Host: Rubus australis Forst. f. On leaves. Herb. Nos. 7, 594. III. Herekopere Islands, T. Kirk! 1882. Mount Waiopehu (Wellington), 1;000 m., G. H. C. 26 Oct., 1919. Otira Gorge (Canterbury), 500 m., E. H. Atkinson ! 30 Jan., 1920. Peel Forest (Canterbury), 250 m., H. H. Allan ! Feb., 1920. Makarora (Otago), W. D. Reid ! 25 Mar., 1921. Tokaanu-Waiouru Road, Taupo, 400 m., E. H. Atkinson ! 11 Mar., 1922.

0. Spermogones immersed, hypophyllous, associated with the uredosori.
II. Uredosori hypophyllous, scattered, orbicular, 0.25-0.5 mm. diam., golden-yellow; surrounded by and mixed with numerous incurved hyaline cylindrical paraphyses. Spores globose, obovate, or shortly elliptical, 20-25 X 17-19 mmm.; epispore hyaline, finely and densely verruculose, 2 mmm. thick, thickened at the apex to 3-5 mmm., cell-contents pallid yellow; germ-pores scattered, 6-8, obscure.
III. Teleutosori hypophyllous, scattered or crowded in irregular groups, seated on indefinite pallid spots which are visible on the upper surface, elliptical, 0.5-1 mm. diam., pulverulent, surrounded by the ruptured epidermis. Spores aggregated into pallid-yellow fibrils up to 20 mm. long, fading with age, 4-6-celled, long-cylindrical, 100-180 X 14-22 mmm.; apex strongly acuminate, tapering to a fine sharp point, thickened up to 10 mmm., base truncate; not constricted at the septa; epispore hyaline, smooth, 1 mmm. thick, cell-contents orange, granular; pedicel persistent, continuous with the spore, tapering basally to a fine point, up to 600 mmm. long, 10-15 mmm. thick immediately below the spore, hollow; germ-pore solitary in each cell, indistinct.

Distribution : Java; Queensland.

The host is endemic, and is common throughout. (Cheeseman, 1906, p. 125.) The teleutospore stage only has been collected in New Zealand; this is common, and is readily observed owing to the conspicuous nature of the spore-masses.
The description of the uredospores given above is drawn up from information kindly supplied by. Mr. C. C. Brittlebank, Melbourne.
The spores and their pedicels are inextricably interwoven into filaments, so that it is difficult to separate out single spores for the purposes of measurement and drawing. These filaments are formed in the following manner: The sori are at first bullate and covered by the epidermis; this soon becomes ruptured, owing to the increasing pressure exerted by the developing spores, and the spores become exposed, when they are seen as a pulvinate mass standing above the leaf-surface about 0-5 mm. Spores are being produced from the same sorus during the whole of the summer months, and appear to be developed in batches. As each successive batch develops, the spores become forced between the pedicels of the preceding batch, which are consequently: carried upward away from the base of the sorus. Gradually the filament becomes formed, and, as the spores and pedicels of successive batches are closely interwoven, the filament does not break up, but remains compact, and may persist for several seasons, especially if it happens to become entangled with the spines which cover the undersurface of the leaf. The filaments do not, as a rule, remain for any length of time attached to the sori, so that they may frequently be seen on the same leaf with the detached filaments. The empty sorus usually contains numerous incurved, cylindrical paraphyses. Germination occurs as soon as the spores mature, and, as spores of all ages usually occur in the same filament, different stages of development may readily be obtained. The first indication of germination is the appearance of a slight swelling on one side of a cell; this is followed by the gradual development of the basidium, which protrudes at this point. At first unicellular, the basidium soon becomes four-celled by the appearance of transverse septa. Shortly after the septa appear the sterigmata grow out, one from each cell of the basidium; on each a small, smooth-walled, colourless basidiospore appears. The basidia are allantoid, and may attain a size of 60 X 10 mmm.; the basidiospores are obovate or reniform, and usually 15 X 10 mmm.
Until 1912, when P. and H. Sydow (l.c.) separated the species described above, one species only was known. This was by Thuemen in 1875 (Flora, vol. 58, p. 379) described as Phragmidium longissimum. Two years later Koernicke (l.c.) placed it in Hamaspora, a genus he erected to contain it and another form with similar spores (now Gymnosporangium Ellisii Farl.). In 1888 De Toni (in Sacc., Syll., vol. 7, p. 750) compiled it under Phragmidium. Massee in 1893 (Grey., vol. 22, p. 17) considered that it was neither Hamaspora nor Phragmidium, but stated that he did not care to undertake the responsibility of forming a new genus (!). Dietel (1900, p. 73) considered that there were no grounds for separating it from Phragmidium, although he recognized a resemblance to Gymnosporangium in the teleutospore structure. McAlpine (1906, p. 187) in 1906 included it under Phragmidium, but mentioned the fact that it differed considerably from other species included in that genus.