Fig. 13 The spores of the type (native to Tasmania) are slightly smaller than those of the New Zealand collection (COLENos b 969). Unfortunately the poor state of the material makes it impossible to compare this fungus with one of the numerous species of Hemicybe in New Zealand.

Pileus sessile, attached laterally, hoof-shaped; horizontal, 1.5-2 cm. broad, somewhat shaggy or strigose at the point of attachment, becoming smooth towards the margin, liver-colour or sometimes yellowish ; gills radiating from the point of attachment, broad, rather distant, pallid, margin minutely toothed; spores elliptical, smooth, pallid, 7 x 5 µ.

New Zealand. Tasmania.

On wood and bark.

Distinguished by the dark colour of the pileus and the broad gills having the margin minutely crenulated.

Lentinellus pulvinulus (Berk.) Pegler, [5288] Aust. J. Bot. 13: 344, fig. 3/12, 1965 =Lentinellus hepatotrichus ( Berk.) sensu Reid, Kew Bull. 1: 642, 1956.

Stevenson (1964) recombined Lentinus hyracinus Kalchbrenner as Lentinellus hyracinus (Kalchbr.) G.Stev., based on a collection she made in New Zealand (Herb G.Stev. 1053, K). There is no evidence that she examined the type material from Australia (Richmond River, NSW, F. von Mueller, Herb. K), or that she knew that Bresadola (1929) and Pilat (1941) considered it to be a synonym of L. ursinus. Miller & Stewart (1971) also considered this collection to be synonymous with L. ursinus and my examination also confirmed the small spores and thick-walled, amyloid hyphae which are characteristic of L. ursinus. Miller & Stewart (1971) apparently did not examine the Stevenson collection which has larger spores and no amyloid tissues and is obviously not L. ursinus. In all characters L. hyracinus sensu Stev. resembles Lentinellus pulvinulus (Berk.) Pegler. The Stevenson material is described in full under L. pulvinulus. Description of L. hyracinus sensu Stevenson
Stevenson (1964) described her collection as "Pileus 2 - 3.5 cm diam., ochraceous-salmon, orbicular, sessile, mostly laterally attached but sometimes dorsally, with an inrolled margin, imbricating, tough gelatinous texture, matt drying finely fibrillose; flesh firm, fawn. Gills decurrent, moderately crowded, rather thick, margins coarsely and irregularly serrate".
My observations indicate that the dried basidiomata are a pale yellowish brown to ochraceous (5CS--5D7, K&W), lamellae drying ochraceous (5B6-5C6), broad, not very crowded especially in larger basidiomata, edge dentate to finely lacerate; surface of pileus finely fibrillose, tomentose towards the base in some (? older) basidiomata, the pileipellis there bearing a tangled mass of fine hairs. Spores 5.0-6.0 x 3.5-4.0 (5.5 x 4) µm, Q = 1.3. Basidia 25 x 6 µm, four-spored. Pseudocystidia on the lamellae narrow and filiform or larger (up to 15 µm diam.), basically clavate, sometimes with a digitate apex; leptocystidia subulate, hyaline, thin-walled, fusiform. Subhymenium narrow, of rather thick-walled hyphae. Trama of parallel hyphae with broad, oleiferous hyphae next to the subhymenium. Context of thick- and thinwalled, interwoven hyphae, 5-6 µm diam., a few thick-walled hyphae in the upper context becoming faintly amyloid in Melzer's reagent. Pileipellis of 3-4 layers, hyphae 3 µm diam. with yellowish brown walls. Some slightly thickened, oleiferous hyphae concentrated in the upper context, the emergent ends transformed to simple or vermiform, thick-walled pseudocystidia (40-80 x 8-15 µm) on the pileal surface. Hairs arising from the pileipellis towards the attachment region narrow (4-5 µm diam.) with slightly thickened walls and one or two clamped septa.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: L. pulvinulus: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania: on rotten wood, Archer (holotype, K). NEW ZEALAND: South I.: Nelson: Wakapuaka, Palmers Bush, on fallen wood, in mixed tawa forest, G. Stevenson Cone 1035, 14 Apr 1956. Fiordland: Secretary I., on dead wood, R. F. R. McNabb, 1S Feb 1960, PDD 62527. North I.: Bay of Plenty: Mamaku Ra., on frondose wood, R. F. R. McNabb, 5 Apr 1965, PDD 62528.
L. flabelliformis: NORTH AMERICA: U.S.A.: Maine: Peenabscat Co., nr. Millinocket, H. E. Bigelow, 27 Jul 1962, HEB 582. New Hampshire: Dolly Capp Rd., H. E. Bigelow, 16 Aug 1963, HEB 12335. Maryland: Thurmont, O. K Miller, 1 Oct 1969, O.K.M. 8169.

HABITAT: on dead wood in mixed lowland Nothofagus-podocarp, podocarp-broadleaf, or tawa forests (in New Zealand).

Lentinellus pulvinulus appears to be very close to L. flabelliformis (Bolton: Fr.) S. Ito as already noted by Miller & Stewart (1971) and Pegler (1983). Basidiomata are similar in shape, colour, and growth habit, except that those of L. pulvinulus may be dorsally as well as laterally attached, or with only a rudimentary stipe, whereas in L. flabelliformis the stipe is usually absent or, when present, is excentric to lateral. Both species have similar spores, larger than those of most other species, and the blueing in Melzer's reagent of the hyphae in the upper context of L. pulvinulus is also reported in L. flabelliformis (Miller & Stewart 1971). However, published descriptions of the pileipellis of L. flabelliformis indicate a structure different from that of L. pulvinulus. Miller & Stewart (1971) describe the pileipellis of L. flabelliformis as being "glabrous", consisting of "erect, densely packed hyphae, 2.5 x 8 µm, with protruding to embedded pileocystidia 30-148 x (2.5) 4.2-8.0 µm", and Watling & Gregory (1989) describe it as "erect, densely packed mixture of hyphae < 7.5 µm broad and thin-walled hyaline cystidia 40-150 x 5 - 7.5 µm, often accompanied by oleiferous hyphae". In L. pulvinulus the surface of the basidioma is velvety to tomentose, the pileipellis is of yellow-brown, repent hyphae, some slightly banded, through which emerge numerous pseudocystidia, and from which fine hairs are produced near the attachment region. This apparent disparity, however, could be a matter of interpretation of the surface structures. Pilat (1946) noted that the interpretation of L. flabelliformis is confused. He maintained that the cuticle structure was not distinctive, and certainly all the American material examined also had a smooth pileus composed of repent hyphae not very different from the upper context and through which emerge a few scarcely thickened hyphal endings. Until more collections have been examined from other countries it is probably best to treat these species as distinct. L. pulvinulus is a new record for New Zealand. L. flabelliformis has been described from Australia (Young 1982).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania: Banks of Ovens rivulet, on stringy-bark gum-tree, Archer 712, Jul 1855, (holotype K). NEW ZEALAND: North I.: Wairarapa: Dannevirke, on "wood behind the Chinese", Colenso b969. South I.: Fiordland: Lake Hauroko, on dead wood, P. Johnston & B. Segedin, 21 May 1990, PDD 62525. Chatham Is.: Nikau Bush, on dead wood (? Corynocarpus laevigatus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.), P. Johnston, 5 Apr 1993, PDD 62526.

Description of the holotype of Lentinus hepatotrichus Berk. The type material consists of one small basidioma, 10 mm diam., glued to the mounting sheet by the lamellae, and one even smaller basidioma cut into several pieces. Pileus dark reddish brown, bearing a dense mass of light brown, upstanding tufts of hairs, especially towards the attachment region, with short, pale to dark brown, stiff hairs in the middle region, and glabrous and slightly sulcate at the margin. Lamellae drying dark brown, narrow, crowded, faintly dentate to eroded at the margin. Stipe lacking.
Spores 3.5 -4.5 x 2.5-3 (4.1 x 2.7) µm, Q = 1.5, broadly ellipsoid, strongly amyloid and echinulate. Basidia 15 x 5 µm, broadly clavate, 4-spored. Remains of thin-walled, fusiform, subulate leptocystidia 20 x 4 µm on margin and face of lamellae. Pileipellis of repent dark yellowish brown (in KOH), more or less parallel, encrusted hyphae up to 6 µm diam., with epimembranal pigment in a network or deposited in patches. The pileal tomentum on the attachment region consists of a tangled mass of hyphae 3-4µm diam., with one or two septa and walls moderately thickened (c.1 µm thick). The upstanding bristly hairs in the middle region are up to 1 mm long, and are of similar but darker, agglutinated hyphae. Beneath the pileipellis is a region of closely packed, parallel, hyaline hyphae 5 - 6 µm diam., mixed with many oleiferous hyphae of similar diameter. Oleiferous hyphae emerge to the surface and their tips become thick-walled pseudocystidia, variable in size (20-60 x 10-20 µm) and shape (irregularly globose, clavate, ellipsoid, lageniform), without contents. Context of tightly interwoven, contorted hyphae 6 - mm diam., either thin-walled or thick-walled with little or no lumen, some amyloid in Melzer's reagent. Trama of thinwalled hyphae 3 - 5 µm diam., and contorted, thickwalled hyphae, some with blue patches on the walls in Melzer's reagent. Oleiferous hyphae mostly in the outer region of trama, adjacent to the narrow subhymenium, their ends protruding as cylindrical, thin-walled pseudocystidia 25 - 30 x 5-6 µm, on the lamellar face.

The type collection from Australia (Richmond River, NSW, F. von Mueller, K, labelled "11, specimen authenticum. Omnino Lentinus ursinus Fr., Australia (indecipherable word) Kalchbrenner" was regarded by Pilat (1941), Pegler (1965), and Miller & Stewart (1971) as being synonymous with Lentinellus ursinus. However, Stevenson's description of L. hyracinus sensu Stevenson from New Zealand does not fit that of L. ursinus and this will be discussed below.

Berkeley (1860) described the type material of L. pulvinulus (Tasmania: on rotten wood, Archer, K) as being "1/3--1 inch across or resupinate, laterally attached [? should read "resupinate or laterally attached"], remarkably convex, smooth, ochraceous; margin sulcate. Gills very broad, yellowish, farinaceous; edge entire". His figure shows a laterally attached, distinctly convex basidioma, with four series of lamellae with apparently smooth margins. Berkeley based his description on a collection of three basidiomata, only one of which has survived. This is glued to the mounting sheet by the dorsal surface, but the lamellae appear to radiate from a lateral point, suggesting it was attached laterally. Both pileus and lamellae are clay buff (5C4, K&W). The margin of the pileus when dried is radially grooved. The lamellae are relatively broad but most of them are damaged such that the margins are missing, hence Berkeley's "edge entire". However, a careful examination showed one very small portion of one lamella with an intact, distinctly dentate to lacerate edge. Pegler (1965) described the type specimen as having "spores 5.7-8 x 4.5-5 µm, hyaline, ellipsoid, sometimes flattened on the adaxial side, strongly amyloid with exosporial ornamentation varying from slightly roughened to occasionally distinctly punctate. This ornamentation is seen only when the spores are mounted in Melzer's reagent. Cystidia absent. Basidia clavate, 13-18 x 4.5-7.5 µm, bearing 4 sterigmata. The hyphae are thickwalled, hyaline, and with clamp connections. In the context, gill trama, and subhymenium there are numerous oleiferous hyphae which occasionally penetrate the hymenium." Features of the holotype not mentioned by Pegler (1965) are the very contorted, arboriform, thick-walled hyphae in the trama, 5 - 8 µm diam., wall at least 2 µm thick, more or less parallel with thin-walled and oleiferous hyphae 5 - 6 µm diam. The context also consists of thick- and thin-walled interwoven hyphae mixed with oleiferous hyphae. The pileipellis consists of a few layers of narrow, repent hyphae showing slight banding on the walls. Swollen, clavate, sometimes thickwalled pseudocystidia up to 60 x 12 µm occasionally emerge through the pileipellis, which may also bear long, narrow, slightly thickened hairs 4 µm diam., aseptate or more usually with one clamped septum. The damage to the lamellar margin prevented observations on marginal leptocystidia. No facial leptocystidia were observed. Spores measured 5.5-7.0 x 4.0 -5.0 (6.3 x 4.6) µm, Q = 1.36.

The original description of Lentinus hepatotrichus was based on a collection W. Archer 712, 1855, on stringy-bark gum-tree, Ovens rivulet, Tasmania, (Herb. K). Reid (1956), after examining a collection of L. hepatotrichus from mainland Australia (on live trunk of Eucalyptus rudis, Chittering Lakes, Western Australia, J. Gentilli, 7 Jun 1953, Herb. FPSM. 3448), made the combination Lentinellus hepatotrichus (Berk.) Reid, commenting that the species was "originally described from Tasmania on stringy-bark gum-tree" and that L. ursinus "which also occurs in Australia is closely related to L. hepatotrichus but differs in its crowded gills and smaller amyloid spores (3.5-4.5 (5) x 3.5-4 µm instead of "5 - 6 (6.5) x 4-4.5 (5) µm" which he observed in the Gentilli collection. My examination of the holotype of Lentinus hepatotrichus supports the conclusion of Miller & Stewart (1971) that it resembles the small-spored Lentinellus ursinus very closely, making Lentinellus hepatotrichus a superfluous name and leaving unresolved the question or the true identity of the larger-spored Lentinellus hepatotrichus sensu Reid in Australia, and also of Colenso's collection from New Zealand which Berkeley identified as Lentinus hepatotrichus. These collections will be described below.

Pileus 2-3.5 cm diam., ochraceous salmon, orbicular, sessile, imbricating, tough gelatinous texture, matt drying finely fibrillose; flesh firm, fawn. Gills decurrent, moderately crowded, rather thick, margins coarsely and irregularly serrate. Spores 4.5-5.5 x 4-4.5µm, strongly amyloid, subglobose, ornamented with spines and fine ridges (Fig. 40). Hymenophoral trama loosely woven of irregular hyphae c. 5 µm diam., some with very thick walls. Cuticle of loosely woven hyphae, many 10 µm diam., with occasional cystidia 40-60 x 10-20 µm.

On fallen rotting wood in coastal forest, Palmer's Bush, Nelson, 14.4.1956, Stevenson.