Plants polycarpic, height in flower 30–80–130 mm. Caudex unbranched, c. 80 mm long. Root unbranched, 1.5–6.0 mm diam. at stem base. Flowering stems lateral only, 1–5 per plant, 1.1–2.0 mm diam. at base, stems tinted purple-black; lateral fl owering stems erect or decumbent; fl owering stem leaves 1–4 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from near apex of fl owering stem. Rosette of leaves distinct from flowering stem leaves; leaves narrowly elliptic or elliptic, (10–)20–46(–52) mm long, 3.5–12.0 mm wide, tinted crimson below or tinted purple-black and speckled purple, channelled (petiole channelled also), not recurved, petiole indistinct to distinct, 9.5–12.5 mm long, 1.0–4.1 mm wide; apex acute or rounded. Flowering stem leaves as for rosette leaves but the upper ones sessile. Pedicels one per leaf axil, 3–37 mm long, 1.2–1.5 mm diam. Flowers 1–3.4–8 per plant, 15–23 mm long. Calyx 7.5–14.2 mm long, green tinted purple-black, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line absent or present; lobes 4.5–9.5 mm long, 3.1–4.7 mm wide at base, plane, apices acute, margins smooth or minutely denticulate, sinus hairs sparse. Corolla 11.8–22.5 mm long, white; tube 3.5–6.0 mm long; lobes 9.7–16 mm long, 5.8–10.6 mm wide, hairs below sinus absent or present; nectary 0.8–1.2–1.8 mm from corolla base. Filaments 7.5–13 mm long from corolla base, 0.9–2.0(–2.6) mm wide. Anthers 1.7–3.0 mm long, anther wall blue-black, mouth yellow, extrorse at anthesis; pollen yellow. Stigma colourless. Ovules 28–56 per ovary. Capsule 20–27 mm long. FL late Jan–late Feb.

Plants polycarpic, height in flower 110–300(–360) mm. Caudex branched (6–8 times), 45–150 mm long, covered in a brown shaggy layer of dead leaf bases, stolons absent. Root 2.4–8.5 mm diam. at stem base. Flowering stems lateral only, (1–)4–10 per plant, largest fl owering stems 1.4– 3.5 mm diam. at base, stems purple-black, decumbent, stem leaves 2–3 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from halfway up to near apex of flowering stem. Rosette of leaves present and distinct from flowering stem leaves, leaves narrowly elliptic or elliptic, (23–)25–110(–161) mm long, (6.4–)10–16(–30) mm wide, green, sometimes tinted purple-black on the margins, flat; petiole absent or indistinct, leaf 3.6–7.6 mm wide at narrowest point, sometimes with a V-shaped petiole; apex acute or rounded. Pedicels one or two per leaf axil, 10–80 mm long, 1.0–1.8 mm diam. Flowers (3–)10–43(–48) per plant, 18–25 mm long. Calyx (9–)12–18 mm long, green, sometimes tinted purple-black on margins, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line present, rarely absent; lobes (5.6–)8.0–12.5 mm long, (2.6–)3.1–5.6 mm wide at base, plane, apices acute, margins smooth or minutely denticulate, sinus hairs sparse to abundant, with tips often purple. Corolla 14.2–24.5(–27) mm long, white; tube 3.9–5.8(–6.2) mm long; lobes 10.3–15.6 mm long, 6.4–13 mm wide, hairs below sinus present or absent; nectary (0.6–)0.9–1.4(–2.9) mm from corolla base. Filaments 7.9–12.3 mm long from corolla base, 0.8–1.4(–1.5) mm wide. Anthers 1.9–3.9 mm long, anther wall blue-black, mouth yellow, extrorse at anthesis; pollen yellow. Female flowers absent. Stigma colourless. Ovules 35–80 per ovary. Capsule 18–22 mm long. FL Feb.

Gentianellae bellidifoliae affi nis, sed statura maiore, caudice magis ramoso, prostratis, longo, fasciculato (non radianti), ad basem foliis mortuis vestito, foliis maioribus, planis (nec carinatis nec canaliculatis), petiolo latiore 3.6–5.3–7.6, floribus maioribus (corolla 14.2–17.0–24.5(–27) mm longa), lobis calycinis ad basem latis (2.6–) 3.1–4.0–5.6 mm, statione in fissuris petraeis marmoreis differt.

Plants monocarpic, probably biennial, height in flower 16–220 mm. Caudex unbranched, 4–13 mm long. Root unbranched, c. 2 mm diam. at stem base. Flowering stems terminal only, largest fl owering stem c. 2.5 mm diam. at base (1.1–4.0 mm diam. when dry), stem colour green or tinted crimson, fl owering stem leaves 4 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from halfway up fl owering stem. Rosette of leaves distinct from fl owering stem leaves, narrowly elliptic, 11–82 mm long, 3.1–17.6 mm wide, green or tinted purple-black or bronze, flat, apex acute to rounded, not recurved or recurved at tips of smaller leaves; margins recurved, thickened; petiole absent or indistinct, c. 5–11 mm long, 1.6–8.8 mm wide at leaf base. Flowering stem leaves almost identical to rosette leaves but shorter and wider. Pedicels one or two per leaf axil, 1.6–4.5 mm long, c. 0.5 mm diam., 0.46–0.8 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 9–49 per plant, 7–12 mm long. Calyx 5.5– 7.6 mm long, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line present; lobes 4.0–5.9 mm long, 1.2–1.5 mm wide at base, plane, apices acute, margins minutely denticulate, sinus hairs sparse or absent. Corolla (9.5–)10.1– 12.6(–14) mm long, white or coloured pink to dark purple with veins colourless or pink to dark purple; tube 3.0–5.5 mm long; lobes 4.6–8.5 mm long,1.5– 2.4(–2.9) mm wide, hairs below sinus absent; nectary 1.6–3.4 mm from corolla base. Filaments 3.4–7.2 mm long from corolla base, 0.5–0.6 mm wide. Anthers 1.0–1.2 mm long, anther wall blue-black, rarely yellow, extrorse at anthesis. Stigma colour unknown. Ovules 7–27 per ovary. Capsule 8.0–13.2 mm long. FL (Dec–)Jan–Feb(–Apr).

Plants monocarpic, biennial, height in flower 35–190(–240) mm. Caudex unbranched or branched (depending on the size of plant), up to 100 mm long. Flowering stems terminal and lateral, 2–20 per plant, 1.5–2.5 mm diam. when dry, yellow or tinted crimson, lateral flowering stems decumbent, flowering stem leaves 5–6 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from halfway up fl owering stem. Rosette of leaves present but not very distinct from flowering stem leaves, leaves narrowly elliptic, 34–39 mm long, 4.8–6.2 mm wide, tinted crimson below or yellow, flat, not recurved, apex acute or rounded; margin thickened; petiole distinct, 3.2– 3.5 mm wide. Flowering stem leaves similar to rosette leaves but smaller. Pedicels 1 per leaf axil, 0.8–2.0 mm long, 0.6–0.9 mm diam. Flowers 73–83 per plant, 5.5–10.5 mm long. Calyx 4.7–8.0 mm long, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line present; lobes 3.9–6.7 mm long, 0.9–1.3 mm wide at base, green or crimson, plane, apices narrowly acute, margins minutely denticulate, sinus hairs sparse. Corolla 5.5–10.5 mm long, white to purple, with veins uncoloured to purple; tube 1.6–2.9 mm long; lobes 3.9–7.6 mm long, 1.3–2.7 mm wide; hairs below sinus absent; nectary 1.0–1.4 mm from corolla base. Filaments 2.8–6.3 mm long from corolla base, 0.3–0.55 mm wide. Anthers 0.75–1.0 mm long, anther wall blue-black, mouth yellow, extrorse at anthesis. Stigma colour unknown. Ovules 3–9 per ovary. Capsule 2.9–7.2 mm long. FL Dec–Mar(– Apr).

Plants perennial, bushy, height in flower 40–150 mm, up to 400 mm diam. Caudex branched, 30–240 mm long. Flowering stems lateral only (but diffi cult to fi nd terminal rosette), 3–26 per plant, 1.8–2.3 mm diam., 1.2–2.3 mm diam. when dry, green or purple-black, flowering stem leaves 3–13 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from near apex of flowering stem. Leaf rosette absent, flowering stem leaves not different from basal leaves. Leaves 8.6– 32 mm long, 1.1–3.9 mm wide, plane; petiole absent, 1.1–1.5 mm wide at base; apex rounded to acute, not recurved. Pedicels 1 per leaf axil, 0–22 mm long, 0.9–1.4 mm diam. (0.5–1.4 mm diam. when dry). Flowers often solitary on flowering stems, 6–63 per plant, 10–24 mm long. Calyx 5.2–10.0 mm long, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line present; lobes 3.5– 6.2 mm long, 1.1–2.3 mm wide at base, green, sometimes tinted purple-black, plane or recurved, apices acute, margins very fi nely toothed or smooth, sinus hairs abundant. Corolla 9.2–15.2 mm long, white, sometimes tinted violet near the apices, veins uncoloured, tube 2.7–5.2 mm long; lobes 6.2–10.8 mm long, 3.9–6.7 mm wide, hairs below sinus absent or present; nectary 1.2–4.3 mm from corolla base, usually with a pocket with an uneven or toothed margin. Filaments 4.0–8.6 mm long from corolla base, 0.5–0.8 mm wide. Anthers 1.1–2.5 mm long, anther wall purple-black or yellow, mouth yellow. Stigma colourless. Ovules 13–30 per ovary. Capsule 7.6–15 mm long. Chromosome number unknown.

Plants 60–150 mm tall, up to 400 mm diam. Caudex 40–240 mm long, 2.6–5.3 mm diam. at stem base when dry. Flowering stems 5–18 per plant, 1.2–1.9 mm diam. when dry, purple-black; stem leaves 3 pairs per stem. Leaves linear, 15.8– 32 mm long, (1.4–)1.5–2.8 mm wide, flat, margins smooth; leaf 1.1–1.5 mm wide at base; apex acute. Pedicels 1.5–22 mm long, 1.2–1.4 mm diam. (0.7– 1.4 mm diam. when dry). Flowers 16–63 per plant, 13.5–24 mm long. Calyx 7.0–10.0 mm long, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line present; lobes 5.2–6.2 mm long, 1.3–2.3 mm wide at base, green tinted purpleblack, plane, margins smooth or very finely toothed, sinus hairs abundant. Corolla 10.4–17 mm long, white, tube 2.7–4.0 mm long; lobes 7.5–10.8 mm long, 4.0–5.7 mm wide, margins finely serrulate, hairs below sinus present (1–2 per sinus); nectary 1.9–2.9 mm from corolla base, widely V-shaped with a fl ap with an uneven margin (Fig. 6). Filaments 6.0–7.2 mm long from corolla base, 0.7–0.8 mm wide. Anthers 1.7–2.5 mm long, anther wall yellow or blue-black. Ovules 27–30 per ovary. Capsule 8.4–15 mm long. FL Mar–Apr(–May).

Plants 40–110 mm tall. Root 3.1 mm diam. at caudex base. Caudex 30–80 mm long. Flowering stems 3–26 per plant, the largest 1.8–2.3 mm diam. at base, 0.7–1.3(–1.7) mm diam. when dry, green or purple-black; stem leaves 6–13 pairs per stem. Leaf rosette absent. Leaves narrowly to very narrowly elliptic or obovate, (8.6–)11.0–16.0(–25) mm long, 1.1–3.9 mm wide, purple at the base, flat or slightly V-shaped, margins minutely toothed or smooth; leaf 0.9–1.4 mm wide at leaf base; apex rounded to acute. Pedicels (0–)3–18 mm long, 0.9–1.0 mm diam., 0.52–1.0 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 6–52 per plant, 10–20 mm long. Calyx 5.2– 7.1 mm long; lobes 3.5–5.4 mm long, 1.1–1.7 mm wide at base, green, plane or recurved, lobe margins minutely toothed, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line present or absent, sinus hairs absent or sparse. Corolla 9.2–15.2 mm long, white, usually with violet tinting on the outside and sometimes inside of the corolla lobe apices, tube 3.0–5.2 mm long; lobes 6.2–10.0 mm long, 3.9–6.7 mm wide, toothed only at the apices, margins very fi nely serrulate or smooth; hairs below sinus absent or present; nectary 1.2–4.3 mm from corolla base, V-shaped with a pocket or with fl aps that are not joined at the base, pocket margins toothed or untoothed. Filaments 4.0–8.6 mm long from corolla base, 0.3–0.6 mm wide. Anthers 1.1–2.0 mm long, anther wall blueblack. Ovules 13–28 per ovary. Capsule 7.6–15 mm long. FL Mar–Jun(–Oct).

Ab subspeciei astonii nectario marsupiformi margine libera dentata similis, sed foliis minoribus, (8.6–)11.0–16.0(–25) mm (non 16–32 mm) longis, ad apices latioribus: 2.7–3.9 mm latis, antheris brevioribus 1.1–2.0 mm (non 1.7–2.5 mm) longis, ovulis paucioribus, 13–28 per ovarium (non 27–30) differt.

Plants polycarpic, height in flower 80– 230(–370) mm. Root 1.2–6 mm diam. at stem base. Caudex unbranched or branched, (15–)23–90 mm long, stolons absent. Flowering stems lateral only, 1–13 per plant, largest flowering stem 1.0–3.2 mm diam., 0.8–1.4 mm diam. when dry, green, tinted purple-black, or bronze, lateral flowering stems erect or decumbent, stem leaves 2–4 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from halfway up flowering stem or near apex of flowering stem. Rosette of leaves present and distinct from flowering stem leaves, leaves narrowly elliptic, elliptic, rhomboid, or orbicular, 11–100(–140) mm long, (4.0–)4.2–12.5 mm wide, green or tinted purple-black, channelled, larger leaves V-shaped, leaf apex acute to rounded; petiole usually distinct, 7–27 mm long, 0.8–4.0(–4.6) mm wide at leaf base. Flowering stem leaves elliptic to narrowly ovate. Pedicels 1 per leaf axil, 1–48 mm long, 0.8–1.9 mm diam., 0.5–0.8 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 1–30(–45) per plant, 12–23 mm long, rarely female. Calyx 8.2–11(–13) mm long; lobes 3.8–7.0(–8.3) mm long, (1.7–)2.0–3.6(–4.2) mm wide at base, green or green tinted purple-black, crimson, or brown, plane, lobe apices acute, margins convex, smooth or minutely denticulate, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line present or absent, hairs at lobe sinuses few. Corolla 15.6–22.6 mm long, white (in the South Island) or with veins coloured grey-violet (in the North Island), tube 3.4–6.0 mm long; lobes 11.1–17 mm long, 6.3–12.4 mm wide, hairs above sinus present; nectary 0.4–1.2(–1.4) mm from corolla base. Filaments 7.7–12.5 mm long from corolla base, (0.6–)0.8–1.4(–2.0) mm wide. Anthers 1.8–3.0 mm long, anther wall blue-black, mouth yellow, extrorse at anthesis. Stigma colourless. Ovules 16–60(–68) per ovary, ovary yellow in maturity, rarely turning blue. Capsule 17–24 mm long. FL (Feb–)Mar–Apr.

Plants polycarpic, 50–200 mm tall when in fl ower. Flowering stems decumbent, lateral only, 1–5 per plant, the largest 1.1–1.8 mm diam. at base, 0.5–1.6 mm diam. when dry, purple-black; leaves 4–7 pairs per stem. Leaf rosette present and distinct from flowering stem leaves; leaves linear, very narrowly elliptic, narrowly elliptic, or very narrowly obovate, 30–83 mm long, 2.6–8.8 mm wide, green, V-shaped, apex acute or rounded, recurved; margins minutely denticulate; petiole not distinct or distinct and then 14–32(–50) mm long, leaf 0.7–1.5 mm wide at the base. Pedicels 3.5–27 mm long, 0.75– 1.0 mm diam., 0.4–0.7 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 7–78 per plant, 12–18 mm long. Calyx green tinted purple-black or red-brown, 5.6–14.1 mm long, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line present; lobes 4.3– 10.2 mm long, 1.3–2.5 mm wide at the base, plane to recurved, apices acute, margins minutely denticulate, rarely smooth, sinus hairs present. Corolla 9.4–17.1 mm long, white, veins uncoloured or purple; tube 2.8–5.1 mm long; lobes 6.6–14.3 mm long, 3.6–9.0 mm wide, hairs below sinus absent or present, when present straight or curly; nectary 0.8– 2.2 mm from corolla base, V-shaped to pocket-like, with or without a smooth-margined fl ap. Filaments 5.4–9.4 mm long from corolla base, 0.4–0.9 mm wide. Anthers 1.5–3.1 mm long, wall blue-black, mouth yellow; pollen yellow. Stigma colourless. Ovules 9–35 per ovary. Ovary sometimes becoming blue or violet after fl owering. Capsule 8.0–17.5 mm long.

Ab Gentianella astonii foliis longioribus (30–83 mm longis, non 9–32 mm longis), minusve plicata, et apices recurvibus differt.

Plants in flower 140–200 mm tall. Flowering stems 1–5 per plant; largest flowering stems c. 1.8 mm diam. at base, 1.2–1.6 mm diam. when dry, purple-black; flowering stem leaves 4 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from near apex of flowering stem. Rosette leaves linear, 68–83 mm long, 2.6–4.1 mm wide, green, V-shaped; apex acute, recurved; margins minutely denticulate or smooth; petiole not distinct, leaf 1.1–1.6 mm wide at leaf base. Flowering stem leaves linear, slightly recurved. Pedicels 3.5–14 mm long, 0.8–1.0 mm diam., 0.5–0.6 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 9–28(–78) per plant, 15–18 mm long. Calyx 7.5–14.1 mm long, green tinted purple-black; lobes 4.6–10.2 mm long, 1.9–2.5 mm wide at base, plane to somewhat recurved. Corolla 13.5–17.1 mm long, veins colourless; tube 3.4–5.1 mm long; lobes 10.0–12.3 mm long, 6.2–9.0 mm wide, margins toothed, hairs below sinus absent or rarely present and then straight; nectary 0.9–1.6 mm from corolla base, V-shaped to pocket-like, fl ap margin smooth. Filaments 6.5–8.6 mm long from corolla base, 0.6–0.9 mm wide. Anthers 1.9–3.1 mm long, extrorse at anthesis. Ovules (9–)14–35 per ovary. Ovary becoming violet after flowering. Capsule 13.0–17.5 mm long.

Plants in flower c. 50 mm tall. Flowering stems 1–3 per plant; largest flowering stem 1.3–1.4 mm diam. at base, 0.5–0.7 diam. when dry, purple-black, leaves 8 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from halfway along flowering stems. Rosette leaves linear to very narrowly elliptic to very narrowly obovate, 30–60 mm long, 2.8–4.1 mm wide, green, V-shaped, recurved at the acute apex; margins finely denticulate; petiole distinct, 14–32 mm long, 0.7–1.1 mm wide at leaf base. Pedicels 6.5–12 mm long, 0.75–0.9 mm diam., 0.4–0.5 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 24–42 per plant, 12–15 mm long. Calyx 6.8–7.0 mm long; lobes 4.3–5.7 mm long, c. 1.5 mm wide at base, green tinted purple-black, apices acute, recurved, margins minutely denticulate, sinus hairs c. 2 per sinus. Corolla 11.7–13.8 mm long, veins purple; tube 3.1–4.3 mm long; lobes 7.7–9.5 mm long, 5.4–6.0 mm wide, lobe apices slightly toothed, hairs below sinus present, curly; nectary 2.0–2.1 mm from corolla base, V-shaped, deep but without a flap. Filaments 6.6–8.1 mm long from corolla base, 0.45– 0.6 mm wide. Anthers 1.75–2.0 mm long. Ovules 15–21 per ovary. Ovary becoming blue at the apex after fertilisation. Capsule 8.0–11.5 mm long. Seeds c. 0.70 × 0.55 mm. FL May.

Ab subspeciebus ceteris caule florifero amplissime ramoso, caudice brevi, foliis tantum subcarinatis, 30–60 mm longis, 2.8–4.1 mm latis, apice foliari leniter recurvo, villis in sinibus calycinis, corolla 12–14 mm longa, nervis purpurascentibus ornata, marginibus subdentatis, nectario non marsupiformi distinguenda.

Plants not bushy, height in flower c. 50 mm. Flowering stems 1–5 per plant, 19–41 mm long; largest flowering stem 1.1–1.4 mm diam. at base, 0.60–1.4 mm diam. when dry, purple-black, leaves 5–7 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from near base of flowering stem. Rosette leaves narrowly elliptic, 42–75 mm long, 4.4–7.8(–8.8) mm wide, green, slightly V-shaped, slightly recurved, apex acute to rounded; margins minutely denticulate; petiole distinct, 15–18(–50) mm long, 0.8–2.1 mm wide at leaf base. Flowering stem leaves recurved. Pedicels 1 per leaf axil, 27 mm long, 0.9 mm diam., 0.5–0.6 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 28–65 per plant, 1–18 per flowering stem, 16–18 mm long. Calyx 6.8– 9.8 mm long, green tinted purple-black; lobes 4.5– 7.2 mm long, 1.3–1.8 mm wide at base, strongly recurved, apices acute, margins minutely denticulate, sinus hairs 1–3 per sinus. Corolla (11.7–)14.6–19.0 mm long, veins colourless; tube (3.6–)4.2–4.7 mm long; lobes (7.8–)9.2–14.3 mm long, (3.6–)4.8–6.9 mm wide, usually toothed, hairs below sinus present, straight; nectary 0.8–2.2 mm from corolla base, Vshaped to pocket-like with a distinct smooth-margined flap. Filaments (6.5–)7.3–9.4 mm long from corolla base, 0.40–0.65 mm wide. Anthers 1.5–2.2 mm long. Ovules 14–24 per ovary. Capsule 13.0–16.5 mm long. Seeds 1.1–1.4 × 0.9–1.0 mm. FL Apr–May.

Ab subspeciebus ceteris caule florifero sparse ramoso, caudice et longo et ramoso, foliis tantum subcarinatis, 42–75 mm longis, 4.4–7.8(– 8.8) mm latis, apice foliari recurvo, villis in sinibus calycinis, corolla 14.6–19.0 mm longa, alba marginibus dentatis, nectario marsupiformi margine libera integra distinguenda.

Plants in flower 50–150 mm tall. Flowering stems up to 4 per plant, the largest 2.3 mm diam. at base, 0.8–1.3 mm diam. when dry; stem leaves 4–6 pairs, lowest pedicels from near base of flowering stem. Rosette leaves linear, (20–)36–78 mm long, 2.8–6.9 mm wide, green or tinted purple-black at base, V-shaped, recurved at the apex; margins minutely denticulate; petiole distinct, 1.1–1.8 mm wide at leaf base; apex rounded. Flowering stem leaves linear. Pedicels 6.5–19 mm long, 0.7–0.8 mm diam., 0.5–0.7 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 3–25 per plant, 13.5–15 mm long. Calyx 5.6–10.0 mm long, green or red-brown, sometimes purple-black on the margins; lobes 4.5–8.1 mm long, 1.3–1.6 mm wide at base, apices acute, plane or recurved, margins minutely denticulate, occasionally smooth, sinus hairs sparse. Corolla 9.4–14 mm long, veins colourless; tube 2.8–4.0 mm long; lobes 6.6–10.0 mm long, 4.5–5.4 mm wide, margins smooth, rarely with teeth at the lobe apices; hairs below sinus absent or sparse; nectary 1.2–1.4 mm from corolla base, with or without a pocket, pocket margins smooth. Filaments 5.4–7.6 mm long from corolla base, 0.4–0.7 mm wide. Anthers 1.6–2.2 mm long. Ovules 11–28 per ovary. Capsule 9.3–14.5 mm long.

Ab subspeciebus ceteris caule florifero sparse ramoso, foliis carinatis, (20–)36–78 mm longis, lamina 2.8–6.9 mm lata, apice foliari recurvo, villis in sinibus calycinis nullis vel sparsis, corolla alba marginibus integris, nectario non marsupiformi distinguenda.

Plants polycarpic, height in flower 90–170 mm. Caudex unbranched or branched, 110–200 mm long. Flowering stems terminal only or terminal and lateral, 3–12 per plant, 1.1–3.1 mm diam. when dry, lateral flowering stems decumbent, flowering stem leaves 3–4 pairs per stem (not applicable in cases where no rosette is present on multi-branched plants), lowest pedicels from halfway up flowering stem to near apex of flowering stem. Rosette of leaves absent, not very distinct, or distinct from flowering plants leaves; leaves narrowly elliptic, 36.6–53.1 mm long, 8.4–12.6 mm wide, flat, not recurved, margins thickened, apex rounded and retuse; petiole distinct, 11–13 mm long, 4.7–6.3 mm wide at leaf base. Flowering stem leaves the same but smaller. Pedicels 1 or 2 per leaf axil, 6.2–17.8 mm long, 1.2–1.3 mm diam., 0.7– 1.0 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 15 to more than 100 per plant, 9.9–14.1 mm long. Calyx 9.3– 12.2 mm long, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line present; lobes 7.5–10.3 mm long, 2.4–3.4 mm wide at base, plane, apices obtuse (widest near the apex), margins smooth, sinus hairs absent. Corolla 8.4– 11.8 mm long, white or tinted red to purple, veins colourless or purple; tube 2.1–4.4 mm long; lobes 6.3–8.8 mm long, 3.8–5.0 mm wide, hairs below sinus absent or present; nectary 1.2–1.5 mm from corolla base. Filaments 4.9–6.9 mm long from corolla base, 0.70–0.85 mm wide. Anthers 0.9– 1.7 mm long, extrorse at anthesis; pollen yellow. Stigma purple or colourless. Ovules 13–37 per ovary. Capsule 6.5–12 mm long. FL (Dec–)Jan– Mar(–Apr).

Plants monocarpic, probably biennial, height in flower (25–)90–240(–300) mm. Caudex unbranched, stolons absent. Root 0.7–3.3 mm diam. at stem base. Flowering stems terminal only or terminal and lateral, 1–5(–9) per plant, largest flowering stem 2.1–2.3 mm diam. at base, 0.9–3.4 mm diam. when dry, stems tinted crimson, lateral flowering stems erect, flowering stem leaves 1–3 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from near base of flowering stem. Rosette of leaves distinct to not very distinct from flowering stem leaves; leaves ovate, elliptic or orbicular, 21–44 mm long, 4.8–15.2 mm wide, tinted crimson above and below, flat or V-shaped, not recurved, apex acute or rounded; petiole indistinct to distinct, 3–20 mm long, 0.6–3.0 mm wide. Flowering stem leaves ovate, sessile. Pedicels 1 per leaf axil, 3.5–20 mm long, 0.5–0.8 mm diam., 0.37–0.70 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 5–50(–70) per plant, 6.0–12.0 mm long. Calyx 5.8–7.9 mm long, green, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line present; lobes 4.2–6.1 mm long, 1.0–2.3 mm wide at base, plane, apices acute or obtuse, margins smooth, sinus hairs absent or sparse. Corolla 7.0–11.8 mm long, white or coloured, veins coloured or uncoloured; tube 2.0–3.2 mm long; lobes 5.0–8.6 mm long, 2.1–5.2 mm wide, hairs below sinus absent or present; nectary 0.2–1.2 mm from corolla base. Filaments 3.9–6.6 mm long from corolla base, 0.3– 0.7 mm wide. Anthers 0.5–1.4 mm long, anther wall purple-red to purple-black, mouth yellow or orangered, introrse or extrorse at anthesis; pollen yellow to pale orange. Female flowers absent. Stigma colourless or purple. Ovules 13–60 per ovary. Capsule 6.5–12.5 mm long.

Plants in flower 90–235 mm high. Root 1.0–3.3 mm diam. at stem base. Flowering stems terminal 1–3(–15) per plant, largest flowering stem 2.1–2.3 mm diam. at base, 0.9–3.4 mm diam. when dry, flowering stem leaves 1–3 pairs per stem. Rosette leaves ovate, 21–31 mm long, 7.0–11.5(–22) mm wide; petiole distinct, c. 9.5 mm long, 0.6– 3.0 mm wide. Pedicels 1 per axil, 5–20 mm long, 0.5–0.8 mm diam., 0.37–0.46 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 5–50 per plant, 6–12 mm long. Calyx 4.6– 7.5 mm long, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line present; lobes 4.7–5.7 mm long, 1.5–2.2(–2.5) mm wide at base, apices acute or obtuse, margins smooth, sinus hairs absent or sparse. Corolla (5.1– )7.5–11.8 mm long, white, with crimson tinting, and/or with veins coloured crimson; tube 2.5– 3.2 mm long; lobes 5.0–8.6 mm long, 2.7–5.2 mm wide, hairs below sinus present; nectary 0.9–1.2 mm from corolla base. Filaments (2.3–)3.9–6.6 mm long from corolla base, 0.4–0.7 mm wide. Anthers 0.5– 1.4 mm long, anther wall purple-red, mouth yellow or orange-red, introrse or extrorse at anthesis, pollen pale orange. Stigma colourless. Ovules 22–60 per ovary. Capsule 6.7–12.5 mm long. FL (Aug–)Sep– Feb.

Plants in flower 25–210(–300) mm tall. Root c. 0.7 mm diam. at stem base. Caudex unbranched. Flowering stems 1–7(–18) per plant, largest flowering stem c. 1.6 mm diam. at base, 1.3–1.8 mm diam. when dry, flowering stem leaves 1–2 pairs per stem. Rosette leaves elliptic, orbicular, or ovate, leaf apex rounded, 18–44 mm long, (3.6– )4.8–15.2 mm wide, green or tinted crimson below, flat, not recurved. Petiole indistinct, c. 3–20 mm long, 0.9–1.4(–2.2) mm wide at leaf base. Flowering stem leaves ovate, sessile. Pedicels 1 per leaf axil, 3.5–17 mm long, c. 0.8 mm diam., 0.5–0.7 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 6–39(–70) per plant, 6.0– 8.8 mm long. Calyx 5.8–7.9 mm long; lobes 4.2– 6.1 mm long, 1.2–2.1(–2.5) mm wide at base, apices acute, margins minutely denticulate, hairs at calyx –corolla fusion line present, sinus hairs absent. Corolla 4.5–9.8 mm long, white with veins crimson; tube 2.0–2.5 mm long; lobes 5.0–7.1 mm long, 2.1–3.0 mm wide, hairs below sinus absent or sparse; nectary indistinct, 0.2–0.6 mm from corolla base. Filaments 4.2–6.0 mm long from corolla base, 0.3– 0.5 mm wide. Anthers 0.4–1.1 mm long, anther wall blue-black, mouth yellow, extrorse at anthesis. Stigma crimson, blue, or purple. Ovules 9–29 per ovary, ovary colour yellow in maturity. Capsule 6.5–9.5 mm long. FL Jan–Apr.

Ab subspecie chathamicae pluribus caulis floriferi, ovulis 9–29 per ovarium, antheris 0.4– 1.1 mm longis, stigmate purpureo, statione sylvestri vel ad marginem sylvarum distinguenda.

Plants monocarpic, probably biennial, height in flower 27–150 mm. Caudex unbranched. Flowering stems terminal only or terminal and lateral with 1–4 flowering stems per plant, stems 0.7–3.4 mm diam. when dry, lateral flowering stems erect, flowering stem leaves 2–4 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from halfway up flowering stem. Rosette of leaves distinct or not very distinct from flowering stem leaves; leaves narrowly elliptic, 15–32 mm long, 3.7–8.0 mm wide, margin thickened, apex rounded, petiole indistinct, c. 10 mm long, 1.0–1.5(–2.5) mm wide at narrowest point. Pedicels 1 or 2 per leaf axil, 4.0–7.0(–11.5) mm long, 0.9–1.1 mm diam., 0.4–0.6 mm diam. when dry. Flowers (1–)2–22 per plant, 10.5–12 mm long. Calyx 6.0–8.8 mm long; lobes 5.1–8.0 mm long, 2.0–2.3 mm wide at base, plane, apices acute or obtuse, margins minutely denticulate, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line present, sinus hairs absent. Corolla 8.7–13 mm long, ranging from white to strongly coloured, with purple veins and/or with weak to strong red to purple tinting; tube 2.0–3.0 mm long; lobes 6.7–10.0 mm long, 4.2– 6.1 mm wide, hairs below sinus present or absent; nectary 1.2–1.5 mm from corolla base. Filaments 4.1–8.0 mm long from corolla base, 0.55–0.7 mm wide. Anthers 1.2–1.8 mm long. Stigma purple. Ovules 13–40 per ovary. Capsule 7.7–9.0 mm long. FL Nov–Feb(–Apr).

Plants biennial, rarely polycarpic, height in flower 60–470 mm. Caudex unbranched, 15–70 mm long. Root branched or unbranched, 1.3–11.3 mm diam. at stem base. Flowering stems terminal only or terminal and lateral with more slender lateral branches from among the rosette leaves, 1–9 per plant, terminal flowering stem 4.2– 10.1 mm diam. at base, green or tinted crimson or purple-black, lateral flowering stems erect, internodes 2–4(–6) pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from near base of flowering stem, halfway up flowering stem, or near apex of flowering stem. Rosette of leaves present and distinct from flowering stem leaves, leaves narrowly elliptic to elliptic or ovate, leaf apex acute to rounded, (15–)40–168 mm long, 5.0–31(–33) mm wide, sometimes tinted crimson or purple-black below or on the petiole, usually flat, sometimes V-shaped or channelled at the petiole, petiole 10–40 mm long, (1.5–)3.0–12.0(–18.5) mm wide at leaf base. Flowering stem leaves ovate, apex acute, sessile. Flowers 7–110 per plant, 11–23 mm long, rarely female. Pedicels (1–)2(–3) per leaf axil, (3–)10–40(–50) mm long, (0.64–)0.9–1.5 mm diam., 0.4–0.8 mm diam. when dry. Calyx 5.2–18 mm long, green or tinted purple-black, crimson, or bronze; lobes 2.9–11.3 mm long, 2.7–6.8 mm wide at base, plane, apices acute, margins smooth or minutely denticulate, hairs at sinuses present or absent. Corolla 11.0–21.2 mm long, white, rarely fl ushed with pink; tube 2.5–12 mm long; lobes 7.5–15.5 mm long, 5.1–10.2 mm wide, hairs below sinus present; nectary 0.7–1.5 mm from corolla base. Filaments 6.4–12.8 mm long from corolla base, 0.8–1.6 mm wide. Anthers (1.5–)1.9–3.2 mm long, anther wall yellow or blue-black, mouth yellow, extrorse, rarely introrse at anthesis. Stigma colourless. Ovules 36–68 per ovary. Capsules 12–19 mm long.

Plants biennial, rarely polycarpic, 60– 470 mm tall. Leaves 41–168 mm long, 6.5–31 mm wide; petiole indistinct, 4.0–18.5 mm wide at leaf base. Flowering stems 1–9 per plant, 3.0–11.3 mm diam. when fresh, (1.8–)3.7–4.7(–8.0) mm diam. when dry. Pedicels (1–)2(–3) per leaf axil, (3–)10– 40(–50) mm long, 0.9–1.5 mm diam. Flowers 7–110 per plant, 14–23 mm long. Calyx 6.8–18 mm long; lobes 3.1–10 mm long, 2.7–4.0 mm wide at base. Corolla 14.0–21.1 mm long. Filaments 7.2–12.8 mm long, 1.1–1.6 mm wide. Anthers 1.9–3.2 mm long. FL late Dec–Jan (montane valleys), Feb–Mar (alpine).

Plants biennial, rarely perennial, 90– 370 mm tall. Leaves 15–127 mm long, 5.0–11.3 mm wide; petiole 1.5–5.2 mm wide. Flowering stems 1–7 per plant, terminal stem 1.3–7.0 mm diam. when fresh, 0.85–3.7 mm diam. when dry. Pedicels 1–2 per axil, 10–30 mm long, 0.64–1.1 mm diam. Flowers (5–)10–98 per plant, 11.0–15.5 mm long at anthesis. Calyx 5.2–8.5 mm long; lobes 2.9–4.4 mm long, 1.7–2.6(–2.8) mm wide. Corolla 11.0–14.6(–15.3) mm long, white, rarely pale violet or with veins violet. Filaments 6.4–9.2 mm long, (0.6–)0.8–1.2(–1.4) mm wide. Anthers (1.5–)2.0–2.7 mm long. FL late Dec–Mar.

Ab subspecie corymbiferae habitu graciliore, caule florifero terminali angustiore, in statu vivo 1.3–7.0 mm diametro, in sicco 0.85–3.7 mm diametro, foliis minoribus, angustioribus, 15–127 mm longis, 5.0–11.3 mm latis, lobis calycinis angustioribus 1.7–2.6(–2.8) mm latis, corolla breviore, 11.0–14.6(–15.3) mm longa, filamentis angustioribus, 0.8–1.2 mm latis, differt.

Plants polycarpic, height in flower 80– 140(–200) mm, plants 170–400 mm diam. Caudex branched, 40–220 mm long, stolons absent. Root 3.1–6.2 mm diam. at stem base. Flowering stems (1–)4–22(–27) per plant, lateral only, decumbent, green or crimson, largest stems 1.4–2.5 mm diam. at base, 1.4–2.0 mm diam. when dry; stem leaves (4–)6–9 pairs per stem with internodes often short, the last pair often at the calyx base, sometimes sheathing the stem; lowest pedicels from near apex of flowering stem. Leaf rosette of leaves absent to distinct from flowering stem leaves. Basal leaves elliptic, leaf apex acute to rounded, (16–)20–44(–48) mm long, 5.3–10.4 mm wide, green without tinting, often turning yellow with age, V-shaped or channelled, recurved toward the leaf apex; petiole moderately distinct, 12–30 mm long, 2.2–3.6 mm wide at leaf base. Pedicels 1 per leaf axil, 0–19 mm long, 1.1–1.7 mm diam., 1.0–1.4 mm diam. when dry. Flowers (3–)22–72 per plant, 16–20 mm long, rarely female. Calyx 8.0–12.0 mm long, green, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line present; lobes 5.2–8.4 mm long, (2.6–)2.9–5.1 mm wide at base, apices acute, margins recurved, smooth to minutely denticulate, sinus hairs abundant. Corolla 14.0–19.8 mm long, white; tube 2.8–6.3 mm long; lobes 10.5–13.4 mm long, 7.3–11.1 mm wide, hairs below sinus abundant; nectary (1.0–)1.1–1.9(–2.3) mm from corolla base. Filaments 9.0–12.5 mm long from corolla base, 0.9–1.1 mm wide. Anthers 2.3–2.7 mm long, anther wall blue-black, mouth yellow, extrorse at anthesis. Stigma colourless. Ovules 26–56(–60) per ovary, ovary yellow in maturity. Capsules 18–29 mm long. FL Jan–early Mar.

Gentianellae bellidifoliae affinis, sed habitu maiore e rosula lata ramis prostratis radiantibus praedita composito, 170–400 mm diametro, pluribus caulis floriferi (4–22) ad peripheriam plantae, foliis caulinis imbricatis, numerosis, in paribus (4–)6–9, filamentis angustioribus quam eis G. bellidifoliae, 0.9–1.1 mm latis (non 0.8–2.0 mm latis), nectario1.6–2.3 mm ex base corollae, statione in summis montanis et lineis cristarum in agris planis glareosis plerumque saxorum arenaceorum vegetatione sparsa praeditis differt.

Plants monocarpic, biennial, possibly triennial, height in flower (40–)60–150(–200) mm. Caudex unbranched, c. 20 mm long. Root 2–6 mm diam. at stem base. Flowering stem terminal, 1.7–5.0 mm diam. at base, 1.4–4.0 mm diam. when dry, stem colour green, tinted slightly purpleblack, or bronze, lateral branches of the flowering stem erect to decumbent, flowering stem leaves 0–4 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from near base of flowering stem to near apex of flowering stem. Rosette of leaves absent to distinct from flowering stem leaves; leaves elliptic or orbicular or obovate or narrowly obovate, 16–65 mm long, 7.5–21 mm wide, green, usually flat, sometimes V-shaped or channelled, slightly recurved or not; petiole indistinct, c. 13 mm long, 2.8–8.0 mm wide at leaf base; leaf apex rounded. Flowering stem leaves narrowly ovate. Pedicels 1 or 2 per leaf axil, 7–50 mm long, 1.0–1.9 mm diam., 0.5–1.2 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 11–60 per plant, 15–20 mm long, often female. Calyx 8.5–11.0 mm long, green or bronze, or green tinted purple-black at lobe apices, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line absent; (4–)5(–7)-lobed, lobes 5.0–9.0 mm long, 2.0–5.0 mm wide at base, plane but surface often rugose, apices acute, margins smooth or minutely denticulate, sinus hairs sparse to abundant. Corolla (4–)5(–6)-lobed, 13.5– 18.6 mm long, white; tube 3.0–5.6 mm long; lobes 10.2–14.5 mm long, 5.2–9.5 mm wide, hairs below sinus present; nectary 0.6–1.9 mm from corolla base. Filaments 8.5–13.4 mm long from corolla base, 0.9–2.4 mm wide. Anthers 1.9–2.8 mm long, anther wall blue-black, mouth yellow or orangered, extrorse at anthesis. Stigma colourless, purple, crimson, or blue. Ovules 29–56(–76) per ovary, ovary yellow or purple-black in maturity. Capsule 15–17 mm long. FL Jan–Mar.

Plants monocarpic, annual, height in flower 20–140 mm. Caudex unbranched, 25–35 mm long. Root 0.5–0.9 mm diam. at stem base. Flowering stems terminal and lateral, 2–8 per plant, central flowering stem 0.9–1.9 mm diam. at base, 0.3–1.0 mm diam. when dried; stem colour green, tinted crimson or purple-black, lateral flowering stems erect to decumbent, flowering stem leaves 1–5 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from near base of flowering stem to near apex of flowering stem. Rosette of leaves absent from flowering plants, basal leaves narrowly elliptic or elliptic or ovate, 9–20 mm long, 2.6–6.4 mm wide, green, flat, not recurved, apex acute or rounded; petiole distinct or indistinct, 3.5–8.8 mm long, 1.0–2.6 mm wide at leaf base. Flowering stem leaves elliptic to ovate, apices rounded or acute. Pedicels 1 per leaf axil, 4.5–32 mm long, 0.7–1.8 mm diam., 0.5–0.7 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 1–30(–81) per plant, 8.2–13 mm long, sometimes female. Calyx 6.0–8.5 mm long, green tinted purple-black, at lower lobe margins, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line absent or present; (4–)5- lobed, lobes 2.6–5.0 mm long, 2.2–5.2 mm wide at base, strongly ridged between the lobes, plane or recurved, margins smooth, apices acute, sinus hairs abundant. Corolla 7.6–12 mm long, white, sometimes tinted purple at corolla tips; tube 2.6–4.6 mm long; lobes 4.5–8.3 mm long, 3.3–5.9 mm wide, hairs below sinus absent or present; nectary 0.4– 1.1 mm from corolla base. Filaments 4.3–7.8 mm long from corolla base, 0.6–0.9 mm wide. Anthers 0.8–1.4 mm long, anther wall blue-black, occasionally pale blue, mouth yellow, extrorse or horizontal at anthesis. Stigma colourless. Ovules 11–32 per ovary. Capsule 8–9 mm long. FL Jan–Apr.

Plants monocarpic, biennial, height in flower 60–200 mm. Caudex unbranched, 10–25 mm long. Root c. 0.9 mm diam. at stem base. Flowering stems terminal only or terminal and lateral, 1–19 per plant, largest flowering stem 1.0–1.6 mm diam. at base, 0.8–1.6 mm diam. when dry, stem colour bronze, lateral flowering stems erect, flowering stem leaves 2–4 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from halfway up flowering stem or near apex of flowering stem. Rosette of leaves present and distinct from flowering stem leaves, leaves elliptic, leaf apex acute, 13–22 mm long, 3.6–7.0 mm wide, green, channelled, not recurved, petiole 7.3–14.5 mm long. Petiole 1.0–1.2 mm wide at leaf base. Flowering stem leaves narrowly elliptic. Pedicels 1 per leaf axil, 4.5– 60 mm long, 0.8–1.1 mm diam., 0.8–1.2 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 1–28 per plant, 12.5–14.9 mm long. Calyx 9.5–14.7 mm long, bronze-green, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line present; lobes 8.5–11.8 mm long, 1.7–2.0 mm wide at base, plane, apices acute, margins smooth, sinus hairs sparse. Corolla 11.7–15.3 mm long, white; tube 3.0–3.5 mm long; lobes 8.8–12 mm long, 5.0–6.5 mm wide, apices acute and slightly serrated, hairs below sinus absent or present; nectary 1.7–2.0 mm from corolla base. Filaments 6.5–8.6 mm long from corolla base, 0.5–1.1 mm wide. Anthers 1.1–1.9 mm long, anther wall blue-black, mouth yellow, introrse at anthesis; pollen yellow. Stigma colourless. Ovules 36–49 per ovary. Capsule 15.3–27 mm long. FL Jan–Mar.

Plants monocarpic, biennial, height in flower 40–290 mm. Caudex unbranched, 7–15 mm long. Root 1.4–4.0 mm diam. at stem base. Flowering stems terminal and lateral or lateral only, 2–8 per plant, largest flowering stem 0.6–2.7 mm diam. at base, 0.8–1.5(–3.1) mm diam. when dry, stem green, or tinted crimson-orange, or purple-black, lateral flowering stems erect or decumbent, flowering stem leaves 3–6 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from near base of flowering stem to near apex of flowering stem. Rosette of leaves absent from flowering plants, leaves narrowly elliptic or elliptic or ovate, 9.1–65 mm long, 2.3–10.5(–16) mm wide, green or tinted purple-black, flat or V-shaped, not recurved; apex acute or rounded; petiole distinct, 11–18 mm long, 0.7–2.3(–3.6) mm wide at leaf base. Flowering stem leaves elliptic, ovate to narrowly ovate. Flowers 3–49 per plant, 6.7–12.5(–20) mm long. Pedicels 1 per leaf axil, 10–80 mm long (elongating after flowering to 17–85 mm), 0.5–1.4 mm diam., 0.4–0.9 mm diam. when dry. Calyx 5.5–11.6 mm long, green, tinted purple-black at the apices, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line present; lobes 4.2–7.8 mm long, 0.9–2.6 mm wide at base, plane, apices narrowly acute, margins smooth, sinus hairs absent or sparse. Corolla 6.4–16 mm long, white, occasionally a purple-grey tinting on the corolla lobes, with veins uncoloured, purple or purple-grey; tube 1.5–3.8 mm long; lobes 4.9–12.5 mm long, 2.1–8.6 mm wide, hairs below sinus absent or present; nectary 0.4– 1.2 mm from corolla base. Filaments 3.6–8.6 mm long from corolla base, 0.3–1.1 mm wide. Anthers 0.5–3.4 mm long, anther wall blue-black, rarely pink, mouth yellow, pale orange or orange-red, extrorse, occasionally horizontal at anthesis; pollen yellow or pale orange. Stigma colourless. Ovules 23–72 per ovary. Capsule 7.2–20 mm long. FL Jan–Mar.

Plants polycarpic, height in flower (160–)350–600 mm. Caudex branched, 65–300 mm long, leaf scars conspicuous, stolons usually present. Root 2.9–4.5 mm diam. at stem base. Flowering stems terminal and lateral, 4–6 per plant, largest flowering stem 2.5–5.5 mm diam. at base, 2.3–3.1 mm diam. when dry, stem colour tinted crimson, brown, or bronze, lateral flowering stems erect, flowering stem leaves 2–7 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from halfway up flowering stem or near apex of flowering stem. Rosette of leaves not distinct or distinct from flowering stem leaves; leaves elliptic or obovate, 18–61 mm long, (7.9–)12.7–21 mm wide, green or tinted crimson below, or slightly bronze-tinted, glossy, flat or slightly V-shaped, recurved or not, with lateral veins impressed on adaxial leaf surface; leaf apex apiculate or rounded; petiole absent or indistinct, 3.5–5.5 mm wide at leaf base. Flowering stem leaves ovate or obovate as for rosette leaves but sessile and almost amplexicaul, c. 19 × 12 mm. Pedicels 1 or 2 per leaf axil, (12–)19–35 mm long, 1.1–1.4 mm diam., 0.45–0.55 mm diam. when dry. Flowers (6–)13–30(–42) per plant, (19–)21–24 mm long, rarely female. Calyx (7.9–)10.5–12.7 mm long, green, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line present; lobes 6.6–9.4 mm long, (2.9–)3.5–3.7 mm wide at base, plane, apices acute, margins smooth, sinus hairs absent, sparse, or abundant. Corolla (16–)19–24 mm long; tube yellow or yellow-green, 4.6–7.2 mm long; lobes white with veins uncoloured, (11.3–)14.3– 18.1 mm long, (7.5–)11.2–12.5 mm wide, hairs below sinus present; nectary 1.2–2.2 mm from corolla base, dark yellow. Filaments (9.0–)10.5–11.5 mm long from corolla base, (1.2–)1.5–1.7 mm wide. Anthers 2.8–3.9 mm long, anther wall bluish purple, mouth yellow, extrorse at anthesis; pollen yellow. Stigma colourless. Ovules 44–84 per ovary, ovary yellow in maturity. Capsule 20–23 mm long. FL Feb–Mar.

Gentianellae montanae similis et affi nis, sed habitu robustiore, caudice longo, ramoso, caulibus hornotinis adventitiis ex caudice orientibus, nervis foliorum medianis atque lateralibus supra impressis, antheris magnis, 2.8–3.9 mm longis, discrimine singulari inter congeneres novozelandicos coloris tubi corollini flavi differt.

Plants monocarpic, annual, height in flower (6–)10–20(–25) mm. Caudex unbranched. Taproot slender. Flowering stems terminal only or terminal and lateral, 1–4 per plant, stem colour yellow, lateral flowering stems erect or decumbent, c. 0.6 mm diam. when dry; flowering stem leaves 1–2 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from near apex of flowering stem. Rosette of leaves absent from flowering plants, leaves linear or narrowly elliptic, (1.5–)3.5–8.0(–13) mm long, (0.5–)1.0–2.0 mm wide, flat, not recurved, petiole indistinct, 2–7 mm long, 0.4–0.6 mm wide at leaf base. Flowering stem leaves narrower than leaves. Pedicels 0.7–1.7 mm long, c. 0.5 mm diam., c. 0.45 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 1(–4) per plant, 3.7–5.0 mm long. Calyx 4–5-lobed, 2.4–6.2 mm long, green tinted purpleblack, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line absent; lobes 1.0–3.3 mm long, 0.95–2.1 mm wide at base, plane, apices acute, margins smooth, sinus hairs absent. Corolla 3.4–4.3 mm long, white, veins uncoloured; tube 1.4–3.2 mm long; 4–5-lobed, lobes 2.0–3.6 mm long, 1.3–2.3 mm wide, hairs below sinus absent; nectary 0.6–1.0 mm from corolla base. Filaments 1.9–4.1 mm long from corolla base, 0.2–0.3 mm wide. Anthers 0.4–0.7 mm long, introrse at anthesis. Ovules 2–4(–13) per ovary. Stigma colour unknown. Capsule 4.0–6.0 mm long. FL Jan–Feb.

Plants polycarpic, height in flower (30–)70–100(–180) mm. Caudex branched, stolons absent or present. Root much branched. Flowering stems terminal and lateral, 1–10(–18) per plant, largest flowering stem 0.9–1.0 mm diam. at base, c. 0.5 mm diam. when dry, stems tinted purple-black, lateral flowering stems erect or decumbent, flowering stem leaves 0–1 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from near base of flowering stem to near apex of flowering stem. Rosette of leaves absent or present and distinct from flowering stem leaves, basal leaves narrowly elliptic or elliptic, leaf apex acute, 11–16 mm long, 1.2–3.0 mm wide, green or tinted crimson below or tinted purple-black, flat, not recurved; petiole indistinct to distinct, 4.5–10.4 mm long, 0.5–0.8 mm wide at leaf base. Flowering stem bracts absent, rarely with one pair. Pedicels 10–74 mm long (elongating after flowering to 30–120 mm), 0.5–0.8 mm diam., 0.4–0.7 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 1–10(–18) per plant, 7.7–10.0 mm long. Calyx 6.4–9.0 mm long, green tinted purple-black, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line few; lobes 4.9–7.0 mm long, 1.1–1.7 mm wide at base, plane, apices acute, margins smooth, sinus hairs absent. Corolla 4.6–10.5 mm long, white, veins uncoloured; tube 1.1–2.9 mm long; lobes 3.7–8.1 mm long, 2.0–4.6 mm wide, hairs below sinus absent; nectary 0.5–0.6 mm from corolla base. Filaments 2.4–6.0 mm long from corolla base, 0.35–0.45 mm wide. Anthers (0.8–)0.9–1.2(–1.5) mm long, anther wall blue-black, mouth yellow, introrse at anthesis; pollen yellow. Stigma colourless. Ovules 40–56 per ovary, ovary yellow in maturity. Capsule 7.3–14.2 mm long. FL mid Nov–Jan.

Plants monocarpic, biennial, height in flower 25–60 mm (rosette of leaves compact, 22– 70 mm diam.). Caudex unbranched, to 55 mm long. Root 2.2–4.4 mm diam. at stem base. Flowering stems terminal, largest flowering stem 3.0–5.0 mm diam. at base, stem colour green or tinted purpleblack, flowering stem leaves 1 pair per stem, lowest pedicels from near base of flowering stem to halfway up flowering stem. Rosette of leaves present but not very distinct or present and distinct from flowering stem leaves, leaves lingulate, 10.5–33 mm long, 4.2–5.2 mm wide, green, margins dark red-brown, channelled, recurved or not, leaf apex rounded; petiole absent, leaf 2.7–5.0 mm wide at base. Pedicels 1 per leaf axil, 1–21 mm long, 1.0–1.3 mm diam. Flowers 14–133 per plant, 12.5–19.5 mm long. Calyx 6.7–8.4 mm long, green, tinted brown, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line present; lobes 4.8–5.9 mm long, 2.2–2.9 mm wide at base, plane, apices acute, margins smooth or minutely denticulate at lobe base or for full length of margin, sinus hairs sparse to abundant. Corolla 11.6–14.9 mm long, uniformly pale yellow; tube 3.8–4.7 mm long; lobes 9.2–10.2 mm long, 5.1–6.3 mm wide, hairs below sinus present; nectary 1.5–2.0 mm from corolla base. Filaments 7.8–9.9 mm long from corolla base, 0.6–0.8 mm wide. Anthers 1.0–2.1 mm long, anther wall blue-black, mouth yellow, extrorse at anthesis; pollen yellow. Stigma colourless. Ovules 9–20 per ovary, ovary turning slightly blue in maturity. Capsule 5.6–7.5 mm long. FL Feb–Mar.

Ab Gentianella divisa foliis angustioribus, 4.2–5.2 mm latis (non 7.5–21 mm latis), ad medium folii non ampliatis, capsulis paucioribus, 5.6–7.5 mm longis (non 15–17 mm longis), ovulis paucioribus, 9–20 per ovarium, filamentis angustioribus, 0.6–0.8 mm latis, calice breviore, 6.7–8.4 mm longo distinguenda.

Plants monocarpic or polycarpic, biennial or perennial, height in flower 75–190 mm. Caudex unbranched, 70–80 mm long. Root 8–13 mm diam. at stem base and 400–800 mm long. Flowering stems terminal and lateral, 10–40 per plant, terminal flowering stem 5.7–7.3 mm diam. at base, green; lateral flowering stems erect; flowering stem leaves 2–6 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from near apex of flowering stems. Rosette of leaves absent from flowering plants, lower stem leaves narrowly elliptic, 35–105 mm long, 10.0–15.5 mm wide, green, margins sometimes crimson, flat or channelled, apex acute; petiole absent, leaves 4.4– 9.2 mm wide at base. Flowering stem leaves narrowly ovate. Pedicels 1 per leaf axil, 10–52 mm long, 1.4–1.5 mm diam. Flowers 45–220(–256) per plant, 19–26 mm long. Calyx 12.3–20 mm long, green, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line absent or present; lobes 8.5–10.0(–14.5) mm long, 4.3–5.4 mm wide at base, plane, apices acute, margins smooth, sinus hairs abundant. Corolla 17.2–24.5 mm long, white, veins uncoloured; tube 4.7–8.1 mm long; lobes 12.4–16.4 mm long, 8.0–10.8 mm wide, hairs below sinus present; nectary 1.6–3.3 mm from corolla base. Filaments 10.7–16 mm long from corolla base, 1.2–1.5 mm wide. Anthers 2.0–2.9 mm long, anther wall blue-black, mouth yellow, extrorse at anthesis; pollen yellow. Stigma colourless. Ovules 9–23(–37) per ovary, ovary turning dark purple in maturity. Capsule 19–25 mm long. Seeds 1.1–1.5 mm diam. FL Mar.

Plants monocarpic and annual or biennial, or polycarpic and flowering each year; herbaceous (occasionally semi-woody). Leaves and stems glabrous. Caudex short and not distinct (< 10 mm) to long and distinct (c. 150 mm), branched or unbranched; dead leaves caducous and leaving scars, or persistent and forming a shaggy layer on the caudex; new branches sometimes arising from old parts of the caudex. Leaves usually in rosettes, occasionally a rosette lacking in biennial plants in their second year, rosette either at the base of the terminal stem (in most monocarpic species) or at the apex of each branch (in most mature polycarpic species), opposite, decussate, sessile to petiolate, entire, elliptic, narrowly elliptic or linear, channelled to flat. Flowering stems single or multiple, either terminal from the rosette apex, or lateral from leaf axils below the rosette apex, erect to decumbent; with 1–6 pairs of opposite leaves that grade to being sessile in the upper parts of the stem, with four vertical ribs. Flowers scentless, protandrous, (4–)5(–6)-merous, on short to long pedicels that are square in section, terminal and solitary or terminal and lateral in dichasial cymes arising from scape leaf axils, 1–2 per axil. Calyx campanulate, lobed ×0.6–0.85 from the apex, lobes slightly to strongly unequal in length and width, slightly Vshaped, usually erect, occasionally recurved, triangular to subulate, lobe margins smooth or papillose, apices acute (occasionally rounded), sinus narrowly to broadly acute, usually with a few hairs; the cup smooth or roughened, with hairs usually present on the inner surface, particularly at the calyx–corolla fusion line. Corolla campanulate, lobes overlapping in bud contorted to the right, lobed ×0.65–0.83 from the apex, lobes parting at anthesis to form a narrow- throated fl ower, or widely separating to form a stellar and salviform fl ower; corolla completely white, sometimes with tinting of grey-violet, pink, blue, dark purple, or crimson in various parts of the corolla but usually at the apices on the outside surface, corolla rarely coloured uniformly, then pale yellow, veins colourless or crimson, purple, dark purple, or grey-violet; corolla tube white, green, or occasionally yellow; lobe sinuses a narrow slit, hairs usually present on the inner corolla surface between the sinus and line of fusion of the fi lament to the corolla and as a ring just above the fusion line. Nectaries 0.4–1.5 mm from corolla base, alternate to and between the fi laments, yellow to green, V- or U-shaped, bulbous or forming a pocket with a variably developed flap or two flaps, the flap when well developed sometimes with a toothed margin. Stamens alternating with the corolla lobes, medifi xed, fi laments fl attened, pale translucent green. Anthers versatile, introrse before dehiscence, usually extrorse at dehiscence, sometimes remaining introrse or becoming horizontal at dehiscence, bilocular, locules oblong, purple-black, yellow, or orange, dehiscing on the long axis outer wall, the mouth with a yellow, orange, or red border. Male sterility occasional, in the form of anthers reduced or absent. Pollen yellow, rarely black through staining by the anther wall, 35–45 µm diam., tricolpate, surface pattern surface striate or striate-reticulate, rarely reticulate. Ovary fusiform, unilocular with two opposite suture lines the length of the ovary, colour yellow, sometimes tinted blue or purple after fertilisation, style absent; stigma shortly bivalved, arms c. 0.7 mm long, stigmatic surface with clear or blue to purple-tinted clavate cells. Ovules attached by a short stalk to the inner surface of the outer ovary wall, in 4 equal rows, (2–)10–60(–80) per ovary. Capsule septicidal at the mouth, dry, brown, and leathery when seeds are ripe. Seeds spherical, c. 1.0 mm diam., pale to dark brown, densely rugose (at 40× magnification) with a fi ne overlying reticulum (SEM). Chromosome number 2n = 36. (All characters based only on New Zealand species).

Plants polycarpic or monocarpic and biennial, height in flower (45–)70–570 mm. Caudex unbranched or branched, 10–160 mm long, with leaf scars. Stolons present or absent. Flowering stems single and terminal or multiple and both terminal and lateral, 1–23 per plant; largest flowering stem 1.4–6.1 mm diam. at base, 1.4–4.1 mm diam. when dry, green, tinted crimson, purple-black, or bronze, flowering stems erect from a decumbent base, flowering stem leaves 2–7, lowest pedicels from near the base to near the apex of stem. Rosette of leaves usually distinct, leaves narrow rhomboid, elliptic, or orbicular, 14–98 mm long, 3.5–18 mm wide, flat or V-shaped, not recurved, bronze or crimson below; apex acute or rounded; petiole indistinct or distinct and 9–45 mm long, 1.4–7.5 mm wide at narrowest point. Pedicels 1–2 per leaf axil, 5–38 mm long, 0.8–2.0 mm diam., 0.5–1.1 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 1–49(–120) per plant, 17–20 mm long. Calyx 6.6–11.8 mm long, green or tinted crimson or purple-black, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line present; lobes 4.4–9.6 mm long, 1.8–4.0 mm wide at base, plane, apices acute, margins convex, smooth or minutely denticulate, sinus hairs absent or present. Corolla 11–24 mm long, white, veins purple or uncoloured; tube 2.3–5.0 mm long; lobes 10–16 mm long, 5.4–11.3 mm wide, hairs below sinus absent or present; nectary 0.4–1.3 mm from corolla base. Filaments 6–11 mm long from corolla base, 0.6–1.8 mm wide. Anthers 1.7–3.2 mm long, anther wall blueblack, mouth yellow, extrorse, rarely horizontal at anthesis; pollen yellow. Stigma colourless, or blue to violet. Ovules 32–88 per ovary. Capsule 15–28 mm long.

Plants polycarpic or monocarpic and biennial, height in flower 70–570 mm. Caudex 10–160 mm long. Stolons present or absent. Root 1.2–9 mm diam. at stem base. Flowering stems 1–23 per plant, largest stem 1.4–6.1 mm diam. at base, 0.5–4.1 mm diam. when dry, stem colour green, crimson, or purple-black, lateral flowering stems erect or decumbent, flowering stem leaves 2–7 pairs per stem. Rosette(s) of leaves usually distinct. Rosette leaves 14–98 mm long, 3.5–18 mm wide, green or tinted crimson below; petiole 15–45 mm long, 1.6–7.5 mm wide at leaf base. Pedicels 5–38 mm long (elongating to 55 mm), 0.9–2.0 mm diam., 0.5–1.1 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 1–49 per plant, 11–20 mm long, rarely male-sterile. Calyx 7.5– 11.8 mm long; lobes 5.3–9.6 mm long, 2.1–3.0 mm wide at base, sinus hairs absent, sparse or abundant. Corolla 13.5–20 mm long, white, veins usually uncoloured, rare purple; tube 2.6–5.0 mm long; lobes 10.0–16 mm long, 6.8–10.3 mm wide, hairs below sinus absent or present; nectary 0.4–1.4 mm from corolla base. Filaments 6.0–11.0 mm long from corolla base, 0.7–1.2 mm wide. Anthers 1.8–3.0 mm long, anther wall blue-black, mouth yellow. Stigma colourless. Ovules 40–84 per ovary. Capsule 15– 28 mm long.

Plants monocarpic and biennial, or polycarpic (rarely in Southland, usually in Nelson), height in flower (120–)170–570 mm. Caudex 10–90 mm long. Stolons sometimes present. Root 1.2–9 mm diam. at stem base. Flowering stems 1–23 per plant, largest stem 1.7–6.1 mm diam. at base, 1.6–4.1 mm diam. when dry, stem colour green or tinted crimson, lateral flowering stems erect or decumbent, flowering stem leaves 2–5 pairs per stem. Rosette of leaves (23–)37–98 mm long, (6.7–)9.4– 18 mm wide, green or tinted crimson below; petiole 15–45 mm long, 1.6–7.5 mm wide at leaf base. Pedicels 11–38 mm long (elongating to 55 mm), 0.9–2.0 mm diam., 0.5–1.1 mm diam. when dry. Flowers (2–)21–49 per plant, 11–19 mm long, rarely female. Calyx 7.5–11.2 mm long; lobes 5.3–9.6 mm long, 2.1–2.8 mm wide at base, sinus hairs sparse to abundant. Corolla 14.3–17.5 mm long, white, veins uncoloured, rarely purple; tube 2.6–5.0 mm long; lobes 11–16 mm long, 7.0–10.3 mm wide, hairs below sinus absent or present; nectary 0.4– 1.4 mm from corolla base. Filaments 6.9–11.0 mm long from corolla base, 0.7–1.2 mm wide. Anthers 2.0–3.0 mm long, wall blue-black, mouth yellow. Ovules 40–84 per ovary. Capsule 20–26 mm long. FL mid Jan–Mar.

Plants monocarpic and biennial, height in flower (45–)80–270(–310) mm. Caudex unbranched, 15–100 mm long, stolons absent or rarely present. Root 0.8–2.2 mm diam. at stem base. Flowering stems usually terminal only, sometimes terminal and lateral, 2–6 stems per plant, largest flowering stem 1.9–3.1 mm diam. at base, 1.4–2.8(– 4.3) mm diam. when dry, stems tinted crimson or tinted purple-black, lateral flowering stems erect or decumbent, flowering stem leaves 2–5 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from near base of flowering stem to near apex of flowering stem. Rosette of leaves distinct from flowering stem leaves to indistinct, leaves elliptic or ovate, 13–38(–55) mm long, 4.1–12(–17) mm wide, tinted crimson or purpleblack below, apex acute to rounded, leaf flat with a V-shaped petiole, V-shaped or channelled; petiole indistinct to distinct, 6.4–15.3 mm long, 1.2–3.0 mm wide at narrowest point. Pedicels 1 per leaf axil, rarely two, 8–35 mm long, 0.8–1.4 mm diam., 0.5–0.8 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 4–35(–55) per plant, 11.5–20 mm long. Calyx 6.6–11.9 mm long, green tinted purple-black at the lobe apices; lobes 4.6–9.2 mm long, 1.9–3.0 mm wide at base, plane, apices acute, margins smooth, sinus hairs sparse or absent. Corolla 11.0–19.3 mm long, white, veins purple or violet; tube 2.3–4.6 mm long; lobes 8.5–15.3 mm long, 5.4–8.5 mm wide, hairs below sinus present; nectary 0.4–1.2 mm from corolla base. Filaments 7.4–9.8 mm long from corolla base, 0.7–1.0 mm wide. Anthers 1.8–2.9 mm long. Stigma blue, blue-grey, or violet. Ovules 44–88 per ovary. Capsule 17–22(–25) mm long. FL Jan–Feb.

Ab subspecie montana statu solummodo bienni, habitu minore, 45–310 mm alto, capsulis minoribus 17.0–22(–25) mm longis, venis corollae purpureis, stigmate caesio vel violaceo differt.

Plants polycarpic, height in flower 70–510 mm. Root 1.5–2.5 mm diam. at stem base. Caudex branched, 16–160 mm long. Stolons always present on older plants. Flowering stems 1–5 per plant; largest stem 1.4–3.2 mm diam. at base, (0.5–)1.2–1.9(–3.0) mm diam. when dry, green, crimson, or purple-black, flowering stem leaves 3–7 pairs per stem with sometimes a gradual transition from rosette leaves; lowest pedicels from near apex of flowering stem. Rosette leaves 14–42 mm long, 3.5–10.5 mm wide, usually tinted crimson below, otherwise bronze; apices rounded to acute; petiole when distinct 9.5–19 mm long, 1.4–3.2 mm wide at narrowest point. Pedicels 5–32 mm long, 1.0–1.5 mm diam. Flowers 1–15 per plant, 17–20 mm long. Calyx 9.0–11.8 mm long; lobes 6.9–9.2 mm long, 1.8–3.0 mm wide at base, sinus hairs absent or sparse. Corolla 13.5–20 mm long, rarely purple; tube 2.9–4.7 mm long, usually green; lobes 10.0–15.3 mm long, 6.8–10.1 mm wide, white, veins uncoloured or purple, hairs below sinus present; nectary 0.5–1.3 mm from corolla base. Filaments 6.0–10.0 mm long from corolla base, 0.7–1.0 mm wide. Anthers 1.8–2.9 mm long, anther wall blueblack. Ovules 44–56 per ovary. Capsule 15–28 mm long. FL (Jan–)Feb–Apr.

Plants monocarpic and biennial, or polycarpic, height in flower (60–)110–290(–370) mm. Root 2.7–6.3 mm diam. at stem base. Caudex unbranched or branched, 25–70 mm long; stolons absent. Flowering stems terminal and lateral, 1–36 per plant, largest flowering stem 1.1–2.4(–3.6) mm diam. at base, 1.6–3.6 mm diam. when dry, tinted crimson to purple-black, lateral flowering stems decumbent or erect, flowering stem leaves 3–4(–5) pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from near apex of flowering stem. Rosette of leaves distinct from flowering stem leaves, leaves elliptic, (18–)26–44 mm long, 3.5–9.0 mm wide, green, flat or V-shaped, recurved or not; leaf apex acute; petiole distinct, 10–29 mm long, 1.5–2.5 mm wide at leaf base. Flowering stem leaves ovate, apex acute, base clasping, V-shaped strongly. Pedicels 1 or 2 per leaf axil, 9–35 mm long, 0.8–1.0 mm diam., 0.5–0.6 mm diam. when dry. Flowers (3–)40–86(–126) per plant, 10–15 mm long. Calyx 5.1–8.5 mm long, green or green tinted purple-black, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line present; lobes 3.4–6.0 mm long, 1.8–2.3(–2.6) mm wide at base, plane, apices acute, margins smooth, sinus hairs sparse. Corolla 5.9–15(–16) mm long, white or tinted pink or purple, veins uncoloured or purple; tube 3.0–3.5 mm long; lobes 9.0–11.4 mm long, 5.5–8.0 mm wide, hairs below sinus present; nectary 0.3–0.8 mm from corolla base. Filaments 4.5–8.8 mm long from corolla base, 0.7–1.0 mm wide. Anthers 1.7–2.4 mm long, anther wall blueblack, mouth yellow or orange-red, extrorse at anthesis or horizontal at anthesis. Stigma colourless or grey-violet. Ovules 24–44 per ovary. Capsule 12–15 mm long. FL (Dec–)Jan–Mar(–May).

Plants polycarpic, height in flower 40–170 mm. Flowering stems terminal and lateral or lateral only, (2–)4–16 per plant, stems tinted purple-black, lateral flowering stems decumbent, 1.3–2.6 mm diam. when dry, flowering stem leaves 4–5 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from halfway up flowering stem. Rosette leaves narrowly elliptic to elliptic, leaf apex rounded, 17.8–87 mm long, 3.2– 17.5 mm wide, green, not recurved; petiole distinct, 14.5–64 mm long, 0.7–3.4 mm wide at leaf base. Pedicels 1 per axil, 10–67 mm long, 1.4–1.5 mm diam., 0.7–1.3 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 9–82 per plant, 15.0–24.2 mm long. Calyx 6.8–8.8 mm long, green; lobes 4.5–6.2 mm long, 2.0–3.2 mm wide at base, distinctly recurved, apices acute, margins minutely denticulate, sinus hairs absent. Corolla 13.7–15.7 mm long, white, veins uncoloured; tube 3.5–4.0 mm long; lobes 9.6–11.2 mm long, 6.7– 7.4 mm wide; nectaries 2.5–3.7 mm from corolla base. Filaments 7.6–8.1 mm long from corolla base, 0.7–0.8 mm wide. Anthers 2.0–2.1 mm long, anther wall blue-black, mouth yellow, extrorse at anthesis. Stigma colourless. Ovules 30–44 per ovary. Capsule 10.0–19.3 mm long. FL late Jan–early Feb.

Plants polycarpic, height in flower 70–130 mm. Flowering stems terminal and lateral, 4–10 per plant, stems tinted crimson, 1.4–2.3 mm diam. when dry. Rosette leaves orbicular, 35–44 mm long, 10.0–17.5 mm wide, green, not recurved, margin not thickened; apex rounded; petiole distinct, 19–30 mm long, 1.4–2.2 mm wide. Pedicels 1 per leaf axil, 1–16 mm long, 0.9–1.3 mm diam. when fresh, 0.5–0.8 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 8–38 per plant, 12–15 mm long, rarely female. Calyx 6.0– 8.2 mm long, green, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line present; lobes 3.9–5.5 mm long, 1.8–2.4 mm wide, plane, sinus hairs absent, sparse, or abundant. Corolla 9.5–14.8 mm long, veins coloured; tube 2.6–4.5 mm long; lobes 9.6–10.5 mm long, 3.3– 5.0 mm wide; nectaries 0.7–1.2 mm from corolla base. Filaments 5.0–7.4 mm long from corolla base, 0.6–0.8 mm wide. Anthers 1.0–1.5 mm long, anther wall blue-black, mouth yellow, extrorse at anthesis. Stigma colourless. Ovules 16–30 per ovary. Capsule 10.0–11.8 mm long. FL Dec.

Ab Gentianellae saxosae differt in folia orbicular, non ellipticus; veno corollae purpureo; lobi calycae planae; caule fl oribus carmesinus, antherae brevior, 1.0–1.6 mm longae.

Plants polycarpic, height in flower (80–)120–180(–300) mm. Caudex unbranched or branched, 10–35(–100) mm long, shaggy with dead leaf bases. Root 2.0–6.7 mm diam. at stem base. Flowering stems lateral only, or terminal on rosette-bearing branches, (1–)2–7(–13) per plant, largest flowering stem 1.9–3.0 mm diam. at base, 1.0–2.0 mm diam. when dry, stem colour green or tinted crimson or purple-black, lateral flowering stems erect or decumbent, flowering stem leaves 1–5 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from near apex of flowering stem. Rosette of leaves present and distinct from flowering stem leaves, leaves linear to narrowly elliptic, (32–)45–112(–160) mm long, (3.5–) 4.0–13(–15) mm wide, green or tinted crimson or purple-black below and on petiole and veins, sometimes leaf surface speckled purple-black, V-shaped or channelled, recurved or not, apex acute, petiole absent to distinct, 15–40 mm long, (1.1–)1.5–3.7 (–4.0) mm wide at leaf base. Flowering stem leaves narrowly elliptic, sessile. Flowers 1–20(–130) per plant, 15–21 mm long. Pedicels 1 or 2 per leaf axil, 12–26 mm long, 0.8–1.4 mm diam., 0.5–1.0 mm diam. when dry. Calyx (7.4–)7.9–13.8 mm long, green or green tinted purple-black, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line absent or present; lobes 4.6–9.7 mm long, (2.0–)2.1–2.6(–3.0) mm wide at base, plane, apices acute, margins smooth to denticulate, sinus hairs sparse, rarely abundant. Corolla 14.1–19.5 mm long, white, veins uncoloured; tube 4.3–6.2 mm long; lobes 9.6–13 mm long, 5.6–9.5 mm wide, hairs below sinus present; nectary (0.3–)0.5–1.9(–2.2) mm from corolla base. Filaments 7.0–9.8(–11.2) mm long from corolla base, (0.65–)0.8–1.1(–1.4) mm wide. Anthers (1.8–)2.0–3.0(–3.2) mm long, anther wall blue-black, mouth yellow, extrorse at anthesis. Stigma colourless. Ovules (15–)22–57(–64) per ovary. Capsule 13–22 mm long. FL Feb–Apr.

Plants monocarpic, biennial, height in flower (85–)100–270 mm. Caudex unbranched, 20–100 mm long, stolons absent. Root 2.0–3.1 mm diam. at stem base. Flowering stems terminal and lateral, 1–7 per plant, largest flowering stem 2.0– 3.3 mm diam. at base, 1.9–2.7 mm diam. when dry, green or tinted crimson, lateral flowering stems erect, flowering stem leaves 1–3 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from near base of flowering stem or halfway up flowering stem. Rosette of leaves present and distinct from flowering stem leaves, leaves elliptic, orbicular, obovate, or ovate, 25–80(–93) mm long, 13.0–22 mm wide, green or tinted crimson below or tinted purple-black, flat or with petiole V-shaped, sometimes very shallowly 2- or 3-lobed, sometimes recurved at the apex, leaf apex usually rounded, occasionally acute or retuse, petiole absent to distinct, 15–53 mm long, 2.0–5.8 mm wide at leaf base. Flowering stem leaves orbicular with shorter petioles than rosette leaves or sessile. Pedicels 1 or 2 per leaf axil, 1.5–10 mm long, 1.0–1.2 mm diam., 0.4–0.7 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 3–33 per plant, 9.0–16 mm long. Calyx 6.0–11.0 mm long, green, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line absent or present; lobes 5.3–9.3 mm long, 1.4–2.1 mm wide at base, plane, apices acute, margins smooth or minutely denticulate, sinus hairs absent or sparse. Corolla 9.3–14 mm long, white, sometimes tinted on outside of corolla lobes, veins usually coloured purple or crimson, rarely uncoloured; tube 2.5–4.1 mm long; lobes 5.4–9.9 mm long, 3.2–4.4 mm wide, hairs below sinus absent or present; nectary 0.8–2.0 mm from corolla base. Filaments 5.9–8.0 mm long from corolla base, 0.6–0.7 mm wide. Anthers 1.1–1.3 mm long, anther wall dark red, mouth orange-red, extrorse at anthesis, pollen dull pink. Stigma crimson. Ovules (4–)22–33 per ovary. Capsules 6.2–12.0 mm long. FL (Dec–)Jan–Feb(–Mar).

Plants monocarpic, biennial, height in flower 180–730 mm. Caudex unbranched or branched with branches short, c. 30 mm long. Root 1.8–6.0 mm diam. at stem base. Flowering stems terminal only or terminal and lateral, 1–6 per plant, largest flowering stem 1.7–5.4 mm diam. at base, stem colour green or tinted crimson, purple-black, or bronze, lateral flowering stems erect when present, flowering stem leaves 3–6 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from near base of flowering stem or halfway up flowering stem or near apex of flowering stem. Rosette of leaves present and distinct from flowering stem leaves, leaves narrowly elliptic or elliptic, 12–100 mm long, (3.7–)6.0–19 mm wide, green or tinted crimson, purple-black, or bronze, flat or slightly to strongly channelled, recurved; leaf apex acute or rounded; petiole absent, leaf 2.9– 5.7 mm wide at base. Flowering stem leaves similar to rosette leaves but smaller, ovate, strongly recurved and channelled. Pedicels 1 or 2 per leaf axil, 3– 45 mm long (those from low on the flowering stem very long), 0.75–1.5 mm diam., 0.6–1.0 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 11–38(–59) per plant, 14–29 mm long. Calyx 6.0–13 mm long, green or crimson, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line absent or present; lobes 3.8–8.2 mm long, 1.5–3.0 mm wide at base, recurved, apices acute, margins smooth or minutely denticulate, sinus hairs few. Corolla (10–)13–23 mm long, white, veins uncoloured; tube 3.0–6.3 mm long; lobes 11.5–19 mm long, 6.3–9.5 mm wide, hairs below sinus few or absent; nectary 1.7–2.7 mm from corolla base. Filaments 5.9–10.6 mm long from corolla base, 0.6–1.2 mm wide. Anthers 1.7–3.1 mm long, anther wall yellow or blue-black, mouth yellow, extrorse at anthesis. Stigma colourless or slightly tinted blue. Ovules 18–68 per ovary, ovary turning purple in maturity. Capsule 11.5–21 mm long. FL Mar–Apr(–Aug).

Gentianellae tenuifoliae affi nis et similis, sed corolla alba, foliis crassis, coriaceis atque politis, rosulatis, recurvis, petiolo absens, foliis 4.3–5.7 mm lato ad basis, lobis calycis recurvis, lobis calycis latioribus 1.6–3.0 mm latis, nectario ex base corollae longius insidenti, 1.7–2.7 mm, ciliis in sinibus calycinis sparsis differt.

Plants monocarpic, biennial, height in flower 230–530 mm. Caudex unbranched, 7–65 mm long. Root 2.1–7.0 mm diam. at stem base. Flowering stems terminal only or terminal and lateral, 1–8 per plant, largest flowering stem 1.6–3.9 mm diam. at base, central flowering stem more robust than the laterals, stem colour green or tinted crimson, lateral flowering stems erect or decumbent, flowering stem leaves 4–6 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from near base of flowering stem or halfway up flowering stem. Rosette of leaves distinct from flowering stem leaves, leaves narrowly elliptic or elliptic, 40–102(– 117) mm long, 8.5–20(–24) mm wide, green or tinted crimson below, flat, not recurved, thin in texture, matt on adaxial leaf surface, with lateral veins projecting from the abaxial leaf surface, leaf apex acute; petiole absent to indistinct, (20–)30–33 mm long, 3.0–4.8 mm wide at leaf base. Flowering stem leaves ovate, apices acute. Pedicels 1 or 2 per leaf axil, 4–30 mm long, 0.7–1 mm diam., 0.4–0.6 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 13–85 per plant, 11.2–16 mm long. Calyx 6.0–9.8 mm long, green, hairs at calyx– corolla fusion line present; lobes 4.0–5.9 mm long, 1.4–2.0 mm wide at base, plane or recurved, apices acute, margins smooth or minutely denticulate, sinus hairs absent. Corolla 9.8–17.2 mm long, white, veins usually purple, rarely colourless; tube 3.0–3.2 mm long; lobes 6.6–12.2 mm long, 3.2–5.0 mm wide, hairs below sinus present; nectary 0–1.0 mm from corolla base. Filaments 6.5–7.9 mm long from corolla base, 0.5–0.8 mm wide. Anthers 1.3–2.1 mm long, anther wall blue-black, mouth yellow or orange- red, extrorse or horizontal at anthesis. Stigma crimson or blue. Ovules 18–53 per ovary. Capsule 9.5–17 mm long. FL Jan–Feb(–Apr).

Plants polycarpic, rarely monocarpic and biennial, height in flower 80–290 mm. Caudex unbranched or branched, 35–120 mm long. Stolons arising from branched caudex occasionally present. Root 1.2–2.0 mm diam. at stem base. Flowering stems terminal on main caudex or its branches, 1–16 per plant, largest flowering stem 1.0–2.5 mm diam. at base, 0.9–2.0 mm diam. when dry, stems tinted purple-black, rarely green, erect or decumbent, flowering stem leaves 3–5 pairs per stem, lowest pedicels from near apex of flowering stem, flowers often solitary on a stem. Rosettes of leaves present but grading to flowering stem leaves, leaves narrowly elliptic, glossy, thick in texture without projecting veins, (12.0–)14.5–25(–31) mm long, (1.8–)2.4–5.7(–6.0) mm wide, green, rarely tinted crimson below, flat or slightly V-shaped, not recurved, apex acute, petiole absent, leaf 1.0–2.2–3.4 mm wide at leaf base. Flowering stem leaves narrowly ovate. Pedicels 1 or 2 per leaf axil, 2–27 mm long, 0.9–1.4 mm diam., 0.5–0.65 mm diam. when dry. Flowers 1–24 per plant, 13.0–18.3 mm long. Calyx 6.8–10.8 mm long, green or tinted purple-black or brown, hairs at calyx–corolla fusion line present; lobes 4.1–8.1 mm long, 1.9–3.2 mm wide at base, plane, apices acute, margins smooth, sinus hairs absent, sparse, or abundant. Corolla (10.9–)13.6–16.8 mm long, white, veins uncoloured; tube 3.0–4.5 mm long, lobes 8.3–12.5 mm long, 7.0–10.9 mm wide, hairs below sinus present; nectary 0.3–0.6 mm from corolla base. Filaments 7.1–9.4 mm long from corolla base, 0.7–0.9 mm wide. Anthers 1.8–2.9 mm long, anther wall blue-black, mouth yellow, extrorse at anthesis. Stigma colourless. Ovules 28–64 per ovary, turning slightly blue in maturity. Capsule 13–18 mm long. FL (Feb–)Apr.