AUSTRALIA. SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Adelaide, National Park, on myxomycete on Eucalyptus sp., Hughes 1334, 16 Jul 1963 (PDD 23103, NY); NEW ZEALAND. North Island. COROMANDEL: Thames Co., Coromandel Forest Park, Kauaeranga Valley, on Physarum sp., Samuels 73-168, 15 Aug 1973 (PDD 32675)

Anamorph. Acremonium sp.
Mycelium white, floccose, scant to abundant. Perithecia immersed in white mycelium, broadly pyriform to globose, (125)-170-210(-250) x (105-)140-165(-240) µm, white, lacking hairs. Asci cylindrical, (36)45-55(-61) x 3-4(-5) µm, apex with a ring. Ascospores oblong to narrowly ellipsoidal, (5-)6-7.5(-8.7) x 2-3 µm, equally 2-celled; a colorless appendage often visible at each end of each ascospore while still in the ascus, ends of discharged ascospores appearing truncate; smooth, colorless

Habitat. On myxomycete sporangia.

Notes. For illustrations, synonymy and a complete description see Samuels [1971, 1973, as Nectria candicans (Plowright) Samuels]. This species was previously known only from the northern hemisphere where it is the most frequently encountered of the myxomyceticolous species (Samuels, 1973). It is now known to occur in the southern hemisphere as well.

Additional Collections Examined. NEW ZEALAND. North Island. AUCKLAND: Waitemata City, Waitakere Ranges, Huia, on Nectria pseudotrichia, Dingley, 7 Feb 1954 (PDD 18210, NY); Waitakere Ranges, Waitakere Dam, on Nectria pseudotrichia, Dingley (6651), 9 Feb 1966 (PDD 25002, NY).

Anamorph. None known.
Mycelium not evident. Perithecia cespitose in groups of several, superficial, nonstromatic but difficult to remove from the substrate; pyriform, 150-250 x (115-)125-170(-220) µm, with an acute papilla, smooth, collapsing by lateral pinching when dry; yellow-orange, not changing color in 3% KOH. Cells at the surface ofthe perithecial wall forming textura epidermoidea, walls unevenly thickened, lumina of adjacent cells joined by fine pores. Perithecial wall ca. 20 µm wide, comprising a single region of small, indistinct cells; papilla formed of a palisade of hyphal elements that become progressively narrower and more thin-walled toward the ostiolar canal and there merging with the periphyses. Asci clavate, (62-)68-83(-90) x (10-)11.7-14.7(-16) µm , apex simple; 8-spored, ascospores biserate, completely filling each ascus. Ascospores ellipsoidal to fusiform, (12-)13.7-17.2 (-21) x (5-)5.7-7(-8) µm, equally 2-celled, not constricted at the septum, pronouncedly spinulose, pale brown.

Known Distribution. New Zealand (North Island).

Habitat. On perithecia of Nectria pseudotrichia Berk. & Curt.

Nectriopsis perpusillae (Mont.) Samuels similis, sed ascosporis majoribus, (12-)13.7-17.2 (-21) x (5-)5.7-7(-8) µm. Status anamorphicus ignotis. Holotypus. New Zealand (PDD 7509).

Etymology of the Specific Epithet. Refers to the hyperparasitic habit.

Holotype. New Zealand. North Island. Auckland: Waitemata City, Waitakere Ranges, off Anawhata Rd., on Nectria pseudotrichia on Dysoxylum spectabile (Forst. f.) Hook. f., Dingley, Apr 1948 (PDD 7509; isotype NY).

Additional Specimens Examined. AUSTRALIA. TASMANIA: Vic. Hobart, Mt. Wellington, nr. Fern Tree, on Nectria, Doi s.n., 23 May 1986 (NY); same collecting data, second collection, Doi D-6761 (NY); Mt. Field National Park, on Nectria sp., Doi D-6766, 29 May 1986 (NY).

Anamorph. Acremonium sp.
Mycelium not evident; conidiophores arising directly from the substrate, macronematous, mononematous, arising from 2-3 µm wide hyphae,, 45-90 µm long x 2 µm wide. at base, 1-3-septate, unbranched, straight, smooth, 2 µm wide at base, monophialidic; phialides 40-70 µm long, tip 1-1.5 µm wide; collarette at most slightly thickened, not flared. Conidia 0-1-septate; 0-septate: (5-)6.5-10.5(-12) x 2-3 µm; 1-septate: 11-14.5(-16) x 2.5-3 µm; cylindrical. (1-septate) to ellipsoidal (0-septate), lacking an obvious basal abscission scar; held in colorless drops of liquid. Perithecia densely gregarious, superficial, non-stromatic, difficult to remove from the substrate, pyriform, 185-200 x 155-180 µm, with a short papilla, smooth, collapsing by lateral pinching when dry, pale yellow, nearly white, not changing color in 3% KOH; with short, 10-20 x 4-5 µm hairs protruding from the papilla. Cells at the surface of the perithecial wall forming textura epidermoidea with unevenly thickened walls, lumina of adjacent cells joined by fine pores. Perithecial wall ca. 15 µm wide, comprising a single region of indistinct cells; perithecial papilla formed of a palisade of hyphal elements, many of which grow outwardly to form hairs. Asci clavate, (35)37-45(-48) x (7-)9-10 µm, apex with a frequently inconspicuous refractive ring; 8-spored, ascospores biseriate, partially to completely filling each ascus. Ascospores ellipsoidal, (8-)9-11(-12.5) x 3-4 µm, equally 2-celled, not constricted at the septum, finely spinulose to smooth, colorless.
Characteristics in Culture. Colonies on CMD very slow growing, white, with scant aerial mycelium, surface of colony covered with slime. Conidiophores as found in nature; conidia formed in culture larger than those found in nature [0-septate: (7)9-15(-17) x 2-3 µm; 1-septate: (11)13.5-20.5(-23) x (2.5)2.8-3.7(-4) µm]; relatively few 0-septate conidia found in culture.

Known Distribution. New Zealand, Australia (Tasmania).

Habitat. On perithecia of Nectria spp.

Nectriopsidi perpusillae (Montagne) Samuels similis sed ascosporis majoribus, (8-)9-11 -12.5) x (7-)9-10 µm; N. lasiodermae (Ellis) Samuels similis sed ascosporis angustioribus. Status anamorphicus Acremonium sp.
Holotypus. New Zealand (PDD 49502).

Etymology of the Specific Epithet. Refers to a similarity to Nectriopsis lasioderma.
Notes. The specimens of N. lasiodermopsis from Tasmania concur well with the New Zealand collection and there is no doubt that all these collections are N. lasiodermopsis. The anamorph found on the type and one of the Tasmanian collections (no anamorph was seen on the other two collections) is close to the anamorph formed in cultures derived from single ascospores. Unfortunately, those cultures are no longer viable.
Nectriopsis lasiodermopsis is close to N. perpusilla and N. lasioderma. It differs from N. perpusilla in having larger, usually spinulose ascospores; from N. lasioderma in having shorter perithecial hairs and narrower, usually spinulose ascospores.

Holotype. New Zealand. North Island. Gisborne: Urewera National Park, Lake Waikaremoana, Ngamoko Track, on old Nectria cf. ochroleuca, Samuels, Horak, Johnston & Petersen, 21 May 1981 (PDD 49502: isotype NY).

Additional Specimens Examined. JAMAICA. ST. ANDREW PARISH: Holywell Forestry Camp, along the roadside, on Pinus patula Schiede & Deppe ex Schlecht., Korf et al. (CUP-MJ 766), 11 Jan 1971 (NY). COLOMBIA. VALLE: Gollondina, nr. Cali, on decaying Aphyllophorales, Doi, 27, 28 Jun 1973 (NY, TNS 224601); second collection, same locality, on Thelephoraceae, Doi, 27, 28 Jun 1973 (NY, TNS 224599). VENEZUELA. AMAZONAS: Dpto. Rio Negro, Cerro de la Neblina, along Rio Mawarinuma, just outside Canon Grande, vic. Neblina base camp, ca. 140 m; 00°50'N, 66°10'W, on bark, Samuels 1435, Apr-May 1984 (NY, VEN). FRENCH GUIANA. Km 16 on rd. between Sinnamary and St. Elie, `ECEREX', ORSTOM research area, on Lentinus crinitus (L.: Fr.) Fr., Samuels 3982, Feb-Mar 1986 (NY, CAY). FRANCE. PYRENEES-ATLANTIQUES: Vic. Oloron, Agnos, Le For& de Bugunguc, on immersed ascomycete on bark of Crataegus sp., Samuels (78-72) & Candoussau, 25 Aug 1978 (PDD 38805). JAPAN. HONSHU: Mt. Fuji, 2^nd-3rd Station, Shojinguchi, on sooty mold on wood, Samuels (83-347), 5 Sep 1983 (PDD 46525, NY). NEW ZEALAND. North Island. NORTHLAND: Hokianga County, Waipoua State Forest, vic. Forest H.Q., on Trametes ? versicolor (L.: Fr.) Lloyd, Samuels (83-74), Matsushima & Petersen, 11 May 1983 (PDD 46276); AUCKLAND: N of Warkworth, Dome Valley, on Stereum sp., Samuels, 27 Apr 1976 (PDD 35998); Waitemata City, Waitakere Ranges, off Anawhata Rd, 1000 ft, on Pseudopanax arboreus (Murr.) Philipson, Dingley, 28 May 1955 (PDD 14602, NY); Waitakere Ranges, Waiatarua, Nature Walk, on resupinate basidiomycete on Cyathea medullaris (Forst. f.) Swartz, Samuels (74-12),4 Feb 1974 (PDD 32566); Manukau City, Hunua Gorge, on Stereum illudens Berk., Hughes, 12 Dec 1963 (PDD 23575).

Anamorph. Acremonium sp.
Mycelium white, spreading, villose, with many erect hyphae and free hyphal ends; hyphae ca. 2 µm wide, septate, branched. Conidiophores arising in the aerial mycelium, macronematous, mononematous, 35-50 µm long, straight, smooth or spinulose, unbranched and monophialidic or branched once or twice, each branch terminating in a single phialide. Phialides 30-40 µm long x 2-3 µm wide at base, straight, smooth or spinulose, periclinal thickening not visible at tip, collarette not flared. Conidia globose to subglobose, (2-)2.7-3.5(-4) x (1.5-)1.8-3 µm, basal abscission scar not visible. Perithecia solitary to gregarious, seated in white mycelium, superficial, nonstromatic, easily removed from the substrate, globose, (137-)190-210(-280) µm diam.; becoming cupulate when dry, amber-colored to white, not changing color in 3% KOH, wall covered by white hyphae, hyphae arising from surface of perithecial wall branched, septae, thin-walled, spinulose, 2-3 µm, with many free ends, ends often circinate. Cells at the surface of the perithecial wall forming textura epidermoidea. Perithecial wall 7-10 µm wide, comprising a single region of small, nondescript cells; perithecial apex formed of narrow, ca. 2 µm wide hyphal elements; hyphal elements becoming progressively narrower and merging within with the periphyses. Asci cylindrical, (37-)45-57(-68) x (4-)4.5-6(-7) µm, apex with a ring; 8-spored, ascospores uniseriate, completely filling each ascus. Ascospores oblong to broadly ellipsoidal, (4.5-)5.36.7(-8) x (2.5-)2.8-3.4(-4) µm, ends obtuse, equally 2-celled, not constricted at the septum, spinulose, colorless.
Characteristics in Culture. Colonies grown one week at 20°C diffuse daylight on CMD 1.5-2 cm diam., flat, transparent to opaque with aerial mycelium scant to dense, white; aerial hyphae short. Conidiophores arising throughout the colony, from 2 to 2.5 µm wide hyphae on surface of agar and in aerial mycelium; macronematous, mononematous, 25-65 µm long, colorless, smooth or spinulose, unbranched and monophialidic or once branched, each branch terminating in a single phialide. Phialides 20-45 µm long, tapering uniformly from 1.5-2.5 µm at base to 1 µm at tip, monoblastic, periclinal thickening of tip not visible, collarette not flared. Conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, (2-)2.3-3.2(-4) x (1.3-)1.7-2.2(-3) µm, lacking a visible basal abscission scar, unicellular, colorless, smooth, held in a single drop of liquid at the tip of each phialide.

Known Distribution. Canada, Colombia, France, French Guiana, Germany, Jamaica, Japan, New Zealand, USA (Florida, Indiana, Louisiana, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas), Venezuela.

Habitat. On bark, herbaceous tissue, basidiocarps, rarely myxomycete sporangia.

Notes. The present work documents a much wider distribution for N. oropensoides than was previously recognized (Samuels, 1976a). Nectriopsis oropensoides is fortunately easily brought into culture. The cultures that I have examined from Europe, USA, French Guiana, Venezuela and New Zealand have been uniform, thus confirming the morphological and cultural homogeneity of this truly cosmopolitan species.
Nectriopsis oropensoides is most closely related to the myxomyceticolous species N. candicans and N. exigua. Nectriopsis oropensoides is characterized by its small, oblong, spinulose ascospores.

Holotype. Germany. On wood, Tavel, 10 Sep 1889 (S!).

Holotype. Cuba: Ad Sphaeriam allantodium Berk. (Hist. Nat. Cuba, herb. Montagne: K. presumed holotype!).
Additional Specimens Examined. COLOMBIA. ANTIOQUIA: Ca. 37 km from Dabeiba, on the Dabeiba-Turbo Rd., ca. 800 ft, on Nectria suffulta, Dumont (CO 6502), Carpenter & Sherwood, 15 Aug 1976 (NY). CUNDINAMARCA: Vic. km 15 from Fomeque, rd. between Calera and Fomeque, on Nectria cf. cyatheae Dingley on internodes of Chusquea sp., Dumont (CO 978) et al., 10 Jul 1974 (NY). VENEZUELA. DTO. FEDERALE: Mt. La Naiguata, above La Planta, trail between Rio Chiquito and Rio Grande, on Nectria suffulta on log, Dumont (VE 747), Haines & Manara, 25 Jun 1971 (NY, VEN). BRAZIL. RIO GRANDE DO SUL: Sao Leopoldo, on Hypoxylon, Rick, 1904 (PACA 13997 [1502],
HOLOTYPE of Lisea parasitica). NEW ZEALAND. NORTHLAND: Hokianga County, Mangamuka Bridge, vic. Omahuta Forest Headquarters, on Nectria sp., Samuels, 11 May 1983 (PDD 46285).

Anamorph. None known.
Mycelium not apparent. Perithecia solitary or cespitose in groups of up to 10, superficial, non-stromatic, pyriform, (85-)106-163 µm diam., with a blunt papilla, smooth, collapsing by lateral pinching when dry, pale yellow to nearly colorless, not changing color in 3% KOH; with white, unbranched, septate, hyphal, hairs 10-20 µm long x 3-4 µm wide at base, wall 1 µm thick, forming a more or less obvious fringe around the perithecial apex depending on the collection. Cells at the surface of the perithecial wall forming textura epidermoidea, 5-7 µm wide, walls unevenly thickened, lumina of some adjacent cells joined by fine pores. Perithecial wall ca. 10 µm wide, comprising a single region of elliptical, 5-7 x 2-3 µm cells with thin walls; perithecial apex formed by a compact palisade of hyphal elements, each with a rounded tip and many growing outwardly to form the hairs, becoming progressively narrower and more thin-walled toward the ostiolar canal and merging there with the periphyses. Asci clavate, 25-34(-40) x 4-6(-7) µm, apex simple (type collection) or with a minute ring; 8-spored, ascospores biseriate, completely filling each ascus. Ascospores ellipsoidal to oblong, (5-)5.7-7.3(-9) x 2-2.5(-3) µm, equally 2-celled, constricted or not at the septum, smooth or finely spinulose, colorless (type collection) or pale brown.

Known Distribution. Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, New Zealand, Venezuela.

Habitat. On perithecia of Hypoxylon, Nectria, and Xylaria.

Notes. The various specimens assigned herein to N. perpusilla differ subtly from the type collection of the species. The basic concept of N. perpusilla is of a species with small yellow perithecia seated directly on the perithecium of the host ascomycete and with no obvious mycelium; with short and often inconspicuous hyphal hairs that grow outwardly from the perithecial papilla (although none were noted on perithecia of the type collections of N. perpusilla or Lisea parasitica); ascospores that are among the smallest found in the entire genus [(6-)6.5-7.5(-8) x 2-2.8(-3) µm in the type collection of N. perpusilla] and that are smooth and colorless. Ascospores of CO 978 are pale brown, and ascospores of VE 747 are finely spinulose.
Although the type specimens of fungi described by Montagne are usually found in PC, I was not able to locate any material of Hypocrea perpusilla there. The label on the specimen found in K indicates that this collection is at least a part of the original gathering.

Additional Specimens Examined. JAMAICA. On Xylaria sp., Wright, 1909 (FH). PERU. HUANUCO: Ca. 38 km from Tingo Maria, on the Tingo Maria-Pucallpa Rd., ca. 5200 ft, on Xylaria sp., Dumont (PE 763), Carpenter, Sherwood & Buriticä, 4 Jul 1976 (NY). BRAZIL. AMAZ6NAS: Plateau of Serra Acaca, N side of north mountain, 00°57' N, 63°21 W, 1250 m; cloud forest, on Kretzschmaria sp., Samuels 333, Prance & Pipoly, 17-22 Feb 1984 (INPA, NY); same collecting data, second collection, on Hypoxylon (Samuels 340), Samuels 341 (INPA, NY). SRI LANKA (Ceylon). CENTRAL: Hakgala, on decaying Xylaria, collector unknown (?Petch), nr. 4577a, May 1913 (K, holotype of N. sulcispora). PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. Alabat Island, host not given, E. D. Merrill 10519, 21-30 Dec 1916 (K, isotype of Nectria striatula). NEW ZEALAND. AUCKLAND: Waitemata City, Waitakere Ranges, Fairy Falls Track off Mountain Rd., on Hypoxylon deustum (Hoffm.) Grev., Samuels & Petersen, 29 Apr 1983 (PDD 46248).

Anamorph. Acremonium sp.
Mycelium white, cottony, spreading over surface of host stroma, conidiogenous. Conidiophores 20-35 µm long x 3-4 µm wide at base, macronematous, mononematous, colorless, smooth, unbranched or irregularly branched, each branch comprising a single phialide. Phialides 20-25 µm long x 1 µm wide at tip x 1.5-2 µm wide at base, straight, smooth, monoblastic, periclinal thickening of tip at most barely visible, collarette not flared. Conidia oblong, 3-5 x 1-1.5 µm, lacking an obvious basal abscission scar, unicellular, colorless, produced in basipetal succession and held in a colorless drop of liquid at the tip of each phialide. Perithecia densely gregarious, forming within white mycelium with upper 1/4 of each perithecium free, pyriform, 220-280 µm high x 185-250 µm wide, with an obtuse apex, smooth, collapsing by lateral pinching or not collapsing when dry; amber-colored, not changing color in 3% KOH.
Cells at the surface of the perithecial wall forming textura epidermoidea, walls of cells < 0.5 µm thick. Perithecial wall 20-30 µm wide, comprising a single region of ± elliptical to flattened, 5-7 µm long x 2-3 µm wide cells with walls <_0.5 µm thick. Perithecial apex not anatomically distinct from the lateral wall, cells at the surface of the papilla ± enlarged, ca. 5 µm wide, ostiolar canal periphysate. Asci broadly cylindrical to narrowly clavate, (40-)50-75(-80) x (5-)7.5-12.9(16) µm, apex simple; 6-8-spored, ascospores uniseriate with overlapping ends to biseriate, completely filling each ascus. Ascospores ellipsoidal to fusiform, (10.8-)11.3-14.2(-16) x (4-)4.5-6.2(-7.5) µm, equally 2-celled, slightly constricted or not constricted, with coarse, ridge-like striations, colorless.
Characteristics in Culture. Colonies grown 10 days at 20°C, 12 hours dark/12 hours near ultraviolet + cool white fluorescent light. CMD, PDA: 3 cm diam.; OA: 5.5 cm diam. Colonies on all media flat, colonies on CMD translucent, felty; colonies on PDA and OA opaque, densely felty. Conidial production abundant on all media; conidiophores arising from 2.5-3 µm wide aerial hyphae and, on OA, from poorly developed hyphal, rope-like strands. Condiophores macronematous, mononematous, unbranched, 70-115 µm long x 2.5-3.5 µm wide at base, (1-)3-4(-5)-septate, straight, smooth, monophialidic. Phialides 25-60 µm long, straight, smooth, tip slightly thickened or not thickened, not flared. Conidia ellipsoidal, 6-8(-13) x 2.5-3(-3.5) µm, lacking an obvious basal abscission scar, unicellular, arising in basipetal succession and held in a colorless drop of liquid at the tip of each phialide.

Known Distribution. Brazil, Jamaica, New Zealand, Peru, Philippine Islands, Sri Lanka.

Habitat. On stromata of Xylariaceae.

Notes. Colony characteristics reported above are derived from the New Zealand collection, the only collection that I have been able to culture. The naturally formed anamorph is described from the Peruvian collection.

Holotype. Brazil. Apiahy, on Xylaria hippoglossa Speg., Puiggari 2892, v.1888 (LPS 1108!).

Additional Specimens Examined. NEW ZEALAND. AUCKLAND: Waitemata City, Waitakere Ranges, Piha Road, Cowan Track, on immersed pyrenomycete on Ripogonum scandens J.R. & G. Forst., Samuels & Rossman, 4 Jun 1983 (NY, PDD 46301); Waitakere Ranges, Kitakiki Stream, Marguerite Track, on bark of Coprosma australis (A. Rich.) Robinson, Dingley, Samuels & Haydon, 30 May 1973 (NY, PDD 31790). TARANAKI: Mt. Egmont National Park, vic. North Egmont Chalet, along track to Waiwhakaiho River, on Diaporthe sp. on Coprosma australis, Samuels, 1 Oct 1973 (NY, PDD 32669).

Anamorph. Septofusidium cf. elegantulum (Pidlop.) W. Gams, Cephalosporium-artige Schimmelpilze (Hyphomycetes) 147. 1971.
Mycelium white to pale pink, ± radiating from a central point and spreading over the substrate, conidiogenous. Conidiophores 20-30 µm long x 2-3 µm wide at base, colorless, smooth, macronematous, mononematous and unbranched, or irregularly branched and each branch terminating in a single phialide or phialides crowded along the length of the conidiophore branch; phialides 10-20 µm long x 2-3 µm wide at base, sometimes polyblastic with two conidiogenous loci or acropleurogenous with a short phiaidc spur subtending the delimiting septum of the terminal phialide. Conidia (6-)5.5-7.2(-9.5) x 2-2.5(-3) µm, ellipsoidal to fusiform to clavate, with or without a minute, flat basal abscission scar, unicellular, colorless, produced in basipetal succession and held in dry chains.
Perithecia gregarious, superficial, seated in mycelium, nonstromatic, globose, (95-)115-155(-170) µm diam., nonpapillate, smooth, collapsing by lateral pinching when dry or not collapsing; yellow, not changing color in 3% KOH. Cells at the surface of the perithecial wall often obscured by hyphae, textura epidermoidea with unevenly thickened walls, lumina of adjacent cells joined by minute pores. Perithecial wall ca. 15 µm wide, comprising a single region of indistinct cells; perithecial apex not anatomically distinct from the wall below, ostiolar canal periphysate. Asc clavate, (33-)38-46(-53) x (7-)7.5-9.5 (-10) µm, apex simple; 8-spored, ascospores partially to completely biseriate, completely filling each ascus. Ascospores ellipsoidal, (7-)8.5-10.5 (-12) x 2.7-3.5(-4) µm, equally 2-celled, not constricted at the septum, smooth, colorless.
Characteristics in Culture. Colonies grown one month at 20°C, 12 hours darkness/ 12 hours near ultraviolet + cool white fluorescent light on CMD and PDA restricted to the original inoculum; on OA 2-3 mm diam.; aerial mycelium pale pink, with abundant coniddal production. Conidiophores and phialides as found in nature.

Known Distribution. Japan, New Zealand.

Habitat. On ascomycetes immersed in woody tissue.

Perithecia in mycelio albo immersa, globosa, (95-)115-155(-170) µm diam., non papillata, laevia, flavida. Asci clavati, (33-)38-46(-53) x (7-)7.5-9.5(-10) µm, apice simplices. Ascosporae ellipsoideae, (7-)8.5-10.5(-12) x 2.7-3.5 (-4) µm, laeves, hyalinae.
Status anamorphicus Septofusidium cf. elegantulum (Pidlop.) W. Gams.
Holotypus. Japan (TNS: Samuels 83-293).

Etymology of the Specific Epithet. Refers to the Septofusidium anamorph.
Notes. The anamorph of N. septofusidiae agrees reasonably well in morphology with the descriptions of Septofusidium elegantulum provided by Gams (1971) and Kirk (1983). The growth rate recorded by Gams (1971) for S. elegantulum is much faster than I found for the ascospore isolates of two collections (83-293 from Japan, PDD 46301 from New Zealand) of N. septofusidiae. Gams (1971) found conidia with 2-4 cells in cultures of S. elegantulum; I have seen only unicellular conidia and Kirk (1983) reported only unicellular conidia for S. elegantulum.
Septofusidium elegantulum is known to be hyperparasitic on leaf inhabiting fungi (Gams, 1971; Kirk, 1983). It has not previously been linked to a teleomorph, nor has either of the two additional species included in the genus (Samson, 1974).
Nectriopsis septofusidiae differs from N. epimyces in having smaller ascospores.

Holotype. Japan. Honshu: Gumma Pref., Katashima-mura, Tone-gun, Jugo Seishi Co. forest, on Diaporthe sp., Samuels 83-293, 26 Aug 1983 (TNS; isotypes NY, PDD 46478).

Anamorph. Acremonium-like.
Mycelium not evident or at most thin, white and spreading. Perithecia cespitose in groups of a few, superficial, nonstromatic but difficult to remove from the substrate, pyriform, 230-250 x 185-220 µm, with an acute papilla, smooth, collapsing by lateral pinching or not collapsing when dry; yellow, not changing color in 3% KOH. Cells at surface of perithecial wall forming textura epidermoidea, often obscured by 2-3 µm wide hyphae. Perithecial wall 10-20 µm wide, comprising a single region of small, indistinct cells; perithecial papilla formed of a palisade of hyphal elements that become progressively narrower and more thin walled toward the ostiolar canal and there merging with the periphyses. Asci clavate, 60-85 x 7-9 µm, apex simple; 8-spored, ascospores 1-striate, completely filling each ascus. Ascospores ellipsoidal, (7-)7.8-9.6 (-10) x 4-4.5(-5) µm, equally 2-celled, not constricted at the septum, smooth to finely spinulose, colorless.
Characteristics in Culture. Colonies grown 14 days at 15-18°C diffuse daylight on CMD, PDA, OA 1 mm diam., white, aerial mycelium lacking, colony comprising tightly compacted hyphae and conidiophores. Colonies grown four days at 20°C, 12 hours dark/ 12 hours near ultraviolet + cool white fluorescent light becoming pale yellow on CMD, PDA and OA. Conidiophores arising from 2-3 µm wide hyphae, macronematous, mononematous, straight, smooth, basally uniseptate, monophialidic, 18-28 x 2-2.5 µm at base; tip 1-1.5 µm wide, thickened, not flared. Conidia (29)35.5-53(-67) x 3.5-4 µm, 0-5-septate, cylindrical but with tip elongated, narrowed and often hooked; base truncate and often with a poorly defined, often foot-like protrusion; produced in basipetal succession and held in white slime.

Known Distribution. New Zealand (South Island).

Habitat. On perithecia of Nectria sp.

Nectriopsis sororicolae Samuels similis, sed ascosporis brevioribus et angustrioribus, (7-)7.8-9.6(-10) x 4-4.5(-5) µm, et statu anamorphicus, Acremonium simulanti, differt.
Holotypus. New Zealand (PDD 46339).

Etymology of the Specific Epithet. Refers to parasitism on a species of a sibling genus of the Hypocreales.
Notes. Nectriopsis sibicola and N. sororicola are most easily distinguished through their anamorphs; their teleomorphs are very similar. On the basis of one collection of N. sibicola and two collections of N. sororicola, ascospores of N. sibicola are somewhat shorter and broader than those of N. sororicola.
Like the anamorph of N. sororicola, the anamorph of N. sibicola cannot be unequivocally placed in any anamorph genus. Conidia of N. sibicola are somewhat Fusarium-like, but N. sibicola is not closely related to any of the known teleomorphs of Fusarium (Gerlach & Nirenberg, 1982). Because the closest relatives of N. sibicola are Nectriopsis species with Acremonium anamorphs, I have followed the same reasoning as that applied to N. sororicola, placing the anamorph of N. sibicola in Acremonium.

Holotype. New Zealand. South Island. Buller: 7 km S of Reefton, Tawhai Forest, on Nectria sp. on Coprosma foetidissima Forst., Samuels, Matsushima & Rossman, 22 May 1983 (PDD 46339).

Additional Specimen Examined. NEW ZEALAND. North Island. AUCKLAND: Waitemata City, Waitakere Ranges, off Mountain Rd., on Nectria tawa Dingley (PDD 18527), Dingley, 16 Sep 1958 (PDD 51331, NY).

Anamorph. Acremonium-like.
Mycelium not evident. Perithecia solitary, superficial, nonstromatic, anchored to substrate by a fringe of white hyphae, pyriform 190-280 (-375) x 150-250(-310) µm, with an acute papilla, smooth, collapsing by lateral pinching when dry; pale yellow, not changing color in 3% KOH. Cells at the surface of the perithecial wall forming textura angularis to textura epidermoidea, with unevenly thickened walls. Perithecial wall 15-30 µm wide, comprising a single region of elliptic, 5-7,um long, indistinct cells. Perithecial papilla formed of a palisade of hyphal elements with tip cells, at exterior, clavate to circular in outline, 7-10 x 5-7 µm, walls ca. 0.5 µm thick; hyphal elements becoming progressively more narrow and thin-walled toward the ostiolar canal and there merging with the periphyses. Asci cylindrical to clavate, (63-)67-75(-90) x 6-8(-9) µm, apex with a ring; 8-spored, ascospores 1-striate throughout or 2-striate above and 1-seriate below. Ascospores ellipsoidal, (8-)8.5-11(-12) x (3-)3.8-4.7(-5) µm, equally 2-celled, not constricted at the septum, coarsely striate, colorless.
Characteristics in Culture. Colonies grown two weeks at 20°C, 12 hours near ultraviolet + cool white fluorescent light. CMD, PDA: barely.growing away from the original inoculum, colony dense, velvety, pale salmon with a strong actinomycetous odor. Conidia forming on CMD and PDA; conidiophores arising from 2-3 µm wide hyphae, macronematous, mononematous, unbranched, smooth, 1-2-septate, (58-)75-132 (-160) µm long x 2-3 µm wide at base, monophialidic. Phialides integrated, terminal, straight, smooth, (13-)25-66(-80) µm long, monoblastic, tip slightly thickened, flared or not, (1.5-)2(-2.5) µm. Conidia cylindrical to naviculate and narrower at tip than at base, with a broad, protuberant basal abscission scar: 0-septate: (10-)11-14.5(-16) x (2.5-)2.7-3.7(-4) µm 1-septate: (14-)14.8-21(-22) x 3-4. µm 2-septate: (17-)18-23(-25) x 3-4 µm 3-septate: (17-)20.5-26 x (3-)3.5-5 µm; held in a single, terminal, colorless drop of slime.

Known Distribution. New Zealand (Auckland).

Habitat. On perithecia of Nectria spp.

Nectriopsidi perpusillae (Mont.) Samuels similis, sed ascospores striatae, (8-)8.5-11(-12) x (3-)3.7-4.7(-5) µm.
Status anamorphicus Acremonium-similis. Holotypus. New Zealand (PDD 41423).

Etymology of the Specific Epithet. Refers to parasitism on a species of a sister genus of the Hypocreales.
Notes. Cultures derived from the holotype are no longer viable. The ring in the apex of asci of PDD 51331 is obscure, far less obvious than it is in asci of the holotype.
Nectriopsis sororicola superficially resembles N. puiggarii and Nectria brunneostriata in forming small yellow perithecia directly on the perithecia of other pyrenomycetes. Nectriopsis albofulta and N. epinectria also have striate ascospores but perithecia of these species form within mycelium on other ascomycetes. Ascospores of Nectria brunneostriata and N. epinectria are distinctly brown.
The anamorph of N. sororicola cannot be unequivocally placed into any described anamorph genus. The phragmosporous conidia borne on phialides indicate Cylindrocarpon or Cephalosporiopsis. Because N. sororicola is unrelated to any of the species of Nectria that have typical Cylindrocarpon anamorphs (Booth, 1966), I do not refer this anamorph to that genus. Cephalosporiopsis and Acremonium, as described, are distinguished through conidial septation; conidia of species of the former are once septate whereas conidia of species of the latter are aseptate. Rossman (1983) emended the concept of Cephalosporiopsis to include the species with phragmosporous conidia that are anamorphs of Nectria arenula (Berk. & Broome) Berk. and its relatives (Rossman, 1983; Samuels, 1978). Nectriopsis sororicola is not closely related to these fungi. The closest relatives of N. sororicola are species of Nectriopsis, and most of the known anamorphs of Nectriopsis are species of Acremonium. In the belief that anamorphs of related teleomorphs are themselves related, in spite of morphological differences, and in the understanding that Acremonium as currently constituted is biologically heterogeneous, I refer the anamorph of N. sororicola to Acremonium.

Holotype. New Zealand. North Island. Auckland: Waitemata City, Titirangi, Titirangi Beach Reserve, on perithecia of Nectria discophora (Mont.) Mont., Samuels, Johnston & Rattray, 10 Dec 1980 (PDD 41423).

Additional Specimens Examined. USA. CALIFORNIA: On Eucalyptus sp., Harkness 2321 (holotype of Byssonectria chrysocoma, NY). MASSACHUSETTS: Sharon, on rotting hardwood, Piquet (NY ex FH). NEW YORK: Adirondack Mts., on Chondrioderma spumarioides (Fries) Rost., Rex, Aug 1882 (NY, in type packet of Nectria rexiana). COLOMBIA. CUNDINAMARCA: Ca. 15 km from Bogota, on the Bogota-Choachi Rd., on Puya leaves, Dumont (CO 5539), Carpenter & Sherwood, 4 Aug 1976 (NY). FRANCE. PYRENEES-ATLANTIQUES: Pau, on Phyllostachys mitis A. & C. Riviere, Dr Travade comm. F. Candoussau, 2 Apr 1983 (PDD 46476, NY); LANDES: Capbreton, Bord du Boudigau, on Phyllosta chysmitis, Candoussau 4862, 9 Jun 1986 (Herb. Candoussau, NY). NEW ZEALAND. North Island. AUCKLAND: Waitemata City, Waitakere Ranges, Fairy Falls Track, on Rhopalostylis sapida Wendl. & Drude, Samuels 75-148 (PDD 36421, NY); Fairy Falls Track, on Cyathea dealbata, Samuels, 22 May 1975 (PDD 36420); North Island. COROMANDEL: Thames Co., Coromandel Forest Park, vic. Thames, Kauaeranga Valley, on decaying leaf of Freycinetia baueriana Endl. subsp. banksii (A. Cunn.) Stone, Dingley, Samuels (74-111) & Haydon, 27 Aug 1974 (PDD 34054).

Anamorph. Acremonium sp.
Mycelium white to pale golden, scant, spreading; hyphae septate, branched, thin-walled, smooth, 2-3 µm wide. Conidiophores arising in the mycelium, macronematous, mononematous, 30-40 µm long x 1.5 µm wide at base, tapering to 1 µm wide at tip, straight, smooth or with yellow granulation at the base, colorless, monophialidic; tip of phialide not visibly thickened, not flared. Conidia ellipsoidal to subglobose, (2-)2.6-3.4(-4) x 2-2.5 µm, lacking a visible basal abscission scar, unicellular, colorless, held in a colorless drop of liquid at the tip of each phialide. Perithecia gregarious, seated on the mycelium, nonstromatic, easily removed from the substrate, globose to broadly pyriform, (100-) 116-160(-175) x (100-)111-147(-175) µm, nonpapillate, becoming cupulate, collapsing by lateral pinching or not collapsing when dry; smooth, wall covered by thin-walled, golden-yellow to white hyphae with few to many free ends; yellow to orange-yellow, either not changing color in 3% KOH or becoming roseous in 3% KOH. Cells at surface of perithecial wall obscured by hyphae. Perithecial wall 10-15 µm wide, comprising a single region of small cells; perithecial apex not anatomically distinct from the lateral perithecial wall, ostiolar canal periphysate. Asci broadly cylindrical to narrowly clavate, (27-)33-49(-65) x 5-6.7(-8) µm, apex with a refractive apical ring; 8-spread, ascospores partially to completely biseriate, completely filling each ascus. Ascospores oblong to narrowly ellipsoidal, (6-)7.5-10.3(-14) x 1.5-2.3(-3) µm, ends obtuse, equally 2-celled, not constricted at the septum, smooth, colorless.
Characteristics in Culture. Colonies grown two weeks at 22°C, diffuse daylight. CMD, OA: flat, felty, opaque, pink, with concentric rings of conidial production; colony reverse pink; colonies on CMD with short aerial hyphae, colonies on OA with well developed, hyphal, rope-like strands, surface of colony on OA sulcate and crustose. Conidial production abundant on CMD and OA; conidiophores arising from surface of colony, aerial hyphae and hyphal ropes from 2 µm wide hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, unbranched or once branched, 20-35 µm long x 2 µm wide at base, tapering uniformly to 1 µm wide at tip, with a single, basal septum; smooth or roughened at the base, colorless. Conidia ellipsoidal to subglobose, (3-)3.3-5.3(-7) x 1.5-2 µm, basal abscission scar not visible, unicellular, colorless, held in a pale salmon-colored drop of liquid at the tip of each phialide.

Known Distribution. Colombia, France, New Zealand, USA (California, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York).

Habitat. On herbaceous debris including palms, Pandanaceae and the tree fern Cyathea dealbata (Forst. f.) Swartz.

Notes. This concept of N. squamulosa may be too broad but I cannot see characters that are sufficiently consistent to recognize more than one taxon. The roseous perithecial coloration in 3% KOH was seen only in the French and New Zealand collections.
Ascospores of the type specimen of Nectria squamulosa are 7-9 x 1.5-2 µm, ascospores of the type collection of Byssonectria chrysocoma are 8-12 x 2-3 µm; perithecia of this collection are associated with a thin, golden-yellow mycelium.
The characteristics of the naturally formed anamorph are taken from two New Zealand collections (PDD 36420, 36421). One of these (PDD 36420) was cultured; a second New Zealand isolate (PDD 34054) was also cultured. Conidia found in cultures of PDD 36420 were identical to those found on the specimen whereas conidia found in cultures of 34054 were longer [(4-)4.3-5.8(-7) x 1.5-2 µm] and ellipsoidal. Perithecia of PDD 34054 did not become roseous in 3% KOH. Conidia of the French specimens were identical to those found on the New Zealand specimens. Cultures of the New Zealand collections are no longer viable.
Nectriopsis squamulosa is most closely related to the myxomyceticolous species N. candicans and N. oropensoides.

Holotype. USA. New Jersey: Newfield, on fallen limb, Ellis 656b, Nov 22, 1881 (NY!).

Anamorph. Cephalosporiopsis sp.
Mycelium not evident, or appearing as a ring of white hyphae around each perithecial base. Perithecia superficial, nonstromatic, globose to pyriform with a flat apex, white, 150-250 µm diam., with an ostiolar disc of intertwined hyphae. Asci clavate, (50-)60-80(-87) x (6-)8-11 µm, apex with an obscure ring, often appearing simple. Ascospores clavate to fusiform, 27-42 x 3-4.5 µm, 5-9(-13)-septate, smooth, colorless.

Habitat. On woody and herbaceous debris.

Notes. For illustrations and complete descriptions see Samuels (1978, as Nectria corynospora) and Rossman (1983, as Nectria opalina). Rossman (1983) gave Nectria corynospora as a synonym of N. opalina. However, perithecia of N. opalina were originally described as being half immersed in the substrate, and with a papilla (Crouan & Crouan, 1867). Ms. Rosalind Lowen (NY) has reexamined the type collection of N. opalina (CO), finding an immersed ascomycete with light-colored perithecia and phragmosporous ascospores; the ascal apex was thickened, however, typical of the Clavicipitales. Because perithecia of Peristomialis corynospora are entirely superficial, and because its asci lack apical thickening, it is unlikely that P. corynospora and N. opalina are conspecific. Rossman's (1983) description agrees in all details with P. corynospora, thus suggesting that at least one perithecium of the species was indeed present with perithecia of the type of N. opalina.

Anamorph. Cephalosporiopsis sp.
Mycelium not evident. Perithecia superficial, nonstromatic, globose with a flat apex, 200-250 µm diam., yellow to orange, with short, tooth-like processes composed of triangular fascicles of hyphae arising from around the perithecial apex. Asci cylindrical, 45-55 x 5-6 µm, apex with a ring. Ascospores ellipsoidal, 6-8 x 3-4 µm, 1-septate, finely spinulose, colorless.

Habitat. On bark and decorticated wood.

Note. For illustrations and a complete description see Samuels (1976b, as Nectria dentifera).

Mycelium not apparent. Perithecia solitary, superficial, nonstromatic, globose to broadly pyriform, ca. 160 µm high x 130-150 µm wide, nonpapillate, collapsing by lateral pinching, at first pale yellow but becoming amber colored, not changing color in 3% KOH; with white, stiff, erect, smooth, subacute, unbranched, aseptate setae, 50-80 µm long x 9-10 µm wide basally x 5.5-6.5 µm wide apically, lateral wall 3-4 µm thick, wall at tip thinner, lumen 1-2 µm wide, arising from the upper third of the perithecial wall. Perithecial wall covered with ca. 3 µm wide hyphae with walls 0.5 µm thick. Perithecial wall 15-20 µm wide, consisting of a single region of cells; cells ± elliptical in section, 5-10 x 2-3 µm, walls 0.5 µm thick; cells at perithecial apex elliptical, ca. 3 x 2 µm; ostiolar canal periphysate. Asci clavate, 35-50 x 10-13(-15) µm, apex broadly rounded, simple; 8-spored, ascospores arranged without order and completely filling each ascus. Ascospores fusiform to ellipsoidal, (13-)13.5-16(-18) x (3-)3.5-4.5(-5) µm, equally 2-celled or apical cell somewhat longer and broader than the basal cell, not constricted at the septum, smooth, colorless.
Characteristics in Culture. Colonies grown three weeks at 15-18°C, diffused daylight on CMD barely growing away from the original inoculum, salmon-colored, sterile.

Known Distribution. New Zealand: Auckland, known only from the type.

Habitat. On perithecia and associated mycelium of a sphaeriaceous pyrenomycete, possibly Chaetosphaeria sp.

Perithecia globosa vel late pyriformia, ca. 160 µm alta x 130-150 lata, flavida. Setae rectae, simplices, eseptatae, 50-80 µm longee, basi 9-10 µm et apicem versus 5.5-6.5 µm latae. Ascosporae fusiformes vel ellipsoideae, (13-)13.5-16(-18) x (3-)3.5-4.5(-5) µm; bicellulares. Status anamorphicus ignota.
Holotypus. New Zealand (PDD: Samuels 81-81).

Etymology of the Specific Epithet. Refers to the setose perithecia.
Note. Unfortunately, cultures derived from ascospores of this species were lost before conidia were formed.

Holotype. New Zealand. North Island. Auckland: Waitemata City, Waitakere Ranges, Swanson, on pyrenomycete (?Chaetosphaeria), Samuels 81-81, Johnston & Horak, 7 May 1981 (PDD).