Although Rhizoscyphus is treated as a generic synonym of Hyaloscypha, it contains a second species, R. monotropae. It is morphologically similar to H. hepaticicola with which it also shares plant-associated and saprobic lifestyles. ITS sequences of five strains of R. monotropae are available in GenBank (as Hymenoscyphus monotropae); four have been isolated as members of root fungal communities of Tsuga canadensis, Vaccinium uliginosum, and Salix arctica, and only one strain was associated with roots of Monotropa uniflora (UAMH 6650, Egger & Sigler 1993). The authors have already pointed out the high sequence divergence (24 %) between R. monotropae and fungi assigned to the REA. According to BLAST searches (97 % similarity) and its position in the ITS tree (Fig. 1), R. monotropae is conspecific or at least congeneric with Cyathicula microspora M267 (Baral et al. 2009), which is included as an outgroup in our study. Given these facts, R. monotropae is not accepted in Hyaloscypha.