Pi1eus 3-8 mm diam, hemispherical when young, becoming convex or plano-convex in age, disc neither depressed nor umbilicate, margin weakly plicate; surface dull, dry, minutely pruinose; at first white overall, soon becoming pale grey, finally changing to pale brown. Texture membranaceous; context very thin, white.- Lamellae broadly adnate to subdecurrent, subdistant (912) with 0-1 series of lamellulae, white; edges even, concolorous.- Stipe 5-7 x 0.5 mm, central, equal, cylindrical, often curved, tough, minutely pruinose overall, non-insititious, base with short, strigose, concolorous hairs attached to substrate; white overall or with the base becoming pale brown in age.- Odor and taste not distinctive.
Basidiospores 5.5-7.0 x 3.5-4.0(-4.5) µm, ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid. - Basidia 18-22 x 5-6 µm, subclavate, 4-spored, unclamped.- Cheilogloeocystidia common, 40-60 x 10-14 µm, broadly fusoid to narrowly lageniform, subcapitate, thin-walled, hyaline or with yellow contents.- Pleurogloeocystidia uncommon, like cheilogloeocystidia.- Pileipellis a hymeniform layer of broadly clavate to globose, smooth, hyaline cells, 12-20 x 8-16 µm; with numerous pileogloeocystidia interspersed, 20-40 x 6-8 µm, cylindrical-subcapitate to lageniform-capitate, often with yellow contents.- Tissues inamyloid, non-gelatinous. - Caulogloeocystidia numerous, 30-45 x 7-10 µm, like cheilogloeocystidia. - Clamp connections absent.

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Solitary, rarely cespitose, in groups on rotting wood in Nothofagus-Melicytus-Weinmannia forest. New Zealand.

Pileus 3-8 mm, convexus vel planoconvexus, haud umbilicatus, subplicatus marginem versus, minute pruinosus, albidus dein pallide griseus vel pallide brunneus. Lamellae adnatae vel subdecurrentes, subdistantes, albae. Stipes 5-7 x 0.5 mm, centralis, cylindricus, minute pruinosus, haud insititius, albidus, raro pallide brunneus ad basim. Odor saporque nulli. Basidiosporae 5.5-7.0 x 3.5-4.5 µm, ovoideae vel ellipsoideae, leves, hyalinae, inamyloideae. Basidia 18-22 x 5-6 µm, 4-spora. Cheilogloeocystidia 40-60 x 10-14 µm, late fusoideae vel anguste lageniformia, subcapitata, hyalina vel pigmento luteo impleta. Pileipellis hymeniformis, ex cellulis late clavatis vel globosis, 12-20 x 8-16 µm, pileogloeocystidia capitata numerosa, 20-40 x 6-8 µm, cylindrica vel lageniformia, pigmento luteo impleta. Trama inamyloideum, haud gelatinosum. Caulocystidia 30-45 x 7-10 µm, ut cheilogloeocystidia. Fibulae nullae. Solitarius vel rariter caespitosus, ad lignum putridum Nothofagi, Melicyti vel Weinmanniae. Nova Zelandia. Horak 69-19 (Holotypus, PDD).

Gloiocephala gracilis is characterized by the following features: small, plicate, white to pale brown pilei; well-developed, subdistant lamellae; a white, pruinose, non-insititious stipe; fructification on rotting wood; relatively small basidiospores; numerous subcapitate gloeocystidia with yellowish contents on pileus, stipe and hymenophore; and the absence of clamp connections. Gloiocephala gracilis belongs in sect. Gloiocephala, subsect. Gloiocephala in Singer's (1976) classification. The new species is closely allied with G. alvaradoi Singer, an unclamped species described from Argentina. Gloiocephala alvaradoi differs, however, in forming a white pileus, fewer lamellae, longer, basidiopores (7.0-9.5 µm), much narrower pileipellis cells (3-6 µm diam versus 8-16 µm diam in G. gracilis), and sporulates on wood of Alnus and Polylepis (fide Singer, 1976).

Material examined- - NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Prov. Nelson, Murchison, near Buller Bridge, 25 I 1969, Horak 69-19 (Holotype, PDD; Isotype, SFSU, ZT).

Pi1eus 3-5 mm diam, hemispherical to convex with a central, low, obtuse papilla (often only wart-like), weakly plicate; surface dull, dry, minutely pruinose; off white to pale grey, turning pale reddish brown with KOH; dried pilei appearing like plastic. Texture membranaceous; context very thin, white.-Lamellae adnexed, distant (7-9) with no lamellulae or with a few scattered lamellulae, subventricose, off-white; edges fimbriate, concolorous.- Stipe 12-28 x 0.3-0.5 mm, central, equal, cylindrical, wiry, tough, conspicuously pruinose overall, insititious; apex white, black elsewhere. Odor and taste not distinctive.
Basidiospores 8-11 x 4-5 µm, broadly subfusoid, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid.- Basidia 30-36 x 6-7 µm, subclavate to subcylindrical, 4-spored, clamped.- Cheilogloeocystidia abundant, 45-70 x 6-11 µm, tibiiform, capitulum 7-10 µm diam., thin-walled, hyaline, with reddish brown plasmatic pigment in KOH.- Pleurogloeocystidia absent. - Pileipellis a hymeniform layer of subcylindrical to clavate cells, 20-60 x 4-12 µm, thin-walled, hyaline, with orange resinous contents; capitate pileo-gloeocystidia absent.- Tissues inamyloid, non-gelatinous.- Caulocystidia of 2 types: a) caulogloeocystidia 30-70 x 8-10 µm, tibiiform to fusoid-capitate, thin-walled to thick-walled, capitulum 5-7 µm diam.; walls hyaline, with brown plasmatic pigment; b) scattered caulosetae, 50-60 x 8-10 µm, fusoid to lanceolate, acute, thick-walled (up to 1 µm diam); walls hyaline at stipe apex, brown elsewhere.- Clamp connections present.

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Solitary, on rotting twigs of Nothofagus fusca (Fagaceae), not on leaves. New Zealand.

Pileus 3-5 mm, hemisphaericus vel convexus, papilla obtusa centraliter instructus, subplicatus, minute pruinosus, subalbus vel pallide griseus. Lamellae adnexae, distantes, subalbidae. Stipes 12-28 x 0.3-0.5 mm, centralis, cylindricus, conspicue pruinosus, insiticius, apicaliter albus sursum niger. Odor saporque nulli. Basidiosporae 8-11 x 4-5 µm, late subfusoideae, leves, hylinae, inamyloideae. Basidia 30-36 x 6-7 µm, 4-spora. Cheilogloeocystidia 45-70 x 6-11 µm, tibiiformia, capitulo 7-10 µm diam. instructa, tenuitunicata, pigmento rubrobrunneo impleta. Pleurogloeocystidia nulla. Pileipellis hymeniformis, ex cellulis subcylindraceis clavatisque, 20-60 x 4-12 µm, tenuitunicatis, hyalinis, pigmento aurantiaco resinaceo instructis. Pileogloeocystidia capitata desunt. Trama inamyloideum, haud gelatinosum. Caulocystidia: a) 30-70 x 8-10 µm, tibiiformia vel fusoideocapitata, capitulo 5-7 µm diam., membrana hyalina et pigmento brunneo plasmatico instructa; b) 50-60 x 8-10 µm, cauloseta affines, fusoidea vel lanceolata, acuta, crassetunicata. Fibulae praesentes. Solitarius, ad ramos putridos Nothofagi fuscae. Nova Zelandia. Horak 67-254 (Holotypus, PDD).

Gloiocephala nothofagi displays a number of unusual features, including a pileipellis composed of subcylindrical gloeocystidioid cells of varying lengths but lacking projecting capitate gloeocystidia, and caulocystidia of two types, viz. capitate gloeocystidia like those in the hymenium, plus setae. This combination of characters is unique in Gloiocephala. The pigmented pileus would suggest placement in sect. Gloiocephala, subsect. Religiosae.
Macroscopically, G. nothofagi is reminescent of G. caucasica (Sing.) Singer, but the latter species differs in forming thick-walled, broadly clavate to sphaeropedunculate pileipellis cells, and ventricose-mucronate hymenial cystidia (fide Singer, 1937).

Material examined- - NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Prov. Westland, Ahaura, Kopara, 15 XII 1967, Horak 67-254 (Holotype, PDD; Isotype, SFSU, ZT).

Material examined. - NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Auckland, Waitakere Range, Kauri Park, 6 V 1981, Horak 522 (SFSU, ZT); Auckland, Waitakere Range, Swanson University Reserve, Farley Trail, 22 V 1990, R. H. Petersen 2687 (Paratype; TENN).

Pi1eus 5-25 mm, polymorphic, orbicular, fan-shaped, ear-shaped or conchiform; margin incurved; surface covered with conspicuous, concentric, tesselate ridges, dull, moist to dry, glabrous; texture strongly gelatinous-cartilaginous, tough; at first whitish to pale-ochre, slowly changing to deep reddish brown or copper brown in age. Context pale beige to pale ochre, strongly gelatinous, car-tilaginous.- Lamellae narrowly adnate, distant (3-8) with 2-4 series of lamellulae, strongly anastomosing or interconnected, transverse lamellulae often at a lower level, sometimes merulioid; white to off-white, becoming pinkish buff to pinkish cinnamon, eventually becoming concolorous with pileus surface; edges even, darker red or brown.- Stipe 1-3 x 1 mm, lateral or eccentric, rarely absent, cylindrical, equal, solid, conspicuously pruinose, insititious; concolorous with pileus.- Odor and taste not distinctive.
Basidiospores 10.0-14.5 x 6.5-8.0(-9.0) µm, elliptical to ovoid, with broad lateral apiculus, smooth, hyaline, often with strongly refractive red-brown globules, inamyloid, thin-walled.- Basidia 45-50 x 7-8 µm, elongate clavate to subcylindrical, 4-spored, clamped.- Basidio1es fusoid.- Chei1og1oeocystidia abundant (lamellar edge sterile), 40-60 x 4-6 µm, tibiiform to slender fusoid with capitate apex, capitulum 8-10 µm diam., or, slender clavate and non-capitate, hyaline, thin-walled, often with reddish brown plasmatic or coagulated pigment, upper portion often covered with reddish brown resinous exudate.-Pleurogloeocystidia absent.- Hymenial metuloids absent.- Pileipellis hymeniform, composed of Globulares-type cells plus pileogloeocystidia; Globulares-type cells 18-40 x 8-18 µm, clavate to broadly clavate, thin-walled, hyaline with reddish brown globular contents; pilogloeocystidia scattered, 35-52 x 3.5-5.0 µm, tibiiform, capitulum 6-8 µm diam., hyaline with reddish brown globular contents; reddish brown exudates adhering to surface of pileipellis; metuloids absent; diverticulate cells absent.- Pileal and lamellar tissue inamyloid, gelatinous.- Caulogloeocystidia like cheilogloeocystidia, but smaller.- Clamp connections present.

Habit, habitat and distribution.-Solitary, in groups on rotting leaves of Rhopalostylis sapida (Palmae). New Zealand, Sri Lanka.

Gloiocephala rubescens was described initially as a species of Campanella (Segedin, 1993) based on the observation of diverticulate pileipellis elements, gelatinous tissues and Campanella-like macromorphology. Examination of a paratype specimen collected by R. H. Petersen from which some of the protologue data were obtained, indicated that the pileipellis is not composed of a cutis of diverticulate hyphae (i.e., a Rameales-structure typical for Campanella), but rather is a hymeniform layer of clavate cells plus pileogloeocystidia (the pileipellis is often obscured by the adherent resinous reddish brown exudates from pilogloeocystidia and is therefore difficult to analyze). This pileipellis anatomy, in conjunction with tibiiform hymenial gloeocystidia with pigmented contents is diagnostic for the genus Gloiocephala and the species is formally transferred accordingly. The strongly anastomosing to nearly poroid hymenophore, small lateral stipe, color changes from white to reddish with age, and growth on palm fronds is diagnostic.
Gloiocephala rubescens belongs in sect. Gloiocephala, subsect. Macrosporae where it is most closely allied with G. palmarum Singer described from Bolivia. Gloiocephala palmarum differs in forming pilei with orange rather than red pigmentation, lamellae that are less intervenose and not at all poroid, narrower basidiospores (4.5-6.5 µm broad), and metuloid cystidia 55-135 µm long in the pileipellis and stipitipellis (fide Singer, 1960).

Material examined. - NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Prov. Otago, Dunedin, Leith Saddle, 20 VI 1953, Stevenson 921 (Holotype, K!); Prov. Canterbury, Springfield, Mt. Grey, Kowai Bush, 20 IX 1967, Horak 67-116 (SFSU, ZT; Grisellinia littoralis); Prov. Westland, Ahaura, Kopara, 30 III 1968, Horak 68-233 (ZT; Grisellinia littoralis); same location, 10 XII 1967, Horak 67-235 (SFSU, ZT; Pseudopanax crassifolium); Prov. Westland, Otira, Kelly's Creek, 22 III 1983, Horak 2066 (ZT, Grisellinia littoralis). - Chatham Islands: Taiko Camp, 8 III 1983, McKenzie (PDD).

Pi1eus 2-5 mm diam, hemispherical to convex when young, expanded with age to plano-convex, disc flat or with an inconspicuous obtuse papilla, subplicate towards the margin; surface dull, dry, glabrous; white, cream, yellow or cinnamon, with a pale reddish brown tinge in age. Texture membranaceous, tough; context very thin, concolorous with the surface.- Lamellae adnexed to adnate, subdistant (6-10) with 0-1 series of lamellulae, white to very pale cinnamnon; edges even, concolorous.- Stipe 7-15 x 0.3-0.4 mm, central, equal, cylindrical, wiry, minutely pruinose, insititious; apex white, black elsewhere; rhizomorphs absent.- Odor and taste not distinctive.
Basidiospores (8.5-)9-11 x (3.5-)4.0-5.0 µm, ellipsoid, narrowly ellipsoid or subfusoid, often curved in profile, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid.- Basidia 22-32 x 5-8 µm, subcylindrical to clavate, 4-spored, clamped.- Basidio1es 25-40 x 4-8 µm, fusoid, hyaline, thin-walled.
Chei1og1oeocystidia abundant, 25-40(-45) x 6-10 µm, fusoid to lageniform-capitate, apex up to 8 µm diam, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled, hyaline to pale yellow. Pleurogloeocystidia scattered, similar to cheilocystidia.- Pileipellis hymeniform, composed of Globulares-type gloeocystidioid cells, 15-30(-40) x 8-20 µm, broadly clavate to nearly sphaeropedunculate, smooth, thick-walled (1-2 µm), with reddish orange resinous contents and cell walls, overlaid by a reddish brown, resinous, amorphous layer of exudate.- Differentiated pileogloeocystidia absent.- Tissues inamyloid.- Caulogloeocystidia scattered, 20-35 x 6-10 µm, similar to cheilogloeocystidia, thin-walled to thick-walled, yellowish brown.

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Solitary, in groups on leaves of Grisellinia littoralis (Cornaceae) or Pseudopanax crassifolium (Scheffleraceae). New Zealand.

Gloiocephala xanthocephala is the Southern Hemisphere homologue to the Northern Hemisphere G. caucasica (Singer) Singer. Gloiocephala caucasica differs only subtly in forming a grey to greyish brown pileus, a pubescent stipe covered with thick-walled caulocystidia 40-108 x 10 µm, and basidiome formation on dicotyledonous leaves in Carinus-Quercus forests (fide Singer, 1937).

Material examined. - NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Prov. Wellington, Butterfly, 10 VII 1949, Stevenson 715 (Holotype, K).- South Island, Prov. Fjordland, Milford Sound, 1 IV 1969, Horak 69-200 (SFSU, ZT); Prov. Nelson, Whanganui Inlet, 16 V 1968, Horak 68463 (ZT).

Pileus 15-25(-40) mm diam, convex to obtusely convex-umbonate when young, expanding with age to plano-convex or plano-umbonate; disc radially wrinkled; margin non-striate, incurved and remaining so in age; surface dull, dry, conspicuously velutinous; evenly deep brown with sooty tones, dark chestnut, dark orangish brown or dark reddish brown. Texture membranaceous, tough; context white to cream.- Lamellae adnexed to adnate, close (27-32) with 1-2 series of lamellulae, broad (up to 3 mm), yellowish white to cream; edges fimbriate, reddish brown.- Stipe (20-)35-70 x 2-3(-4) mm, central, cylindrical, equal or gradually attenuated towards the apex, tough, hollow, dry, pruinose to minutely velutinous overall, non-insititious, base covered with dense, yellowish ochre mycelial strands or strigose hairs; apex cream to orange brown, grading to dark orangish brown to dark brown towards the base; context orangish brown.- Odor and taste unpleasant, weakly spermatic.
Basidiospores (9-)10-12 x 4.5-5.5 µm, ellipsoid to subfusoid, sometimes slightly curved in profile, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid. - Basidia 24-36 x 6-8 µm , cylindrical to subclavate, 4-spored, clamped. - Cheilocystidia common, of Siccus-type cells; main body 15-35 x 4-8 µm , cylindrical to subfusoid, moderately thick-walled (up to 0.5 µm), yellowish brown to brown; apical setulae 2-30 x 2-3 µm , cylindrical to needle-shaped, acute, thin-walled to thick-walled, hyaline to pale reddish brown.- Pleurocystidia and hymenial setae absent. - Pileipellis hymeniform, of Siccus-type cells; main body 15-35 x 5-10 µm, cylindrical to clavate or a irregular in outline, sometimes forked, thin-walled to thick-walled, yellowish brown to brown; apical setulae 5-25 x 1.0-2.5 µm, cylindrical to narrowly acute; or needle-shaped, thin-walled to thick-walled, brownish; pilosetae absent. - Pi1eus trama dextrinoid-. Lame11ar trama with oleiferous hyphae, weakly dextrinoid.- Stipe tissue monomitic; cortical hyphae cylindrical, thick-walled, orangish brown; medullary hyphae similar but thinner walled. - Cau1osetae common, 30-80 x 4-8 µm, fusoid, lanceolate or needle-shaped, sometimes branched, apex acute, firm-walled, orangish brown.- C1amp connections present.

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Solitary,onleaflitterofNothofagus solandri (Holotype), or on litter under Nothofagus fusca, N. menziesii, N. truncata (Fagaceae), Dacrydium cupressinum (Podocarpaceae), and Metrosideros umbellata (Myrtaceae). New Zealand.

Diagnostic features of M. atrocastaneus include: a convex-umbonate, non-striate, conspicuously velutinous, dark brown pileus; close, broad, cream-colored lamellae with reddish brown edges; a dark orangish brown to brown, velutinous, non-insititious stipe; pileipellis cells and cheilocystidia with very long, acute setulae; no pleurocystidia or hymenial setae; and abundant caulosetae. The presence of caulosetae and Siccus-type pileipellis elements indicate placement in sect. Sicci, series Atrorubentes. The New Zealand species appears most phenetically similar to M. umbrinus Pegler, described from east Africa. Marasmius umbrinus differs in forming longer and narrower basidiospores (11.5-15.0 x 3.3-4.8 µm), and Siccus-type caulocystidia with 1-8 apical setulae (fide Pegler, 1977).

NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Prov. Westland, Ahaura, Kopara, Nelson Creek, Bridge across Haupiri River, 11 II 1968, Horak 68-76 (ZT); Prov. Nelson, Murchison, Buller Gorge Bridge, 11 II 1969, Horak 69-59 (SFSU, ZT); Prov. Nelson, Murchison, Buller Bush, 14 V 1948, Stevenson in Horak 70-269 (ZT).- INDONESIA: Java, Bogor, Tjibodas, on rotting leaves of Freycinetia banksii (Pandanaceae) and Castanopsis sp. (Fagaceae), 1850 m, 15 III 1977, Horak 77-191 (SFSU, ZT).

Pi1eus 2-6 mm diam, hemispherical to convex when young, expanding with age to plano-convex; disc with or without an inconspicuous obtuse papilla; margin subplicate; surface dull, dry, glabrous to minutely innately fibrillose; disc brown, pale reddish brown elsewhere. Texture membranaceous, tough; context thin.- Lamellae subfree to adnexed, subdistant (11-13) with 1-2 series of lamellulae, narrow, white to cream with pale reddish tones; edges even, concolorous.- Stipe 15-30 x 0.3-0.5 mm, central, cylindrical, equal, glabrous, tough, insititious; orangish yellow overall, base developing pale reddish orange tones in age; with scattered yellow, wiry rhizomorphs.- Odor and taste not distinctive.
Basidiospores (5.5-)6.0-7.5 x (2.5-)3.0-3.5 µm, narrowly ellipsoid, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid-. Basidia 20-26 x 4-6 µm, cylindrical to subclavate, 4-spored, clamped.- Cheilocystidia common, (15)20-40 x 8-15(-25) µm, clavate, broadly clavate or sphaeropedunculate with numerous diverticula over the upper half, hyaline, thin-walled or apically thick-walled; diverticula 2-6 x 1-2 µm, cylindrical or irregular in outline, rarely forked, hyaline.- Pleurocystidia absent.- Pileipellis a subhymeniform layer of clavate to irregular, sometimes lobed cells 15-25 x 6-20 µm, densely diverticulate, yellowish brown, thin-walled; diverticula 2-7 x 1-21 µm, cylindrical or irregular in outline, rarely forked, pale yellowish brown.Pi1ea1 trama weakly dextrinoid; lamellar trama inamyloid.- Stipe tissue monomitic; cortical hyphae smooth, golden, strongly dextrinoid; medullary hyphae hyaline, dextrinoid.- Cau1ocystidia absent.- Clamp connections present.

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Solitary in groups, on rotting leaves of Nothofagus fusca (Fagaceae; holotype), Aristotelia serrata (Elaeocarpaceae), or Laurelia novaezelandiae (Lauraceae). Java, New Zealand.

Pileus 2-6 mm, convexus dein planoconvexus, rariter papilla obtusa instructus, subplicatus, glaber vel minute fibrillosus, brunneus ad discum sursum pallide castaneus. Lamellae adnexae vel subliberae, subdistantes, albae vel cremeae. Stipes 15-30 x 0.3-0.5 mm, centralis, cylindricus, glaber, insititius, pallide aurantioluteus, rhizomorphis luteis strigosis ad basim instructus. Odor saporque nulli. Basidiosporae 6.0-7.5 x 3.0-3.5 µm, anguste ellipsoideae, leves, hyalinae, inamyloideae. Basidia 20-26 x 4-6 µm, 4-spora. Cheilocystidia 20-40 x 8-15 µm, ex clavatis sphaeropedunculata, diverticulis cylindrcus vel irregularibus, 2-6 x 1-2 µm, instructa. Pleurocystidia nulla. Pileipellis subhymeniformis, ex cellulis clavatis, 1525 x 6-20 µm, valde diverticulatis, 2-7 x 1-2 µm, membrana tenuitunicata et pallide luteobrunnea instructa. Trama pilei subdextrinoideum. Hyphae stipitis corticales glabrae, aurantiacae, valde dextrinoideae. Caulocystidia nulla. Fibulae praesentes. Solitarius, ad folia putrida Nothofagi fuscae (holotypus), Aristoteliae serratae vel Laureliae novaezelandiae. Nova Zelandia. Horak 68-33 (Holotypus, PDD).

Marasmius aurantiobasalis is characterized by a reddish brown pileus, subdistant, non-marginate lamellae, a glabrous, orangish yellow stipe associated with yellow wiry rhizomorphs, relatively narrow basidiospores, broadly clavate and densely diverticulate cheilocystidia, a subhymeniform pileipellis of diverticulate_, terminal cells, no caulocystidia, and growth on leaves of dicotyledonous trees. The orangish yellow stipe contrasting with a reddish brown pileus is reminiscent of M. acicularis Berk. and M. straminipes Peck. Marasmius acicularis, described from the Bonin Islands, differs in forming a pileipellis composed of a hymeniform layer of Siccus-type cells and consequently belongs in sect. Sicci (Isotype, FH!). Marasmius straminipes from eastern North America differs in forming a paler pileus (often cream to pale greyish brown), slightly longer and broader basidiospores (6.5-10 x 3.2-4.5 µm), and more irregularly shaped and narrower cheilocystidia (Holotype, NYS!; see Desjardin & Petersen 1989b). A variety from New Caledonia with hispidulous stipe and numerous caulocystidia is described as M. aurantiobasalis var. hispidipes in Part I of this series on South Pacific marasmioid fungi.

NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Prov. Westland, Ahaura, Kopara, Nelson Creek, 17 I 1968, Horak 68-33 (Holotype, PDD; Isotype, SFSU, ZT)

Pileus 2-6 mm latus, hemisphaericus vel convexus, papilla obtusa vel nulla instructus, subplicatus, minute fibrillosus, pallide rubrobrunneus, ad discum obscurior. Lamellae subliberae vel adnexae, subdistantes, albae dein cremeae pallide roseae tinctae. Stipes 15-30 x 0.3-0.5 mm, aequalis, cylindricus, glaber, cartilagineus, insiticius, ochraceoaurantius, rhizomorphis luteis nonnullisque instructus. Basidiosporae (5.5-)6.0-7.5 x (2.5-)3.0-3.5 µm, anguste ellipsoideae, leves, hyalinae, inamyloideae. Basidia 20-26 x 4-6 µm, 4-spora. Cheilocystidia (15)20-40 x 8-10(-25) µm, clavata, hyalinia, diverticulis 2-6 x 1-2 µm longis, cylindraceis irregularibusque et membrana ad apicem subincrassata instructa. Pleurocystidia nulla. Pileipellis subhymeniformis ex cellulis clavatis vel irregulariter lobatis, 15-25 x 6-20 µm, membrana luteobrunnea et tenuitunicata instructa, diverticulis numerosis, 2-7 x 2 µm longis, cylindraceis vel irregularibus instructus. Trama pilei subdextrinoidea. Fibulae praesentes. Solitarius ad foliis putridis Nothofagi fuscae. Nova Zelandia. Holotypus: Horak 68-33 (PDD).

Marasmius aurantiobasalis var. aurantiobasalis is currently known only from New Zealand. A further accounting of the variety is presented in Part 2 of this series on South Pacific marasmioid fungi. As with the type variety (known only from New Zealand), var. hispidipes is easily recognized by the reddish brown pileus contrasting with a yellowish orange stipe, relatively narrow basidiospores, and growth on leaves of broad-leaved trees. Marasmius aurantiobasalis var. hispidipes differs from var. aurantiobasalis only in forming a hispidulous stipe covered with lanceolate, acute caulocystidia. The species is most closely allied with M. straminipes var. fibulatus Desjardin & Petersen, described from material collected on oak leaves in southeastern United States. The latter species differs from M. aurantiobasalis in forming a cream-colored to greyish brown pileus, slightly longer (6.5-10 µm) and broader (3.2-4.5 µm) basidiospores, and more irregularly shaped and narrower cheilocystidia (compare with #28 below; Desjardin & Petersen, 1989).

Material examined.- AUSTRALIA: NSW, Wyong, Watagan State Forest, on rotting leaves in rainforest dominated by Eucalyptus spp., 11 IV 1983, Horak 2181 (SFSU, ZT).- NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Wellington, Butterfly, 22 V 1949, Stevenson 555 (Holotype, K).- South Island, Prov. Westland, between Kumara and Mitchells, 9 III 1968, Horak 68-116 (SFSU, ZT).

Pileus 8-30 mm diam, hemispherical with incurved margin when young, expanding with age to convex, broadly convex or plano-convex, with or without ; a broadly obtuse umbo, non-striate; surface dull, dry, minutely velutinous; orangish brown overall when young, fading towards the margin in age. Context membranaceous, thin, white to pale orange.- Lamellae adnate to subemarginate, close (23-28) with 2-3 series of lamellulae, often anastomosing, moderately broad (1-2 mm), white at first changing to cream with age; edges even, concolorous.- Stipe 20-45 x 1-2 mm, central, terete, equal or gradually tapering towards the base, dull, dry, tough, fistulose, minutely pruinose (at least in upper portion), non-insititious, base attached to substrate with white or yellowish mycelial strands; cream to orange or orangish brown at the apex, grading to fuscous below; context brown at the base.- Odor and taste not distinctive.
Basidiospores (7.0)7.5-9.0 x 3.0-3.5(-4.0) µm, narrowly ellipsoid, sometimes curved in profile, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid. - Basidia 20-24 x 5-6 µm, cylindrical to subclavate, 4-spored, clamped.- Cheilocystidia common, of Siccus-type cells; main body 10-20 x 5-9 µm , polymorphic, subclavate to broadly clavate or irregular in outline, hyaline to yellowish, thin-walled; apical setulae 2-12 x 0.5-1.0 µm, cylindrical, hyaline.- Pleurocystidia absent.- Pileipellis hymeniform, not mottled, composed of Siccus-type cells; main body 14-25 x 5-10 µm, cylindrical to clavate, yellowish brown, base thin-walled, apex moderately thick-walled (up to 0.5 mm); apical setulae 3-20 x 1 µm , cylindrical to needle-like, thick-walled to solid, yellowish brown.- Pileal and lamellar trama dextrinoid. - Stipe tissue monomitic; cortical hyphae cylindrical, orangish brown, dextrinoid.- Caulocystidia common, of Siccus-type cells; main body 10-20 x 4-8 µm , polymorphic, hyaline to pale yellow, thin-walled to moderately thick-walled, with few to numerous apical setulae 5-30 x 1-2 µm, narrowly conical to needle-like.- Clamp connections present.

Habit, habitat and distribution.-Solitary, in groups on Nothofagus litter (holotype), or on leaf litter in forests dominated by Dacrydium, Quintinia and Weinmannia (Nothofagus absent). Australia, New Zealand.

Marasmius croceus is characterized by a smooth, orangish brown to bright saffron pileus, close, broad, non-marginate lamellae, a pruinose, orangish brown stipe, relatively small basidiospores, no pleurocystidia, and Siccus-type pileipellis cells and caulocystidia with long setulae. The species belongs in sect. Sicci series Leonini, where it is allied with M. leoninus Berk., M. abundans var. abundans Corner and M. sullivantii Mont. Marasmius leoninus, from South America, differs in forming a sulcate to deeply furrowed pileus, subdistant lamellae (12-16), a mottled pileipellis with numerous unpigmented cells, and more reduced caulocystidia (Holotype, K!). Marasmius abundans, from Malaya, differs in forming a sulcate-striate pileus, fewer lamellae (14-22), a glabrous stipe lacking caulocystidia, and larger basidiospores measuring 10-13 x 3-4 µm (fide Corner, 1996). Marasmius sullivantii from eastern North America, differs in forming a deep reddish brown to orangish red pileus, numerous fusoid pleurocystidia, cheilocystidia and pileipellis cells with shorter setulae (2.5-8.0 µm), and two types of caulocystidia (Holotype, PC!). Marasmius croceus is also similar to the Australian species Marasmius elegans (Cleland) Desjardin & E. Horak, comb. nov. [Basionym: Collybia elegans Cleland, Trans. Royal Soc. S. Australia 57: 187. 1933. Holotype: Mt. Lofty, AD #3788]. The latter species differs, however, in forming larger basidiospores (10.5-13.0 x 4.5-6.0 µm), pileipellis cells with shorter setulae (2-8 µm long), and irregularly cylindrical, thick-walled caulocystidia instead of Siccus-type caulocystidia (Holotype, AD!).

Material examined - NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Prov. Wellington, Butterfly, 11 II 1958, Curran in Stevenson 1247 (Holotype, K); Prov. North Auckland, Little Barrier Island, Tirikawa Stream, 14 VI 1981, Horak 949 (SFSU, ZT).- South Island, Prov. Westland, Rotomanu, Lady Lake, 25 III 1983, Horak 2101 (SFSU, ZT).

Pileus 5-20 mm diam, hemispherical to convex when young, expanding in age to plano-convex with a slightly depressed disc, with or without an indistinct obtuse umbo, subplicate towards the margin; surface dull, dry, minutely granular-punctate especially over the disc; pale beige-brown with reddish brown tones when young, disc remaining so in age, becoming paler towards the margin. Texture tough, membranaceous context thin, buff to pale concolorous with pileus surface.- Lamellae adnate to slightly subdecurrent, subdistant (912) with 2-series of lamellulae, up to 1.5 mm wide, often anastomosing, off-white to pale cream or pale beige; edges fimbriate, concolorous.- Stipe 6-15 x 0.5-1.0 mm, central or seldom eccentric, cylindrical, equal or slightly attenuated towards the base, apex granulose, base glabrous, tough, solid, insititious, apex orangish brown to dark reddish brown, almost black near the base; rhizomorphs absent.- Odor and taste strong, like garlic.
Basidiospores 7-8(-10) x 4.0-4.5(-5.0) µm, ellipsoid, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid.- Basidia 20-40 x 5-6 µm, cylindrical to subclavate, 4-spored, clamped.- Cheilocystidia 15-30x6-10 µm , polymorphic, subcylindrical, clavate or irregular in outline, hyaline, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled (up to 0.5 µm); apical diverticula 1-7 x 1-2 µm , irregular in outline, often nodulose or forked, hyaline.- Pleurocystidia absent.Pileipellis a loosely organized, hymeniform layer of clavate to irregularly shaped cells, 20-50 x 7-15 µm, some with broad lobes or outgrowths, some irregularly roughened, thin-walled to thick-walled (up to 1.0 µm), yellowish brown, inamyloid; cells on disc more tightly organized.- Pileus tramal hyphae thin-walled to thick-walled, subgelatinous, inamyloid.- Stipe tissue monomitic; cortical hyphae cylindrical, thick-walled, roughened, yellowish brown, inamyloid.-Caulocystidia absent.-Clamp connections present.

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Solitary, in groups on rotting bark of twigs or logs of myrtaceous trees (Leptospermum sp. or Metrosideros umbellata). Host substrate for type unknown.

Marasmius curranii is characterized by the following features: a small, convex, beige-brown pileus; subdistant lamellae (9-12); a short, glabrous, reddish brown, insititious stipe; strong alliaceous odor and taste; growth on myrtaceous wood; relatively small basidiospores; diverticulate cheilocystidia; inamyloid tisues; and a hymeniform pileipellis of smooth or seldom nodose clavate cells. In combination, these features indicate placement in sect. Chordales, not sect. Globulares as suggested by Stevenson (1964).
Marasmius curranii is the New Zealand homologue to the north temperate M. scorodonius (Fr.: Fr.) Fr. The latter species differs only subtly from M. curranii in forming more robust basidiomes with yellowish brown pilei 15-30 mm broad and stipes 40-60 x 1-3 mm, crowded lamellae (15-30), and slightly longer basidiospores (8-10 µm; mean = 8.5-9.0 µm). The smaller M. scorodonius var. virgultorum Malengon & Bertault (1975), described from Morocco, may be a later synonym of M. curranii. In the Southern Hemisphere, M. curranii is allied with M. cinnamoneus Cleland (1934), a species described from material collected on Eucalyptus bark in Australia. Marasmius cinnamoneus differs, however, in lacking a garlic odor in fresh or dried material, and in forming larger basidiospores measuring 9-12 x 4.5-6.0 µm (isotype and two syntypes, AD!).

Pileus 2-3 mm diam, hemispherical to convex, disc not depressed, papilla absent, margin plicate and scalloped; surface dull, dry, glabrous; evenly dark brown to dark reddish brown. Texture membranaceous; context thin, concolorous with pileus surface.- Lamellae adnexed to almost free, subdistant (610), lamellulae absent, ventricose, off-white; edges even, concolorous.- Stipe10-25 x 0.2-0.4 mm, central, equal, wiry, tough, glabrous, polished, insititious; black overall; rhizomorphs absent.- Odor and tastenot distinctive.
Basidiospores 8.5-11.5 x 4-5 µm, ellipsoid, sometimes slightly curved in profile, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid.- Basidia 18-22 x 8-10 µm, clavate, 4-spored, clamped.- Cheilocystidiaof 2 types: a) scattered Rotalis-type cells 12-20 x 6-10 µm, broadly clavate, apically brown; divergent setulae 1-3 x 1 µm, cylindrical; b) 25-32 x 5-7 µm, fusoid to lanceolate, apex acute or subcapitate, hyaline, thin-walled.- Pleurocystidia absent. Pileipellis hymeniform, slightly mottled, composed of Rotalis-type cells; main body 12-20 x 7-15 µm, clavate, thick-walled, brown to reddish brown; divergent setulae 1-3 x 1 µm, cylindrical; on pileus disc thick-walled, clavate pileocystidia projecting beyond the Rotalis-type cells, 30-50 x 10-20 µm, covered with reddish brown, coarsely roughened, resinous incrustations.- Pileal and tramal tissue inamyloid.- Stipe tissue monomitic; cortical hyphae parallel, cylindrical, smooth or rougened.- Caulocystidia absent. Clamp connections present.

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Solitary, in groups on rotting leaves of Cordyline (Agavaceae). New Zealand.

Pileus 2-3 mm, hemisphaericus vel convexus, plicatus, glaber, fuscus vel castaneus. Lamellae adnexae vel subliberae, subdistantes, subalbidae. Stipes 10-25 x 0.2-0.4 mm, centralis, cylindricus, glaber, insititius, niger, rhizomorpha nulla. Odor saporque nulli. Basidiosporae 8.5-11.5 x 4-5 µm, ellipsoideae, leves, hyalinae, inamyloideae. Basidia 18-22 x 8-10 µm, 4spora. Cheilocystidia: a) typi Rotalis, 12-20 x 6-10 µm, late clavata, setulis cylindricis divergentibus, 1-3 x 1 µm, intructa; b) 25-32 x 5-7 µm, fusoidea vel lanceolata, apicaliter acuta vel subcapitata. Pleurocystidia nulla. Pileipellis hymeniformis typi Rotalis, ex cellulis clavatis 12-20 x 7-15 µm, setulis cylindraceis divergentibus, 1-3 x 1 µm, instructis, membrana crassa, brunnea vel castanea instructis. Pileocystidia typi Rotalis, 30-50 x 10-20 µm, clavata, materia castanea resinosa incrustata. Trama pilei et lamellarum inamyloideum. Hyphae stipitis corticales glabrae vel rugosae. Caulocystidia nulla. Fibulae praesentes. Solitarius, ad folia putrida Cordylinidis. Nova Zelandia. Horak 67-140 (Holotypus, PDD).

Diagnostic features of Marasmius exustoides include the following: small, convex, plicate, dark reddish brown pileus; non-collariate, non-marginate, subdistant, white lamellae; a relatively short, glabrous, insititious, black stipe; basidiospores 8.5-11.0 x 4-5 µm; two types of cheilocystidia; a pileus disc with clavate pileosclerocystidia covered with reddish brown, coarsely roughened, resinous incrustations; smooth to roughened but non-setulose stipe cortical hyphae; and growth on leaves of Cordyline. Marasmius exustoides is similar to M. exustus Berk. & M. A. Curtis, M. crescentiae Murrill, M. minutus Peck, and M. kroumirensis (Pat.) Sacc. & Sydow. Marasmius exustus, from the Bonin Islands, differs in forming much smaller basidiospores (6.5-8.0 x 4-5 µm), grows on dicotyledonous leaves, and lacks pileosclerocystidia on the pileus disc (Isotype, FH!). Marasmius crescentiae, from South America and Papua New Guinea, differs in forming paler and more yellowish brown pilei, smaller basidiospores (7.5-8.5 x 3.5-4.0 µm), has scattered pleurocystidia, densely setulose stipe cortical hyphae, and fusoid-lageniform pileoleptocystidia but no clavate pileosclerocystidia (Holotype, NY!). Marasmius minutus, from eastern North America and Europe, differs in forming smaller basidiospores 6.0-9.5 x 3-4 µm, numerous fusiform to lageniform pleurocystidia and pileoleptocystidia, setulose stipe cortical hyphae, and grows on dicotyledonous debris (Holotype, NYS!). Marasmius kroumirensis, from northern Africa, differs in forming only Rotalis-type cheilocystidia, and in having numerous fusiform to lanceolate pleurocystidia. Other micromorphological data of M. kroumirensis are unavailable because the species is known only from a single fragmented basidiome of the holotype specimen (fide Pegler, 1966).

Material examined -- NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Prov. Canterbury, Springfield, Mt. Grey, Kowai Bush, 28 IX 1967, Horak 67-140 (Holotype, PDD; Isotype, SFSU, ZT).

Material examined. - NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Prov. South Auckland, Rotorua, Lake Ngapouri, 3 IX 1960, Fish in Taylor 39 (Holotype, K !).- South Island, Prov. Canterbury, Springfield, Mt. Grey, Kowai Bush, 22 IX 1967, Horak 67-128 (SFSU, ZT).

Pileus 1.5-3.0 mm diam, hemispherical to convex, disc not depressed, papilla absent, margin strongly plicate and scalloped; surface dull, dry, glabrous; deep reddish brown to chestnut brown overall. Texture membranaceous; context very thin, dingy buff to concolorous with the surface.- Lamellae adnexed to subfree, distant (6-7), lamellulae absent, narrow, white; edges even, concolorous.- Stipe 5-14 x 0.2-0.3 mm, central, equal, wiry, tough, glabrous, insititious, black overall; rhizomorphs absent.- Odor and taste not distinctive.
Basidiospores11.5-13 x 6.5-7.0 µm, broadly ellipsoid to broadly fusoid, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid.- Basidia 25-35 x 10-11 µm, 4-spored, clavate, clamped.- Cheilocystidia of 2 types: a) Rotalis-type cells 15-20 x 8-12 µm, broadly clavate, hyaline; divergent setulae 1-2 x 1 µm, cylindrical, hyaline; b) 30-45 x 6-10 µm, fusoid to lageniform-lanceolate, hyaline, thin-walled.- Pleurocystidia absent.- Pileipellis hymeniform, mottled, composed of Rotalis-type cells; main body 12-25 x 6-16 µm, apically dark red-brown and thick-walled (up to 4 µm), base hyaline and thin-walled; divergent setulae 1-3 x 1 µm, cylindrical.- Pileocystidia absent.- Tissues inamyloid, non-gelatinous.- Stipe tissue monomitic; cortical hyphae parallel, cylindrical, smooth to roughened, not setulose.- Caulocystidia absent.-Clamp connections present.

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Solitary, in groups on rotting leaves of Phormium tenax (Agavaceae). New Zealand.

Marasmius fishii forms minute basidiomes with deep reddish brown pilei, non-collariate and non-marginate lamellae, a short, black, glabrous, insititious stipe, growth on Phormium leaves, large basidiospores, two types of cheilocystidia, smooth stipe cortical hyphae, and the absence pileocystidia, pleurocystidia and caulocystidia. The species is macromorphologically similar to M. minutus Peck, an uncommon species from eastern North America and Europe. Marasmius minutus differs, however, in forming much smaller basidiospores 6.0-9.5 x 3-4 µm, numerous fusiform to lageniform pleurocystidia and pileocystidia, setulose stipe cortical hyphae, and grows on dicotyledonous debris (Holotype, NYS!). In the field, M. fishii might be confused with M. exustoides Desjardin & E. Horak which also grows on monocotyledonous leaves (Cordyline), but the latter species differs in forming narrower basidiospores (4-5 µm broad), and large, clavate pileosclerocystidia with coarse reddish brown incrustations on the pileus disc.

Pi1eus 6-14 mm diam, hemispherical to convex when young, expanding with age to plano-convex with a flat or subdepressed disc; margin decurved, plicate; surface dull, dry, glabrous; beige to pale reddish brown with a fuscous disc. Texture tough, membranaceous; context thin.- Lamellae adnate, subdistant (11-13) with 2-series of lamellulae, often anastomosing, moderately broad (up to 2 mm), beige; edges even, concolorous.- Stipe12-25 x 0.4-0.7 mm, central, equal or gradually tapering towards the base, often twisted, wiry, glabrous when dry, in wet condition covered with a thick, hyaline, gelatinous coat, insititious; white to beige at the apex, black elsewhere; rhizomorphs absent.- Odor and taste not distinctive.
Basidiospores 6-8 x 3-3.5 µm, narrowly ellipsoid, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid.- Basidia 25-32 x 5-6 µm, cylindrical to subclavate, 4-spored, clamped.- Basidio1es 25-35 x 5-6 µm, fusoid, thin-walled, hyaline.- Cheilocystidia absent.- Pleurocystidia absent.Pileipellis a Rameales-structure with suberect to erect, diverticulate terminal cells, 10-25 x 4-10 µm , irregularly cylindrical, often lobed, hyaline; diverticula 2-3 x 0.5-1.0 µm , irregularly cylindrical, hyaline; subcutis composed of interwoven, cylindrical hyphae with brown incrusting pigment.- Pileal and lamellar t rama tissues inamyloid.-Stipe tissues monomitic; cortical hyphae roughened, thick-walled, gelatinous, dark brown, dextrinoid; medullary hyphae weakly hyaline, dextrinoid.- Cau1ocystidia absent. - Clamp connections present.

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Solitary or cespitose on rotten bark and leaves of Nothofagus menziesii (Fagaceae). New Zealand.

Pileus 6-14 mm, convexus vel planus et disco subdepresso instructus, plicatus, glaber, ex argillaceo pallide castaneus vel fuscus. Lamellae adnatae, subdistantes, frequenter anastomosantes. Stipes 12-25 x 0.4-0.7 mm, centralis, cylindricus, gelatinoviscidus m statu humido solo, mox siccus, glaber, insititius, apicaliter ex albo argillaceus sursum niger, rhizomorpha nulla. Odor saporque nulli. Basidiosporae 6-8 x 3-3.5 µm, anguste ellipsoideae, leves, hyalinae, inamyloideae. Basidia 25-32 x 5-6 µm , 4-spora. Cheilocystidia et pleurocystidia nulla. Pileipellis typi Ramealium, ex cellulis diverticulatis, 10-25 x 4-10 µm, saepe lobatis, membrana hyalina, diverticulis 2-3 x 0.5-1.0 µm instructa, hyphae subcuticulares pigmento brunneo incrustatae. Trama pilei et lamellarum inamyloideum. Hyphae stipitis corticales gelatinosae, fuscae, dextrinoideae. Caulocystidia nulla. Fibulae praesentes. Solitarius vel caespitosus, ad corticem et folia putrida Nothofagi menziesii. Nova Zelandia. Horak 69-217 (Holotypus, PDD).

As the epithet implies, the most unusual feature of M. gelatinosipes is a strongly gelatinous stipe surface when wet and corresponding gelatinous stipe cortical hyphae. The absence of cheilocystidia is also unusual although not unique to this species. Overlooking these two taxonomically important features, M. gelatinosipes is similar to M. pilgerodendri Singer, another species that sporulates on leaves of Nothofagus. Marasmius pilgerodendri, described from Argentina, differs in forming a paler pileus, non-gelatinous stipe, and forms diverticulate cheilocystidia.

Material examined. - NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Prov. Fjordland, Milford Sound, near Homer Tunnel, 1 IV 1969, Horak 69-217 (Holotype, PDD; Isotype, SFSU, ZT).

Reported to occur on fallen leaves and wood in the Bush District, North Island (Colenso 1890; Massee 1898a). Although no New Zealand material has been located for study, we suspect that the species may occur in subtropical habitats and we have included it in the key. For a description, illustrations and commentary refer to Part I of this series on South Pacific Marasmii (#18).

Material examined. - NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Little Barrier Island, Summit Track, 10 VI 1981, Horak 985 (SFSU, ZT; on L. scoparium).- South Island, Prov. Nelson, Puramahoi, 20 IV 1955, Rea in Stevenson 984 (Holotype, K); Prov. Nelson, Puponga 17 V 1968, Horak 68-469 (SFSU, ZT; on K. ericoides); Prov. Otago, Lewis Pass, 15 III 1983, Horak 2002 (SFSU, ZT; on D. bidwillu); Prov. Westland, Ahaura, Kopara, 12 XII 1967, Horak 67-245 (SFSU, ZT; on N. fusca and Quintinia).

Pileus 2-5 mm diam, hemispherical to convex when young, expanding with age to plano-convex with a flat to depressed disc, with or without a inconspicuous conical papilla; margin decurved, plicate; surface dull, dry, glabrous to minutely pruinose; disc greyish lilac, sooty brown or dark brown, becoming beige with pale reddish brown tones towards the margin. Texture tough, membranaceous; context thin, buff.- Lamellae adnexed, close to subdistant (9-11) with 1-2 series of lamellulae, noncollariate or seldom with a pseudocollarium, buff, beige or pale brown with reddish tone; edges fimbriate, concolorous.- Stipe 10-30 x 0.3-0.5 mm, central, cylindrical, equal, wiry, tough, glabrous, insititious; apex pale brown, blackish brown elsewhere; black rhizomorphs present.- Odor and taste not distinctive.
Basidiospores 6-9 x 2.5-3.5 µm, narrowly ellipsoid, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid, Basidia 17-24 x 5-6 µm, subclavate, 4-spored, clamped.- Cheilocystidia 12-25 x 5-8 µm , subclavate, seldom lobate, apically diverticulate, hyaline, thin-walled; diverticula 2-5 x 1.0-1.5 µm, cylindrical to irregular in outline, seldom forked, hyaline.- Pleurocystidia absent.- Pileipellis subhymeniform on the disc, a loose Rameales-structure on the margin, with diverticulate terminal cells; main body of terminal cells 1535 x 5-10 µm, clavate or irregular in outline, sometimes lobed, hyaline; diverticula 1-4 x 1.0-1.5 µm, cylindrical to irregular in outline, seldom forked, hyaline; subtending cells and subcuticular hyphae with pale brown pigment incrustations, non-gelatinous.- Pileal and lamellar trama hyphae inamyloid.- Stipe tissue monomitic; cortical hyphae smooth to roughened, some pigment-incrusted, brown, dextrinoid; medullary hyphae hyaline, inamyloid to dextrinoid.- Caulocystidia absent.- Clamp connectins present.

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Solitary, on fallen leaves of Kunzea (Leptospermum) ericoides (Holotype), Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae) or Dacrydium bidwilli (Podocarpaceae), or on Nothofagus fusca (Fagaceae) or Quintinia sp. (Escalloniaceae). New Zealand, Tasmania.

Marasmius kanukaneus produces basidiomes on a number of different substrates. The holotype specimen was collected on leaves of Leptospermum and we have collected several other specimens on this substrate. Specimens have also been collected on Dacrydium, Nothofagus and Quintinia. We can find no significant differences between M. kanukaneus and M. tasmaniensis Singer (1989), a species described recently from material collected on Nothofagus leaves in Tasmania and we consider the two species conspecific (Holotype of M. tasmaniensis, F!).
Like M. rimuphilus, M. kanukaneus may have been the species reported from New Zealand as M. androsaceus by Colenso (1886). Marasmius androsaceus differs primarily in forming broader basidiospores (3.5-5.0 µm), and more deeply pigment and densely incrusted pileipellis hyphae. The latter temperate Northern Hemisphere morphospecies is actually a complex of macromorphologically indistinguishable taxa, differing in culture morphology (Desjardin, 1990), mating compatibility (S. Gordon, unpubl. data), and molecular sequence (Desjardin, unpubl. data). Until more research is conducted on this confusing group, we prefer to retain M. kanukaneus as distinct from phenetically similar taxa.

Material examined. - NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Prov. Canterbury, Arthur's Pass, 7 VI 1954, R. Mason (Stevenson 959; Holotype, K).

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Scattered on leaves and twigs of Nothofagus. New Zealand.

Marasmius masonii forms very small, fawn to buff colored pilei, subdistant, narrow lamellae, a glabrous, brown, insititious stipe lacking rhizomorphs, relatively broad basidiospores (4-5 µm ), diverticulate cheilocystidia, a Rameales-type pileipellis, no caulocystidia, and growth on Nothofagus debris. It is allied with M. kanukaneus G. Stevenson and M. yalae Singer. Marasmius kanukaneus (#32 below), also described from New Zealand, differs in forming a darker pileus, wiry black rhizomorphs associated with basidiomes, and much narrower basidiospores (2.5-3.5 µm) (Holotype: K!). Marasmius yalae, described from Argentina and reported in Part I of this series from Papua New Guinea, differs primarily in forming much narrower basidiospores (2.5-3.0 µm), lacks pigment-incrusted stipe cortical hyphae, and sporulates on leaves of Alnus and Araucaria (Holotype: F!). Stevenson (1964) reported the basidiospores of M. masonii as measuring 5 x 3 µm; our analysis of the holotype specimen indicate the basidiospores are larger, measuring 7.5-9.0 x 4-5 µm. Another Australasian species, M. lignyodes Berk., with similar sized basidiospores (viz. 8.0-9.5 x 4.0-4.8 µm), differs in forming a much darker brown pileus with dense brown pigment incrustations, and forms basidiomes on leaves of Eucalyptus (Holotype: K!).

Material examined- - NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Prov. Nelson, Murchison, Matakitaki, 28 II 969, Horak 69-32 (on Pseudopanax) (SFSU, ZT); Prov. Westland, Ahaura, Kopara, 9 XII 1967, Horak 67-228 (on Pseudopanax) (ZT); Prov. Nelson, Murchison, Matakitaki, 10 II 1969, Horak 69-57 (on Pittosporum) (SFSU, ZT).

Pileus 2-5(-7) mm diam, hemispherical to convex throughout maturation, disc neither depressed nor papillate, margin plicate; surface dull, dry, glabrous; evenly rusty brown to pale soot brown, or with a darker disc, dried orange to pale orangish brown. Texture tough, membranaceous; context very thin. Lamellae subfree to adnexed, subdistant (9-12), lamellulae absent, seldom with 1-series, white to cream; edges even, pale rusty brown to pale brown. - Stipe15-60(-75) x 0.3-0.5 mm, central, cylindrical, equal, wiry, glabrous, shining, insititious, apex cream, black elsewhere; rhizomorphs absent.- Odor and taste not distinctive.
Basidiospores 9-11(-12) x (3.5-)4.0-5.0(-5.5) µm, ellipsoid to subfusoid, sometimes slightly curved in profile, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid.- Basidia 18-30 x 7-9 µm, clavate, 4-spored, clamped. - Cheilocystidiaof 2 types: a) Rotalis-type cells with main body 12-30 x 8-15 µm, broadly clavate, hyaline, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled; divergent setulae 1-2 x 0.5-1.0 µm, cylindrical, thin-walled to thick-walled, hyaline to pale tawny; b) fusoid to ventricose cystidia with elongate neck, 20-36 x 4-10 µm, thin-walled, hyaline.- Pleurocystidia absent.- Pileipellis hymeniform, not mottled, composed of Rotalis-type cells; main body (10-)15-25 x 7-12 µm, clavate to broadly clavate, reddish brown, thick-walled (1-4 µm ); divergent setulae 1-2 x 0.5-1.0 µm , cylindrical; some cells lacking setulae interspersed among Rotalis-type cells; pileocystidia absent.- Pileal and tramal tissue inamyloid, Stipe tissue monomitic; cortical hyphae cylindrical, densely setulose at stipe apex, smooth or with scattered setulae at stipe base, brown, dextrinoid.- Caulocystidia absent.- Clamp connections present.

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Solitary, in groups on rotting leaves of Pseudopanax crassifolium (Scheffleraceae) or Pittosporum eugenioides (Pittosporaceae). Malaya, New Zealand, Sri Lanka.

Marasmius micraster is characterized by convex, plicate, rusty brown to soot brown pilei (yellowish brown to blackish brown in Sri Lankan material), subdistant (9-12), non-collariate lamellae with brownish edges, a long (15-60 mm), glabrous, insititious stipe, basidiospores 9-11 x 4-5 µm, two types of cheilocystidia, and the absence of both pileocystidia and caulocystidia. Marasmius micraster is most closely allied with the southern European M. corbariensis (Roum.) Singer, which differs only in forming strongly intervenose, non-marginate lamellae, a furfuraceous stipe, and scattered pleurocystidia. Marasmius sphaerodermatoides Singer, described from Argentina, is also similar, but differs in forming shorter basidiospores (7-8 µm long), scattered pleurocystidia, and two types of caulocystidia (fide Singer, 1989).
Marasmius micraster was first described from Sri Lanka (Petch, 1948), with pilei reported as 2-3 mm diam and stipes 10-30 mm long. Apparently there is a wide range of basidiome size exhibited by M. micraster. For example, of the two specimens collected on Pseudopanax leaves, Horak # 67-228 forms pilei 23 mm diam and stipes 15-30 mm long, whereas Horak # 69-32 forms pilei 4-7 mm diam and stipes 30-75 mm long. Moreover, the basidiospores of the material collected on Pittosporum leaves (Horak # 69-57) are narrower than those of the material collected on Pseudopanax, measuring 10-12 x 3.5-4.0 µm vs. 9-11 x 4.0-5.0 respectively. Because all other features are indistinguishable, we do not consider these differences taxonomically significant. Corner (1996) recently described M. micraster var. brevipes Corner from Singapore, differing only in forming a short stipe (6-10 mm) and fewer lamellae (4-7).

Material examined- - NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Prov. Nelson, Nelson, D. Read, 19 IV 1956 (K).- North Island, Prov. Wellington, Wellington, Karori, Stevenson, 15 X 1948 (Holotype of Collybia subclusilis, K!).

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Solitary or seldom subcespitose, often in fairy rings, in pastures or lawns. Cosmopolitan, undoubtedly introduced to New Zealand.

Reported from New Zealand by Birch (1937) and Stevenson (1964). Selected Literature.- Antonin & Noordeloos (1993); Gilliam (1976); Singer (1965, 1976).

Material examined. - NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Prov. Taranaki, Mt. Egmont N.P., Stratford Lodge, 12 VI 1968, Horak 68-536 (ZT; on W. racemosa).- South Island, Prov. Otago, Dunedin, Woodside, 1 VII 1953, Morrison in Stevenson 923 (Holotype, K); Prov. Southland, Te Anau, 1 III 1983, Horak 1931 (SFSU, ZT); Prov. Westland, Ahaura, Kopara, Nelson Creek, 17 II 968, Horak 68-25 (ZT); Prov. Nelson, Lake Rotoroa, 24 I 1969, Horak 69-12 (SFSU, ZT).

Pi1eus 10-35 mm diam, convex when young, expanding with age to planoconvex with a flat to depressed disc; margin conspicuously striate to plicate, incurved; surface dull, dry, minutely pruinose to fibrillose; dark brown to pale reddish brown overall when young, sometimes with a yellowish brown tone, fading in age or with moisture loss to pinkish fawn. Texture membranaceous, tough; context thin, white.- Lamellae broadly adnate to subdecurrent, subdistant (16-20) with 2-3 series of lamellulae, broad (up to 3.5 mm), cream to apricot or pale reddish brown; edges fimbriate, concolorous.- Stipe7-30 x 1-2 mm, central or occasionally eccentric, cylindrical, equal or with a flared apex, curved, fistulose, tough, apex minutely pruinose, glabrous elsewhere, insititious; pale reddish brown to dark reddish brown or black overall; rhizomorphs absent.- Odor and taste not distinctive.
Basidiospores 4.0-5.5(-6.5) x 2.0-3.0 µm, ellipsoid, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid-. Basidia 20-35 x 4-5 µm, cylindrical to subclavate, 4-spored, clamped.- Cheilocystidia abundant, 20-40(-50) x 818(-24) µm, clavate to broadly clavate or irregular in outline, hyaline, thin-walled, with few, scattered, apical knob-like diverticula, 1-4 x 1-3 µm.Pleurocystidia absent.- Pileipellis subhymeniform over the disc, a cutis towards the margin; terminal cells 20-50 x 10-26 µm , clavate to irregular in outline, erect, suberect or repent, diverticulate, hyaline, thin-walled, inamyloid; diverticula 1-4 x 1-3 µm , knob-like, hyaline.- Pi1ea1 trama of loosely interwoven hyphae; hyphae cylindrical to sinous, non-gelatinized, hya line, inamyloid, very thick-walled, some with nearly no lumen.- Stipe tissue monomitic; cortical hyphae cylindrical, roughened or with short diverticula, thin-walled, dextrinoid; medullary hyphae, thin-walled to thick-walled, dextrinoid.- Cau1ocystidia 25-55 x 7-16 µm, polymorphic, similar to cheilocystidia, rare at stipe apex, clavate to sphaeropedunculate, hyaline, thinwalled to moderately thick-walled.

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Solitary, ingroups on mossy bark of Nothofagus spp. (N. fucua, N. menziesii; Fagaceae) or Weinmannia racemosa (Cunoniaceae). New Zealand.

Marasmius otagoensis has the aspect and coriaceous texture of a Micromphale species, but the non-gelatinized tramal tissues, subhymeniform pileipellis with clavate terminal cells and scattered diverticula, and dextrinoid stipe tissues indicate placement in Marasmius sect. Androsacei. Stevenson (1964) reported the basidiospores as measuring 7-10 x 3 µm . Our analysis of the holotype specimen indicate that the basidiospores are much smaller, measuring 4.5-6.5 x 2.0-2.5 µm , with only a few longer spores (up to 9.0 µm) possibly from 2-spored basidia. The species is fairly common growing on moss covered bark of Nothofagus.

Material examined. - NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Prov. North Auckland, Waipoua, Kauri Reserve, 22 VI 1981, Horak 1113 (SFSU, ZT).

Pileus 1.5-3.0 mm diam, hemispherical to convex throughout maturation, disc flat or depressed, with an acute, conical papilla, margin weakly plicate; surface dull, dry, minutely pruinose; off white to cream with a fuscous papilla. - Lamellae collariate, distant to remote (5-7), lamellulae absent, white; edges subfimbriate, white.- Stipe 10-25 x 0.2-0.3 mm, central, equal, wiry, glabrous, tough, arising directly from black rhizomorphs or erumpent from substrate, often with 1 or more V-shaped nodes along length of stem or at the base; apex white, blackish brown elsewhere.- Odor and taste not distinctive.
Basidiospores 8.0-10.5 x 4.5-5.5 µm, ellipsoid, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid.- Basidia 30-36 x 5-7 µm, cylindrical to subclavate, 4spored, clamped.- Cheilocystidia abundant, of Siccus-type cells, 8-12 x 4-7 µm, hyaline, otherwise similar to the pileipellis cells.- Pleurocystidia absent.- Pileipellis hymeniform, composed of Siccus-type cells; main body 8-12 x 4-7 µm, subcylindrical to clavate, hyaline to very pale yellowish brown, thin-walled to slightly apically thick-walled; apical setulae, 1-4 x 0.5-1.0 µm, irregularly cylindrical, hyaline to pale yellowish brown; cells from papilla thick-walled, brown, with few setulae.- Pileal and lamellar trama inamyloid.- Stipe tissue monomitic; cortical hyphae parallel, cylindrical, smooth, brown, dextrinoid; medullary hyphae similar but paler, dextrinoid.- Caulocystidia absent.-Clamp connections present.

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Solitary, in groups on rotting leaves of Beilschmiedia taraire (Lauraceae). Argentina, New Zealand.

Marasmius pallenticeps, described originally from material collected in Argentina, is characterized by tiny, white pilei with a prominent fuscous papilla, distant (5-7) collariate lamellae with white edges, a relatively long (10-25 mm) black stipe that arises directly from rhizomorphs and has one or more V-shaped nodes along its length or at its base, relatively large basidiospores, and small Siccus-type pileipellis cells and cheilocystidia. Marasmius pallenticeps belongs in sect. Marasmius subsect. Sicciformes.
There are a number of species with tiny, white pilei with dark central papilla whose basidiomes are formed directly from rhizomorphs, including M. multiceps Berk. & M. A. Curtis from Cuba and Central America and M. cupressi formis Berk. from Brazil and Zaire. Marasmius multiceps differs in forming more numerous lamellae (9-16), smaller basidiospores (6.0-8.5 x 2.0-3.5 µm), and Rotalis-type pileipellis cells 9.0-12.5 µm diam (Isotype FH!). Marasmius cupressiformis differs in forming much shorter stipes (1-4 mm long), smaller basidiospores (6.0-8.5 x 3.5-4.5 µm), and two types of pileipellis cells, viz. broad Rotalis-type cells and Siccus-type cells with long (2-15 µm), thick-walled setulae (fide Singer, 1964, 1976). In addition, there are several other species that form stipes with V-shaped nodes in combination with tiny basidiomes arising directly from rhizomorphs, including M. polycladus Mont. from French Guyana, M. trichorhizus Speg. from Paraguay, M. hippiochaetes Berk. from Brazil, and M. schultesii Singer from Colombia. All of the latter species differ from M. pallenticeps in forming darkly pigmented pilei (red, brown, brownish purple), and different sized basidiospores. Moreover, M. hippiochaetes and M. schultesii form hirsute rhizomorphs with setiform hairs.

Pileus 1-2 mm diam, hemispherical or convex when young, expanding with age to campanulate with a depressed to subumbilicate disc; surface dull, dry, glabrous; white. Texture membranaceous; context very thin.- Lame11ae absent; hymenophore smooth, vein-like or subrugose, decurrent on stipe; white.- Stipe 3-18 x 0.2-0.3 mm, central, cylindrical, equal, fragile, minutely pruinose overall, insititious; white or translucent overall.- Odor and taste not distinctive.
Basidiospores 7.0-8.0 x 4.0-4.5 µm, ellipsoid, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid.- Basidia 18-21 x 5-6 µm, subclavate, 4-spored, clamped.- Hymenia1 cystidia uncommon, 35-45 x 7-9 µm, lageniform-subcapitate, hyaline, thin-walled, rarely apically thick-walled.Pileipellis hymeniform, composed of Globulares-type cells, 20-30 x 1022 230m, broadly clavate to subglobose, thin-walled, hyaline; pileocystidia absent.- Pileal and 1amellar tissue inamyloid.- Stipe tissue monomitic; hyphae parallel, cylindrical, smooth, hyaline, inamyloid.- Caulocystidia rudimentary, 10-20 x 3-5 µm, as cylindrical or irregular outgrowths, hyaline, thin-walled-. Clamp connections present.

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Solitary, in groups on rotting leaves of Elaeocarpus dentatus (Elaeocarpaceae). New Zealand.

Pi1eus 1-2 mm, convexus, vel campanulatus disco subumbilicato instructus, glaber, albus. Lamellae nullae, hymenium glabrum vel subrugosum, ad stipitem decurrens, albus. Stipes 3-18 x 0.2-0.3 mm, centralis, cylindricus, minute pruinosus, insiticius, albus. Odor saporque nulli. Basidiosporae 7.0-8.0 x 4.0-4.5 µm, ellipsoideae, leves, hyalinae, inamyloideae. Basidia 18-21 x 5-6 µm, 4-spora. Cystidia hymenialia rara, 35-45 x 7-9 µm, lageniformia vel subcapitata. Pileipellis hymeniformis typi Globularium, ex cellulis late clavatis vel subglobosis instructus, 20-30 x 10-22 µm. Pileocystidia nulla. Trama pilei vel lamellarum inamyloideum. Caulocystidia 10-20 x 3-5 µm, indistincta, cylindrica, rariter diverticulis irregularibus instructa, hyalina. Fibulae praesentes. Solitarius, ad folia putrida Elaeocarpi dentatae. Nova Zelandia. Horak 69-15 (Holotypus, PDD).

Marasmius perpusillus is characterized by very small basidiomes with white, convex-subumbilicate pileus 1-2 mm diam, a smooth, decurrent hymenophore, pure white insititious stipe, relatively small basidiospores, uncommon lageniform-subcapitate hymenial cystidia, poorly developed, cylindrical caulocystidia, and the absence of pileocystidia. These features indicate placement in sect. Epiphylli, subsect. Epiphyllini. The species is similar to M. pusillissimus Desjardin & Petersen, differing by the features presented in the key. Marasmius perpusillus is not closely allied with any known temperate Northern Hemisphere taxa.

Material examined - NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Prov. Nelson, Matakitaki River Valley, Murchison, 24 I 1969, Horak 69-15 (Holotype, PDD; Isotype, SFSU, ZT).

Pi1eus 2-4 mm diam, hemispherical to convex; disc depressed or subumbilicate in age; margin plicate; surface dull, dry, glabrous; pale brown to dark brown overall with reddish brown tones. Texture membranaceous, tough; context thin.- Lamellae adnexed to adnate, close (8-12) with 1 series of lamellulae, narrow to moderately broad, non-collariate, cream to pale reddish brown; edges even to subfimbriate, concolorous.- Stipe15-25 x 0.2-0.4 mm, central, cylindrical, equal, wiry, tough, solid, minutely pruinose overall, not gelatinized, insititious; apex pale brown, fuscous elsewhere; rhizomorphs absent. Odor and taste not distinctive.
Basidiospores 8.0-9.5 x 4.5-5.0 µm, ovoid to ellipsoid, smooth, thinwalled, hyaline, inamyloid.- Basidia 25-30 x 7-8 µm , cylindrical to subclavate, 4-spored, clamped.- Cheilocystidia numerous, similar to Rotalis-type cells, 15-30 x 8-14 µm , broadly clavate to slightly irregular in outline, hyaline, thin-walled; diverticula 1-3 x 1.0-1.5 µm , cylindrical to irregular, seldom forked, hyaline.- Pleurocystidia absent.- Pileipellis a Rameales-structure with repent to suberect, diverticulate terminal cells, 20-45 x 6-10 µm, subcylindrical to clavate or irregular in outline, brown, dextrinoid; diverticula 2-5 x 0.5-1.0 µm, irregularly cylindrical, seldom forked; subcuticular hyphae with brown pigment incrustations.- Pileal and lamellar trama dextrinoid.- Stipe tissue monomitic; cortical hyphae cylindrical, diverticulate, pale brownish orange to brown, weakly dextrinoid, thick-walled; diverticula 1-6 x 1-2 µm, cylindrical, sometimes forked; medullary hyphae hyaline, weakly dextrinoid.- Cau1ocystidia absent.- Clamp connections present.

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Solitary, in groups on rotting needles of Podocarpus totara (Podocarpaceae) or on rotting needles of Podocarpus hallii (Podocarpaceae). New Zealand.

Pileus 2-4 mm, hemisphaericus vel convexus, apicaliter subumbilicatus, plicatus, glaber, pallide brunneus vel fuscus. Lamellae adnexae vel adnate, densae, haud collariatae, cremeae vel pallide rubrobrunneae. Stipes 15-25 x 0.2-0.4 mm, centralis, cylindricus, minute pruinosus, insititius, apicaliter pallide brunneus sursum fuscus, rhizomopha nulla. Odor saporque nulli. Basidiosporae 8.0-9.5 x 4.5-5.5 µm, ovoideae vel ellipsoideae, leves, hyalinae, inamyloideae. Basidia 25-30 x 7-8 µm, 4-spora. Cheilocystidia typi Rotalis, numerosa, 1530 x 8-14 µm, late clavata, diverticulus cylindraceis vel irregularibus, 1-3 x 1-1.5 µm, instructis. Pleurocystidia nulla. Pileipellis typi Ramealium, ex cellulis subcylindraceis vel clavatis dextrinoideis instructis, diverticulis irregularibus cylindraceis, 2-5 x 0.5-1.0 µm, instructis, membrana brunnea obtecta. Hyphae subcuticulae pigmento brunneo instructae. Trama pilei et lamellarum dextrinoideum. Hyphae stipitis corticales diverticulatae, subdextrinoideae. Caulocystidia nulla. Fibulae praesentes. Solitarius, ad aciculas putridas Podocarpi totarae vel Podocarpi hallii. Nova Zelandia. Horak 69-239 (Holotypus, PDD).

Diagnostic features of M. podocarpi include: a small, brown, plicate pileus; cream to pale reddish brown, close, non-collariate lamellae; a fuscous, pruinose, insititious stipe lacking rhizomorphs; broad basidiospores; numerous cheilocystidia resembling Rotalis-type cells; a pileipellis composed of a Rameales-structure; and growth on Podocarpus species. Marasmius podocarpi is allied with M. earlei Murrill described from Jamaica. The latter species differs, however, in forming a white pileus with pale brown disc, more numerous (10-24), white lamellae, narrower basidiospores (3.5-4.0 µm), and basidiome formation on dicotyledonous wood (fide Singer, 1976).

Material examined- - NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Prov. Fjordland, between Lake Te Anau and Lake Manapouri, 6 IV 1969, Horak 69-239 (Holotype, PDD; Isotype, SFSU, ZT).

Material examined- - NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Prov. Canterbury, Springfield, Mt. Grey, Kowai River Bush, 10 XII 1968, Horak 68-683 (ZT); Prov. Westcoast, Rotomanu, Lady Lake, 25 III 1983, Horak 2096 (SFSU, ZT).- USA: South Carolina, Santee Canal, VIII 1848, Curtis 2043 (Holotype, K; Isotype, FH).

Pileus 4-10 mm diam, hemispherical to convex when young, expanding with age to plano-convex or plane with depressed to subumbilicate disc, papilla absent; margin decurved to uplifted, non-striate; surface dull, dry, minutely wrinkled especially over the disc, pruinose; pale ochre-brown, apricot or orangish brown. Texture membranaceous; context thin, buff.- La mellae broadly adnate, subdistant (10-16) with 2-3 series of lamellulae, narrow to moderately broad (up to 1 mm); cream to pale apricot; edges fimbriate, concolorous or pale brown.- Stipe 7-18 x 0.5-0.8 mm, central, equal or gradually tapering towards the base, often curved, minutely pruinose, tough, non-insititious, with short white to buff fibrils or rhizomorphs at the base; apex cream to pale apricot, pale orangish brown elsewhere.- Odor and taste not distinctive.
Basidiospores 8.0-10.5 x 3.5-4.5 µm, narrowly ellipsoid or subfusoid, sometimes curved in profile, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid. - Basidia 18-22 x 7-8 µm, clavate, 4-spored, clamped.- Basidioles 20-30 x 5-8 µm, fusoid, hyaline, often incrusted with resinous matter.- Cheilocystidia of Siccus-type cells; main body 10-20 x 5-9 µm, subclavate to clavate or irregular in outline, sometimes lobed, thin-walled to moderately thick-walled, hyaline; apical setulae 1-6 x 1-2 µm, irregular in outline, often forked and nodulose, hyaline to pale yellowish brown.- Pleurocystidia absent.- Pileipellis hymeniform, not mottled, composed of Siccus-type cells; main body 10-20 x 4-9 µm, clavate or irregular in outline, often lobed, thin-walled to moderately thick-walled, hyaline, weakly dextrinoid; apical setulae 1-6 x 1-2 µm, irregular in outline, often forked, yellowish brown. - Tramal tissues non-gelatinous, inamyloid.- Stipe tissue monomitic, weakly dextrinoid.- Caulocystidia absent or of poorly developed Siccus-type cells, similar to the cheilocystidia, hyaline.- Clamp connections present.

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Solitary, on mossy bark of Daciydium dacrydioides (Podocarpaceae; holotype) or on rotting leaves and culms of Carex sp. New Zealand, North America, South America.

Salient features of M. pusio include: a small, non-striate, apricot to orangish brown pileus; subdistant, cream-colored lamellae with pallid or brownish edges; a short, pruinose, non-insititious, orangish brown stipe; relatively small basidiospores; no pleurocystidia; cheilocystidia and pileipellis cells with short setulae; Siccus-type caulocystidia; and growth on Dacrydium and Carex. Marasmius pusio, first described from material collected in South Carolina; USA (Holotype, K!; Isotype, FH!), has been reported from southeastern north America and throughout South America. A number of varieties have been described differing in subtle differences in basidiospore width, stipe pigmentation, and substrate (see Singer, 1976). The New Zealand material appears closest to pusio var. graminivorus Sing. from Argentina (Holotype, F!), and M. armeniacus Gilliam from North America (which we consider a variety of M. pusio; Holotype, MICH!), both with orange pigments in the stipe and habit on monocotyledonous leaves. Until further material of all described varieties becomes available for analysis of variation, we prefer not to assign the New Zealand taxon to a particular variety.

Pileus 3-7 mm diam, hemispherical to convex, disc not depressed, margin weakly plicate; surface dull, dry to moist or gelatinous in wet conditions, glabrous to minutely pruinose; evenly pale beige. Texture membranaceous; context very thin, white.- Lamellae broadly adnate or seldom subdecurrent, distant (5-8), lamellulae absent, narrow; white to pale beige-brown; edges even, concolorous.- Stipe 4-10 x 0.3-0.5 mm, central, equal, cylindrical, curved, wiry, tough, minutely pruinose, insititious, erumpent through leaf epidermis leaving a small cupulate structure around the base; apex pale brown, fuscous to black elsewhere.- Odor and taste not distinctive.
Basidiospores 12.5-15.5 x 3.0-4.0 µm, fusoid to narrowly rhomboid, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid.- Basidia 24-30 x 7-8 µm, subclavate, 4-spored, clamped.- Cheilocystidia of 2 types: a) Rotalis-type cells 20-30 x 7-18 µm, clavate to ovoid, thin-walled or apically slightly thickwalled, hyaline; divergent setulae 1-2 x 1 µm, cylindrical; b) 30-48 x 6-12 µm, fusoid-capitate, capitulum up to 6 µm diam, hyaline, thin-walled.- Pleurocystidia absent.- Pileipellis hymeniform, composed of Rotalis-type cells and pileocystidia; Rotalis-type cells 20-30 x 8-20 µm, clavate to ovoid, thin-walled, apex pale reddish brown, base hyaline; divergent setulae 1-2 x 1.01.5 µm, cylindrical.- Pileocystidia 35-60 x 7-13 µm, lecythiform with elongate neck and enlarged base, hyaline, thin-walled, capitulum up to 5 µm diam, base smooth or seldom with scattered setulae.- Tissue at stipe apex dextrinoid.- Cau1ocystidia numerous, like fusoid-capitate cheilocystidia.-Clamp connections present.

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Gregarious in dense groups on rotting leaves of Pseudopanax crassifblium or P. ferox. New Zealand.

Pileus 3-7 mm, hemisphaericus vel conicus, subplicatus, glabrus vel minute pruinosus, pallide argillaceus. Lamellae late adnatae vel rariter subdecurrentes, distantes, albidae vel pallide argillaceobrunneae. Stipes 4-10 x 0.3-0.5 mm, centralis, cylindricus, minute pruinosus, insititius, apicaliter pallide brunneus sursum fuscus vel niger. Odor saporque nulli. Basidiosporae 12.5-15.5 x 3.0-4.0 µm, fusoideae vel rhomboideae, leves, hyalinae, inamyloideae. Basidia 24-30 x 7-8 µm, 4-sporigera. Cheilocystidia: a) typi Rotalis, 20-30 x 7-18 µm, clavata vel ovoidea, setulis cylindraceis 1-2 x 1 µm instructa; b) 30-48 x 6-12 µm, fusoideocapitata, capitulo -6 µm diam. instructa. Pleurocystidia nulla. Pileipellis hymeniformis, ex cellulis typi Rotalis, 20-30 x 8-20 µm, clavatis vel ovoideis, tenuitunicatis, membrana apicaliter rubrobrunnea et setulis cylindraceis, 1-2 x 1.0-1.5 µm instructa. Pileocystidia 35-60 x 7-13 µm, lecythiformia, capitulo -5 µm diam. instructa. Trama ad apicem stipitis dextrinoideum. Caulocystidia numerosa, ut cheilocystidia. Fibulae praesentes. Gregarius, ad folia putrida Pseudopanacis crassifolii. Nova Zelandia. Horak 68-152 (Holotypus, PDD).

Marasmius rhombisporus is one of three New Zealand Marasmius with pileipellis composed of Rotalis-type cells in combination with conspicuous, projecting pileocystidia. These features indicate placement in sect. Epiphylli subsect. Epiphylloidei Singer, albeit this infrageneric taxon is hardly distinguishable from some pale pigmented members of sect. Hygrometrici. Features that characterize M. rhombisporus include a small, pale beige pileus, well-developed, distant lamellae, large, narrowly rhomboid basidiospores, two types of cheilocystidia, fusoid-capitate caulocystidia, and growth on leaves of Pseudopanax. Marasmius meridionalis differs in forming smaller white pilei, a smooth hymenophore, much smaller basidiospores, and basidiome formation on leaves of Nothofagus. Marasmius rhopalostylidis differs in forming smaller ellipsoid basidiospores, fusoid-ventricose cystidia with a long non-capitate neck (never fusoid-capitate), and basidiome formation on leaves of Rhopalostylis. The European species, M. epiphylloides (Rea) Sacc. & Trott. is also similar, but differs in forming white pilei, cylindrical (not rhomboid) basidiospores, only one type of cheilocystidia, dermatocystidia that are fusoid to lageniform and only obscurely subcapitate (never capitate as in M. rhombisporus), and basidiome production is restricted to leaves and twigs of Hedera helix.

Material examind. - NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Prov. Westland, S of Ahaura, 14 III 1968, Horak 68-152 (Holotype, PDD; Isotype, SFSU, ZT).

Pileus 3-10 mm diam, hemispherical when young, expanding in age to convex with a subdepressed disc, slightly plicate, tough, membranaceous; surface dull, dry, minutely pruinose overall (with hand lens); pale beige-brown.- Lamellae shallowly adnate to subfree, distant to remote (5-8), often fold-like, narrow, lamellulae absent; concolorous with pileus.- Stipe 8-18 x 0.2-0.3 mm, central, equal, cylindrical, wiry, minutely pruinose overall, insititious, erupting from black stroma-like spots up to 10 mm diam; apex white, black elsewhere.- Odor and taste not distinctive.
Basidiospores 9-11 x 4.5-5.5 µm, ellipsoid to broadly fusoid, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid.- Basidia 25-35 x 7-9 µm, clavate, 4-spored, clamped.- Cheilocystidia 40-55 x 5-11 µm, fusoid with elongated neck, hyaline, thin-walled.- Pleurocystidia absent.Pileipellis hymeniform, composed of Rotalis-type cells interspersed with a few non-setulose cells and numerous pileocystidia; Rotalis-type cells 15-24 x 10-20 µm, broadly clavate to subglobose, thin-walled, apically thick-walled, hyaline to pale yellow-brown; divergent setulae 1-2 x 1 µm, cylindrical.Pi1eocystidia 35-50 x 6-10 µm, fusiform or ventricose with long neck, hyaline, thin-walled; gloeocystidia absent.- Pileal and lamellar tissue inamyloid.- Stipe tissue monomitic; cortical hyphae parallel, cylindrical, roughened, dextrinoid.- Cau1ocystidia scattered, 25-45 x 5-9 µm, polymorphic, subacute, hyaline, thin-walled.- Clamp connections present.

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Solitary, on rotting palm, fronds of Rhopalostylis sapida (Palmae). New Zealand.

Pileus 3-10 mm, hemisphaericus dein subdepressoconvexus, subplicatus, minute pruinosus, pallide argillaceus. Lamellae adnatae vel subliberae, distantes, remotae, saepe plicatae, pileo concolores. Stipes 8-18 x 0.2-0.3 mm, centralis, cylindricus, minute pruinosus, insititius, apicaliter albus sursum niger. Odor saporque nulli. Basidiosporae 9-13 x 4.5-5.5 µm, ellipsoideae vel late fusoideae, leves, hyalinae, inamyloideae. Basidia 25-35 x 7-9 µm, 4-spora. Cheilocystidia 40-55 x 5-11 µm, fusoidea. Pleurocystidia nulla. Pileipellis hymeniformis, ex cellulis typi Rotalis, 15-24 x 10-20 µm, late clavatis vel subglobosis, setulis cylindraceis divergentibus, 1-2 x 1 µm, instructis. Pileocystidia 35-50 x 6-10 µm, fusiformia vel ventricosoelongata. Gloeocystidia nulla. Trama pilei et lamellarum inamyloideum. Hyphae stipitis corticales dextrinoideae. Caulocystidia 25-45 x 5-9 µm, polymorphica. Fibulae praesentes. Solitarius, ad folia Rhopalostylidis sapidae. Nova Zelandia. Horak 68-410 (Holotypus, PDD).

Marasmius rhopalostylidis forms small, beige pilei, well-developed distant lamellae, moderately large basidiospores, pileo-, cheilo-, and caulocystidia that are fusiform to ventricose with a long-tapered, non-capitate apex, and sporulates on rotting palm fronds of Rhopalostylis sapida. It differs from allied New Zealand taxa by the features presented in the key. It is similar to M. epiphylloides from Europe, and M. munyozii Singer from Chile. Marasmius epiphylloides differs in forming white pilei, poorly developed, intervenose lamellae, longer and narrower (11-17 x 2-4 µm), cylindrical basidiospores, and basidiome formation restricted to leaves and twigs of Hedera helix. Marasmius munyozii differs in forming more abundant lamellae (7-13), shorter and narrower basidiospores (6-8 x 2-3 µm), filiform caulocystidia up to 165 mm long, and basidiome formation on grass leaves (fide Singer, 1976).

Material examined. - NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Prov. Nelson, Kaihoka Reserve, 10 V 1968, Horak 68-410 (Holotype, PDD; Isotype, SFSU, ZT).

Pi1eus 5-25 mm diam, hemispherical to convex when young, expanding in age to planoconvex with a depressed to subumbilicate or rarely obtusely umbonate disc; margin striate to subplicate, decurved, sometimes uplifted in age; surface dull, dry, minutely velutinous to granular-micaceous; disc umber brown with a reddish brown tone, paler towards the margin. Texture membranaceous, cartilaginous-tough; context thin.- Lamellae broadly adnate to subemarginate, subdistant (16-18) with 2 series of lamellulae, often anastomosing, broad (1.0-2.5 mm), whitish to pale beige; edges even to subfimbriate, concolorous.Stipe10-30(-35) x 1.0-1.5 mm, central, cylindrical, equal or gradually tapering towards the base, dull, dry, fistulose, tough-cartilaginous, pruinose to coarsely floccose overall; apex pale brown, base dark brown; rhizomorphs absent.- Odor and taste not distinctive.
Basidiospores 7-9(-11) x (3.0-)3.5-4.5 µm, narrowly ellipsoid to subcylindrical, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid.- Basidia 30-40 x (4)5-7 µm , cylindrical to subclavate, 4-spored, clamped.- Cheilocystidia abundant, 20-40 x 5-14 µm, polymorphic, cylindrical, clavate or irregular in outline, hyaline, thin-walled, with scattered apical to subapical diverticula 3-12 x 2-4 µm, knob-like or irregular in outline, sometimes lobed, hyaline.Pleurocystidia absent.- Pileipellis aRameales-structure with suberect to erect terminal cells, 20-50 x 5-15 µm, clavate or irregular in outline, often lobed, smooth or with scattered diverticula, brown-incrusted, weakly to strongly dextrinoid; diverticula 3-10 x 2-5 µm, knob-like to irregular in outline, obtuse, often forked, brown.- Pileal and 1amellar trama weakly dextrinoid, non-gelatinous.- Stipe t issue monomitic, strongly dextrinoid.- Cau1ocystidia numerous, 25-80 x 5-12 µm , polymorphic, similar to terminal cells of pileipellis, cylindrical to irregular in outline, with or without knob-like diverticula, thin-walled to moderately thick-walled, pale yellowish brown, dextrinoid or inamyloid.- Clamp connections present.

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Solitary, in groups on rotting needles and twigs of Dacrydium cupressinum (Podocarpaceae), rarely also on leaves of Weinmannia racemosa (Cunoniaceae). New Zealand.

Pileus 5-25 mm, convexus, aetate planus vel subumbonatus, striatus vel subplicatus, minute velutinus vel micaceus, umbrinus castaneo tinctu. Lamellae late adnatae vel subemarginatae, subdistantes, albidae vel pallide argillaceae. Stipes 10-30 x 1.0-1.5 mm, centralis, cylindricus, pruinosus vel floccosus, apicaliter pallide brunneus sursum fuscus, rhizomorpha nulla. Odor saporque nulli. Basidiosporae 7-9 x 3.5-4.5 µm , ellipsoideae vel subcylindraceae, leves, hyalinae, inamyloideae. Basidia 30-40 x 5-7 µm, 4-spora. Cheilocystidia 20-40 x 514 µm, cylindrica vel irregulariter clavata, diverticulis apicalibus, 3-12 x 2-4 µm, instructa. Pleurocystidia nulla. Pileipellis typi Ramealium, ex cellulis clavatis vel irregularibus, 20-50 x 5-15 µm, diverticulis irregularibus, 3-10 x 2-5 µm, instructis. Trama pilei vel lamellarum dextrinoideum, haud gelatinosum. Hyphae stipitis corticales conspicue dextrinoideae. Caulocystidia 25-80 x 5-12 µm, cylindrica vel irregularia, membrana tenuitunicata vel subcrassa, pallide luteobrunnea, dextrinoidea vel inamyloidea instructa. Fibulae praesentes. Solitarius, ad aciculas putridas Dacrydii cupressini vel rariter Weinmanniae racemosae. Nova Zelandia. Horak 68-142 (Holotypus, PDD).

Diagnostic features of M. rimuphilus include: a relatively large, umber brown, subplicate pileus; subdistant, white, non-marginate lamellae; a pruinose to floccose, dark brown, insititious stipe lacking rhizomorphs; pileipellis composed of a well-developed Rameales-structure; dextrinoid tissues; diverticulate cheilocystidia and caulocystidia; and growth on debris of rimu (Dacrydium cupressinum). Marasmius rimuphilus may be the taxon reported by Colenso (1886) as M. androsaceus (L. : Fr.) Fr., a common temperate Northern Hemisphere species. Marasmius androsaceus differs, however, in forming a glabrous stipe lacking conspicuous diverticulate caulocystidia, forms numerous black rhizomorphs and fewer lamellae (8-17). Other taxa with darkly pigmented pileus and pruinose stipe include M. hakgalensis Petch from Sri Lanka, South America and Zaire (Isotype, FH!), M. thiersii Desjardin from western North America (Holotype, SFSU!), and M. cryptotrichus Singer from Mexico (Holotype, F!). All of the latter taxa differ from M. rimuphilus in forming fewer lamellae, black rhizommophs, and cylindrical, non-diverticulate, thick-walled and longer caulocystidia.

Material examined. - NEW ZEALAND: South Island, Prov. Westland, Kopara, Nelson Creek, 23 III 1983, Horak 2077 (SFSU, ZT); Prov. Westland, S of Lake Hochstetter, 12 III 1968, Horak 68-142 (Holotype, PDD; Isotype, ZT).- Stewart Island, Ulva Island, 23 III 1969, Horak 69-160 (ZT).

Pileus 2-3 mm diam, hemispherical to convex, laterally attached to substrate, with a single transecting shallow groove over lamella; surface dull, dry, glabrous to minutely pruinbse; evenly off white to beige. Texture membranaceous; context very thin, white.- Lamella only one, adnate at point of lateral attachment, narrow to moderately broad, white; lamellulae absent-. Stipe absent.- Odor and taste not distinctive.
Basidiospores 9.0-12.5 x 4.5-5.0 µm, ellipsoid to subfusoid, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline, inamyloid.- Basidia 30-36 x 7-9 µm, (1-, 2-) 4-spored, cylindrical to subclavate, clamped.- Cheilocystidia scattered, Rotalis-type cells similar to those on the pileipellis.- Pleurocystidia absent.Pileipellis hymeniform, composed of Rotalis-type cells; main body (15-) 20--40 x 12-30 µm, broadly clavate to sphaeropedunculate, thin-walled at the base, thick-walled at the apex, pale yellowish brown; divergent setulae 1-2 x 12 µm, cylindrical.- Tissues inamyloid, non-gelatinous.- Clamp connections present.

Habit, habitat and distribution.- Solitary, in groups on rotting leaves of Beilschmiedia tawa (Lauraceae). New Zealand.

Pileus 2-3 mm, hemisphaericus vel convexus, lateraliter ad substratum affixus, glaber vel minute pruinosus, subalbidus vel argillaceus. Lamella una sola. Stipes nullus. Odor saporque nulli. Basidiosporae 9-12.5 x 4.5-5.0 µm, ellipsoideae vel subfusoideae, leves, hyalinae, inamyloideae. Basidia 30-36 x 7-9 µm, (1-, 2-) 4-spora. Cheilocystidia typi Rotalis, rara, cellulis pileipellidis similibus. Pleurocystidia nulla. Pileipellis hymeniformis typi Rotalis, ex cellulis, late clavatis vel sphaeopedunculatis, 20-40 x 12-30 µm, setulis cylindricis, 1-2 x 12 µm instructis. Trama inamyloideum, haud gelatinosum. Fibulae praesentes. Solitarius, ad folia putrida Beilschmidiae tawae. Nova Zelandia. Horak 1112 (Holotypus, PDD).

Marasmius unilamellatus is unusual in the genus in forming basidiomes with a single lamella extending from the sessile pileus margin to the point of attachment on the substratum. An undescribed species from the Hawaiian Islands is the only other Marasmius species that shares this feature, although the Hawaiian species forms a well-developed lateral stipe and grows on monocotyledous leaves (Desjardin, unpubl. data). It is difficult to determine whether M. unilamellatus belongs in sect. Marasmius or sect. Hygrometrici, showing anatomical features consistent with both infrageneric taxa. In the field, M. unilamellatus may appear similar to several "2-holer" Favolaschia species; however, Favolaschia lacks a pileipellis composed of a hymeniform layer of Rotalis-type cells.

Material examined- NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Prov. North of Auckland, Waipoua, Kauri Reserve, 22 VI 1981, Horak ZT 1112 (Holotype, PDD; Isotype, SFSU, ZT).