Stromata scattered, solitary, barely raised above the surface of the substrate, circular in outline, 2 mm diam, with a minute papilla in the center, consisting of an ectostroma, an entostroma, and a solitary perithecium. Ectostroma ca. 0.5 mm thick, heavily carbonized, black, smooth, with a minute papilla in the middle; formed on the surface of wood and easily removed intact from wood. Entostroma ca. 0.5 mm thick, growing within wood and circumscribing a portion of nonstromatized wood that contains a single perithecium. Perithecia solitary, a single perithecium forming below the ectostroma and within the entostroma; perithecium ca. 200 µm diam, perithecial apex continuous with the ectostroma but the rest of the perithecium free and embedded within wood fibers; perithecial wall very thin, membranous, light brown; the presence or absence of periphyses in the ostiolar canal could not be confirmed. Asci 120-160 µm total length x 4-5(-6) µm, sporiferous part 60-100 µm, cylindrical, apical ring J+ (Melzer's), discoidal, 2 µm wide x 1 µm high; 8-spored, ascospores 1-seriate. Ascospores (10-)11-13(-14) x 4-5 µm, naviculate to ellipsoidal, 1-septate, septum submedian, many spores with a hyaline cellular appendage at each end while still in the ascus, appendage not apparent on discharged ascospores; hyaline, smooth. Paraphyses of two types persisting among mature asci. Paraphyses of Type 1 ca. 1 µm wide, frequently branched and anastomosed through short, lateral bridges, appearing aseptate. Paraphyses of Type 2 ca. 2 µm wide, infrequently branched, septate.
CHARACTERISTICS IN CULTURE. Colonies grown 2 weeks at 20^oC diffuse daylight on CMD, PDA and OA 1-1.5 cm diam, flat, white but with brown coloration in the center of some colonies, scant aerial mycelium on CMD and PDA, colony on OA felty. Conidiophores forming abundantly on CMD and OA; PDA colonies remaining sterile. Conidiophores 95-145 x 3 µm, brown, branching irregularly from the upper half, each branch a conidiogenous cell or many branches bearing two conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 11-25 x 2.5-3 µm, cylindrical, bearing inconspicuous denticles over the terminal third, pale brown. Conidia 4-5(-6) x 2.5-3(-4) µm, narrowly ellipsoidal to subglobose, with a flat, 0.5 µm wide basal abscission scar, hyaline, smooth.

KNOWN DISTRIBUTION. New Zealand (Northland), known only from the type collection.

HABITAT. On decorticated wood.

Species typica sui generis. Stromata 2 mm diametro; ectostroma atque cupulatum entostroma ad 0.5 mm crassa. Ascomata solitaria, ad 200 µm diametro. Asci poroapicali discoideo iodi ope coerulescenti praediti, cylindracei, octospori, 120-160 x 4-5(-6) µm, parte ascosporae ferenti 60-100 µm. Ascosporae laeves, naviculares vel ellipticae, uniseptatae, apiosporae, appendicibus non coloratis amphigenis immaturae dum in asci praeditae, (10-)11-13 (-14) x 4-5 µm. Paraphyses inter ascos maturitate provecta tum exsertae, dimorphae.
Status anamorphosis ad Nodulisporium pertinens. Conidiophora 95-145 x 3 µm, brunnea, irregulariter ramosa. Cellulae conidiogenae 11-25 x 2.5-3 µm, cylindricae, indistincte denticulatae, dilute brunneae. Conidia anguste ellipsoidea vel subglobosa, plana basi ad 0.5 µm crassa, non colorata, laevia, 4-5(-6) x 2.5-3(-4) µm.
Habitat ad lignum sine cortice.
Holotypus: NOVAE ZELANDIAE, in Insula Septentrionali, in loco dicto Hokianga County, Waipoua State Forest, circa viam dictam Yakas Track, Samuels & Johnston leg., 30 majo 1982 (PDD 44399).

NOTES. We have not previously encountered such fine paraphyses as are found in Induratia apiospora and we were surprised to find them mingled with more typical, wider paraphyses. We were not able to determine whether the two types of paraphyses were connected to the top of the perithecial locule; they were definitely attached to the hymenium. The fine, anastomosing. paraphyses are morphologically similar to the "trabeculate" paraphyses described by Cheaters (1938) and Barr (1979) for Melanomma Nitschke ex Fuckel and the Melanommatales respectively.
Ascal dehiscence, observed in only few asci, occurred when the endotunica extruded through the ectotunica. Samuels & Ross man (1987) have noted such dehiscence in two species of Oxydothis Penz. & Sacc.
Induratia is morphologically somewhat similar to Exarmidium Karsten, a genus that Barr & Boise (1985) recently included in the Physosporellaceae (Phyllachorales) and that included some species that have amyloid ascal rings and other species, the asci of which have no apparent reaction to iodine. According to Barr & Boise (1985), ascal dehiscence is accomplished without the extrusion of an endotunica. The clypeus of Exarmidium species is soft, and there is no ventral entostroma while in Induratia the clypeus is extremely hard and the entostroma is conspicuous. As far as we are aware no species of Exarmidium have been cultured and no anamorphs have been linked to the genus. We doubt that there is a close relationship between Induratia and Exarmidium.
Induratia shares characters of the Xylariaceae and the Amphisphaeriaceae (sensu lat.). Its amyloid ascal ring and holoblastically produced conidia are common to both families. The Nodulisporium anamorph and heavily carbonized stroma are features of the Xylariaceae. The immersed perithecia, the presence of an ectostroma and an entostroma, and the colorless, bicellular ascospores are features of the Amphisphaeriaceae. Induratia is atypical in either family, but it has more in common with the genera of the Amphisphaeriaceae than with the much more homogeneous Xylariaceae. Pending a more thorough review of the Amphisphaeriaceae, we refer Induratia to that family.
The anamorph of Induratia apiospora is very similar to the Nodulisporium Preuss anamorphs formed by members of the Xylariaceae. There is an anamorph abundantly formed on the type specimen of I. apiospora. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells are identical to those formed in cultures of I. apiospora but the conidia are lunate and short. The similarity of the conidiophores and the physical relationship of this anamorph to ascomata of I. apiospora suggest a genetic relationship that cannot be excluded in spite of the differences in the conidia. The formation of lunate conidia of I. apiospora would be consistent with what Samuels & Rossman (1987) have already described for Oxydothis selenosporellae Samuels & Rossman, and with what we have described below for species of Iodosphaeria.

HOLOTYPE. NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Northland, Hokianga County, Waipoua State Forest, between forest H.Q. and a point ca. 1/2 hr walk N of H.Q. along Yakas Track, on decorticated wood, Samuels & Johnston, 30 May 1982 (PDD 44399).

Stromata dispersa, solitaria, globosa, papilla minuta praedita, perithecium singulum continentia, ex ectostromate entostromateque composita. Ectostroma valde carbonaceum, nigrum, laeve, superficiale; entostroma etiam valde carbonaceum, parte ligni a quo circumdata perithecium continenti, singulo ascomata sub ectostroma orto. Perithecia minuta, apice ab ectostromate non distincto, relinqua parte libera, in fibris lignosis immersa. Paries ascomatis tenuis, membranacea, dilute brunnea. Asci unitunicati, cylindracei, poro discoideo apicali iodi ope coerulescenti praediti, octospori. Ascosporae uniseriatae, naviculares ad ellipticae, uniseptatae, apiosporae, non coloratae, appendicibus cellularibus amphigenis praeditae. Paraphyses dimorphae, tum ramosae anastomosantesque, tum rare ramosae, septatae, quam anastomosantes crassiores.

Typus: Induratia apiospora Samuels, Muller & 0. Petrini

SPECIMENS EXAMINED. BRAZIL: Estado do Amazonas, Pico Rondon, upper vine forest immediately below summit, on rachis of Cyathea sp., Samuels 147, 4 Feb 1984 (INPA, NY); second collection, same data, Samuels 132a (NY). FRENCH GUIANA: ca. 7 km SW of Sadl, on the trail to Mt. Galbao, "Cambrouze," 200-300 m, on decaying dicot. leaves, Samuels 3704, 11-13 Feb 1986 (NY). NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Northland, Hokianga County, Omahuta State Forest, picnic area along road to kauri reserve, on Cyathea dealbata, Samuels (82-231), Hawthorne, Johnston & Petersen, 1 Jun 1982 (PDD 43185, NY); Auckland, Rodney County, Atuanui State Forest, Mt. Auckland, vic. Glorit, on rachis of Cyathea dealbata, Samuels 73-260, 17 Nov 1973 (PDD 32622); Auckland, N. of Warkworth, Dome Valley Reserve, on rachis of Cyathea dealbata, Samuels, Watt & Deitz, 29 Apr 1975 (PDD 36843); Auckland, Waitemata City, Waitakere Ranges, four collections on rachis of Cyathea dealbata, Samuels (PDD 36844, 40222, 41795, 45501); Waitakere Ranges, Piha Rd., Cowan Track, on flowering stalk of Gahnia sp., Samuels (83-126) & Rossman, 4 Jun 1983 (PDD 46308); North Island, Waikato, vic. Te Awamutu, Mt. Pirongia, track from O'Shea's Rd to Pirongia Trig, on rachis of Cyathea dealbata, Samuels (80-31) & Kendrick, 7 Feb 1980 (PDD 40408).

Synanamorphs. Selenosporella sp. and Ceratosporium sp.
Perithecia solitary to gregarious, nonstromatic, superficial and easily removed from the substrate, associated with a repent, spreading network of coarse brown hyphae; consisting of a 400-500 µm diam, nonpapillate black body with a flat top from which radiate numerous long, flexuous, brown, unbranched hairs. Perithecial wall 55-60 µm wide, comprising two regions. Outer region 40-50 µm wide, cells angular, 10-15 µm in greatest dimension, walls 0.5-1 µm thick, pigmented, exposed walls of cells at the exterior heavily pigmented. Inner region 10-15 µm wide, cells flattened, ca. 15 µm long x 2-3 µm wide, walls 1.5 µm thick, nonpigmented. Cells of the perithecial apex angular, 8-l0 µm in greatest dimension. Ostiolar opening formed by hyphal cells 3 µm wide and heavily pigmented at the exterior, merging with periphyses and colorless within; periphyses 3 µm wide, arising from a tissue of thin-walled, colorless cells and distinct fom the paraphyses. Perithecial hairs arising from cells at perithecial surface, 500-700 µm long x 5-7 µm wide, septate, unbranched, flexuous, standing singly or loosely joined into long, tooth-like fascicles. Asci (90-) 105-138(-152) x (9-)9.8-12.2(-14) µm, cylindrical to narrowly clavate, apical ring J+ (Melzer's), flat, 2 µm wide x 1 µm high; 8-spored, ascospores 2-seriate, completely filling each ascus. Ascospores (16-)21-26.7 (-31) x (4-)4.2-5.3(-6) µm, allantoid or rarely, ellipsoidal, unicellular, hyaline, smooth. Paraphyses somewhat longer than mature asci, basal cells swollen, cells above cylindrical, 5-7 µm wide, disintegrating.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURES. Colonies grown 6 weeks at 20^oC diffuse daylight on OA 2-3 mm diam, aerial mycelium cottony, black. Conidia forming poorly in aerial mycelium of one colony and well in aerial mycelium of a second colony. Selenosporella conidiophores (40-)60-70(-80) µm long x 5-8 µm wide, septate, brown, branching sparingly from the tip, each branch a conidiogenous cell. Conidiogenous cells 14-20(-30) x 3-4 µm, tapering slightly from base to tip, with obscure, minute denticles arising from the upper quarter of each conidiogenous cell. Selenosporella conidia 13-19(-24) x l µm, linear, aseptate, hyaline. Ceratosporium conidia arising from aerial hyphae, with a single arm and usually attached or with 2-3 arms, then the arms radiating from the centrally located attachment point, arms 70-93 (-175 ) µm long x 9-14 µm at the base x 5-8 µm at the tip; septate, each septum with a central pore; brown, often with a subglobose to conical cell at the point of attachment, dehiscence scar circular, 3-4 µm diam.

KNOWN DISTRIBUTION. New Zealand, Brazil, French Guiana, Great Britain, Belgium.

HABITAT. In New Zealand commonly found on rachis of the tree fern Cyathea dealbata (Forst. f.) Swartz; found once each on Gahnia sp. (Cyperaceae) and Ripogonum scandens Forst. (Smilacaceae). In South America, Britain and Europe found on herbaceous debris in general.

NOTES. Iodosphaeria phyllophila, as it is found in New Zealand, conforms to the redescription of Lasiosphaeria phyllophila provided by Dennis (1974, 1978). Spores of two collections made from Cyathea sp. in Brazil (Samuels 132a, 147) and one made from Gahnia sp. in New Zealand (PDD 46308) were slightly broader than spores in the New Zealand collections from Cyathea. One additional collection from New Zealand (PDD 35307, on Ripogonum scandens) differed from other collections of the species in having ellipsoidal ascospores that were shorter and broader (19-23 x 5.5-6.5 µm) than ascospores from other collections. This collection on Ripogonum may represent a distinct taxon.
Ellis & Ellis (1985) have illustrated this species (as Lasiosphaeria phyllophila) and recorded it from fallen dead twigs and debris of Acer, Populus and Salix.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED. NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Taranaki, Mt. Egmont National Park, vic. North Egmont Chalet, track to Waiwhakaiho River, Samuels 73-226, 1 Oct 1973 (PDD 32672).

Synanamorphs. Selenosporella sp., Ceratosporium sp.
Perithecia solitary to gregarious, nonstromatic, superficial and easily removed from the substrate, associated with a repent, spreading network of coarse brown hyphae; consisting of a 400-500 µm diam, nonpapillate black body with a flat top from which radiate numerous long, flexuous, brown, unbranched hairs. Perithecial wall ca. 80 µm wide, comprising two distinct regions. Outer region ca. 65 µm wide, cells angular, 10-15 µm in greatest dimension, walls 1 µm thick, pigmented, exposed walls at. the exterior heavily pigmented. Inner region ca. 25 µm wide, cells fusoid in section, 20-25 µm long x 5-6 µm wide, walls 1 µm thick, nonpigmented. Cells of the perithecial apex angular, 8-15 µm in greatest dimension, walls 1-1.5 µm thick. Ostiolar opening formed by hyphal cells, 4 µm wide and heavily pigmented at the exterior, merging with periphyses and colorless within, periphyses 3 µm wide, arising from a tissue of thin-walled, colorless cells and distinct from the paraphyses. Perithecial hairs arising from cells at perithecial surface, 200-300 µm long x 8 µm wide, septate, unbranched, flexuous, standing singly or loosely joined into long, tooth-like fascicles. Asci (120-)140-185(-200) x (9-)11-15 µm, broadly cylindrical, dissolving at maturity, apex lacking a ring; 8-spored, ascospores uniseriate with overlapping ends, completely filling each ascus. Ascospores (19-)21.5-26(-29) x (7-)7.2-8.5(-9) µm, ellipsoidal, unicellular, with a 5 µm broad sheath while still in the ascus, hyaline, smooth. Paraphyses forming a branching network with synapsis-like areas joining filaments, found among mature asci; disintegrating.
Selenosporella conidiophores 65-95 x 5-7 µm, arising from repent, coarse, brown hyphae, erect, gregarious, septate, brown, branching sparingly from the tip, each branch a conidiogenous cell. Conidiogenous cells penicillately disposed, 10-15 µm long x 4 µm wide, tapering slightly from base to tip, with obscure, minute denticles on the tip of each conidiogenous cell. Selenosporella conidia 12-20 x 1 µm, linear, aseptate, hyaline. Ceratosporium conidia arising directly from coarse, brown, repent hyphae; conidiophores lacking; primarily biradiate, basal cell integrated and attached to the hypha at the midpoint where the two arms meet, rarely with only a single arm and then basally attached; conidial arms 95-120 x 14-16 µm at the base x 5-8 µm at the tip, multiseptate, brown.

KNOWN DISTRIBUTION. New Zealand (North Island: Taranaki, Chatham Islands).

HABITAT. On woody, vine-like stems of Ripogonum scandens (Smilacaceae).

Constitutione typica sui generis. Ascomata 400-500 µm diametro, paries ascomatis ad 80 µm crassa, e duobus stratis composita; exteriori ad 65 µm crasso, cellulis angularibus 10-15 µm dimensione maxima, pariete 1 µm crassa, colorata; interiori ad 25 µm crasso, cellulis fusoideis in sectione sagittali, 20-25 x 5-6 µm mensis, non coloratis composito. Filaments ascomatis e cellulis superficialibus orientia, 200-300 x 8 µm, septata, eramosa, flexuosa, singula vel laze fasciculata. Asci cylindracei, aetate provecta erumpentes, apice iodi ope non coerulescenti ac poro non praediti, octospori, (120-)140-185(-200) x (9-)11-15 µm. Ascosporae uniseriate, totum ascum implentes, elliposoideae, unicellulares, noncoloratae, dum in asco vagina mucosa 5 µm crassa praeditae, laeves, (19-)21.5-26(-29) x (7-) 7.2-8.5(-9) µm. Paraphyses anastomosantes, inter maturos ascos subsistentes.
Status anamorphosis Selenosporellae conidiophoris brunneis, septatis, erectis, gregariis, minime apicaliter ramosis, 65-95 x 5-7 µm; cellulis conidiogenis minutos denticulos in parte suprema forentes, 10-15 x 4 µm; conidiis linearibus, continuis, non coloratis, 12-20 x 1 µm. Status anamorphosis Ceratosporii conidiis biradiatis ramis 95-120 µm longis, 14-16 µm ad basim, 5-8 µm ad apicem crassis, septatis.
Habitat in caulibus lignosis Ripogoni scandentis.
Holotypus: NOVAE ZELANDIAE: ad Ripogonum scandens, in insulis dictis Chatham, in loco dicto Taiko Camp, McKenzie leg. 8 martio 1983 (PDD 47872).

NOTES. We have not cultured I. ripogoni; ascospores from neither of the collections cited above germinated on CMD. The overall similarity of I. ripogoni to I. phyllophila has lead us to conclude that the Selenosporella and Ceratosporium synanamorphs that are associated with perithecia of I. ripogoni on the host belong to the life cycle of that fungus.
Iodosphaeria ripogoni is easily distinguished from I. phyllophila because of its broad asci that lack any apical discharge ring and that do not react to Melzer's reagent. Because of the marked similarities in perithecial morphology and anatomy, and in the presumed synanamorphs of I. ripogoni, we have no hesitation in including I. ripogoni and I. phyllophila in the same genus.
The sheath that was so obvious on ascospores of I. ripogoni still held within the ascus was not seen on discharged ascospores. It did not stain in aqueous Nigrosin, Melzer's reagent, cotton blue or blue-black ink.
Dr. S.E. Carpenter has kindly sent us a collection from Hawaii [Kauai, Pihea trail from Puu o Kila lookout to junction with Pihea lookout. 4000-4100', on mistletoe on Metrosideros, Carpenter No. 4, 20 Nov 1985 (NY)] that is very similar to New Zealand collections of I. ripogoni but differs in having slightly shorter and broader ascospores [(18-)18.5-21.2(-26) x (7.2-)8-9.5(-10) µm] and much longer asci [(154-)187-265 (-273) µm]. The paraphyses in this collection were somewhat longer than the asci, septate and unbranched. When mounted in water and observed with brightfield phase contrast microscopy, the ascal apex appeared to have a refractive ring (Fig. 10 D). When mounted in Melzer's reagent, and even after boiling, there was no blue reaction and the refractive ring could no longer be seen. When mounted in 100% lactic acid the apical ring was not seen and the ascal apex appeared identical to the ascal apex of I. ripogoni (Fig. 10 A) and the ascospores were surrounded by a broad clear, sheath-like area. Because of these differences in paraphyses, ascal anatomy and measurements of asci and ascospores, we think that the Hawaiian collection represents a distinct taxon. However, it is immature; after several attempts we found only one perithecium with some discharged ascospores. We found neither a Selenosporella nor a Ceratosporium anamorph on this specimen.
The Selenosporella and Ceratosporium synanamorphs of I. phyllophila found in nature were identical to those found in culture. Naturally formed conidiophores of the Selenosporella stand erect from the coarse brown hyphae that radiate over the surface of the substrate.
Ceratosporium conidia also arise from the brown hyphae but differentiated conidiophores are lacking; the conidia arise directly from the sides of hyphae and are repent. Naturally formed Ceratosporium conidia were mainly triradiate; only rarely were conidia with only one or two arms seen. The Ceratosporium anamorphs of I. phyllophila and I. ripogoni can be distinguished by the number of arms posessed by the conidia of each species, usually three in conidia of the anamorph of I. phyllophila and two in conidia of I. ripogoni.
No species of Ceratosporium has previously been linked to a teleomorph and the two anamorphs reported herein cannot be identified with any of the Ceratosporium species that were reported from New Zealand by Hughes (1964), all of which were lignicolous. Hughes (1964) did describe a Selenosporella synanamorph with C. fuscescens Schw. and C. rilstonii Hughes.
The anamorph genus Selenosporella has previously been listed as a synanamorph with anamorph fungi that bear greater or lesser morphological similarity to species of Ceratosporium. Teratosperma oligocladium Uecker, Ayers & Adams (Decker et al., 1980) produces brown, septate stauroconidia with from one to four arms. Conidia of Laterispora brevirama Uecker, Ayers & Adams and Sporidesmium sclerotivorum Uecker, Ayers & Adams are brown and phragmosporous (Decker et al., 1978, 1982). These three species are reported to be parasitic on sclerotia of Sclerotinia species. What is possibly a Selenosporella species was given as the synanamorph of Endophragmiella africana Kirk (Kirk 1982), although the denticles on the conidiogenous cells of this Selenosporella-like synanamorph are much coarser than any we have seen in the Ceratosporium synanamorphs described herewith.
Iodosphaeria is superficially similar to Lasiosphaeria Ces. & de Not. but differs in having the combined characters of Selenosporella and Ceratosporium synanamorphs, and the tendency to form an amyloid apical ring in the ascus. The genus Lasiosphaeria is in taxonomic disarray; the anamorphs most commonly ascribed to the genus have phialides (Cams & Holubova-Jechova 1976), and there is a well developed, nonamyloid ring in the ascal apex. We do not believe that Iodosphaeria and Lasiosphaeria, in this more strict sense, are closely related.
Iodosphaeria may be related to Phaeotrichosphaeria Sivanesan (Sivanesan 1983), a genus that has been linked to Endophragmiella Sutton (see Hughes 1979). Hughes (1979) and Kirk (1982) have found Selenosporella conidiophores associated with conidiophores of Endophragmiella species. Hughes (1979) also found Endophragmiella and Selenosporella conidiophores associated with Lasiosphaeria punctata Munk, and he found Selenosporella conidiophores arising from ascospores of Lasiosphaeria canescens (Pers.) Karsten. We have grown L. cf. canescens (PDD 44553) and L. cf. punctata (PDD 44554) from ascospores of New Zealand and Japanese collections respectively. Endophragmiella conidia formed in the cultures but we did not note Selenosporella synanamorphs. Both of these species of Lasiosphaeria are referable to Phaeotrichosphaeria. Sivanesan (1983) found Endophragmiella anamorphs associated with Phaeotrichosphaeria indica Sivanesan, P. hymenochaeticola Sivanesan, and P. brittanica Sivanesan. Lasiosphaeria caesariata (Clinton & Peck in Peck) Sacc. and L. triseptata Shoemaker & White, both of which have Sporidesmium Link anamorphs (Shoemaker & White 1985) may also belong in this series.
There is no direct evidence linking Endophragmiella, Selenosporella and Phaeotrichosphaeria, but there is strong indirect evidence in the case of Lasiosphaeria canescens (see above). Given the interrelationship of these fungi, then the conidia of Endophragmiella/Phaeotrichosphaeria species can be equated with the conidia of Ceratosporium/Iodosphaeria species. Phaeotrichosphaeria and Iodosphaeria are also similar in the anatomy of their setose perithecia, and in usually having unicellular ascospores. The asci of the known species of Phaeotrichosphaeria lack an apical ring, or when there is a ring, it is inconspicuous and nonamyloid.

HOLOTYPE. NEW ZEALAND: Chatham Islands, Taiko Camp, on Ripogonum scandens, Mc Kenzie, 8 Mar 1983 (PDD 47872).

Ascomata solitaria vel gregaria, nonstromatica, superficialia, in reptanti dif£usa rete eras situnicatarum brunnearum hypharum insita, nigra, apice plano radiatis nonnullis brunneis, eramosis flexuosisque filamentis e cellulis superficialibus perithecii orientibus ornato. Paries ascomatis crassa, e duobus stratis composita, ostiolum e cellulis valde coloratis in parte exteriori compositum, periphysatum. Asci clindracei vel anguste clavati, unitunicati, spice simplice vel poro discoideo iodi ope coerulescenti praediti, octospori. Ascosporae uniseriatae vel biseriatae, allantoideae, unicellulares, laeves, non coloratae. Paraphyses longiores ascis, cellula basali inflata, aetate provecta dirumpentes.

Typus: Iodosphaeria phyllophila (Mouton) Samuels, Muller & 0. Petrini.

Cellulae conidiogenae in pionnotibus aurantiacis orientes, non coloratae, cylindricae, 3-4 µm crassae, sympodiales vel percurrentes proliferationes in una atque eadem cellula ferentes. Conidia holoblastice orta, falcata apice saepe curvo basique truncata, 3-4(-6) septata, 28-50 x 3-4 µm.
Holotypus idem stato teleomorphosis Monographellae passiflorae atque in eodem loco inventum.

Perithecia known only from culture, 200-250 µm diam, globose, nonpapillate and apparently nonostiolate and opening by splitting; pallid but many becoming dark with age. Perithecial wall 20-25 µm wide, composed of tightly interwoven hyphae, cells appearing elliptic to fusoid in section, 5-8 x 2-3 µm, walls < 0.5 µm thick; tissue at surface of perithecial wall textura epidermoidea. Asci (57-)60-80 (-120) x (9-)10-11 µm, clavate, apex with a disc-shaped, J+ (Melzer's) ring, 8-spored; ascospores biseriate, completely filling each ascus; asci forming in a hymenium. Ascospores ellipsoidal to narrowly fusiform to naviculate, (15-)17-23(-25) x 4-5 µm, 1-3-septate, hyaline, smooth. Paraphyses persisting among mature asci, somewhat longer than asci and apically free, unbranched, septate, ca. 4 µm wide but narrower at tip than at base.
CHARACTERISTICS IN CULTURE (Table 1). Conidiogenous cells formed in orange pionnotes, colorless, cylindrical, 3-4 µm wide, with sympodial and percurrent proliferations on the same conidiogenous cell. Conidia formed holoblastically, falcate and Fusarium-like, tip often curved and base truncate, 3-4 (6)-septate: 3-septate: 28-40 x 3-3.5 µm 4-septate: (30-)35-40 x 3-3.5 µm 5-septate: 34-42 x 3-3.5(-4) µm 6-septate: 35-50 x 3-3.5 µm

HABITAT. Isolated from dead stems of Passiflora edulis (Passionfruit). Known only in culture and from the original isolation.

Ascomata 200-250 µm diametro, globosa, papilla cumque in cultura orta ostiolo nonpraedita, maturitate peridium secessione rumpentia, pallida sed nonnulla saepe fuscescentia. Paries ascomatis 20-25 µm crassa, ex hyphis non laxe intricatis composita, cellulis hypharum conspectu frontali ellipticis vel fusiformibus, texturae epidermoideae visu. Asci (57-)60-80(-120) x (9-)10-11 µm, clavati, spice annulo discoideo iodi ope coerulescenti praedito, in hymenio dispositi. Ascosporae biseriatae, totum ascum implentes, ellipticae vel elongatae fusiformes vel naviculatae, 1-3-septatae, non coloratae, laeves, (15-) 17-23(-25) x 4-5 µm. Paraphyses ex ascis maturitate provecta exsertae, ascis vix longiores apicaliterque liberae, eramosae, septatae, ad 4 µm crassae crassioresque ad basim quam ad apicem.
Status anamorphosis Microdochium passiflorae Samuels & Muller.
Habitat in caulibus emortuis Passiflorae edulis Sims.
Holotypus: PDD 47874.

NOTES. Dr. Robertson (pers. comm.) originally isolated this species from dying stems of declining passionfruit plants. He reinoculated the fungus back onto 3 month old seedlings but no disease symptoms resulted.
In spite of an examination of many crush mounts and freezing microtome sections, we did not observe an ostiolar canal or periphyses in perithecia of this species. This is consistent with our observation that perithecia split at maturity. We would not be surprised if naturally formed perithecia are ostiolate. Other pyrenomycetes are known to vary in their ability to produce a perithecial ostiolum (Arx 1973).
Monographella passiflorae can be distinguished from all other species of this genus on the basis of the combined attributes of ascosporal and conidial measurements (see summary in Muller & Samuels 1984).

HOLOTYPE. NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Auckland, Mt. Albert, Mt. Albert Research Centre, on Passiflora edulis, G.I. Robertson, 1980 (PDD 47874).

Anamorph. Pestalotiopsis sp.
Perithecia forming in diffused brown lesions, amphigenous, gregarious, intermingled with conidiomata, completely immersed, subcuticular, intraepidermal, globose, ca. 250 µm diam, brown. Perithecial wall 15-20 µm wide, comprising several layers of flat, compressed, cells ca. 15 µm long with walls < 0.5 µm thick, lightly pigmented. Ostiolar region comprising small cells 4-6 µm in greatest dimension; ostiolar canal periphysate, periphyses ca. 3 µm wide. Asci 80-90(-97) x 6-7(-8) µm, cylindrical, apex with a wedge-shaped, J+ (Melzer's) ring 2.5-3 µm wide x 1-1.5um long; forming in a hymenium over most of the interior wall of the peritheciµm; ascopores uniseriate, completely filling the ascus. Ascospores 12-15 x (5-)5.5-6(-7) µm, ellipsoidal, some spores appearing slightly angular when seen in end view, 2-septate, dilute brown, end cells sometimes slightly lighter than the median cell, wall noticeably thick. Paraphyses approµmately the same length as the asci or somewhat shorter than the asci, filiform, unbranched, septate, ca. 4 µm wide, not copious.
Conidiomata acervular, intermingled with perithecia, forming minute pustules, subcuticular, forming in the epidermis or mesophyll, eventually rupturing the cuticle by a minute slit or pore. Conidiomatal wall ca. 15 µm thick, cells ca. 3 µm in greatest dimension, light brown; the region of the conidiomatal opening ca. 25 µm thick, cells 5-6 µm in greatest dimension, nonpigmented. Conidiogenous cells forming in a continuous hymenium over the interior of the lower conidiomatal wall, not noted on the lateral walls, arising directly from cells of the conidiomatal wall, most frequently cylindrical, 11-18 x 2-2.5 µm, less frequently doliform, proliferating percurrently once or twice, with slight periclinal thickening at many conidiogenous loci. Conidia forming enteroblastically, phialidically, (22-)26.5-32(-34) [measured from the base of the appendages] x (6.5-) 7-8.5 (-9) µm, median cells (16-)18.5-21.2(-23) µm, fusiform to ellipsoidal, widest in the middle, 4-septate, middle 3 cells brown, concolorous, terminal cells colorless; with 3 apical appendages 15-23 x 0.5-1 µm, unbranched; and 1 basal appendage, 6-10 x 0.5-l µm.
CHARACTERISTICS IN CULTURE. Colonies grown 1 week at 20 C, 12 h dark/12 h near ultraviolet + cool white fluorescent light. CMD: 6.5 cm diam, colony transparent, aerial mycelium scant, very pale salmon. PDA, OA: 8 cm diam, colony opaque, aerial mycelium felty, greenish yellow but with a marginal band of white hyphae; colony reverse on PDA pale salmon. Conidiomata forming abundantly in obvious concentric rings on all media within 5 days. Conidiogenous cells identical to those found in nature. Conidia (20-)22.5-30.5(-34) x (6-)6.7-8(-9) µm; median cells (13-)15-17(-18) µm; apical appendages 10-17 µm long, basal appendage 3-4 µm long.

DISTRIBUTION. New Zealand, known only from the type collection.

HABITAT. Live leaves of Leucospermum sp. (Proteaceae).

Ascomata in brunneis, diffusis laesionibus orientia, amphigena, gregaria, conidiomatibus intermixta, plane immersa, subcuticularia, intraepidermalia, globosa, fusca, ad 250 µm diametro. Ascomatis paries 15-20 µm crassa, e nonullis stratis compressarum planarum cellularum 15 µm longitudine, parietibus tenuioribus quam 0.5 µm crassitudine, dilute coloratis composita. Ostiolum periphysibus ad 3 µm crassis ornatum. Asci in hymenio ordinati maxima pro parte parietem interiorem ascomatis tegentes, 80-90(-97) x 6-7 µm, cylindracei, apice poro iodo coerulescenti praedito. Ascosporae uniseriatae, totum ascum implentes, ellipticae, biseptatae, dilute brunneae, cellulis terminalibus interdum pallidioribus quam medianis, crassitunicatae, 12-15 x (5-)5.5-6(-7) µm. Paraphyses tum longae quam asci tum breviores, filiformes, eramosae, septatae, ad 4 µm crassae. Status anamorphosis ad Pestalotiopsidem pertinens.
Conidiomata acervularia, intraepidermalia aut in mesophyllo orientia, conidia enteroblastice phialidice genita, quadriseptata, (22-)26.5-32(-34) x (6.5-)7-8.5(-9) µm; tres cellulae in medio conidii sitae brunneae, terminales non coloratae, tribus eramosis appendicibus apicalibus singuloque basali praedita.
Habitat in foliis Leucospermi.
Holotypus: NOVAE ZELANDIAE, in insula septentrionali, in loco dicto Taranaki, New Plymouth, Hartill leg augusto 1985 (PDD 47671).

NOTES. The Pestalotiopsis Stey. anamorph of P. leucospermi is morphologically close to P. macularis (Corda) Nag Raj [= P. guepinii (Desm.) Steyaert] as recently redescribed by Nag Raj (1985a) but has larger conidia. It is noteworthy that conidia formed in cultures (n = 34; mean: 23.5 _+ 2.3 x 7.0 _+ 0.4 µm) of P. leucospermi are smaller than those from nature (n = 50; mean: 26.4 _+ 4.0 x 7.4 _+ 0.7 µm); conidial appendages were also shorter in culture than in nature. These differences could lead to misdetermination of other Pestalotiopsis species if conidial measurements taken from isolates are compared with published measurements that are apparently taken from nature.
The greenish yellow coloration of cultures of P. leucospermi is striking but we do not know how this pigmentation compares to other species in the Pestalotiopsis macularis-complex.
The conidia of Pestalosphaeria leucospermi are much smaller than conidia of Pestalotiopsis montellicoides Mordue (Mordue 1986), a species recently described from leaves of Protea (Proteaceae) in South Africa and also isolated from air over New Zealand.
The genus most closely related to Pestalosphaeria is Lepteutypa Fuckel and on the basis of their described differences, the two genera might be considered to be synonymous. Ascospores of Pestalosphaeria species are described as biseptate, ascospores of Lepteutypa species as triseptate (Barr 1975; key to species of Pestalospheria in Shoemaker & Simpson 1981 and Nag Rag 1985b; key to species of Lepteutypa in Nag Raj & Kendrick 1985). Anamorphs of Pestalosphaeria species belong to Pestalotiopsis; anamorphs of Lepteutypa species are attributed to Seiridium Nees and Hyalotiopsis Punith. (Swart 1973, Barr 1975, Nag Raj 1985b).
Pestalotiopsis and Seiridium are certainly closely related and variants on one, readily distinguishable theme (see Sutton 1980). Hyalotiopsis is likely to fit into the series even though its conidiomata are described as pycnidial and conidiogenous cells as holoblstic with sympodial proliferation (Sutton 1980) or blastic-annellidic (Nag Raj & Kendrick 1985). Nag Raj & Kendrick (1985) recently removed Lepteutypa indica (Punith.) Arx to the moriotypic genus Ellurema Nag Raj & Kendrick. They cited the Hyalotiopsis anamorph and the lightly pigmented, spinulose ascospores as the distinguishing features of their new genus.
Shoemaker & Muller (1963) discounted conidial appendages and conidiomatal form in assigning anamorphs of Broomella Saccardo to Pestalotia de Notaris. Sympodial and percurrent proliferation of the conidiogenous locus occur in individual species of various, unrelated genera (e.g. Microdochium H. Sydow, see Müller & Samuels 1984; Diatrypaceae, Glawe & Rogers 1982 a,b; 1986). Variations in form of conidiomata and in the manner of proliferation of the conidiogenous cell do not support more than one teleomorph genus.
The most important differences between Pestalosphaeria and Lepteutypa, however, are seen in the ascospores. Although we do not feel that the actual number of septa in the ascospores is taxonomically significant at the generic level, the manner in which those septa form in ascospores of the respective type species, P. concentrica Barr and L. fuckelii (Nits.) Petrak, appears to differ fundamentally from each other.
Ascospores in five of the six known spescies of Pestalosphaeria are predominantly biseptate. The formation of an even number of septa in a spore implies a consistently occuring anomaly in nuclear behavior. In the case of P. concentrica each of the eight, post meiotic daughter nuclei becomes enclosed in a spore wall. Each nucleus then divides within the spore but the resulting nuclei are segregated into cells of unequal size with the upper cell always smaller than the lower. The nucleus in the upper cell does not divide again but the nucleus in the lower cell divides once more and the progeny nuclei are separated by the second septum. These septa are eusepta and are heavily pigmented. This sequence of development was inferred from a study of herbarium material. The ascospores of P. concentrica, and presumably of the other species of Pestalosphaeria that have biseptate ascospores, are therefore basically apiosporous with a second septum forming later.
Ascospores of Lepteutypa fuckelii have three septa. The first septum is median; the other two septa begin forming later and develop slowly. Ascospores of this species (Fig. 3 C) appear to be distoseptate. All of the septa, but especially the two end septa, often appear not to traverse the entire width of the ascospore. In 3% KOH the endospore layer appears to swell and the end septa may merely extend to the width of that swollen endospore (Fig. 3 C). All of the septa often appear as incomplete and to be marked by accumulations of brown pigment. These observations are drawn from herbarium material. This presumed distoseptate condition is shown in photographs of L. fuckelii (Shoemaker & Muller 1965, Fig. 8), and can also be implied from drawings of ascospores of L. cupressi (Nattrass, Booth & Sutton) Swart (Swart 1973, Figs. 2 F, 3 F) and L. hippophaes (Sollm.) Arx (Swart 1973, Fig. 4 F). The wall of the ascospore of Lepteutypa species is obviously very complex and this complexity cannot be fully understood or evaluated with light microscopy alone.

HOLOTYPE. NEW ZEALAND: North Island, Taranaki, New Plymouth, on leaves of Leucospermum sp., Hartill, Aug 1985 (PDD 47671).