Tall, slender, erect, pedicelled tussock, with sharppointed, smooth, deciduous leaves. Sheath to 12 cm, dark above, pale shining below, persistent, becoming chartaceous, keeled, clothed with long (3 mm), abundant, deciduous hairs, tuft of hairs at apex to 7 mm. Ligule to 0.5 mm. Lamina to 50 cm × 1 mm diam., acicular junceous, thickened at midrib, disarticulating at ligule, abaxially glabrous, adaxially with dense, very short, stiff hairs below, papillae and occasionally some prickle teeth above; margin smooth. Culm to 60 cm, long and short hairs below inflorescence otherwise glabrous. Inflorescence to 10 cm, spikelets few; rachis, branches and pedicels abundantly long hairy especially at branch axils. Spikelets of up to 7 golden florets. Glumes becoming acute or mucronate, glabrous, > adjacent lemma lobes; lower to 11 mm, 3-nerved, upper to 13 mm, 5-nerved. Lemma to 5 mm; dense hairs at margin and erect hairs aside central nerve or rarely between all nerves, ± reaching sinus; lateral lobes to 4 mm, triangular-acute; central awn to 14 mm from divergent flat column to 2 mm. Palea to 7 mm. Rachilla to 0.5 mm. Callus to 1 mm, hairs to 2.5 mm. Lodicules to 1 mm. Anthers to 4 mm. Gynoecium: ovary to 0.8 mm, stigma-styles to 2 mm. Caryopsis to 3 mm.

Tall, slender, often peat-stained, pale tussock with pungent leaves often spirally twisting above and deciduous. Sheath to 20 cm, dark above, pale shining below, persistent, glabrous though often with many very short hairs between nerves. Ligule to 2 mm. Lamina to 30 cm × 6 mm, flat or U-shaped, disarticulating at ligule, abaxially many nerved, glabrous, adaxially below with interlocking hairs from near margins, abundant papillae above; margin smooth. Culm to 1 m, internodes glabrous. Inflorescence to 15 cm, congested, ± triangular, glabrous except for long hairs at branch axils and below spikelets. Spikelets of up to 7 lightly purpled florets. Glumes sometimes purpled, acute or shortly awned, < adjacent lemma lobes; lower to 12 mm, 1- nerved or shortly 3-nerved, upper to 15 mm, 3-5- nerved, margin consistently with long hairs below otherwise glabrous. Lemma to 8 mm; hairs dense at margin and aside central nerve, sometimes in other intemerves but then fewer, ± reaching sinus; lateral lobes to 7 mm including awn to 3 mm or long triangular-acute; central awn to 20 mm reflexed from flat column up to 3 mm. Palea to 10 mm. Rachilla to 1 mm. Callus to 1 mm, hairs to 3 mm. Lodicules to 0.75 mm. Anthers to 3.5 mm. Gynoecium: ovary to 0.75 mm, stigma-styles to 4 mm. Caryopsis to 2.5 mm.

Mat-forming grass with persistent, short leaves densely crowded in tight, shortly-intervalled shoots among many old sheaths, and much shorter than flowering culms; hairy prophylls evident Sheaths to 7 cm, imbricate, persistent, entire, becoming fibrous and separating into two distinct layers when old, shiny, glabrous, long (7 mm) entangled hairs at apex usually spreading across proximate sheath, adaxially with antrorse, soft, internerve hairs to 0.25 mm; margins undulating and usually glabrous. Ligule to 1.5 mm, often obscured by hairs of sheath and lamina. Lamina to 10 cm × 0.8 mm diam., acicular junceous, persistent, navicular, ± terete, distichous rarely monostichous, abaxially shining, glabrous, adaxially with a short dense weft of long hairs at base gradually becoming fewer and shorter above, usually projecting beyond leaf margin, abundant papillae above; margin smooth. Culms to 40 cm, glabrous except for short hairs below nodes and long hairs below inflorescence. Inflorescence to 5 cm; 3-5 solitary spikelets on short, flexuous, long hairy, pulvinate branches. Spikelets of up to 8 often purpled florets. Glumes to 14 mm, glabrous, acute or mucronate, frequently purpled, > adjacent lemma lobes; lower 3-nerved, upper 5-nerved. Lemma to 5 mm; hairs dense at margin and erect aside main nerve, usually absent or fewer elsewhere, ± = sinus; lateral lobes to 7 mm including awn up to 4 mm, sometimes shortly lobed again, glabrous except for prickle teeth above; central awn to 15 mm, reflexed from flattened to strongly twisting column to 4 mm. Palea to 7 mm. Rachilla to 1 mm. Callus to 1 mm, hairs to 2.5 mm. Lodicules to 1 mm. Anthers to 4 mm. Gynoecium: ovary to 0.8 mm, stigma-styles to 3 mm. Caryopsis to 3 mm.

Short, shiny tussock with stiff and widely spreading persistent leaves. Sheaths to 15 cm, slightly keeled, pale yellow, persistent, becoming fibrous, margins above with long hairs, tuft of hairs at apex to 2 mm. Ligule to 0.5 mm. Lamina to 60 cm × 4 mm, flat to U-shaped, persistent, deflexed at collar, abaxially many nerved, glabrous, adaxially with a weft of short, crisped hairs at base, abundant prickle teeth above; margin with long hairs below, becoming shaggy, hairs mostly antrorse and appressed. Culm to 75 cm, intemodes glabrous except for short, dense hairs below inflorescence. Inflorescence to 15 cm, congested with short branches, bristling with awns; rachis, branches and pedicels short soft hairy. Spikelets of up to 5 florets. Glumes to 13 mm, shortly awned, < adjacent lemma lobes, prickle teeth above, otherwise glabrous; lower 1-3-nerved, upper 1—3—5- nerved. Lemma to 6 mm; hairs dense at margin and in all internerves, or sometimes only aside central nerve, > sinus; lateral lobes toll mm including strict awn to 8 mm, prickle teeth adaxially and abaxially and on lemma margins; central awn to 22 mm much deflexed from twisting column to 4 mm. Palea to 8.5 mm, produced into two conspicuous narrow processes; prickle teeth abaxially above. Rachilla to 1 mm. Callus to 1 mm, hairs to 5 mm. Lodicules to 1.75 mm. Anthers to 4.5 mm. Gynoecium: ovary to 1 mm, stigma-styles to 4 mm. Caryopsis to 3 mm.

Stout, pendent often sprawling, bright green tussock with persistent leaves and sheaths. Sheaths to 15 cm, shining yellow, keeled, persistent and entire, becoming fibrous, margin abundantly long hairy below, tuft of hairs at apex to 4 mm; adaxially with many minute internerve hairs. Ligule to 1.5 mm. Lamina to 50 cm × 10 mm, flat or shallowly Ushaped, smooth, persistent, adaxially glabrous except for long hairs on margin below and some short or long hairs, sometimes dense, at base. Culm to 70 cm, internodes glabrous. Inflorescence to 20 cm, very congested; rachis and main branches glabrous but with some long hairs at axils; pedicels short and densely hairy. Spikelets of up to 6 florets. Glumes acute or slightly awned, < adjacent lemma lobes, many prickle teeth abaxially and a few adaxially; lower to 12 mm, 1-3-nerved, upper to 16 mm, 5- nerved. Lemma to 9 mm; hairs dense at margin and in all internerves though sometimes absent from all or some, < sinus, prickle teeth abundant abaxially and adaxially on lobes and margins; lateral lobes to 5 mm including awn to 3 mm or acute, rarely dividing from awn at sinus; central awn to 22 mm from indistinct straight column. Palea to 10 mm, prickle teeth abaxially and on flanks. Rachilla to 0.5 mm. Callus to 1.5 mm, hairs to 5 mm. Lodicules to 1.75 mm. Anthers to 5.5 mm in male-fertile flowers, up to 3 mm in male-sterile flowers. Gynoecium of male-fertile flowers with stigmastyles to 3.5 mm, ovary to 1.5 mm, and of malesterile flowers to 5 mm, ovary 1.5 mm. Caryopsis to 3.5 mm. Gynodioecious.

Tall tussock with dark green, persistent, scabrid leaves on brown, hairy sheaths. Sheaths to 20 cm, entire, persistent, becoming fibrous, abundant deciduous hairs to 4 mm long between nerves, on margins and at apex. Ligule to 1 mm. Lamina to 80 cm × 4 mm, flat or folded, many nerved, persistent, abaxially with abundant prickle teeth above, very occasionally with long hairs below, adaxially glabrous; margin with long hairs below soon becoming very scabrid. Culms to 2 m, internodes glabrous or with dense short hairs below nodes. Inflorescence to 35 cm; rachis and pedicels short stiff hairy, but rachis sometimes glabrous in North I. plants. Spikelets of up to 6 distant florets. Glumes hyaline, scabrid, often bifid at apex, < adjacent lemma lobes; lower to 7 mm, 1-nerved, upper to 10 mm, 3-5-nerved. Lemma to 6 mm, scabrid especially above; hairs long at margin and usually aside central nerve but absent or fewer elsewhere, < sinus; lateral lobes up to 3 mm, scabrid, triangular or shortly awned; central awn to 15 mm reflexed from 1 mm flat or infrequently twisting column. Palea to 6.5 mm, ± = lemma, interkeels with prickle teeth above and often short hairs below. Rachilla to 1 mm, occasionally short stiff hairy. Callus to 1.5 mm, hairs to 4 mm. Lodicules to 1.5 mm. Anthers to 4.5 mm. Gynoecium: ovary to 0.75 mm, stigma-styles to 2 mm. Caryopsis to 3 mm.

Elegant, tall, scabrid tussock of many flabellate sectors with drooping leaves tardily deciduous and much shorter than flowering culms; new shoots extravaginal and with numerous cataphylls. Sheaths to 20 cm, persistent, entire, becoming fibrous, strongly keeled and compressed, very dark brown below, straw above, tuft of hairs at apex to 2 mm. Ligule to 1.5 mm. Lamina to 75 cm × 7 mm, folded and strongly keeled, tardily disarticulating at ligule, many distinct nerves; abaxially becoming very scabrid above with many rows of prickle teeth, adaxially glabrous or with weft of long hairs at base or with interlocking long hairs near margin becoming sparser and glabrous above; margin with long hairs below, becoming strongly scabrid. Culm to 2 m; nodes dark, conspicuous and severely constricted; internodes glabrous, compressed. Inflorescence to 35 cm, open, rachis smooth below becoming shortly stiff hairy on branches and pedicels, some long hairs at branch axils. Spikelets of up to 7 florets. Glumes to 9 mm, apex ciliate acute or shortly (1 mm) awned, sometimes bilobed, < adjacent lemma lobes, margin of upper or both often with long hairs below. Lemma to 6.5 mm, scabrid; hairs long at margin absent elsewhere or very occasional, < sinus; central awn to 12 mm reflexed from flat column to 1 mm. Palea to 7.5 mm. Rachilla to 0.75 mm, shortly stiff hairy or glabrous. Callus to 1.5 mm, hairs to 4 mm. Lodicules to 2 mm. Gynoeciurn: ovary to 1 mm, stigma-styles to 2.5 mm. Caryopsis to 3 mm.

Sheath long hairy. Lamina with 3 conspicuous nerves, abaxially with some long hairs below near keel, ad-axially with weft of long hairs at base. Glumes with prickle teeth above; lower 1-3-nerved, upper 3-5-nerved. Lemma with prickle teeth on lobes and margins; lateral lobes to 6.5 mm including awn to 2.5 mm. Palea inter-nerve with few prickles or hairs at apex. Anthers to 3.5 mm.

Sheath glabrous. Lamina with up to 5 conspicuous nerves, glabrous but occasionally with some long hairs adaxially. Glumes with abundant prickle teeth abaxially and adaxially; lower 3-5-nerved, upper 5-7-nerved. Lemma with prickle teeth abaxially and adaxially; lateral lobes to 2.5 mm including awn to 1 mm. Palea intemerve with conspicuous prickles or hairs. Anthers to 4.5 mm.

Short, shining tussock with smooth, pungent leaves, twisting or straight but deciduous and leaving many imbricate old sheaths. Sheaths to 12 cm, shining above, darkened below, sometimes purpled or reddened, persistent, entire, compressed, sometimes with a tuft of hairs at apex to 1 mm. Lamina to 30 cm × 6 mm, keeled, pungent, conduplicate, disarticulating at ligule, abaxially glabrous except for prickle teeth towards apex, adaxially papillate but with some prickle teeth especially near ligule; margin thickened, long hairs below or sometimes with prickle teeth. Culms to 65 cm, often purpled, often hairy below inflorescence. Inflorescence to 15 cm, open, pulvinate; spikelets often paired on flexuous branches; rachis, branches, and pedicels with mixed long and short hairs or rachis hairy on margins only. Spikelets of up to 7 golden florets. Glumes thin, purpled, acute or mucronate from between teeth or aristate to erose, > adjacent lemma lobes; lower to 12 mm, shortly 1- 3-nerved, glabrous, upper to 16 mm, 5-7-nerved, margin often long hairy below otherwise glabrous. Lemma to 6 mm, shining; hairs dense at margin and aside central nerve, < sinus; lateral lobes to 6.5 mm including awn to 3 mm, or triangular-acute or long acute; central awn to 12 mm slightly twisting and markedly reflexed from flat column to 2 mm. Palea to 7 mm. Rachilla to 1.5 mm. Callus to 1 mm, hairs to 2.5 mm. Lodicules to 2 mm. Anthers to 4 mm. Gynoecium: ovary to 0.75 mm, stigma-styles to 3.5 mm. Caryopsis to 3 mm.

Short, stout, robust tussocks. Sheath to 8 cm, glabrous, pale or dark brown. Ligule to 1 mm. Lamina to 30 cm × 6 mm, very coriaceous, curved, shortly tapering to very pungent apex, adaxially with abundant prickle teeth at base. Lemma to 4.5 mm; hairs dense on margin and aside central nerve, few or absent elsewhere.

Short, slender tussock with long, prostrate stems often forming large patches. Sheath to 10 cm, glabrous, frequently reddened. Ligule 0.25 mm. Lamina to 25 cm × 3 mm, drawn out into long tapering, thin, straight or often somewhat twisting, pointed apex. Culm to 50 cm, internodes glabrous. Lemma to 5.5 mm with dense hairs only on margin and aside central nerve.

A C. crassiuscula (Kirk) Zotov ssp. crassiuscula laminis angustis productis tenuibus acutis strictis, ligulisque brevioribus diagnoscenda.

Short, stout, robust tussock. Sheath to 12 cm, sometimes purpled, usually with many short internerve hairs. Ligule to 0.5 mm. Lamina 30 cm × 6 mm, drawn out into long tapering, twisting or curling, pointed apex; adaxially with few prickle teeth near ligule. Culms to 65 cm, internodes often hairy. Lemma to 6 mm; hairs dense on margin and in all intemerves though sometimes absent from some.

A C. crassiuscula (Kirk) Zotov ssp. crassiuscula laminis productis tenuibus acutis tortis diagnoscenda.

Tussock of variable stature, some robust with long leaves, others slender with shorter, narrow leaves; culm internodes hairy; leaves stiff, scabrous, deciduous. Sheaths to 25 cm, fracturing into short segments, shining light brown at base, long (4 mm) and short deciduous internerve hairs above, margin long hairy above, tuft of hairs at apex to 4 mm. Ligule to 0.8 mm. Lamina to 75 cm × 1.3 mm diam., acicular junceous, midrib evident, falling with part of sheath, abaxially with long hairs aside keel below becoming very scabrid above, adaxially with weft of long hairs at base, abundant prickle teeth and papillae above; margin thick, below with long hairs (up to 4 mm) interlocking across lamina, scabrid above. Culm to 65 cm; lower internodes densely hairy, less so above, hairy below inflorescence. Inflorescence to 20 cm, narrow and strict, very scabrid and with a few long hairs at branch axils and below spikelets. Spikelets of up to 6 lightly purpled florets. Glumes acute or shortly awned, scabrous above, ≤ adjacent lemma lobes; lower to 11 mm, 3-nerved, upper to 13 mm, 5-7-nerved. Lemma to 5.5 mm; hairs dense at margin and aside central nerve, often in all internerves or sometimes few or absent, ≥ sinus; lateral lobes to 4.5 mm including awn to 2 mm, or acute, scabrous above; central awn toll mm from 2.5 mm twisting column. Palea to 8 mm. Rachilla to 1 mm, very occasionally short hairy. Callus to 1 mm, hairs to 4 mm. Lodicules to 1 mm. Anthers to 3.5 mm. Gynoecium: ovary to 1 mm, stigma-styles to 3.5 mm. Caryopsis to 3.5 mm.

Sheaths to 20 cm, mostly purpled, internerves and margins hairy. Lamina to 130 cm × 10 mm, adaxially with weft of short hairs and abundant prickle teeth above. Inflorescence to 30 cm, glabrous except for long hairs at branch axils and some stiff hairs below spikelets. Lemma to 6 mm; hairs dense on margins and in internerves, > sinus; lateral lobes usually awned. Anthers 6 mm.

A C. flavescenti Zotov ssp. flavescenti laminis prope ligulam adaxialiter pilis densis brevibus velatis, paniculisque glabris diagnoscenda.

Sheath to 20 cm, purpled, internerves and margins hairy. Lamina to 70 cm × 10 mm, abaxially glabrous but sometimes with long hairs and forming an abaxial ligule, adaxially with dense weft of long hairs at base and abundant prickle teeth above. Inflorescence to 25 cm, very long hairy. Glumes often awned. Lemma to 6 mm; hairs dense on margins, fewer in internerves, ± = sinus. Palea to 7 mm, usually shorter than in other ssp. Anthers to 4.5 mm.

A C. flavescenti Zotov ssp. flavescenti laminis prope ligulam adaxialiter pilis densis longis velatis, paniculisque pilosis diagnoscenda.

Sheath to 25 cm, pale or purpled, glabrous except on margins. Lamina to 85 cm × 10 mm, adaxially with a dense weft of long hairs at base and abundant prickle teeth above. Inflorescence to 25 cm, densely hairy. Lemma to 6 mm; hairs dense on margin, elsewhere sparse if present, < sinus. Anthers to 4.5 mm.

A C. flavescenti Zotov ssp. flavescenti vaginis glabris, pilis lemmatis sparsis vel deficientibus inter nervos diagnoscenda.

Tall, stout tussock with fracturing sheaths and long, broad, drooping, deciduous leaves which form a dense litter. Sheath glabrous or internerves or margins hairy, keeled, pale or purpled, fracturing into short segments, tuft of hairs at apex to 1 mm. Ligule to 1 mm. Lamina flat or shallowly U-shaped, glaucous, falling with part of sheath, abaxially glabrous but sometimes with some long hairs, adaxially with prickle teeth or papillae; margin with long hairs below becoming glabrous or infrequently scabrous. Culm to 1.5 m, internodes glabrous or very infrequently long hairy. Inflorescence to 30 cm, spikelets dense on stiff, pulvinate branches. Spikelets of up to 8 purpled florets. Glumes glabrous, acute but sometimes shortly awned, > adjacent lemma lobes; lower to 14 mm, 1-3-nerved, upper to 18 mm, 3-5- 7-nerved. Lemma to 6 mm; hairs dense on margin and in internerves, < sinus; lateral lobes to 6 mm including awn to 3 mm often long triangular-acute; central awn to 16 mm from twisting column to 4 mm. Palea to 10 mm. Callus to 1 mm, hairs to 4 mm. Rachilla to 1 mm. Lodicules to 1.5 mm. Gynoecium: ovary to 1 mm, stigma-styles to 3 mm. Caryopsis to 3.5 mm.

Sheaths to 20 cm, pale, incurved, internerves hairy below, glabrous above or appearing so. Lamina to 80 cm × 10 mm, adaxially with abundant prickle teeth or papillae. Culm to 70 cm, glabrous. Inflorescence to 15 cm, glabrous except for long hairs at branch axils and hairs below spikelet, rarely hairy elsewhere. Lemma to 5.5 mm; hairs dense on margins fewer in internerves, < sinus. Anthers to 5 mm.

Spikelets of up to 4 florets. Glumes to 4 mm. Lemma to 4 mm, shorter and broader than typical form, hairs dense on margin, few aside central nerve; lateral lobes to 0.2 mm; central awn to 6 mm, reflexed, column absent Palea to 4.5 mm, interkeel with a few short hairs. Habit, leaves and sheaths, culms, inflorescence, etc., as for C. flavicans.

A C.flavicanti Zotov forma flavicanti lemmatibus, lobis lateralibus, aristis centralibus brevioribus diagnoscenda.

Tall, stout, often sprawling, flabellate tussock with numerous coloured cataphylls and extravaginal shoots, and persistent leaves and sheaths. Sheaths to 15 cm, pinkish or purplish, chartaceous, entire, becoming fibrous, keeled, glabrous or with a few long hairs, tuft of hairs at apex to 1 mm. Ligule to 0.7 mm. Lamina to 75 cm × 8 mm, keeled, persistent, glabrous except for some short hairs above ligule and prickle teeth on margins and abaxially at apex. Culms to 1.5 m, internodes glabrous. Inflorescence to 30 cm, clavate, dense and compact, not naked below; rachis smooth below, branches and pedicels densely scabrous and with some long hairs at branch axils. Spikelets of up to 4 distant florets. Glumes to 7 mm, broad, shallowly bifid, sometimes purpled, margins ciliate, prickle teeth adaxially above, < nearest lemma lobes; lower 3-nerved, upper 5-nerved. Lemma to 6 mm; hairs dense on margin, usually fewer or none aside central nerve, rarely reaching sinus, prickle teeth above adaxially and abaxiaUy on nerves; lateral lobes up to 2.5 mm, conspicuously awned adjacent to a small lobe; central awn to 16 mm, reflexed, column absent Palea to 6 mm, interkeel with prickle teeth above. Rachilla to 0.25 mm. Callus to 1.5 mm, hairs to 4 mm. Lodicules to 1 mm. Anthers to 4 mm. Gynoecium: ovary to 1 mm, stigma-styles to 3 mm. Caryopsis to 3 mm.

As for species; sizes for floret characters are at the higher end of the range.

Tall, junceous, red tussock with swollen bases from rootstock clothed in old leaf sheaths, leaves persistent, ultimately falling below sheath with one fracture. Sheaths to 15 cm, very dark brown, entire, persistent, internerves hairy but often appearing glabrous, margin long hairy above, tuft of hairs at apex to 4 mm. Ligule to 0.5 mm. Lamina to 70 cm × 1 mm diam., acicular junceous, finally falling with top part of sheath, abaxially glabrous sometimes with long hairs below aside prominent, shining, hollow keel, becoming glabrous, adaxially with weft of long hairs at base, prickle teeth above; margin with long hairs below glabrous above. Culm to 90 cm, intemodes glabrous. Inflorescence to 20 cm, open, spikelets on long, pulvinate, flexuous branches; rachis and branches sparsely short hairy below becoming glabrous except for few hairs at axils and below spikelets. Spikelets of up to 6 purpled florets. Glumes glabrous, < adjacent lemma lobes; lower to 11 mm, 3-nerved, upper to 12 mm, 5-nerved. Lemma to 5.5 mm; hairs dense on margin very few aside central nerve, glabrous elsewhere, < sinus; lateral lobes to 4 mm, including awn up to 2.5 mm; central awn up to 10 mm, reflexed from 1 mm flat column. Palea to 6 mm. Callus to 1 mm, hairs to 3 mm. Rachilla to 0.8 mm. Lodicules to 0.5 mm. Anthers to 3.5 mm. Gynoecium: ovary to 0.5 mm, stigma-styles to 2 mm. Caryopsis to 2 mm.

Tall, slender tussock with abundantly long hairy, dull sheaths, and shiny, slender, deciduous leaves. Sheaths to 15 cm, compressed, entire, persistent, covered with long (4 mm) interlacing internerve hairs, tuft of hairs at apex to 4 mm. Ligule to 1 mm. Lamina to 45 cm × 2 mm. V-shaped, or convolute, disarticulating at ligule, abaxially glabrous, adaxially with very short crisped hairs at base and prickle teeth and papillae above; margin smooth. Culms to 60 cm, internodes glabrous, slightly compressed, sheath with few or no long hairs. Inflorescence to 10 cm, pulvinate, few spikelets, abundantly long hairy. Spikelets of up to 6 florets. Glumes glabrous, acute, > adjacent lemma lobes; lower to 10 mm, 3-nerved, upper to 14 mm, 5-nerved. Lemma to 5 mm; hairs dense at margin and few or none aside central nerve, glabrous elsewhere, < sinus; lateral lobes up to 6 mm, linear-triangular; central awn up to 15 mm from twisting column to 2 mm. Palea to 6 mm. Rachilla to 1 mm. Callus to 0.8 mm, hairs to 3 mm. Lodicules to 1 mm. Anthers to 3.5 mm. Gynoecium: ovary to 1 mm, stigma-styles to 4 mm. Caryopsis to 1.5 mm.

Tussock of modest stature with persistent sheaths and soft laminae weathering in situ. Sheaths to 15 cm, dark brown below lighter above, persistent, intemerve hairs minute or short, tuft of hairs at apex to 2 mm. Ligule to 0.6 mm. Lamina to 60 cm × 5 mm, flat or shallowly U-shaped, persistent, abaxially glabrous except for prickle teeth towards apex and occasionally some long hairs towards base, adaxially with rows of short hairs at base, abundant prickle teeth; margin with long hairs below, prickle teeth above. Culms to 60 cm, glabrous, or sheath and internode long hairy, sometimes purpled. Inflorescence to 25 cm, open, pulvinate, glabrous except for few long hairs at branch axils and some hairs occasionally below spikelet. Spikelet of up to 7 florets. Glumes subequal, to 13 mm, glabrous, acute or occasionally bifid or mucronate, > adjacent lemma lobes; lower 3-nerved, upper 5-nerved. Lemma to 5 mm; hairs dense at margin and aside central nerve, shorter in other intemerves or rarely absent, > sinus; lateral lobes to 7.5 mm including 3 mm awn, infrequently long triangular-acute; central awn to 12 mm from twisting column to 3.5 mm. Palea to 7.5 mm. Callus to 1 mm, hairs to 3 mm. Rachilla to 1 mm. Lodicules to 1 mm. Anthers to 4 mm. Gynoecium: ovary to 1 mm, stigma-styles to 3 mm. Caryopsis to 3.25 mm.

Small, often mat-forming, pale tussock with persistent sheaths, and leaves very much shorter than slender flowering culms. Sheaths to 5 cm, pale, shiny, glabrous, chartaceous, persistent, margins undulating, tuft of hairs at apex to 3 mm. Ligule to 0.5 mm, sometimes to 1 mm. Lamina to 15 cm × 2 mm, U- or V-shaped, persistent, spiralling, pointed, narrower than sheath, keeled, veins few, abaxially with prickle teeth in upper V3, long internerve hairs frequent; adaxially with scattered prickle teeth; margins with prickle teeth below becoming glabrous above. Culms to 30 cm, internodes glabrous. Inflorescence to 6 cm, up to 8 spikelets on flexuous, pulvinate branches, glabrous except for few long hairs at branch axils and below spikelets. Spikelets small, solitary, of up to 6 purpled or golden florets. Glumes ± equal, to 10 mm, apex sometimes shortly awned, > adjacent lemma lobes; lower 3-5-nerved, upper 5-7-nerved, margin often long hairy below. Lemma to 4.5 mm; hairs long on margins, few aside central nerves and often few in all intemerves, < sinus; lateral lobes to 4.5 mm including awn to 2.5 mm, or shortly acute-triangular, central awn to 5.5 mm reflexed from flat 1.5 mm column. Palea to 5.5 mm. Callus to 1.5 mm, hairs to 2.5 mm. Rachilla to 0.75 mm. Lodicules to 0.6 mm. Anthers to 2.5 mm. Gynoecium: ovary to 0.7 mm, stigma-styles to 3 mm. Caryopsis to 2 mm.

Sparse tussock with shoots clothed in many old, fibrous, entire sheaths; flowering shoot taller than the leaves which eventually disarticulate at ligule; sheaths, culms, spikelets often purpled or golden. Sheaths to 10 cm, persistent, entire, prominently nerved, internerve hairs minute, tuft of hairs at apex to 2 mm. Ligule to 3.5 mm. Lamina to 25 cm × 5 mm, flat, veined, disarticulating at ligule, spiralling above, pungent, abaxially glabrous, adaxially with scattered prickle teeth; margin smooth or sometimes with prickle teeth. Culms to 45 cm, internodes glabrous except for hairs below inflorescence. Inflorescence to 10 cm, shortly branched; rachis, branches and pedicels long hairy. Spikelets of up to 8 strongly purpled florets. Glumes > adjacent lemma lobes; lower to 11 mm, 1-5-nerved, acute, sometimes bifid, upper to 16 mm, 3-5-7-nerved, acute. Lemma to mm; hairs dense on margin and aside central nerve, usually glabrous elsewhere, < sinus; lateral lobes to 7 mm acute, or produced into awn up to 5 mm, or long triangular-acute; central awn to 20 mm divergent from 1.5 mm flat column. Palea to 9 mm. Callus to 1 mm, hairs to 3 mm. Rachilla to 0.75 mm. Lodicules to 1 mm. Anthers to 3 mm. Gynoecium: ovary to 1 mm, stigmastyles to 2.5 mm. Caryopsis to 3.25 mm.

Stout tussock with many persistent, old, bladeless, straw-coloured or purple-suffused, keeled, entire, hairy sheaths. Sheaths to 15 cm, tuft of hairs at apex to 2 mm. Lamina to 60 cm × 10 mm, twisting above, adaxially occasionally with some long hairs and abundant prickle teeth, disarticulating at ligule. Culms to 1 m, sheath margins hairy. Inflorescence to 20 cm.

A C. pallenti Zotov ssp. pallenti vaginis pilosis, lanvinisque ad ligulam disarticulantibus diagnoscenda.

Sheath to 20 cm, often purple; internerves and margins hairy, tuft of hairs at apex to 2 mm. Lamina to 70 cm × 8 mm, persistent, adaxially with scattered long hairs (4 mm) and prickle teeth. Culm to 1 m, sheath margin hairy.

A C. pallenti Zotov ssp. pallenti vaginis pilosis, laminisque adaxialiter pilosis diagnoscenda.

Tall, pallid tussock with inflorescences pink-tinged; laminae persisting on leaf sheath or caducous at ligule. Sheaths glabrous or internerves with long or short hairs, entire, becoming fibrous, keeled, usually with tuft of hairs at apex. Ligule to 1 mm. Lamina keeled, flat or U-shaped or involute, abaxially glabrous but sometimes with long hairs on emergent laminae, scabrous apically, adaxially usually with prickle teeth or less frequently papillae; margin usually with long hairs below, becoming prickle-toothed. Culms to 1 m, internodes glabrous, Inflorescence glabrous, or glabrous below becoming scabrous or stiff hairy above,some long hairs (5mm) at branch axils and some short hairs below spikelet, sometimes branches and pedicels with mixed short and long hain. Spikelets of up to 9 lightly purpled or straw-coloured florets. Glumes chartaceous glab- rous, acute, < nearest lemma lobes; lowerto 11 mm, 1-3-5-nerved, upper to 14 mm, 5-7-9-nerved. Lemma to 6 mm; hairs dense on margin and aside central nerve, fewer or absent elsewhere, < sinus; lateral lobes to 6 mm including awn to 3 mm, or usually long triangular-acute; central awn to 16 mm from 2 mm twisting or flat column. Palea to 8 mm. Callus to 1.5 mm, hairs to 3 mm. Rachilla to 1 mm. Lodicules to 1 mm. Anthers to 5 mm. Gynoecium: ovary to 1 mm, stigma-styles to 3 mm. Caryopsis to 3.5 mm.

Stout tussock with persistent laminae. Sheath to 20 mm, pale straw coloured, internerves and margins glabrous, tuft of hairs at apex small or absent. Lamina to 1 m × 6 mm, persistent, adaxially with prickle teeth or papillae. Culm to 1 m, sheath margins glabrous.

Tall, stout, golden tussock with hairy fracturing sheaths and narrow, sweeping, long, deciduous leaves which form a dense litter. Sheaths to 30 cm, dark brown below, keeled, intemerves with abundant long and/or short hairs occasionally forming an abaxial ligule, fragmenting into short segments, tuft of hairs at apex to 2 mm. Ligule to 2 mm. Lamina tough, flat or shallowly U-shaped, adaxially usually with dense weft of short or long hairs at base, abundant prickle teeth above; margin thick, long hairy below; falling with part of sheath. Culms to 1.5 m, internodes infrequently long hairy; sheath hairy. Inflorescence open, pulvinate. Spikelets of up to 8 florets. Glumes glabrous, acute or very shortly awned, > nearest lemma lobes; lower to 14 mm, 1-3- nerved, upper to 16 mm 5-7-nerved, very occasionally long hairy on margin below. Lemma with dense hairs on margin and in all intemerves, rarely absent, > sinus. Palea to 8.5 mm. Callus to 1.5 mm, hairs to 3.5 mm. Rachilla to 1.5 mm. Lodicules to 0.75 mm. Gynoecium: ovary to 1 mm, stigma-styles to 3 mm. Caryopsis to 3.5 mm.

Sheath to 30 cm. Lamina to 80 cm × 7 mm, abaxially glaucous, very occasionally with a few hairs aside midrib at base; margin thick, long hairy below sometimes hairs interlocking across lamina, becoming scabrous. Inflorescence to 30 cm, glabrous except for some long hairs at branch axils. Lemma to 6 mm; lateral lobes to 7.5 mm including awn to 3.5 mm or long triangular-acute; central awn to 12 mm from twisting column to 4 mm. Anthers to 5 mm.

Sheath to 20 cm. Lamina to 85 cm × 7 mm, abaxially with long hairs aside midrib at base; margin thick, long hairy below, becoming glabrous above. Inflorescence to 25 cm; rachis, branches and pedicels hairy or scabrous, sometimes glabrous below and ornamented above, long hairs below spikelets. Lemma to 6.5 mm; lateral lobes to 6 mm, triangularacute or with awn to 2.5 mm, sometimes shortly lobed again; central awn to 16 mm from twisting column to 2 mm. Anthers to 4.5 mm.

A C. rigida (Raoul) Zotov ssp. rigida laminarum marginibus laevibus, et panicularum rhachidibus ramis pedicellisque pilosis vel scabris diagnoscenda.

Sheath to 30 cm, entire, dark brown, internerves with minute hairs sometimes glabrous. Lamina to 1 m, persisting on sheath, adaxially with dense weft of long hairs at base extending up lamina often with short hairs as well, with papillae or prickle teeth above. Culm to 1.5 m, internodes glabrous, sheath glabrous. Lemma to 6 mm; hairs dense on margins less so in internerves, < sinus; lateral lobes to 7 mm, awn to 3.5 mm, infrequently long triangular-acute;

A C. rubra Zotov ssp. rubra vaginis integris, laminis prope ligulam adaxialiter pilis longis densis, pilisque longis inter nervos omnes et in marginibus lemmatis diagnose enda.

Sheath to 30 cm, fracturing into short segments, dark brown, internerves with minute and long hairs. Lamina to 1 m, falling with part of sheath; adaxially with dense weft of long hairs extending up lamina or short hairs in rows, papillate or prickle-toothed above. Culm to 1.5 m, intemodes sometimes long hairy, sheath glabrous. Lemma to 6 mm; hairs dense on margin, absent or very sparse elsewhere, < sinus; lateral lobes to 6 mm including awn to 2.5 mm.

A C. rubra Zotov ssp. rubra laminis prope ligulam adaxialiter pilis densis longis velatis diagnoscenda.

Lamina greenish, adaxially papillate, margin smooth. Anthers to 5 mm.

A C. rubra Zotov var. rubra laminis virellis in marginibus glabrisque diagnoscenda.

Tall, slender, red tussock with crowded, erect, stiff, junceous leaves. Sheath to 30 cm, dark brown, keeled, incurving, remaining entire or fracturing into short segments, margin separating and coiling, tuft of hairs at apex to 3 mm. Ligule to 1 mm. Lamina to 1 m × 1.2 mm diam., acicular junceous, splitting longitudinally, keel hollow, abaxially glabrous but infrequently with long hairs near base, prickle teeth towards apex, adaxially with rows of short hairs or wefts of long hairs at base, with prickle teeth and sometimes papillae above; margin with long hairs below, prickle teeth above, rarely smooth. Culms to 1.5 m, internodes glabrous but sometimes long hairy, sheath glabrous. Inflorescence to 45 cm, open on pulvinate branches, glabrous except for long hairs at branch axils and short stiff hairs below spikelets, rarely becoming scabrous above. Spikelets of up to 9 florets. Glumes glabrous, acute, infrequently awned, ≤ adjacent lemma lobes, lower to 12 mm, 1—3—5- nerved, upper to 14 mm, 3-5-7-nerved. Lemma to 6 mm; hairs dense on margin, usually absent or sparse elsewhere, or present in all internerves (ssp. cuprea), < sinus; lateral lobes to 6 mm including awn to 3 mm, rarely unawned; central awn to 13 mm from twisting column to 3 mm. Palea to 8 mm. Callus to 1.5 mm, hairs to 4 mm. Rachilla to 0.75 mm. Lodicules to 1 mm. Anthers to 5 mm. Gynoecium: ovary to 1 mm, stigma-styles to 4 mm. Caryopsis to 3.5 mm.

Sheath to 30 cm, fracturing into short segments, dark brown, internerves glabrous or long hairy. Lamina to 1 m, falling with part of sheath, adaxially with rows of short hairs at base. Culm to 1.5 m, internodes and sheath glabrous. Lemma with long dense hairs on margin, very sparse or absent elsewhere, < sinus; lateral lobes to 6 mm including awn to 2 mm.

Lamina red to red-brown, margin scabrous, adaxially with prickle teeth. Lemma to 5 mm. Anthers to 3.5 mm.

Slender tussock with narrow leaves falling and leaving inwardly spiralling sheaths. Sheaths to 20 cm, glabrous, pale, chartaceous, spiralling and breaking into short segments, margin hairy above, apical tuft to 3 mm. Ligule to 1 mm. Lamina to 50 cm × 1 mm diam., acicular junceous, veins few, falling with part of sheath, abaxially with occasional long (2 mm) hairs below, adaxially with dense weft of long (3 mm) hairs at base projecting over smooth margin, scattered prickle teeth above. Culm to 65 cm, internodes glabrous. Inflorescence to 12 cm, narrow, glabrous except for occasional long hairs at axils. Spikelets of up to 7 florets. Glumes glabrous, > adjacent lemma lobes, acute or shortly awned; lower to 12 mm, 3-nerved, upper to 13 mm, 3-5-nerved. Lemma to 5 mm; hairs dense on margin fewer aside central nerve, glabrous or sparsely hairy elsewhere, < sinus; lateral lobes up to 4.5 mm, long triangularacute; central awn up to 13 mm divergent from 2.5 mm flat column. Palea to 6 mm. Callus 0.5 mm, hairs to 3 mm. Rachilla to 0.8 mm. Lodicules to 0.75 mm. Anthers to 4 mm. Gynoecium: ovary to 0.75 mm, stigma-styles to 4.5 mm.

Small tussock of few pale shoots from darkened persistent sheaths, with hairy leaves twisting above but deciduous. Sheaths up to 15 cm, pale green, sometimes reddened or purpled, persistent, internerves hairy, tuft of hairs at apex to 2.5 mm. Ligule to 1 mm. Lamina to 40 cm × 1 mm diam., acicular junceous, disarticulating at ligule, abaxially with long (1.5 mm) white, antrorse hairs aside evident main nerve or between all nerves below, adaxially clothed in dense, antrorse, short (0.5 mm) hairs becoming sparser; margin with long hairs below becoming smooth above. Culm to 50 cm, internodes glabrous. Inflorescence to 15 cm, open, pulvinate, long hairy, branches flexuous. Spikelets few, solitary, of up to 6 purpled florets. Glumes < adjacent lemma lobes; lower to 14 mm, 3-nerved, upper to 16 mm, 5-nerved. Lemma to 6 mm, purpled; hairs dense at margins and sparse aside central nerve rarely elsewhere, ≥ sinus; lateral lobes to 6 mm including awn to 3 mm; central awn to 11 mm from twisting column to 4 mm. Palea to 8 mm. Callus to 1 mm, hairs to 2.5 mm. Rachilla to 1 mm. Lodicules to 2 mm. Anthers to 4.5 mm. Gynoecium: ovary to 1 mm, stigma-styles to 2.5 mm. Caryopsis to 2.5 mm.

Slender tussock with stramineous, hairy sheaths. Sheath to 10 cm, hairy, entire, margins often undulating, apical tuft to 3.5 mm. Ligule to 0.5 mm. Lamina to 30 cm × 2.5 mm, flat or ± U-V-shaped, keeled, twisting above, disarticulating at ligule, abaxially prickle-toothed above, adaxially with prickle teeth; margin with long hairs below, becoming prickle-toothed or rarely becoming smooth. Culm to 60 cm, slender, intemodes glabrous. Inflorescence to 13 cm, glabrous except for long hairs at branch axils. Spikelets golden and purple, of up to 8 florets. Glumes usually > nearest lemma lobes; lower to 10 mm, 1-3-5-nerved, upper to 11 mm, 3-5-7- nerved. Lemma to 5.5 mm; hairs dense on margin and aside central nerve, sparse or absent elsewhere; lateral lobes to 4 mm, shortly awned or triangularacute; central awn to 7 mm from a flat, rarely twisting, column to 2 mm. Palea to 7 mm. Callus to 1 mm, hairs to 2.5 mm. Rachilla to 1 mm. Lodicules to 1 mm. Anthers to 3.5 mm. Gynoecium: ovary to 1 mm, stigma-styles to 2 mm. Caryopsis to 2 mm.

A C. pallenti Zotov facie gracili, laminis angustis, pilis sparsis inter nervos lemmatis, columna complanata aristae diagnoscenda.

Perennial tussocks, solitary but occasionally sward forming; branching intravaginal, sometimes extravaginal; leaf sheaths usually clothing bases of plants, entire or fracturing into irregular segments; abaxially glabrous or with minute or conspicuous internerve hairs, with tuft of hairs at apex; adaxially glabrous rarely bearing short hairs. Ligule a ring of hairs usually c. 1 mm long. Lamina 5 cm to 1.5 m long, glaucous, flat to V-shaped, or junceous, often sharp pointed, many nerved, persistent or disarticulating at ligule or falling with part of sheath; abaxially usually glabrous except for prickle teeth towards apex, occasionally hairy; adaxially prickletoothed or papillate, rarely unornamented, sometimes densely pilose at base; margins usually long hairy below, prickle-toothed or glabrous above. Culm to 2 m, erect, exceeding leaves; nodes prominent; internodes usually glabrous. Inflorescence an open panicle of few to many spikelets, or compact and clavate, glabrous to conspicuously long hairy, usually with long hairs at branch axils. Spikelets of few to several florets, pale, golden, or purpled; disarticulation above glumes and between florets. Glumes unequal, linear, acute or rarely awned; lower 1-3-nerved, upper 3-5-7- nerved; glabrous, very occasionally prickle-toothed, sometimes upper glume long hairy on lower margin. Lemma 7-9-nerved; 2 lateral lobes, awned or triangular-acute, rarely prickle-toothed; dense hairs on margins and in columns in all, few, or no internerves, < sinus; central awn straight or reflexed from twisting, flat or indistinct column between lateral lobes. Palea > lemma sinus, bikeeled, usually shallowly bidentate, flanks long hairy below, keels ciliate on margins; interkeels infrequently prickletoothed, rarely hairy. Callus short, blunt with long hairs covering lower lemma. Stamens 3; anthers caudate, shorter and white in male-sterile flowers. Lodicules 2, irregularly rhomboidal and lobed, nerved; margins long hairy especially above. Gynoecium bistylar, glabrous, ovary < lodicules. Caryopsis obovate, smooth or rugose, free within bracts; embryo 1/3 + ½ caryopsis length; hilum linear, ½-2/3 caryopsis length. Flowering chasmogamous. Confined to New Zealand and its subantarctic islands, and to Australia and Lord Howe I.