MID CANTERBURY: Kowai Bush, on dead wood of Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides, 8 Apr 2001, PDD 72980; Arthur’s Pass, dead twig of Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides, 3 Feb 2002, PDD 75007; Lewis Pass, St James Walkway, dead twig of Nothofagus menziesii, 2 Feb 2002, PDD 75005.

This description applies to the anamorphic Aegeritina. Occurs on the underside of decorticated wood in damp and semi-submerged conditions. The propagules are easily detached from the substratum, white, spherical, 100–300 µm diam. They consist of tightly intertwined, septate, clamped hyphae. The propagule has projecting cystidia, to 70 × 4.0 µm, which are encrusted with crystalline material

New record from New Zealand. The propagules consist of a ball of sparingly branched, sinuous hyphae, reminiscent of Spirosphaera but bearing clamp connections. The main diagnostic character is the presence of projecting, encrusted cystidia, which are also characteristic of the Subulicystidium teleomorph. See Eriksson & Ryvarden (1984) for a description and illustration of the holomorph from European material. Hyde & Goh (1999) provided a recent description of UK material. Anon. (1998–2004) and Abdullah (1980) provide earlier records of this material from the UK. The teleomorph, Subulicystidium longisporum, has previously been reported in New Zealand. However, this collection represents the first report of the anamorph, which is a frequent inhabitant of the aero-aquatic environment.

Colonies sporodochial, scattered, punctiform. Conidiophores semi-micronematous, pale brown, up to 40 × 4 µm, arising from dark brown geniculate hyphae within the substratum. Conidiogenesis terminal, monoblastic, schizolytic. Conidia obovoid to pyriform, brown with faint lumen and proximal cells paler, 47–55 × 18–25 µm, narrowing to 2.5–3 µm at the base, 5–8-septate, slightly oblique scar with small frill from secession.

Coloniae sporodochiales, sparsae, punctiformes. Conidiophora semi-micronematosa, pallide brunnea, usque 40 × 4 µm, ex hyphis atrobrunneis, geniculatis, in matrice immersis orientia. Evolutio conidiorum terminalis, monoblastica, schizolytica. Conidia obovoidea vel pyriformia, brunnea sed cellulis proximalibus pallidioribus, quaeque cellularum lumine tenuo, 47–55 × 18–25 µm, versus basin 2.5–3 µm attenuata, 5–8 septata, cicatrice leniter obliqua, segmentulum post successionem remanentem.

For reviews and descriptions of relevant species of Bactrodesmium see Ellis (1959), Hughes & White (1983, 1984), and Révay (1993). Most species with a similar morphology have much narrower conidia: B. rahmii M.B.Ellis (11–15 µm), B. traversianum (Peyronel) M.B.Ellis (8–12 µm), B. pluriseptatum Révay (11–14 µm), B. biformatum (Höhn.) S.Hughes (7–9.5 µm); B. spilomeum (Berk. & Broome) E.W.Mason & S.Hughes has fewer septa with central pores.

HOLOTYPE: Mid Canterbury, Arthur’s Pass, dead twigs of Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides, 22 Jul 2000, PDD74981.

AUCKLAND: Rangitoto Island, dead leaf of Quercus ilex, 17 Mar 2001, PDD 74121; Rangitoto Island, dead leaf of Q. ilex, 17 Dec 2002, PDD 80094; MID CANTERBURY, Christchurch Botanical Garden, dead twig of Q. ilex, 9 Sep 2001, J. A. Cooper 8220; Christchurch Botanical Garden, dead leaf of Q. ilex, 9 Feb 2002, PDD 80638.

Colonies effuse, brown, velvety. Setae dark brown, 150–350 µm long, foot cell darker, radially lobed, to 12 µm at base. Conidiophores pale yellow-brown, 30–150 × 3.5 µm. Conidiogenesis terminal, determinate, polyblastic, leaving cylindrical denticles. Conidia biconic, 20–25 × 7–10 µm, with transverse, slightly recessed paler band and pale apical appendage. Conidial attachment with or without a limoniform separating cell.

New record from New Zealand. Kirk (1982a) pointed out that, in the UK, Beltrania querna is present wherever the host is found, and is frequently the dominant hyphomycete colonising the litter. The same statement may also be applied to Quercus ilex litter in New Zealand. Beltrania rhombica has recently been reported as a leaf endophyte in the tropics (Cannon & Simmons 2002), and it is possible that B. querna also has an endophytic phase. A recent key to the species of Beltrania was provided by Morelet (2001).

MID CANTERBURY: Kowai Bush, on dead wood of Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides, anamorph and teleomorph present, 8 Apr 2001, PDD 74117; Kowai Bush, dead wood, 26 May 2002, PDD 76596; Travis Wetland, dead branch of Salix caprea, 6 Feb 2004, PDD 79889.

This description applies to the anamorphic Aegerita state. On the underside of decorticated wood in damp and semi-submerged conditions. The propagules are easily detached from the substratum, white, granular, spherical, reaching 400 µm diam. Microscopically they are seen to consist of a shell of smooth subglobose to pyriform cells 12–20 × 10–15 µm, surrounding a hyphal cortex. Clamp connections are present on the stalk cells. Colonies are sometimes accompanied by the Bulbillomyces state. See Eriksson & Ryvarden (1976) and Breitenbach & Kränzlin (1986) for descriptions and illustrations of both states from European material.

New record from New Zealand. The anamorph (Aegerita candida) of the resupinate, corticioid basidiomycete, Bulbillomyces farinosus, is common (in Europe at least) on rotten, decorticated wood in damp conditions.

MID CANTERBURY: Kennedy’s Bush, dead twig of Kunzea ericoides, associated with dark-brown septate hyphae of another fungus, 30 Sep 2001, PDD 74774.

Conidiophores hyaline, septate, 200–500 × 3 µm. Conidiogenous cells arranged in whorls, up to 20 µm long, strongly tapering to a fine apex bearing conidia on terminal cylindrical denticles. Conidia hyaline, ellipsoidal, 4.5 × 1.5 µm.

New record from New Zealand. This species is generally recorded as a parasite of other fungi, particularly discomycetes (Ellis & Ellis 1988).

NEW ZEALAND: AUCKLAND: Karekare, dead stem of Leptospermum scoparium, 18 Mar 2001, PDD 80187. BAY OF PLENTY: Lindemann Loop Track, dead bark of Vitex lucens, 6 May 2003, PDD 80213. MID CANTERBURY: Kennedy’s Bush, dead twig, 31 Mar 2001, PDD 74764. WESTLAND: Okuro estuary, dead twig, 11 May 2002, PDD 75020. AUSTRALIA: NSW: Dorrigo, Dangar Falls, dead twig, 5 Oct 2002, PDD 75024.

Propagules globose, pink-brown in mass, with hyphae appearing yellow-brown in a mount. Conidia 35–65 µm diam., conidium initials not seen, hyphae branching, terminating in verrucose lobes.

New record from New Zealand. See Voglmayr (1998) for a discussion of the genus.

AUCKLAND: Rangitoto Island, dead leaf of Quercus ilex, 17 Mar 2001, PDD 74124. MID CANTERBURY: Christchurch Botanical Garden, dead twig of Quercus suber, J. A. Cooper 8222, 9 Sep 2001; Christchurch Botanical Garden, dead leaf of Quercus ilex, J. A. Cooper 8218, 9 Sep 2001; Christchurch Botanical Garden, dead leaf of Quercus ilex, 9 Feb 2002, PDD 75003; Lewis Pass, dead leaf of Nothofagus menziesii, 24 Nov 2001, PDD 74994; Lewis Pass, St James Walkway, dead twig of Nothofagus menziesii, 2 Feb 2002, PDD 75009

Conidia hyaline with H-shaped central body surrounded by verrucose lobes, 12–15 µm diam.

New record from New Zealand. This species and Clathrosphaerina zalewskii are the most commonly encountered aero-aquatic species of fungi on a variety of host substrata. However, they are generally unnoticed due to their small size and fine morphological features.

AUCKLAND: Rangitoto Island, dead leaf of Quercus ilex, 17 Mar 2001, PDD 76678 (as Clathrosphaerina anamorph). MID CANTERBURY: Lewis Pass, dead twig of Nothofagus menziesii, 24 Nov 2001, PDD 74777 (as Clathrosphaerina anamorph); Travis Wetland, dead leaf of Salix sp., 29 Nov 2003, PDD 79903, ICMP 15322

This description applies to the anamorphic Clathrosphaerina state. Conidia to 40 µm diam., hyaline, hollow clathrate structure formed from anastomosing hyphae, 3–5 µm diam

New record from New Zealand. Similarly to Candelabrum spinulosum, this aero-aquatic fungus is very common but inconspicuous.

Colonies effuse, hairy. Conidiophores mononematous, macronematous, unbranched, septate, brown, becoming paler towards the apex, arising from enlarged radial base. Conidiophore up to 50–120 µm long and 6 µm wide at the base, tapering to 3.5 µm near the apex and then constricting rapidly before enlarging into a denticulate apex. Conidiogenesis terminal, determinate, sympodial. Denticles hyaline, up to 3 × 1 µm. Conidia hyaline, fusiform with rounded apex, slightly asymmetric, 20–30 × 3.5–4 µm

Coloniae effusae, hirsutae. Conidiophora mononematosa, macronematosa, non ramosa, septata, brunnea, ad apicem pallescentia, ex basi radiale augita, usque 50–120 µm longa et basi 6 µm lata, subapice 3.5 µm attenuata, infra apicem praecipite constricta sed in apice dilatata et denticulata. Evolutio conidiorum terminalis, determinata, sympodialis. Denticulae hyalinae, usque 3 × 1 µm. Conidia hyalina, fusiformia, apice subrotundata, leniter asymmetrica, 20–30 × 3.5–4 µm

This species clearly fits within Dactylaria section Diplorhinotrichum as defined by de Hoog (1985). Goh & Hyde (1997) provided a key to species of Dactylaria. Dactylaria leptospermi differs from D. nervicola Upadhyay & Mankau and D. arecae (Matsush.) R.F.Castañeda & W.B.Kendr., both of which have acropleurogenous conidiogenesis and conidia sometimes pale brown; it differs from the latter in having shorter conidia (12–24 µm). Two other species show some similarity to D. leptospermi. Dactylaria cazorlii Mercado, Gené & Guarro has similarly shaped conidia but these have 4–6 septa and a conidiophore that is constricted atthe base. The closest species is D. plovercovensis Goh & K.D.Hyde, which has similar conidiophores but much smaller denticles (0.5–1.5 µm) and with shorter and wider conidia 16–22 × 4–4.5 µm.

HOLOTYPE: Auckland, Karekare, dead stem of Leptospermum scoparium, 18 Mar 2001, PDD 76620 [74982=error in paper], ICMP 1429 [14247=error in paper] (ex Type).

AUCKLAND: Rangitoto Island, dead leaf of Quercus ilex, J. A. Cooper 8075, 17 Mar 2001, PDD 74115; Rangitoto Island, dead leaf of Quercus ilex, 17 Dec 2002, PDD 80636.

Colonies effuse, black, hairy. Setae 400 × 5–8 µm, dark brown. Conidiophores pale brown, 30–200 × 4–5 µm. Conidia hyaline, 15–20 × 1.5–2 µm.

New record from New Zealand. This species was originally described from Quercus robur but I have also found it in association with Quercus ilex at Westonbirt Arboretum in the UK (J. A. Cooper 4137, 24 Mar 1991).
Dictyochaeta simplex (S.Hughes & W.B.Kendr.) Hol.-Jech. is frequently recorded in association with Quercus ilex in the UK.
Kuthubutheen & Nawawi (1991) provided a comprehensive key to species of Dictyochaeta and Codinaea. A key to species described since 1991 was provided by Whitton et al. (2000).

MID CANTERBURY: Christchurch Botanical Garden, dead leaf of Nothofagus fusca, 9 Sep 2001, PDD 74560

Colony effuse, brown. Conidiophores brown 20–50 × 3 µm, geniculate. Conid- iogenesis sympodial. Conidia brown, triangular, horned (sometimes unequally), up to 40 µm wide

First record from New Zealand. This and other species in the genus are not uncommon in terrestrial and aquatic environments. It was originally described from dead wood of Ulex europaeus in the UK, and has subsequently been found on litter of many plants and from stream foam samples in the UK (Anon. 1998–2004; Matsushima 1975, 1980). The widespread distribution and highly characteristic morphology of the conidia make the absence of previous New Zealand records unexpected. The closest species to D. scalaroides is D. taurina (Cazau et al. 1993). However, this species possesses longer appendages. In the diagnostic table for Diplocladiella figured in Cazau et al. (1993), the column entries for D. scalaroides and D. tricladioides have been translocated; also, D. scalaroides Arnaud was validated by Ellis (1976) and not by Matsushima (1975)

MID CANTERBURY: Christchurch Botanical Garden, dead stems of Dicksonia squarrosa, 9 Oct 2001, PDD 74776, ICMP 14385

Conidiophores brown, septate, 130–250 × 5–6 µm at apex, arising from dark brown septate mycelium. Conidiogenesis enteroblastic, phialidic from a single locus. Collarette slightly flared, conidiophore proliferating. Conidia cylindrical with inconspicuous detachment scar, hyaline to pale yellow, 15–30 × 6–10 µm.

New record from New Zealand. This species has previously been recorded on Dicksonia antarctica in England by Kirk (1986) who noted the presence of a Trichosphaeria teleomorph. Dischloridium belongs to the Gongromeriza-Chloridium group described by Réblová (2000) and the associated chaetosphaeriaceous teleomorph should be looked for on New Zealand tree ferns. Dischloridium camelliae and its teleomorph Australiasca queenslandica were recently described from Camellia sinensis from Queensland, Australia (Sivanesan & Alcorn 2002). Both Matushima (1971) and Sutton (1976) described the conidiophores of D. laeënse as fasciculate, but this feature is not mentioned in Kirk (1981) or observed in the taxon reported here. D. regenerans is non-fasciculate but has larger conidia, 25–38 × 12–16 µm. Sivanesan & Alcorn (2002) stated that D. camelliae differs in having longer conidia and more robust conidiophores. Rong & Gams (2000) and Sivanesan & Alcorn (2002) provided keys and discussions of Dischloridium and related genera.

AUCKLAND: Rangitoto Island, dead leaf of Quercus ilex, 17 Mar 2001, PDD74119; Rangitoto Island, dead leaf of Metrosideros excelsa, 17 Dec 2002, PDD 80091. BAY OF PLENTY: Waihi Beach, dead leaf of Metrosideros excelsa, 9 May 2003, PDD 79990.

Colonies effuse and extensive, sulphur-yellow; conidia 15–20 × 2 µm, in long chains.

New record from New Zealand. This species and the related Fusidium griseum Link are very common leaf litter fungi in European Quercus woodland. There is some confusion surrounding the names and their application. Fusidium was erected by Link (1809) with the species elements F. candidum, F. aureum, F. aeruginosum, and F. griseum. F. aeruginosum has a later combination in the genus Cylindrium (Cylindrium flavovirens (Ditm.) Bon = Cylindrium aeruginosum (Link) Lindau). When the starting date for these organisms was 1821 C. flavovirens was the correct name for this taxon. The Dictionary of the Fungi (Kirk et al. 2001) indicated that the genus Fusidium was rejected by Booth (1966) on the basis that F. candidum ≡ Cylindrocapon candidum (Link) Wollenweb. However, Hughes’s (1958) selection of F. griseum as the lectotype species for Fusidium (Greuter et al. 2000, article 9.17), combined with the earlier starting date of 1753, legitimises the generic name Fusidium and the use of F. griseum and F. aeruginosum.

MID CANTERBURY: Banks Peninsula, Hinewai Reserve, Fuchsia Falls, stream foam, 12 Sep 2001, PDD 74539

Description based on free conidia from foam sample. Conidia hyaline, central body 15–20 µm diam., including 4 spiral arms to 45 µm diam., all septate, all strongly constricted at point of insertion into main axis.

New record from New Zealand. This is a highly distinctive genus of true aquatic or “Ingoldian” hyphomycetes, which was found in foam collected from a stream. It appears to be infrequently recorded everywhere and, in my experience in Britain and Ireland, it is associated with unpolluted waters. Two other species of Gyoerffyella were recorded for New Zealand by Aimer & Segedin (1985) in their study of Ingoldian fungi. This species is differentiated from the similar G. speciosa by having the final lateral arm (lower arm in Fig. 7) constricted at the point of insertion.

MID CANTERBURY: Christchurch Botanical Garden, dead leaf of Nothofagus fusca, 9 Oct 2001, PDD 74782.

Conidiophores macronematous, hyaline. Conidia hyaline, elliptical, 12–20 µm long × 15–18 µm in diam., strongly catenate and remaining in chains. Filaments 2.5 µm, 0–1 septa per turn, 5–8 coils per conidium. Coiling clockwise (c+) as described by Goos (1985).

New record from New Zealand. This is a typical aero-aquatic fungus with helical, air-trapping conidia. The two species noted in this paper are relatively common members of the genus.
The conidia of H. conglomeratum are generally similar to those of H. tubulosum except the latter has micronematous conidiophores and conidia coiling in the opposite direction. The most recent revision of the genus is that by Goos (1985). However, there have been numerous additions since that publication. A revised provisional key may found on the NZFUNGI website (Anon. 2001–2004).

MID CANTERBURY: Christchurch Botanical Garden, dead frond of Dicksonia squarrosa, 9 Sep 2001, PDD 74559; Christchurch Botanic Garden, dead twig of Nothofagus fusca, 9 Sep 2001, PDD 76619; Arthur’s Pass, dead twig of Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides, 3 Feb 2002, PDD 75001, ICMP 14766. WESTLAND: Ship Creek, dead leaf of Dacrydium cupressinum, 6 May 2002, PDD 75018.

Conidiophores micronematous, hyaline. Conidia hyaline, cylindrical 15–20 µm long × 12–14 µm diam. Filament 3 µm in diam., aseptate(?), 5–6 coils per conidium, coiling c-.

New record from New Zealand. The specimens described here have the characteristically small conidia described by Linder (1929) in the protologue, but differ in having a slightly thicker conidial filament.

MID CANTERBURY: Christchurch Botanical Garden, dead leaf of Nothofagus fusca, 9 Sep 2001, PDD 74785, ICMP 14386; Christchurch Botanical Garden, dead leaf of Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides, 17 Apr 2002, PDD 75012, ICMP 14615.

This description applies to the anamorphic Helicodendron state. Conidiophores micronematous, pale brown; conidia hyaline to pale yellow, barrel shaped 20–50 µm long × 20–30 µm in diam., filaments 4 µm, tightly coiled, 5–10 coils per conidium; coiling c-. In culture the colony is brown, conidia coils looser, tending to pyramidal and up to 14 coils per conidium.

New record from New Zealand. This is a common helicoid aero-aquatic fungus with a global distribution.

AUCKLAND: Rangitoto Island, dead leaf of Quercus ilex, 17 Mar 2001, PDD 74126; Rangitoto Island, dead leaf of Quercus ilex, 17 Dec 2002, PDD 80095.

: This is a characteristic species showing anastomosing conidiophores and distinct denticles. See Goos (1989) for a full description and discussion of synonymy.

New record from New Zealand. Helicosporium is a genus associated with aerial litter in aquatic environments, particularly marsh/swamp vegetation.

MID CANTERBURY: Christchurch Botanical Garden, dead leaf of Cordyline sp., 9 Sep 2001, PDD 74784; Christchurch Botanical Garden, dead leaf of Nothofagus fusca, 9 Sep 2001, PDD 74783; Christchurch Botanic Garden, dead leaf of Nothofagus sp., 4 Jan 2004, PDD 79919; Travis Wetland, dead petiole of Salix cinerea, 21 Jun 2003, PDD 79906

Conidiophores dark brown at base, becoming lighter to apex, 40–100 µm × 4.5 µm at widest becoming constricted into lobed base. Conidiogenesis blastic, terminal, sympodial. Conidia pale yellow, consistently mitriform, 15–17 × 6–7 µm, with detachment scar.

New record from New Zealand. This taxon is frequently encountered in semi-aquatic conditions on a variety of substrata. de Hoog (1985) synonymised H. mitrata with Dactylaria mitrata Matsush. However, there are differences in the descriptions. Hemibeltrania mitrata has a lobed conidiophore base, lightly pigmented conidia that are consistently mitriform, and flat conidiophore scars. Dactylaria mitrata is described with a non-lobed base, hyaline conidia that are variable in morphology, and with distinctly denticulate conidiogenous cells—features largely characteristic of de Hoog’s Dactylaria section Pleurophragmium. Castañeda-Ruiz et al. (1998) recently provided a key for Hemibeltrania and included denticulate species with conidiophores without lobed basal cells. Holubová-Jechová (1990) pointed out that features such as the radially lobed base found in species of Beltrania and Hemibeltrania are of questionable taxonomic significance for generic placement. The name Hemibeltrania mitrata is maintained here for a clearly distinct taxon despite confusion over the correct generic placement.

AUCKLAND: Rangitoto Island, dead twig of Quercus ilex, 17 Mar 2001, PDD 74118.

Conidiophores pale brown, to 40 µm × 4 µm wide. Conidiogenesis determinate. Conidia hyaline to 70 × 5 µm, 5–11-septate, borne on terminal denticles, c. 2 µm wide.

New record from New Zealand. A group of morphologically related genera, Mirandina, Dactylaria, Neta, and Subulispora, are all frequently encountered in semi-aquatic environments (de Hoog 1985; Goh & Hyde 1997). Many species remain to be characterised and named.

MID CANTERBURY: Christchurch Botanical Garden, dead twig of Quercus ilex, 9 Sep 2001, PDD 74769.

Conidiophores 110–120 × 7–10 µm at base, dark brown-black, paler towards apex, fasciculate (frequently in pairs). Conidiogenesis holoblastic, rhexolytic, producing secondary conidia. Primary conidia 4-septate, centre bands darker, base with frill, 25–30 × 11 µm, 4 µm wide at scar. Secondary conidia ellipsoid 13 × 10 µm.

New record from New Zealand. Phragmocephala stemphylioides and P. prolifera are similar species that may be distinguished by the dimensions of the primary and secondary conidia (Hughes 1979). In P. stemphylioides primary conidia are 22–30 × 11.5–14.5 µm, and secondary conidia ellipsoid 12.5–14.5 µm. In P. prolifera primary conidia are 29–36 × 16–20 µm, and secondary conidia subglobose 16–20 µm diam.

Colonies effuse, hairy. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, unbranched, brown throughout, septate, 50–100 × 3–4 µm. Conidiogenesis determinate, denticulate, terminal and intercalary. Denticles brown up to 3 × 1 µm. Conidia fusiform with rounded apex, slightly curved, 15–18 × 4–5 µm, with slight basal scar, 3-septate, basal and apical cells paler than median cells.

Coloniae effusae, hirsutae. Conidiophora macronematosa, mononematosa, non ramosa, atrobrunnea, septata, 50–100 × 3–4 µm. Evolutio conidiorum determinata, denticulata, terminalis et intercalaris. Denticulae brunneae, usque 3 × 1 µm. Conidia fusiformia apice rotundata, leniter curvata, 15–18 × 4–5 µm, cicatrice basali tenui, 3-septata. Cellulae in uterque extrematibus pallidiores quam eae in medio.

It is difficult to assign this taxon to an appropriate genus. It has a conidial ontogeny characteristic of Dactylaria but the conidia are unequally and darkly pigmented. Dactylaria is generally restricted to species with uniformly hyaline or very pale conidia. Pleurothecium recurvatum (Morgan) Höhn. (the type species of Pleurothecium) has similarly pigmented conidia but has a terminal, recurved conidiogenous locus. For practical reasons of identification, it is currently considered appropriate to assign this taxon to the form genus Pleurothecium despite the lack of a recurved conidiogenous locus.

HOLOTYPE: Auckland, Karekare, dead stem of Leptospermum scoparium, 18 Mar 2001, PDD 74984, ICMP 14248 (ex type)

Colonies pulvinate to effuse, up to 70 µm high excluding setae. Conidiophores loosely fasciculate, brown, becoming paler to apex, up to 40 µm high, up to 5 µm at base, verticillately branched. Conidiogenesis blastic. Conidia branched, in acropetal chains, conidiogenous cells continuous with conidia, disarticulating, hyaline, 1 to many septate, 30 × 2 µm (1-septate), to 65 × 2 µm (4-septate). Setae straight, unbranched, slightly pigmented and slightly swollen at septa, up to 400 µm long

Coloniae pulvinatae vel effusae, usque ad 70 µm altae (setae non includentes). Conidiophora laxe fasciculata, brunnea, ad apicem pallescentia, usque 40 µm longa et 5 µm basi, ramificantia verticillata. Evolutio conidiorum blastica. Conidia in catenis ramosis acropetalibus, ab cellulis conidiogenis non distincta, disrumpentia, hyalina, 30 × 2 µm (uniseptata), 65 × 2 µm (4-septata). Setae rectae, non-ramosae, tenuiter tincta et in septis leniter dilatata, usque 400 µm longae.

This species bears macro-morphological resemblance to species of Linodochium, which have a distinctly sporodochial habit, holoblastic, sympodial conidiogenesis and unbranched conidia (Dyko & Sutton 1978). The species is considered to be more appropriately placed in Polyscytalum where it shows a degree of similarity with Polyscytalum fuegianum, associated with Nothofagus betuloides and N. dombeyi in Argentina (Gamundí et al. 1977). However, P. ciliatum is clearly differentiated by the presence of long hairs. Sympodiella gracilispora Matsush. has been recorded in New Zealand and was transferred to Polyscytalum as P. gracilisporum by Sutton & Hodges (1976). In New Zealand P. gracilisporum has been recorded on Podocarpus dacrydioides (PDD 38963, 38964), Nothofagus menziesii (PDD 38965), and Kunzea ericoides (PDD 74779). All three species grow on the natural substrate as fasciculate tufts. However, the pulvinate nature of colonies of P. ciliatum, combined with the fasciculate growth and distinctive hairs, may eventually require its removal to a different genus. Marvanová et al. (2002) have recently supported Barron’s (1968) view that Polyscytalum currently encompasses two concepts; one with blastic conidia in acropetal, branched chains, which includes the type, P. foecundissimum Riess, and the other with unbranched chains of arthroconidia arising from verticillate conidiophores, which includes P. gracilisporum.

HOLOTYPE: Mid Canterbury, Christchurch Botanical Garden, dead leaf of Nothofagus fusca, 9 Oct 2001, PDD 74985.

MID CANTERBURY: Lewis Pass, dead twig of Nothofagus menziesii, 24 Nov 2001, PDD 74778, ICMP 14387 as Pseudaegerita anamorph; Lewis Pass, St James Walkway, dead twig of Nothofagus menziesii, 2 Feb 2002, PDD 75008, ICMP 14614; Bottle Lake Forest, dead wood of Pinus radiata, 20 Apr, 2003, PDD 80040; Travis Wetland, dead twig of Salix sp., 29 Nov 2003, PDD 79900. WESTLAND: Okaro Estuary, dead wood, 9 May 2002, PDD 76374. BULLER: Lake Christabel Track, dead wood of Nothofagus fusca, 21 Jan 2003, PDD 76618, ICMP 15046. AUSTRALIA: NSW, Dorrigo, Dangar Falls, dead twig, 5 Oct 2002, PDD 76559.

This description applies to the anamorphic Pseudaegerita state. Conidia spherical to irregular 600–900 µm diam. Cells sub-spherical to 5 µm diam. Cells in outer layers hyaline to pale, darkening to grey-brown in inner cortex

New record from New Zealand. See Abdullah & Webster (1983) and Abdullah et al. (1997) for a detailed discussion of this species. It is distinguished from the similar Pseudaegerita foliicola by the smaller cells and variation in colour of the cells, even in mature material, together with the lignicolous habitat.

NORTHLAND: Totara North, Wairaku Track, dead wood, 5 Jun 2003, PDD 79959. MID CANTERBURY: Christchurch Botanical Garden, dead twig of Nothofagus fusca, 9 Sep 2001, PDD 74556; Christchurch, Heathcote River bank, dead wood of Alnus glutinosa, 18 Apr 2004, PDD 80623; Christchurch, Otukaikino Reserve, dead leaf of Salix fragilis, 7 Jul 2004, PDD 80631; Lake Daniells Track, dead branch of Nothofagus menziesii, 20 Apr 2001, PDD 80127

For a description of this species see Abdullah & Webster (1983).

New record from New Zealand. Several aeroaquatic fungi form simple spherical propagules, but micro-morphology makes it relatively easy to separate them. Pseudaegerita is a commonly encountered genus and on wood and P. viridis is the most frequently found species.

MID CANTERBURY:Kowai Bush, dead wood of Nothofagus solandri, 30 Jun 2003, PDD 79966, ICMP 15523;Hinewai Reserve, dead wood, 25 Oct 2003, PDD79971. BULLER: Lake Daniells Track, dead branchof Nothofagus menziesii, 20 Apr 2002, PDD 75011.WESTLAND: Okuru estuary, dead wood, 8 May2002, PDD 76857. AUSTRALIA: NSW, Dorrigo,Dangar Falls, dead twig, 5 Oct 2002, PDD 75023.

Conidiophores and conidiogenesis unknown. Conidia 60–85 µm diam., hyaline to pale yellow, filaments 4 µm wide, septate, consistently dichotomously branching from a basal plate, branches inter-leaved, finally tapering into a layer of curved filaments enclosing the conidium core. Air-trapping.

[see NZ collections for images]

Conidiophora et evolutio conidiorum ignota. Conidia 60–85 µm diam., hyalina vel sublutea; filamenta 4 µm, septata, e disco basali orientia, regulatim dichotomose ramosa, ramis intertextis, ultime in strato filamentorum curvatorum, quod corporem conidii circumdans, attenuata. Aer irretiens.

Pseudoclathrosphaerina was erected as a monotypic genus by Voglmayr (1997) for P. evamariae, an aero-aquatic fungus isolated from leaves and known from the USA and Austria. The genus is distinguished from Clathrosphaerina because the terminal hyphae do not anastomose to form a clathrate structure and have a dichotomous, overlapping branching pattern arising from a cruciate basal plate. Voglmayr (2001) discussed the features of similar genera (excluding Nidulispora). The species described here agrees in morphology with Pseudoclathrosphaerina but differs from P. evamariae by the overall dimensions being considerably larger (P. evamariae 25–45 µm diam., and filament 2.5–3 µm), and the outer hyphae eventually becoming elongate and spirally curved to enclose the body. The monotypic genus Nidulispora was erected by Nawawi & Kuthubutheen (1990) for N. quadrifida. This similar fungus also develops from a small basal plate that develops dichotomously, terminating in elongated arms, but the developing branches do not overlap to form the pseudoclathrate structure characteristic of Pseudoclathrosphaerina. In addition the conidia in N. quadrifida are dematiaceous and smaller (32–52 × 40–60 µm). The outer spiral filaments of P. spiralis give it a superficial resemblance to the genus Spirosphaera.

HOLOTYPE: North Canterbury, Lewis Pass, dead twig of Nothofagus menziesii, 24 Nov 2001, PDD 74986.

BAY OF PLENTY: Urewera National Park, Ngamoko Track, dead twig of Nothofagus fusca, 11 May 2001, PDD 74766.

Colonies sporodochial, white, globose, up to 250 µm diam., excluding setae. Conidiophores arising from small basal layer of dark brown, septate hyphae; conidiophores brown, up to 50 × 4 µm before branching sympodially or penicillately. Conidiogenesis enteroblastic, phialidic. Conidiogenous cells forming terminal elements of all branches and covering surface of the sporodochium. Conidia hyaline, aseptate, 6–8 × 1 µm. Setae circinate, septate, hyaline to pale brown, sympodially branched, smooth, projecting up to 350 × 3 µm.

New record from New Zealand. Volutella, Myrothecium, and Sarcopodium are three genera of sporodochial hyphomycetes bearing setae. In Volutella the hairs are straight, generally at the periphery of the sporodochium, and the conidia aggregate in slimy masses. Myrothecium also has wet spores and the conidia are black to green in mass. Sarcopodium has dry or wet spores and setae distributed throughout the sporodochium (Sutton 1981). Additionally, in Sarcopodium the setae are often coiled, verrucose, and pale brown. Watanabe (1993) provided a key to the genus. S. tortuosa and the equally common S. circinatum were described by Ellis & Ellis (1985). The New Zealand collection differs from the published description (Ellis & Ellis 1985), which includes yellowish or reddish brown sporodochia, conidia in a slimy orange mass, and setae that are sometimes verrucose.

MID CANTERBURY: Christchurch Botanical Garden, dead twig of Quercus ilex, 9 Sep 2001, PDD 74558.

See Goh & Hyde (1999) for a description of this species.

New record from New Zealand. Recently recorded from an aquatic environment in Hong Kong by Hyde & Goh (1999).

MID CANTERBURY: Christchurch Botanical Garden, dead leaf of Nothofagus fusca, J. A. Cooper 8275, 9 Oct 2001; Kowai Bush, dead wood of Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides, 8 Apr 2001, PDD 80812; Caton’s Bay, dead petiole of Salix fragilis, 12 Sep 2001, PDD 74781.

Propagules globose, hyaline at first then grey-brown, 100–180 µm diam. Cortex cells 6–10 × 4–5 µm.

This species has previously been recorded in New Zealand but a note is appropriate. It is difficult to distinguish between the genera Clathrosporium and Spirosphaera without careful observation. Clathrosporium is distinguished by bilateral branching of conidium filaments resulting in a complex conidium that has a tendency to disarticulate on compression and is generally dematiaceous and has macronematous conidiophores (Hennebert 1998). Spirosphaera is characterised by unilateral branching (except S. lignicola), which is difficult to distinguish without specimens showing a complete range of conidium development. However, this generally results in a conidium with obvious spiral elements, and the conidia are generally hyaline, micronematous, and not disarticulating (except S. beverwijkiana Hennebert; see Abdullah et al. (1986)). The type of S. floriformis (the type of the genus) has not been examined. However, the original description and illustration by van Beverwijk (1952) indicate many spiral filaments and this feature is not clearly present in some later descriptions that show a similarity to Clathrosporium, e.g., Hennebert (1968), Abdullah et al. (1997), Matsushima (1996). The specimens reported here agree with these later descriptions of S. floriformis.

AUCKLAND: Rangitoto Island, dead leaf of Quercus ilex, 17 Mar 2001, PDD 74123.

Conidia 50–70 × 6–7 µm, 8–9-septate.

New record from New Zealand. This collection has longer conidia with more septa than I have previously seen (e.g., Nidd Gorge, UK, J. A. Cooper 7878, 25 May 2000, has conidia 40–55 × 6 µm and 6–7 septa). However, as noted by Hughes (1979), the conidial dimensions in this species are variable and this collection is identical with that cited by Matushima (1975). Historically the genus Sporidesmium included a heterogeneous assemblage of species. A partial reassessment of the genus was carried out by Subramanian (1992). S. goidanichii is a distinctive and recognisable species of Sporidesmium sens. str., and is frequently encountered in aquatic and semi-aquatic environments.

AUCKLAND: Rangitoto Island, dead leaf of Quercus ilex, 17 Mar 2001, PDD 74116; Rangitoto Island, dead leaf of Quercus ilex, 17 Dec 2002, PDD 80097. BAY OF PLENTY: Aongetete Lodge, dead leaf of Knightia excelsa, 9 May 2003, PDD 80018.

Colonies effuse, greyish brown. Conidiophores up to 35 × 3–4 µm. Conidia in chains, 15–20 × 3 µm, hyaline, terminal conidia darker 25–35 × 3 µm.

New record from New Zealand. This species (together with Subulispora britannica and Beltrania querna) is extremely common wherever Quercus ilex is found.

AUCKLAND: Rangitoto Island, dead leaf of Quercus ilex, 17 Mar 2001, PDD 74122. MID CANTERBURY: Christchurch Botanic Garden, dead twig of Quercus ilex, 9 Sep 2001, J. A. Cooper 8217. WESTLAND: Ship Creek, dead leaf of Nothofagus sp., 6 May 2002, PDD 75016, ICMP 14767.

Colonies greyish brown. Conidiophores brown up to 40 × 4 µm. Conidia elongate, subulate 6–8-septate, 45–70 µm long, tapering upwards from 3 µm wide at the base

New record from New Zealand. This genus currently contains a heterogeneous assemblage of species, as discussed by Sinclair et al. (1997).

MID CANTERBURY: Banks Peninsula, Hinewai Reserve, Fuchsia Falls, stream foam, 12 Sep 2001, PDD 74767.

Conidium with two apical arms and truncate attachment arm, 30 µm span. See Roldán et al. (1989) for a detailed description of this and similar species.

New record from New Zealand. Similarly to Gyoerffyella rotula this is also a true aquatic, Ingoldian, fungus. Many of the simpler tetra-radiate Ingoldian fungi are difficult to identify to species without isolation into pure culture in order to determine conidiogenesis and conidiophore morphology. However, conidia of the genera Gyoerffyella and Tetracladium are sufficiently morphologically distinct to allow identification based on observation of free conidia in foam samples. The genus Tetracladium was reviewed by Roldán et al. (1989). Other species of Tetracladium from New Zealand were recorded by Aimer & Segedin (1985). Their unidentified conidia referred to as Tetracladium sp. 1 and sp. 2 are unlikely to be congeneric with Tetracladium as currently circumscribed

AUCKLAND: Rangitoto Island, dead cupule of Quercus ilex, 17 Mar 2001, PDD 74125, ICMP 14173.

Colonies synnematous 200–350 µm diam., to 200 µm high, white at first becoming pinkish, basal palisade brown. Conidia 17–20 × 2.5 µm, setulae 5–8 µm long. Microawns sparsely verrucose, subulate, 40 × 3 µm.

New record from New Zealand. The genus Thozetella has a convoluted history and has early connections with material from the Australasia-Oceania region. Thozetella O.Kuntze is a nomen novum for Thozetia, Berk. & F.Muell. in Berkeley (1881) typified by T. nivea (Berk. & F.Muell.) O.Kuntze. T. nivea was described by Berkeley (1881) from decaying wood, Queensland, Australia, but the type material has never been traced. Agnihothrudu (1958) considered T. nivea to be a nomen dubium, despite a later collection and description by von Höhnel (1909) from Java. Agnihothrudu then erected the similarly circumscribed genus Thozetellopsis as distinct and typified by T. tocklaiensis from India. However, Pirozynski & Hodges (1973) considered von Höhnel to have effectively selected a neotype for T. nivea, based on his emended and more detailed description. Furthermore, they considered Thozetellopsis as congeneric with the earlier Thozetella. A modern description of von Höhnel’s neotype of the genus is provided by Pirozynski & Hodges (1973). A taxon isolated from the roots of grasses and identified as T. tocklaiensis has been recorded for New Zealand by Waipara et al. (1996). This species is the most commonly encountered in the genus and is known only from cultures showing a variable morphology. However, it is the only species in the genus with hyaline basal cells. Waipara et al. (1996) stated that the sporodochia of their isolate became “greenish grey” arising from a stroma of “elongated dark hyphal cells”. This description does not agree with that for T. tocklaiensis provided by Agnihothrudu (1958) or Pirozynski & Hodges (1973), and it may be necessary to re-evaluate the position of this isolate.

NORTH CANTERBURY: Arthur’s Pass, dead leaf of Phormium tenax, 22 Jul 2000, PDD 74120.

Colony scattered, granular, shining. Conidia uncinate 8–15 µm diam., filament 5–9 µm wide.

MID CANTERBURY: Christchurch Botanical Garden, dead twig of Nothofagus fusca, 9 Sep 2001, PDD 74561; Goose Bay, dead wood, 9 Feb 2002, PDD 75006.

Colonies scattered, shining. Conidiophores semi-macronematous, hyaline to light brown. Conidiogenesis holoblastic, sympodial. Conidia brown, unequally pigmented, 100–170 × 15–20 µm, and constricted at 5–11 conspicuous septa. Conidia fracturing unequally, some retaining remnants of conidiophore.

New record from New Zealand. The conidia of this species are large and distinctive, and the fungus appears to be quite common on submerged litter, and has been widely, but infrequently, reported, e.g., Gönczöl et al. (1990), Hyde & Goh (1999). The combination of this species in the genus Xylomyces by Hyde & Goh (1999) implies that the “conidia” are chlamydospores (see Goh et al. 1997).

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL EXAMINED: BAY OF PLENTY: Aongetete Lodge, dead leaf of Weinmannia racemosa, 9 May 2003, PDD 76612, ICMP 15065.

Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, brown, 5–6-septate, with base lobed, up to 150 × 5 µm, thick-walled, tapering to a narrowed apex. Conidiogenous cells phialidic, pale, in adpressed whorls around septa. Conidia falcate, 4–6 × 1–1.5 µm.

Conidiophora macronematosa, mononematosa, brunnea, 5, 6 septata, basi lobato, usque 150 × 5 µm, parietibus incrassatis, ad apicem angustatam attenuata. Cellulae conidiogenae phialidicae, pallidae, in verticillis appressis circum septa dispositae. Conidia falcata, 4–6 × 1–1.5 µm.

New Zealand species of Zanclospora were discussed by Hughes & Kendrick (1965) and a recent discussion of this genus with a key was provided by Calduc et al. (2001). Zanclospora ureweri differs from the closest species Z. austroamericana, which has conidia 12–19 × 2–3 µm and has a restricted fertile region, and from Z. novae-zelandiae, which has conidia 18–35 × 1.6–2.6 µm and branched conidiophores with a warty apex. [JAC - see later notes against Type for possible relationship with Selensoporella. The existence of phialides in this material needs verifying]

HOLOTYPE: Bay of Plenty, Urewera National Park, Lake Waikaremoana, Ngamoko Track, dead leaf of Nothofagus fusca, 11 May 2001, PDD 76621.