia at margin, sulcate ridges concolorous with disc, furrows pale greyish sepia or vinaceous buff, slightly viscid when wet, quickly drying, volva remnants absent. Lamellae crowded, free, 6-10 mm wide, pale buff to buff, margin entire, brown vinaceous to dark greyish sepia at margin; lamellulae truncated. Stipe 70-120 mm high, 7-10(-17) mm diameter, hollow, tapering apically, surface pale greyish sepia, with hazel to greyish sepia, striate bands, becoming finer and more numerous towards apex. Exannulate. Volva 30-58 mm high, fleshy when young, 1-3 mm thick, becoming membranous with age, saccate, usually bilabiate, buff with ochreous to fulvous stains, with small, membranous, inner limb. Context in pileus white, pale brown vinaceous to pale sepia beneath disc, stipe white.

Spore print white. Basidiospores (520/38), (9.5-)10.5-14.5(-20) x (9-)10.5-14.5(-18) µm, Q^m 1.00, Q 1.00-1.14, globose to subglobose, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid. Basidia 50-92.5 x 10.5-22.5 µm, 1-4-spored, not clamped. Lamella margin cells 12-58(-70) x 9-50 µm, globose, clavate, napiform, sphaeropedunculate, usually hyaline, rarely pale umber. Pileipellis consisting of 20-40 µm wide, slightly gelatinised suprapellis, non-gelatinised subpellis. Volva trama in three layers, outer layer regular, central layer subregular and occasional interspersed with clavate cells, inner layer regular.

Two distinct variations from the norm have been observed and for convenience are referred to as 'individuals with friable volva' and 'white individuals'.

Individuals with friable volva. As above but pileus and stipe with felted patches of greyish sepia to dark greyish sepia volva remnants. Volva remnants composed of abundant, terminal, pale umber, globose to clavate cells, 26.5-82 x 20-78 µm, single or in short chains, on abundant, pale umber, branching hyphae, 6-11 µm wide, tending to vertically orientated (Fig. 4d, h).

White individuals. As above but pileus white to sordid white.

Baisidlocarps small to medium, solitary to gregarious. Pileus to 85 mm wide, margin entire, 'sulfur-yellow' with a 'greenish' tinge, and 'brown' radiating fibrils, or 'greyish' with 'brown' tints, paling at edge, with faint radial markings, silky smooth, without volva remnants. Lamellae crowded, free, 6-12 mm wide, white; lamellulae subtruncate. Stipe 70-80 mm high, 12-19 mm diameter, hollow, from clavate to bulbous base, occasionally pointed, 28-32 mm diameter, surface above the annulus faintly striate or pulverulent and white, below annulus sparsely floccose, white, with a free, white, fleshy volva limb, or an oppressed, membranous volva limb which tears irregularly. Annulus membranous, finely striate, margin finely serrulate, pendulous, white. Context of pileus white or slightly coloured under the disc, stipe white.

Spore print white. Basidiospores (20/2), 8-9(-10.5) x 6.5-8.5 µm, Q^m 1.12, Q 1. 06-1. 30, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, amyloid. Basidia 34. 5-5 1. 5 x 10.5-13 µm, 1-4-spored, not clamped. Lamella margin cells numerous, 20-50 x 10.5-22.5 µm, mostly clavate, hyaline. Pileipellis up to 380 µm wide, non or only very slightly gelatinised. Volvo trama regular, hyphae to 15 am wide, and rarely, enlarged terminal cells.

Basidiocarps medium, solitary to subgregarious. Pileus 50-80 mm, convex to piano- convex, then plano-depressed, margin appendiculate with friable volva remnants, tending to be lost with age, pale buff, buff or sordid buff, viscid when young or wet, drying with age, volva remnants forming a thick covering of pale greyish sepia to pale smoke-grey warts, either isolated or connected at the base to form sheets, easily removed when handled, tending to litter the surrounding soil, and leaving a reticulate pattern of shallow depressions. Lamellae crowded, free, 5-11 mm wide, white; lamellulae subtruncate. Stipe 80-97 high, 9-20 mm diameter, solid, from clavate to bulbous, occasionally radicating base, 22-44 mm diameter, surface above annulus white, sparsely floccose or breaking into fine bands, below annulus white to very pale smoke-grey, finely scaled, at base volva remnants forming con- centric rings of thick, fleshy scales or warts, rarely forming spurious ring below annulus. Annulus friable, finely striate, tending to break up into sections and often lost, white then pale luteous. Context of pileus and stipe white.

Spore print white. Basidiospores (40/4), 9-12 x 5.5-8 µm, Q^m 1.55, Q 1.31-1.91, ellipsoid to elongate, hyaline, amyloid. Basidia 41-59.5 x 10.5-13 µm, 4-spored, clamped. Lamella margin cells numerous, 16-31.5 x 10.5-16 µm, clavate, hyaline (seen only in Ridley 576). Pileipellis composed of 50-70 µm wide, gelatinised suprapellis, and non- gelatinised subpellis. Volva remnants from pileus composed of chains of small byaline, globose to ellipsoid cells, 16-31.5 x 9-19 µm at tip; at base, cells larger, 17-66 x 14-5-39.5 µm, intermixed with hyphae to 9 µm wide. Clamp connections abundant.

Basidiocarps medium, solitary. Pileus 50-85 mm, convex to plano-convex, then piano- depressed, greyish sepia to fuscous, volva remnants consisting of blunt, pyramidal warts to 1.5 mm high, or scab-like scales, which become smaller and floccose towards pileus margin, fuscous and occasionally with pale edges. Lamellae crowded, free, 6-9 mm wide, white then 'creamy white', possibly with 'pale pink' to 'pale apricot' tints; lamellulae truncate. Stipe 38-80 mm high, 4-20 mm diameter, solid, clavate, with rounded to slightly radicating base, surface above annulus powdery, striate, 'greyish' to 'lilac grey', below annulus apically free, 'dark grey' fibrils, or volva remnants forming bands, base white to sordid white. Context of pileus white and 'grey' beneath pellis, stipe white or turning slightly 'yellowish' or 'apricot' on exposure.

Spore print 'creamy'. Basidiospores (42/3), (7.5-)8-9(-10) x (5.5-)6-7.5(-8) µm, Q^m 1.31, Q (1.12-)1.20-1.50, occasionally subglobose, usually broadly ellipsoid, hyaline, amyloid. Basidia not observed, however hymenial elements 29-35. 5 x 9-10.5 µm, clamped. Lamella margin cells absent. Volva remnants from pileus consisting of abundant, globose, ellipsoid, clavate, umber cells, 51-166 x 17-58 µm, with hyphae to 13 µm wider clamped, elements vertically orientated to pileipellis.

Basidiocarps very small to medium, solitary to subgregarious. Pileus 14-76 mm, plano- convex to plano-depressed, margin sulcate (0. 10-0. 15 R), entire, disc dark buff, vinaceous buff, or smoky grey, paling to pale yellow, or buff at margin, occasionally slightly fawn appearance, viscid when young or wet, drying with age, volva remnants white to buff, consisting of membranous scales, and/or scattered floccose scurf, occasionally lacking. Lamellae crowded, free, 5-12 mm wide, white, margin entire to laciniate, buff; lamellulae subtruncate to attenuate. Stipe 30-1 10 mm high, 4-24 mm diameter, hollow, from bulbous base, to 34 mm diameter, surface pale buff to honey, occasionally ochreous, smooth, or with floccose fibrils near apex, becoming finely scaled towards base, rarely viscid, basal bulb white to buff, subtomentose, with small, free, membranous limb. Exannulate. Context of pileus white, stained pale luteus to greyish buff beneath pellis, stipe white to pale luteous.

Spore print white. Basidiospores (261 / 16), 7.5-12 x 7.5-12 µm, Q^m 1.03, Q 1.00-1.25, globose to broadly ellipsoid, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid. Basidia 42-78 x 10-14. 5 µm, 4-spored, occasionally 1-3-spored, clamped (but these may be difficult to see). Lamella margin cells small, easily disarticulated, globose, elliptic to clavate, hyaline, 16-46 x 6.5-20 µm. Pileipellis consisting of 35-100 µm wide, slightly gelatinised suprapellis, non- gelatinised subpellis. Volva remnants on pileus consisting of abundant long, inflated, hyaline cells up to 214 µm long and 34 µm wide, hyphae, often finely encrusted, clamped, irregularly arranged.