ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED. NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Taranaki, Mt. Egmont National Park, vic. North Egmont Chalet, track to Waiwhakaiho River, Samuels 73-226, 1 Oct 1973 (PDD 32672).

Synanamorphs. Selenosporella sp., Ceratosporium sp.
Perithecia solitary to gregarious, nonstromatic, superficial and easily removed from the substrate, associated with a repent, spreading network of coarse brown hyphae; consisting of a 400-500 µm diam, nonpapillate black body with a flat top from which radiate numerous long, flexuous, brown, unbranched hairs. Perithecial wall ca. 80 µm wide, comprising two distinct regions. Outer region ca. 65 µm wide, cells angular, 10-15 µm in greatest dimension, walls 1 µm thick, pigmented, exposed walls at. the exterior heavily pigmented. Inner region ca. 25 µm wide, cells fusoid in section, 20-25 µm long x 5-6 µm wide, walls 1 µm thick, nonpigmented. Cells of the perithecial apex angular, 8-15 µm in greatest dimension, walls 1-1.5 µm thick. Ostiolar opening formed by hyphal cells, 4 µm wide and heavily pigmented at the exterior, merging with periphyses and colorless within, periphyses 3 µm wide, arising from a tissue of thin-walled, colorless cells and distinct from the paraphyses. Perithecial hairs arising from cells at perithecial surface, 200-300 µm long x 8 µm wide, septate, unbranched, flexuous, standing singly or loosely joined into long, tooth-like fascicles. Asci (120-)140-185(-200) x (9-)11-15 µm, broadly cylindrical, dissolving at maturity, apex lacking a ring; 8-spored, ascospores uniseriate with overlapping ends, completely filling each ascus. Ascospores (19-)21.5-26(-29) x (7-)7.2-8.5(-9) µm, ellipsoidal, unicellular, with a 5 µm broad sheath while still in the ascus, hyaline, smooth. Paraphyses forming a branching network with synapsis-like areas joining filaments, found among mature asci; disintegrating.
Selenosporella conidiophores 65-95 x 5-7 µm, arising from repent, coarse, brown hyphae, erect, gregarious, septate, brown, branching sparingly from the tip, each branch a conidiogenous cell. Conidiogenous cells penicillately disposed, 10-15 µm long x 4 µm wide, tapering slightly from base to tip, with obscure, minute denticles on the tip of each conidiogenous cell. Selenosporella conidia 12-20 x 1 µm, linear, aseptate, hyaline. Ceratosporium conidia arising directly from coarse, brown, repent hyphae; conidiophores lacking; primarily biradiate, basal cell integrated and attached to the hypha at the midpoint where the two arms meet, rarely with only a single arm and then basally attached; conidial arms 95-120 x 14-16 µm at the base x 5-8 µm at the tip, multiseptate, brown.

KNOWN DISTRIBUTION. New Zealand (North Island: Taranaki, Chatham Islands).

HABITAT. On woody, vine-like stems of Ripogonum scandens (Smilacaceae).

Constitutione typica sui generis. Ascomata 400-500 µm diametro, paries ascomatis ad 80 µm crassa, e duobus stratis composita; exteriori ad 65 µm crasso, cellulis angularibus 10-15 µm dimensione maxima, pariete 1 µm crassa, colorata; interiori ad 25 µm crasso, cellulis fusoideis in sectione sagittali, 20-25 x 5-6 µm mensis, non coloratis composito. Filaments ascomatis e cellulis superficialibus orientia, 200-300 x 8 µm, septata, eramosa, flexuosa, singula vel laze fasciculata. Asci cylindracei, aetate provecta erumpentes, apice iodi ope non coerulescenti ac poro non praediti, octospori, (120-)140-185(-200) x (9-)11-15 µm. Ascosporae uniseriate, totum ascum implentes, elliposoideae, unicellulares, noncoloratae, dum in asco vagina mucosa 5 µm crassa praeditae, laeves, (19-)21.5-26(-29) x (7-) 7.2-8.5(-9) µm. Paraphyses anastomosantes, inter maturos ascos subsistentes.
Status anamorphosis Selenosporellae conidiophoris brunneis, septatis, erectis, gregariis, minime apicaliter ramosis, 65-95 x 5-7 µm; cellulis conidiogenis minutos denticulos in parte suprema forentes, 10-15 x 4 µm; conidiis linearibus, continuis, non coloratis, 12-20 x 1 µm. Status anamorphosis Ceratosporii conidiis biradiatis ramis 95-120 µm longis, 14-16 µm ad basim, 5-8 µm ad apicem crassis, septatis.
Habitat in caulibus lignosis Ripogoni scandentis.
Holotypus: NOVAE ZELANDIAE: ad Ripogonum scandens, in insulis dictis Chatham, in loco dicto Taiko Camp, McKenzie leg. 8 martio 1983 (PDD 47872).

NOTES. We have not cultured I. ripogoni; ascospores from neither of the collections cited above germinated on CMD. The overall similarity of I. ripogoni to I. phyllophila has lead us to conclude that the Selenosporella and Ceratosporium synanamorphs that are associated with perithecia of I. ripogoni on the host belong to the life cycle of that fungus.
Iodosphaeria ripogoni is easily distinguished from I. phyllophila because of its broad asci that lack any apical discharge ring and that do not react to Melzer's reagent. Because of the marked similarities in perithecial morphology and anatomy, and in the presumed synanamorphs of I. ripogoni, we have no hesitation in including I. ripogoni and I. phyllophila in the same genus.
The sheath that was so obvious on ascospores of I. ripogoni still held within the ascus was not seen on discharged ascospores. It did not stain in aqueous Nigrosin, Melzer's reagent, cotton blue or blue-black ink.
Dr. S.E. Carpenter has kindly sent us a collection from Hawaii [Kauai, Pihea trail from Puu o Kila lookout to junction with Pihea lookout. 4000-4100', on mistletoe on Metrosideros, Carpenter No. 4, 20 Nov 1985 (NY)] that is very similar to New Zealand collections of I. ripogoni but differs in having slightly shorter and broader ascospores [(18-)18.5-21.2(-26) x (7.2-)8-9.5(-10) µm] and much longer asci [(154-)187-265 (-273) µm]. The paraphyses in this collection were somewhat longer than the asci, septate and unbranched. When mounted in water and observed with brightfield phase contrast microscopy, the ascal apex appeared to have a refractive ring (Fig. 10 D). When mounted in Melzer's reagent, and even after boiling, there was no blue reaction and the refractive ring could no longer be seen. When mounted in 100% lactic acid the apical ring was not seen and the ascal apex appeared identical to the ascal apex of I. ripogoni (Fig. 10 A) and the ascospores were surrounded by a broad clear, sheath-like area. Because of these differences in paraphyses, ascal anatomy and measurements of asci and ascospores, we think that the Hawaiian collection represents a distinct taxon. However, it is immature; after several attempts we found only one perithecium with some discharged ascospores. We found neither a Selenosporella nor a Ceratosporium anamorph on this specimen.
The Selenosporella and Ceratosporium synanamorphs of I. phyllophila found in nature were identical to those found in culture. Naturally formed conidiophores of the Selenosporella stand erect from the coarse brown hyphae that radiate over the surface of the substrate.
Ceratosporium conidia also arise from the brown hyphae but differentiated conidiophores are lacking; the conidia arise directly from the sides of hyphae and are repent. Naturally formed Ceratosporium conidia were mainly triradiate; only rarely were conidia with only one or two arms seen. The Ceratosporium anamorphs of I. phyllophila and I. ripogoni can be distinguished by the number of arms posessed by the conidia of each species, usually three in conidia of the anamorph of I. phyllophila and two in conidia of I. ripogoni.
No species of Ceratosporium has previously been linked to a teleomorph and the two anamorphs reported herein cannot be identified with any of the Ceratosporium species that were reported from New Zealand by Hughes (1964), all of which were lignicolous. Hughes (1964) did describe a Selenosporella synanamorph with C. fuscescens Schw. and C. rilstonii Hughes.
The anamorph genus Selenosporella has previously been listed as a synanamorph with anamorph fungi that bear greater or lesser morphological similarity to species of Ceratosporium. Teratosperma oligocladium Uecker, Ayers & Adams (Decker et al., 1980) produces brown, septate stauroconidia with from one to four arms. Conidia of Laterispora brevirama Uecker, Ayers & Adams and Sporidesmium sclerotivorum Uecker, Ayers & Adams are brown and phragmosporous (Decker et al., 1978, 1982). These three species are reported to be parasitic on sclerotia of Sclerotinia species. What is possibly a Selenosporella species was given as the synanamorph of Endophragmiella africana Kirk (Kirk 1982), although the denticles on the conidiogenous cells of this Selenosporella-like synanamorph are much coarser than any we have seen in the Ceratosporium synanamorphs described herewith.
Iodosphaeria is superficially similar to Lasiosphaeria Ces. & de Not. but differs in having the combined characters of Selenosporella and Ceratosporium synanamorphs, and the tendency to form an amyloid apical ring in the ascus. The genus Lasiosphaeria is in taxonomic disarray; the anamorphs most commonly ascribed to the genus have phialides (Cams & Holubova-Jechova 1976), and there is a well developed, nonamyloid ring in the ascal apex. We do not believe that Iodosphaeria and Lasiosphaeria, in this more strict sense, are closely related.
Iodosphaeria may be related to Phaeotrichosphaeria Sivanesan (Sivanesan 1983), a genus that has been linked to Endophragmiella Sutton (see Hughes 1979). Hughes (1979) and Kirk (1982) have found Selenosporella conidiophores associated with conidiophores of Endophragmiella species. Hughes (1979) also found Endophragmiella and Selenosporella conidiophores associated with Lasiosphaeria punctata Munk, and he found Selenosporella conidiophores arising from ascospores of Lasiosphaeria canescens (Pers.) Karsten. We have grown L. cf. canescens (PDD 44553) and L. cf. punctata (PDD 44554) from ascospores of New Zealand and Japanese collections respectively. Endophragmiella conidia formed in the cultures but we did not note Selenosporella synanamorphs. Both of these species of Lasiosphaeria are referable to Phaeotrichosphaeria. Sivanesan (1983) found Endophragmiella anamorphs associated with Phaeotrichosphaeria indica Sivanesan, P. hymenochaeticola Sivanesan, and P. brittanica Sivanesan. Lasiosphaeria caesariata (Clinton & Peck in Peck) Sacc. and L. triseptata Shoemaker & White, both of which have Sporidesmium Link anamorphs (Shoemaker & White 1985) may also belong in this series.
There is no direct evidence linking Endophragmiella, Selenosporella and Phaeotrichosphaeria, but there is strong indirect evidence in the case of Lasiosphaeria canescens (see above). Given the interrelationship of these fungi, then the conidia of Endophragmiella/Phaeotrichosphaeria species can be equated with the conidia of Ceratosporium/Iodosphaeria species. Phaeotrichosphaeria and Iodosphaeria are also similar in the anatomy of their setose perithecia, and in usually having unicellular ascospores. The asci of the known species of Phaeotrichosphaeria lack an apical ring, or when there is a ring, it is inconspicuous and nonamyloid.

HOLOTYPE. NEW ZEALAND: Chatham Islands, Taiko Camp, on Ripogonum scandens, Mc Kenzie, 8 Mar 1983 (PDD 47872).