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Lebel, T. 2002: Sequestrate Russulales of New Zealand: Gymnomyces and Macowanites. New Zealand Journal of Botany 40(3): 489-509.

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Lebel, T. 2002: Sequestrate Russulales of New Zealand: Gymnomyces and Macowanites. New Zealand Journal of Botany 40(3): 489-509.
New Zealand Journal of Botany
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Gymnomyces cristatus T. Lebel 2002
OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED: NORTH ISLAND: GISBORNE: Urewera National Park, Huiarau Range, M. Castellano, 25 May 1995, PDD 65082. TAUPO: Turangi, Kiko Track at end of Kiko Rd, M.Castellano s.n [Trappe 15596], 29 May 1995, OSC; Rangipo, Kaimanawa Forest Park, Clements Mill Rd, M. Castellano, 29 May 1995, PDD 65100. SOUTH ISLAND: BULLER: Murchison, Matakitaki Scenic Reserve, R. E. Beever, 29 Mar 1996, PDD 65744; Murchison, Matakitaki Scenic Reserve, R. E. Beever, 29 Mar 1996, PDD 65751; Murchison, Matakitaki Scenic Reserve, S. R. Pennycook, 15 May 1999, PDD 70835. NELSON: near Murchison, Owen River, Owen Valley West Rd, R. E. Beever 1283, 25 Sep 1992, PDD 60578.
Basidiomata 10-28 x 8-30 mm, globose to subglobose or irregular with an indented base. Peridial surface dry, smooth or finely felty, white in youth, becoming off-white with some brown bruising. Context thin, gleba exposed in places. Gleba off-white to pale orange in youth, becoming orange or dark orangish brown with age, loculate, chambers small, crowded, giving a firm texture. Stipe absent. Columella absent. Odour and taste faint, pleasant. Latex absent. Peridiopellis 10-35 µm wide, a turf of hyphal tips 2-4 µm diam., and cystidia 10-25 µm x 2-4 µm, fusoid or ventricose with obtuse or mucronate apices, which may be repent in older specimens giving the appearance of a compacted cutis. Peridial context 35-86 µm wide, of interwoven, hyaline hyphae 2-4 µm diam., and scattered, sinuous hyphae 3-6 µm diam., refractive in KOH; sphaerocysts absent. Endocystidia and laticiferous hyphae absent. Hymenophoral trama 35-55 µm wide, of filamentous, interwoven, slightly gelatinised hyphae 3-4 µm diam., sphaerocysts and laticiferous hyphae absent. Subhymenium 10-16 µm wide, not well developed, of hyphae and some irregular cells 5-11 µm diam. Basidia 26-40 x 9-12 µm, clavate to cylindrical, hyaline, thin-walled, with 2 robust sterigmata 4-9 x 2-4 µm. Cystidia 20-30 x 5-8 µm, cylindrical, clavate or rostrate with acute or obtuse apices and oily contents, yellow in KOH, rare, scattered in hymenophoral trama, extending into hymenium. Spores 8-11 µm x 8-11 µm (9.59 ± 0.69 x 9.36 ± 0.62), Q = 1.02-1.06, globose, orthotropic, symmetrical. Ornamentation incompletely amyloid, of spines connected by irregular ridges, ± 2-4 high x 1.5-2 µm wide, in a complete, fairly evenly distributed reticulum, givinga crested or flanged appearance to the spore; ridgesamyloid along edges and partially along faces. Hilarappendix obscure, ± 2-3 µm long, central,symmetric; plage absent. Spores pale brown to rustycoloured in mass.
HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Hypogeous to emergent, solitary or in small groups under leaf litter in Nothofagus menziesii and N. fusca forests. Fruiting period Mar-Sep
Gasterocarpus 10-28 x 8-30 mm, globosus vel subglobosus vel irregularis. Peridium albidum deine eburneum ad brunneum contusum. Gleba initio eburnea vel pallida aurantiaca dein aurantiaca velfusco aurantia-brunnea, loculata. Stipes nullus; columella nulla. Peridiopellis ex hyphis erectis vel repentis 2-4 µm latis et cystidiis 10-25 µm x 2-4 µm, interdum repentis ubi veteribus aspectu cutecompacto. Basidia 26-40 x 9-12 µm, 2 sporigera. Cystidia 20-30 x 5-8 µm, rara. Sporae 8-11 µm x 8-11 µm, globosae, spinis connexis per cristis irregulariter ± 2-4 altis x 1.5-2 µm, amyloidibus incompletis reticulo perfecte aequaliter distributo, edens sporae aspectu alatis.

ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet refers to the crested or flange-like appearance of the spore ornamentation, from the Latin cristatum meaning crested.

NOTES: Gymnomyces cristatus is one of three species of Gymnomyces in New Zealand which have monoorbi-sterigmate basidia, an off-white peridium with some brown patches, and the gleba becoming orange-brown to brown in older basidiomata. Gymnomyces redolens has a very different spore ornamentation of isolated spines and warts often connected by low ridges, and larger hymenial cystidia embedded in the trama. Gymnomyces fuscus has spores ornamented with isolated spines and generally lacks hymenial cystidia. The crested spore ornamentation and basidia with two robust sterigmata of Gymnomyces cristatus resemble those of several collections of Gymnomyces from Australia (Lebel 1998). However, the basidia of G. cristatus are consistently shorter than the Australian collections, and the gleba has a distinct orange tint, while the Australian collections generally remain white with some brown patches. These collections will be described in a paper dealing with new species of Australian sequestrate Russulales.

HOLOTYPUS (hic designatus): New Zealand, North Island, Gisborne, Urewera National Park, Huiarau Range, M. Castellano s.n. [Trappe 15532], 25 May 1995, PDD 65083.
Gymnomyces fuscus T. Lebel 2002
OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED: NORTH ISLAND: NORTHLAND: Whangaruru, North Head Scenic Reserve, R. E. Beever, 19 Dec 1984, PDD 55424.AUCKLAND: West Auckland, Goldie Bush, Mokoroa Falls track, R. E. Beever, 1 Jan 1993, PDD 61991. COROMANDEL: Little Barrier Island, Summit Track, E. P. Laracy, 15 Jun 1984, PDD 55426. SOUTH ISLAND: BULLER: Murchison, Matakitaki Scenic Reserve, R. E. Beever 1524, 29 Mar 1996, PDD 65743.
Basidiomata 12-19 x 10-16 mm, subglobose to slightly irregular. Peridial surface dry, smooth, with some shallow pitting, initially off-white to pale brown then dark brown with the lower peridium whitish streaking dark in some basidiomata. Some basidiomata with powdery texture to peridium, powder rubbing off easily. Gleba off-white to ivory initially blackening with age, loculate, chambers small, crowded, regular in size and shape. Stipe absent or present as small exserted basal pad, 1-2 mm long x 1-2 mm wide, white. Columella sometimes present as thin translucent strand, 1-2 mmwide, percurrent or not. Odour sharp, of acetylene, and taste mild, not distinctive. Latex absent. Peridiopellis 60-165 µm wide, a trichodermium of septate, inflated hyphae 3-8.5 µm diam., appearing as a layer of irregularly shaped cells 45-80 µm wide, extending into a dense to patchy turf of upright to repent, septate, brown-walled hyphae, 25-85 µm wide, with terminal cells 4-13 x 3-11 µm, elongated clavate, cylindrical, obvate or pyriform. Peridial context 40-110 µm wide, of interwoven, hyaline hyphae 2-4 µm diam. Sphaerocysts and endocystidia absent. Hymenophoral trama 23-39 µm wide, of interwoven, inflated, hyaline hyphae 2-6.5 µm diam., sphaerocysts absent. Subhymenium 13-21 µm wide, of branched hyphae with some inflated cells forming 1-3 tiers of irregular cells 5-11 µm diam. Basidia 24-39 x 6-12 µm, hyaline, clavate to cylindrical, with 2 robust sterigmata 4-8 µm long x 1-2.5 µm wide. Cystidia absent. Spores 8-10.9 x 8-10.4 µm (9.89 ± 0.26 x 9.5 ± 0.31), Q = 1.02-1.05, globose, orthotropic. Ornamentation amyloid, crowded, of fine, isolated spines 0.8-2 µm high. Hilar appendix small, hyaline, central; plage absent. Spore colour in mass white.
HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Hypogeous, in small clusters under leaf litter in Leptospermum scopariumscrub and Nothofagus truncatus or N. fusca forest. Fruiting period Dec-Jan, Jun.
Gasterocarpus 12-19 x 10-16 mm, subglobosus vel irregularis. Peridium initio album deine brunneum. Gleba albida vel ebernea, in maturitas denigricans, loculata. Stipes nullus; columella nulla vel interdum percurrens, albida. Peridiopellis trichodermium ex hyphis inflatus 3-8.5 µm latis subter caespite ex cellulis terminalis erectis vel repentibus, 4-13 x 3-11 µm compositum. Basidia 24-37 x 7-12 µm, 2 sporigera. Cystidia nulla. Sporae 8-10.5 x 8-10.2 µm, globosae, spinis aggregatis ad ± 1 µm altis amyloidibus ornatis.

ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet refers to the brown basidiomata, from the Latin fuscus meaning brown.

NOTES: The dark peridium, lack of stem, and 2-spored basidia are a unique combination of characters in the sequestrate fungi of New Zealand. Gymnomyces fuscus resembles Macowanites rubroluteus in the fine spinose spore ornamentation and sometimes dark appearance of the peridium, but these two species differ in a number of features. G.fuscus has 2-spored basidia and lacks hymenial cystidia, while M. rubroluteus has 2-, 3-, and 4-spored basidia and hymenial cystidia are present.

HOLOTYPUS (hic designatus): New Zealand, North Island, Auckland, West Auckland, Goldie Bush, Mokoroa Falls track, R. E. Beever 1306, 1 Jan 1992, PDD 61990.
Gymnomyces leucocarpus T. Lebel 2002
OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED: SOUTH ISLAND: BULLER: Nelson Lakes National Park, Lake Rotoiti, R. E. Beever, 23 Apr 1986, PDD 55482. NELSON: Glenhope-Tapawera Rd, J. Trappe 12606 & M. Amaranthus, 25 Sep 1992, MEL 2063483, OSC.
Basidiomata 12-22 x 8-20 mm, subglobose to slightly irregular. Peridial surface dry, smooth, with some shallow pitting, white. Gleba white to ivory, loculate, chambers minute, crowded, compacted to appear almost solid. Stipe absent. Columella absent or present as a faint trace of sterile tissue near base, not percurrent. Odour and taste mild, not distinctive. Latex absent. Peridiopellis 6-13 µm wide, a thin ixocutis of repent to patchily upright, tightly interwoven, gelatinised, hyaline hyphal tips 2-5 µm diam. Peridial context 50-90 µm wide, of interwoven, hyaline hyphae 2-3 µm diam. and scattered, septate, inflated hyphae 3-5.5 µm diam. Sphaerocysts and endocystidia absent. Hymenophoral trama 10-22 µm wide, of tightly interwoven, hyaline hyphae 2-4 µm diam. and scattered, inflated hyphae 4-6 µm diam., sphaerocysts absent. Subhymenium 9-14 µm wide, of branched hyphae with some inflated cells forming 1-2 tiers of irregular cells 5-8 µm diam. Basidia 25-32 x 10-12 µm, hyaline, clavate to cylindrical, with 2, 3, and 4 sterigmata 4-7 µm long. Cystidia 25-42 x 8-11 µm, clavate to cylindrical with obtuse apices, hyaline, rare. Spores 7-9 x 7-8.6 µm (8.55 ± 0.34 x 8.1 ± 0.5), Q = 1.03-1.11, globose to subglobose, orthotropic. Ornamentation amyloid, crowded, of isolated spines ± 1 µm high. Hilar appendix small, hyaline, central; plage present, inconspicuous, the ornamentation slightly lower around plage. Spore colour in mass white.
HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Hypogeous, in small clusters under leaf litter in Nothofagus menziesii, N. fusca, and N. solandri forests. Fruiting period Aug-Sep.
Gasterocarpus 12-22 x 8-20 mm, subglobosus vel irregularis. Peridium albidum. Gleba albida velebernea, loculata. Stipes nullus; columella nulla. Peridiopellis tenuissima, ex hyphis agglutinatis. Basidia 25-32 x 10-12 µm, 2 vel 4 sporigera. Cystidia 25-42 x 8-11 µm, rara. Sporae 7-9 x 7-8.6 µm, globosae vel subglobosae, spinis aggregatis ad ± 1 µm altis amyloidibus ornatis.

ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet refers to the white basidiomata, from the Greek leuco meaning white.

NOTES: Gymnomyces leucocarpus can be distinguished from other species of Gymnomyces in New Zealand by the white peridium (with no hint of other colours), isolated spinose spore ornamentation, and rarity of the hymenial cystidia. The abundant ornamentation of isolated spines ±1 µm high of G. leucocarpus is similar to that of several collections of Gymnomyces and Cystangium from Australia, which are Eucalyptus associates, and Macowanites rubroluteus, a Nothofagus associate from New Zealand (Lebel 1998). The Australian collections differ from G. leucocarpus microscopically, in the structure of the peridiopellis, basidial shape, and more globose spores with longer spines. The pale yellow peridium with red patches of M. rubroluteus differentiates it from the white peridium of G. leucocarpus.

HOLOTYPUS (hic designatus): New Zealand, South Island, Buller, Murchison, Matakitaki Bridge Scenic Reserve, R. E. Beever, 10 Aug 1998, PDD 69223.
Gymnomyces parvisaxoides T. Lebel 2002
OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED: NORTH ISLAND: GISBORNE: Wairoa, Pakerae Kumi Conservation Area, R. E. Beever 1447, 26 May 1995, PDD 70527.SOUTH ISLAND: FIORDLAND: Fiordland National Park, Rainbow Reach, Kepler Track, R. E. Beever 1011, 18 May 1990, PDD 57891. NELSON: 5 km from Glenhope on Glenhope-Tapawera Rd, M. Amaranthus s.n. [Trappe 12627], 15 Sep 1992, OSC, MEL.
Basidiomata 3-35 x 3-25 mm, subglobose to lobed. Peridial surface dry, smooth, white with pale yellow to orange brown patches. Gleba white, loculate, chambers small and crowded. Stipe rarely present as a small exerted basal pad 1-2 x 1-2 mm, easily detached from basidioma. Columella rarely present as a thin translucent, percurrent strand, ± 1 mm wide. Odour slightly acrid, and taste not distinctive. Latex absent. Peridiopellis 8-20 µm wide, a patchy turf of upright to repent, hyaline hyphal tips 2-4.5 µm diam., becoming gelatinised and compacted in older basidiomata. Peridial context 115-210 µm wide, of tightly interwoven, hyaline hyphae 2-3.5 µm diam., sometimes in tight knots, and scattered, inflated hyphae 3-8 µm diam., refractive golden in KOH. Endocystidia and sphaerocysts absent. Hymenophoral trama 18-40 µm wide, of interwoven, hyaline hyphae 2-5 µm diam. and scattered thin, smooth, sinuous hyphae 2-3 µm diam., refractive in KOH, sphaerocysts absent. Subhymenium 11-28 µm wide, with 2-3 tiers of irregular cells 7-15 µm diam. Basidia 28-41 x 7-11 µm, cylindrical to clavate, hyaline, with 2, 3, or 4 sterigmata 4-7 µm long. Cystidia 11-35 x 5-9 µm, cylindrical, clavate or fusoid with mucronate or obtuse apices and granular contents; scattered to patchily abundant, arising in the trama, not protruding beyond basidia. Spores 8.5-11 x 7-10 µm (9.73 ± 0.27 x 8.83 ± 0.54), Q = 1.02-1.09, globose to subglobose, orthotropic. Ornamentation amyloid, of abundant isolated warts 0.5-0.8 µm high, many connected in short branched lines, sometimes forming a partial reticulum. Hilar appendix central 1-2 x 1-2 µm; plage absent. Spore colour in mass off-white.
HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Hypogeous to partially exposed, in small groups under leaf litter in Nothofagus menziesii and N. solandrii forests. Fruiting period May-Sep.
Gasterocarpus 3-35 x 3-25 mm, subglobosus vellobatus. Peridium albidum variegatum pallidoluteum vel armeniacum brunneum. Gleba albida, loculata. Stipes nullus vel basim brevipes; columellanulla. Peridiopellis ex hyphis erectis vel repentibus, agglutetibus compactis ubi veteribus. Basidia 28-41 x 7-11 µm, 2 vel 4 sporigera. Cystidia 11-35 x 5-9 µm, dispersa. Sporae 8-11 x 7-10 µm, globosae vel subglobosae, amyloideae verruculis segregatis < 0.5 µm altis, lineis brevis ramosis interdum connexis vel reticulatis partiali ornatae.

ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet refers to the general appearance of the basidioma, "small stonelike", from the Latin parvus meaning small, andsaxum meaning stone.

NOTES: Gymnomyces parvisaxoides may be distinguished from other sequestrate Russulales of New Zealand by the white peridium with yellow or orange-brown patches, small hymenial cystidia and low, partially reticulate spore ornamentation. Gymnomyces parvisaxoides resembles a number of collections from Australia which are associated with Eucalyptus spp. All collections generally have a white peridium with yellow or orange to red patches, small hymenial cystidia, and spore ornamentation of low branching lines or a partial reticulum. The Australian collections have a more robust spore ornamentation with more connections between elements, and a narrow, tangled trichodermial peridiopellis rather than the patchy turf of G.parvisaxoides.

HOLOTYPUS (hic designatus): New Zealand, Buller, Murchison, Matakitaki Rd, R. E. Beever 1687, 11 Aug 1998, PDD 69224.
Gymnomyces redolens (G. Cunn.) Pfister 1976
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: NORTH ISLAND: AUCKLAND: North Auckland, Piha Valley, J. M. Dingley, Mar 1949, PDD 6355; North Auckland,Piha Valley, J. M. Dingley, 15 Aug 1953, PDD 12334; North Auckland, Piha Valley, Waitakere Ranges, J. M. Dingley, 10 Jun 1971, PDD 29083; Waitakere Ranges, Ridge Track, R. E. Beever, 28 Mar 1997, PDD 67193; Te Aroha, 350 ft, G. H.Cunningham, May 1940, PDD 10141 (Isotype PDD); Waikato, Te Aroha, track to Bald Spur, R. E.Beever, 30 Apr 1988, PDD 48608; Waikato, Te Aroha, track to Bald Spur, R. E. Beever, 30 Apr 1988, PDD 48607; Titirangi, J. M. Dingley, 20 May 1950, PDD 7227; White Track, Piha, J. M. Dingley, 18 Sep 1970, PDD 28585; Kaipara Harbour, South Head, Lake Ototoa Scenic Reserve, M. Castellano s.n. [Trappe 16711], 4 Jun 1995, OSC; Kaipara Harbour, South Head, Lake Ototoa Scenic Reserve, R. E. Beever s.n. [Trappe 16710], 4 Jun 1995, OSC; Okura, Okura Scenic Reserve, R. E. Beever, 30 May 1993, PDD 63305. COROMANDEL: Little Barrier Island, Valley Track, E. P. Laracy & R. E. Beever, 15 Jun 1984, PDD 55423; Little Barrier Island, Valley Track, R. E. Beever, 6 May 1990, PDD 57890; Little Barrier Island, Thumb Track, E. P. Laracy & R. E. Beever, 13 Jun 1984, PDD 55486; Little Barrier Island, near Rangers' house, G. Beever, 11 May 1990, PDD 57889. GISBORNE: Wairoa, Pakarae Kumi Conservation Area, M. Castellano, 25 May 1995, PDD 65085; Wairoa, Pakarae Kumi Conservation Area, R. E. Beever, 26 May 1995, PDD 70556; Bay of Plenty, Urewera National Park, Papatotara, J. Trappe, 25 May 1995, PDD 65076; Bay of Plenty, Urewera National Park, Te Whaiti, R. E. Beever, 25 May 1995, PDD 70528. TAUPO: Turangi, Kaimanawa Forest, Kiko Track at road end, M. Castellano, 29 May 1995, PDD 65098; Turangi, Kaimanawa Forest, Kiko Track at road end, R. E. Beever, 29 May 1995, PDD 70552. NORTHLAND: Whangaruru North Head Scenic Reserve, R. E.Beever, 16 Nov 1984, PDD 55422; Tangihua Forest, near Lodge, R. E. Beever, 23 May 1992, PDD 60332; Tangihua Range, Tangihua Conservation Park, Lion's Lodge, R. E. Beever, 21 May 1992, PDD 60342; Tangihua Forest, Tangihua Conservation Park, Loop Track, R. E. Beever, 9 Apr 1988, PDD 55442. SOUTH ISLAND: NELSON: Dun Mt Track,Stevenson, 25 Apr 1949, Stevenson 525 (zt 70/720). DUNEDIN: Leith Valley, J. R. J. Moore, 13 Apr 1936, PDD 48514; Whare Flat, Chalkies Scenic Reserve, R. E. Beever, 25 May 1990, PDD 57845. FIORDLAND, Fiordland National Park, Lake Hauroko, Lookout Track, R. E. Beever, 21 May 1990, PDD 57857.
Basidiomata 5-25 mm diam., subglobose or irregular, depressed around basal attachment, rarely with an exposed gleba. Peridial surface slightly tomentose, finely wrinkled or smooth, white to cream-coloured drying pallid ochraceous. Context thin, fragile, off-white. Gleba white to cream becoming pallid ochraceous, loculate, locules small,irregular. Stipe absent. Columella absent or present, rudimentary, percurrent. Odour when fresh pleasant, resembling dried apricots; taste not recorded. Latex absent. Peridiopellis 70-150 µm wide, a dense turf of upright to repent, hyaline hyphal tips 20-55 x 2-4.5 µm diam., becoming tangled and interwoven. Peridial context 210-450 µm wide, of tightly interwoven, non gelatinised, hyaline hyphae 2-3.5 µm diam., sphaerocysts 12-22 µm diam. in scattered nests. Endocystidia absent. Columella context when present of interwoven, hyaline hyphae 2-3 µm diam. Hymenophoral trama 40-75 µm wide,of interwoven, hyaline hyphae 2-4.5 µm diam., not gelatinised, with sphaerocysts 12-27 µm diam. in scattered nests. Subhymenium poorly developed, 11-20 µm wide, with 1-2 tiers of isodiametric cells 5-9 µm diam. Basidia 25-35 x 9-11 µm, hyaline, ventricose to clavate, mostly with 1 or rarely 2 sterigmata 3-5 x 1-2 µm, robust. Cystidia 24-49 x 8-15 µm, broadly ventricose with broadly rounded apices and few granular contents refractive in KOH; arising in subhymenium, not extending much beyond basidia, rare. Spores 9-12.5(-14) x 9-12(-14) µm (10.88 ± 0.32 x 10.09 ± 0.3), Q = 1.05-1.07, globose to subglobose, orthotropic and symmetric, wall hyaline. Ornamentation amyloid, a dense spiny reticulum of warts and spines 2-4 µm high, bases just coalescing or several joined at their bases by low lines 0.2-0.8 µm high or ridges ± 1-1.5 µm high in a partial reticulum. Hilar appendix 1-1.5 x 0.5-1 µm, cylindrical; plage inamyloid. Spore colour in mass hyaline, in the locules of the dried gleba appearing pale cream coloured.
HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Hypogeous, growing in scattered groups among leaf litter in Nothofagusfusca, N. solandrii, and N. menziesii forests andLeptospermum scoparium or Kunzea ericoides scrub. Fruiting period Mar-Nov.
NOTES: Gymnomyces redolens is widely distributed in New Zealand. It differs from other New Zealand taxa in the robust spiny-reticulate ornamentation of the spores, and the mono- or bi-sterigmate basidia.The nomenclatural history of this species is given in Lebel & Castellano (2002).
HOLOTYPE: New Zealand, Auckland, Mt Te Aroha, specimens collected among debris on the forest floor adjoining tracks in rainforest at the base of Mt Te Aroha (350 ft), May 1940, G. Cunningham 10141 K (isotype PDD).
Macowanites carmineus McNabb 1971
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: SOUTH ISLAND: NELSON: Kahurangi National Park, Flora Saddle, track to Mt Arthur Hut, R. E. Beever, 24 Mar 1996, PDD 65756; Kahurangi National Park, Flora Saddle, track to Mt Arthur Hut, R. E. Beever, 24 Mar 1996, PDD 65755; Kahurangi National Park, Flora Saddle, track to Mt Arthur Hut, R. E. Beever, 24 Mar 1992, PDD 65754; Karamea, Umere, R. F. R. McNabb, 4 Jan 1970, PDD 31427; Karamea, Umere, R. F. R. McNabb, 26 Dec 1969, PDD 31426; Karamea, Umere, R. F. R.McNabb, 8 Jan 1969, PDD 28016; Karamea, Umere,R. F. R. McNabb, 8 Jan 1969, PDD 31425; Taffytown, Karamea Rd, R. F. R. McNabb, 10 May 1971, PDD 31429; Granite Creek, Karamea, R. F. R. McNabb, 12 May 1971, PDD 31430; Karamea, Lake Hanlon Track, R. F. R. McNabb, 11 May 1971, PDD 31428.BULLER: Murchison, Matakitaki Bridge Scenic Reserve, Skyline Track, S. R. Pennycook and M. R.Davis, 15 May 1999, PDD 70834. WESTLAND: Mt Aspiring National Park, Pyke Creek, P. K. Buchanan 89/086, 8 May 1989, PDD 59563.
Basidiomata 30-60 mm diam., hemispherical to depressed-globose with strongly involute margins when young, centrally depressed with involute margins at maturity, stipitate. Pileal surface slightly viscid, glabrous to slightly pruinose, bright carmine red to madder red, red pigment leaching under wet conditions. Context white, firm, unchanging with age. Gleba chalk white, sublamellate to labyrinthine, attached to apex of stipe-columella, convoluted glebal plates radiating from stipe-columella to margin, forming narrow locules exposed at lower margin of pileus. Stipe 25-65 x 8-18 mm, more or less equal, or slightly tapered at base, solid to hollowed, dry, faintly longitudinally striate, surface and context chalk white. Columella percurrent, simple, white. Odour and taste mild. Latex absent. Chemical characters: formalin on context, no reaction; phenol on context, slowly deep vinaceous; FeSO4 on context, no reaction; guaicol on stipe columella base, no reaction; KOH on peridium, bleaching action on red colour leaving pallid orange area; on context, faint yellow; NH4OH on peridium, faint purplish flush; context, no reaction. Pileipellis 92-155 µm wide, a trichodermium palisade composed of short, filamentous, septate, thin-walled, hyaline hyphae 3-5 µm diam., arising from connective hyphae or inflated cells 14-29 µm diam.; terminal cells with bluntly acuminate, rounded, or occasionally inflated apices, trichodermium becoming disorganised with age and somewhat gelatinised. Pileus context 70-110 µm wide, heteromerous, composed of interwoven, hyaline hyphae 2-3.5 µm diam. and abundant sphaerocysts 12-29 µm diam. in nests. Endocystidia absent. Stipitipellis composed of interwoven hyphae 2.5-4.5 µm diam., terminal cells aggregated and projecting in places. Stipe-columella context heteromerous, of interwoven, hyaline hyphae 2-3 µm diam. and abundant sphaerocysts 17-25 µm diam. in nests. Hymenophoral trama 52-85 µm wide, heteromerous, of interwoven, hyaline hyphae 2-4 µm diam. and isolated nests of sphaerocysts 12-24 µm diam. Subhymenium well developed, 18-28 µm wide, with 2-3 tiers of isodiametric cells -11 µm diam. (somewhat compressed). Basidia 21-39 x 8.5-12 µm, hyaline, clavate, with 4 sterigmata 4-7 µm long. Cystidia 60-87 x 10-17.5 µm, hyaline, broadly fusiform with acuminate or mucronate apices, sometimes clavate with or without mucronate apices, thin-walled, contents refractive in KOH; not or only slightly projecting beyond basidia, scattered. Spores 8-10.5(12) x 6-7.5(8.5) µm (9.1 ± 0.34 x 6.9 ± 0.22), Q = 1.23-1.27, broadly ellipsoid, heterotropic and asymmetric, wall hyaline. Ornamentation amyloid, of warts 0.4-0.8 µm high, often 2 or more joined by fine, low lines to sometimes form a partial reticulum, with scattered isolated elements. Hilar appendix eccentric, conspicuous, tapered, 0.5-1 x 1-2 µm; plage indistinct, inamyloid. Spore colour in mass in the locules of the dried gleba appear cream coloured.
HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Epigeous or emergent, solitary or in small groups under leaf litter in Nothofagus menziesii and N. truncata forest. Fruiting period Jan, Mar-May.
NOTES: This was the first species of Macowanites to be described from Australia or New Zealand. The basidiomata of M. carmineus range in appearance from very like an aborted Russula to distinctly secotioid. However, even in the more robust specimens anastamoses between lamellae are common, forming large labyrinthine chambers, and a spore print is unobtainable. Although Macowanites rubroluteus may also have a red peridium, the gleba is loculate not sublamellate, and the stipe-columellais never as robust. Microscopically, M. rubroluteus has spores ornamented with isolated spines whereas in M. carmineus the spore ornamentation is lower and in short lines or a partial reticulum.
HOLOTYPE: New Zealand, Nelson, Buller County, Karamea, Umere, R. F. R. McNabb, 8 Jan 1968, PDD 26560.
Macowanites rubroluteus T. Lebel 2002
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: SOUTH ISLAND: NELSON: 3 km down Glenhope-Tapawera Rd, M.Castellano s.n. [Trappe 12630], 25 Sep 1992, OSC; 7 km from Glenhope on Glenhope-Tapawera Rd, J.Trappe 12633, 25 Sep 1992, MEL.
Basidiomata 7-18 x 10-24 mm, globose to subglobose, margin incurved to completely enclose the gleba forming a slight basal indentation. Peridial surface dry, smooth, ivory to pale yellow with somered tints or overall dark red. Gleba ivory to yellowish white, loculate, the chambers minute, similar in size. Stipe 3-8 x 2-3 mm, cylindrical, solid, inserted centrally, protruding from basal indentation, greyish to off-white, easily broken off. Columella 1-2 mm wide, percurrent or not, white. Odour and taste mild. Latex absent. Peridiopellis 50-65 µm wide, a trichodermium of 5-8 tiers of cells 5-7.5 x 6-12 µm, with patches of upright hyphal tips 7-10 x 3-4.5 µm which collapse to form an amorphous tan-brown to golden layer. Peridial context 45-150 µm wide, of interwoven, ± parallel, hyaline hyphae 2-3 µmdiam., with some scattered, refractive, inflated elements 5-7 µm diam. Endocystidia and sphaerocysts absent. Stipitipellis 11-18 µm wide, an ixocutis of compacted hyphal tips 2-4 µm diam. Stipe context of interwoven, hyaline hyphae 2-4 µm diam. Hymenophoral trama 12-23 µm wide, of loosely interwoven hyphae 2-3.5 µm diam. and infrequent, elongated inflated elements, 4-7 µm diam., sphaerocysts absent. Subhymenium 9-15 µm wide, with 1-2 tiers of isodiametric cells 5-11 µm diam. Basidia 25-37 x 10-12.5 µm, clavate, hyaline, with 2 and 4 slender to robust sterigmata 5-7.5 µm long. Cystidia 42-75 x 9-11 µm, clavate to cylindrical, though usually tapered slightly at base, with granular contents; arising at base of the subhymenium, scattered. In young specimens, maybe abundant. Spores 9-11 x 8-10.5 µm (9.79 ± 0.48x 8.96 ± 0.51), Q = 1.06-1.11, subglobose, orthotropic. Ornamentation amyloid, crowded, of isolated spines 1-2 µm high, narrow to robust, straight or curved. Hilar appendix central, straight, prominent, 1.5 x 2 µm; plage absent. Spore colour in mass white.
HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Hypogeous to emergent in small to large groups, under leaf litter in forests of Nothofagus solandri, N. menziesii, andLeptospermum scoparium. Fruiting period Sep-Dec.
Gasterocarpus 7-18 x 10-24 mm, globosus vel subglobosus. Peridium eberneum vel pallido-luteumcum rubro vel ubique fusco rubro variegato. Gleba ebernea vel luteo-alba, loculata. Stipes 3-8 x 2-3 mm, brevis, griseus vel eburneus; columella albida interdum percurrens. Peridiopellis crassus,trichodermium efformatum et hyphis fasiculis erectis vel repentibus. Basidia 25-37 x 10-12.5 µm, 2 vel 4 sporigera. Cystidia 42-75 x 9-11 µm, dispersa. Sporae 9-11 x 8-10.5 µm, subglobosae, amyloideae spinis aggregatis ad 1-2 µm altis ornatis.

ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet refers to colour of the basidiomata, from the Latin ruber meaning red, and luteus meaning yellow.

NOTES: Macowanites rubroluteus is one of two species of Macowanites with red tints or an overall red peridium to be described from New Zealand. Macowanites carmineus has a more robust stipe and the gleba is sublamellate rather than loculate as in M. rubroluteus. Microscopically, M. rubroluteus has a more organised trichodermial peridiopellis and subglobose spores ornamented with isolated spines, whereas M. carmineus has an unorganised trichodermial peridiopellis and broadly ellipsoid spores ornamented with aggregated warts forming an irregular partial reticulum. Macowanites rubroluteus may be differentiated from the other new species, M. tapawera, by the lack of olivaceous tints to the peridium or clavate peridial cystidia, and different spore ornamentation. Macowanites rubroluteus resembles G. fuscus as the peridium may also appear quite dark in M.rubroluteus, but a distinct stipe is always present in the former. Microscopically, M. rubroluteus has 4-spored rather than 2-spored basidia, and has large hymenial cystidia which G. fuscus lacks. M. rubroluteus also resembles Cystangium sessile from Australia, but the gleba is loculate rather than sublamellate, the peridium has at least some bright red tints, and the stipe is generally not as robust as in C. sessile (Lebel & Trappe 2000). Microscopically, the peridiopellis of C. sessile is composed of larger cells (11-25 µm diam. versus 5-7.5 x 6-12 µm) forming an epithelium, and the spore ornamentation is slightly less crowded than in M.rubroluteus.

HOLOTYPUS (hic designatus): New Zealand, Nelson, Glenhope-Tapawera Rd, D. Russell s.n. [Trappe 12610], 25 Sep 1992, PDD (isotype OSC).
Macowanites tapawera T. Lebel 2002
SPECIMENS EXAMINED: SOUTH ISLAND: NELSON: Murchison, Tapawera Rd, R. E. Beever, M. Castellano, & M. Amaranthus s.n. [Trappe12611], 15 Sep 1992, MEL 2063485; Tapawera Rd, M. Amaranthus s.n. [Trappe 12619], 25 Sep 1992, PDD; Tapawera Rd, J. Trappe 12615, 25 Sep 1992, PDD; Tapawera Rd, M. Castellano & M. Amaranthuss.n. [Trappe 12609], 25 Sep 1992, MEL 2063487; Tapawera Rd, J. Trappe 12622, 25 Sep 1992, MEL 2063486; Tapawera Rd, J. Trappe & R.E. Beever s.n. [Trappe 12621], 25 Sep 1992, MEL, OSC. BULLER: west bank of Matakitaki River by Johnson Creek, J. Trappe 12573, 24 Sep 1992, PDD, OSC.
Basidiomata 3-9(15) x 5-13(27) mm, subglobose to irregular, indented slightly at central base. Peridial surface dry, smooth or radially furrowed at base, white to pale olivaceous, bruising pale purple-brown to black on some specimens. Gleba white to ivory in youth, in age developing brown areas, loculate, chambers small, compressed. Stipe absent or rarely present, 1-3 x 1-2 mm, white, solid, enclosed by gleba. Columella 0.5-3 mm wide, percurrent or not, present in most basidiomata, sordid white. Odour not distinctive; taste mild. Latex absent. Peridiopellis 30-64 µm wide, a trichodermium of septate, inflated hyphae 4-11 µm diam., appearing as irregularly shaped cells, with terminal cells a dense to patchy turf of upright to repent, elongated clavate or cylindrical, cystidia 35-53 x 5-9.5 µm, with granular contents refractive in KOH. Peridial context 35-80 µm wide, of short, interwoven, ± parallel,hyaline hyphae, 1.5-3.5 µm diam.; sphaerocysts absent. Endocystidia and laticiferous hyphae absent. Stipitipellis when present 7-13 µm wide, a cutis of hyphae 2-4 µm diam. Stipe context of interwoven, hyaline hyphae 2-4 µm diam. Hymenophoral trama 16-28 µm wide, of interwoven, hyaline hyphae 1-3 µm diam., sphaerocysts absent. Subhymenium 9-17 µm wide, cellular-ramose, with 1-3 tiers of ±isodiametric cells 4-13 x 4-10 µm. Basidia 25-35x 10-12 µm, broadly clavate to clavate, hyaline, with 4 slightly incurved sterigmata 5-7 µm long. Cystidia 39-60 x 8-11 µm, clavate to cylindrical or fusoid, with obtuse to shortly rostrate apices and granular contents, refractive in KOH; especially abundant in immature basidiomata, arising in subhymenium, protruding beyond basidia. Spores 10-12(14) x 9-10.5(14) µm (10.78 ± 0.68 x 9.6 ± 0.58), Q = 1.1-1.16, subglobose to ellipsoid, orthotropic. Ornamentation amyloid, of isolated warts and lowridges of warts, connected into short branching lines, 0.5-0.8 µm high, sometimes in a partial reticulum; some spores with only the apices of warts and ridges amyloid. Hilar appendix small, 1-2 x 1 µm, central, hyaline, inconspicuous; plage absent. Spore colour in mass cream colour.
HABITAT AND DISTRIBUTION: Hypogeous in small groups under leaf litter in Nothofagus forest orLeptospermum scoparium thickets. Fruiting period: Sep.
Gasterocarpus 3-9(15) x 5-13(27) mm, subglobosus vel irregularis. Peridium albidum vel pallidoolivaceum interdum contusum ubi pallidum atropurpureo-brunneum vel fuligineum. Gleba albida vel eburnea, in maturitas maculis brunneus, loculata. Stipes nullus vel rarus, albidus; columella albida, interdum percurrens. Peridiopellis trichodermium, ex hyphis inflatus 4-11 µm latis subter caespite ex cystidiis terminalis erectis vel repentibus, 35-53 x 5-9.5 µm compositum. Basidia 25-35 x 10-12 µm, 4 sporigera. Cystidia 39-60 x 8-11 µm, abundans. Sporae 10-12(14) x 9-10.5(14) µm, subglobosae vel ellipsoidae, amyloideae, verruculis seggregatis vel lineis brevis ramosis interdum connexis vel reticulatis partiali, 0.5-0.8 µm altis ornatae.

ETYMOLOGY: Specific epithet refers to the collection location of the holotype, Tapawera Rd.

NOTES: Macowanites tapawera is one of the few species of sequestrate Russulales from Australia or New Zealand with an olivaceous tint to the peridium and in which the peridium bruises purple-brown to black in some specimens. As such it differs significantly from other New Zealand species, which range in peridial colour from white to brown or red. Macowanites tapawera is the only species with clavate peridial cystidia (35-55 µm long); the peridiopellii of other New Zealand taxa are comprised of fusoid or ventricose cystidia (10-25 µm long) or of hyphal tips. The only other New Zealand species with low, partially reticulate spore ornamentation, Gymnomyces parvisaxoides, may be differentiated from M. tapawera by the white peridium with pale yellow or orange-brown patches and lack of clavate peridial cystidia and large hymenial cystidia.

HOLOTYPUS (hic designatus): New Zealand, Nelson, Tapawera Rd, J. Trappe 12607, M. Castellano & M. Amaranthus s.n., 25 Sep 1992, PDD (isotype MEL 2063488, OSC).

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29 October 2002
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