ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: AUCKLAND: Waitakere Ranges, Cascades, Upper Kauri Track, on C. robusta, P. R. Johnston D421, 11 Oct 1989, PDD 56336; Waitakere Ranges, Kaitarakihi, on C.robusta, P. R. Johnston D562, 5 Nov 1990, PDD 58120; Waitakere Ranges, Cascades, on C. robusta, P. R. Johnston D566 & D. Jones, 8 Nov 1990, PDD 58113; Waitakere Ranges, Sharp's Bush, on C.robusta, P. R. Johnston D572 & D. Jones, 8 Nov 1990, PDD 58123. AUCKLAND ISLANDS: Port Ross, between Terror Cove and German Expedition Site, on C. foetidissima, P. R. Johnston AK62, 23 Mar 2000, PDD 71985. CHATHAM ISLANDS: Tuku Reserve, on C. chathamica, P. R. Johnston D920 & E. H. C. McKenzie, 2 Apr 1993, PDD 62674, ICMP 14148. MARLBOROUGH SOUNDS: Te Matai, Mistletoe Bay, on C. robusta, P. R. Johnston D1309, 9 May 1997, PDD 71987. MID CANTERBURY: Mt Thomas Forest, Wooded Gully Track, on C. robusta, P. R. Johnston D1150, 4 May 1995, PDD 70134; vic. Springfield, Kowai Bush reserve, on C. lucida, P. R. Johnston D1160, 5 May 1995, PDD 64917. NELSON: vic. Karamea, northern side of Karamea Bluff, Lake Hanlon, on C. robusta, P. R. Johnston D1055, 11 May 1994, PDD 70142; Karamea, Oparara River Valley, Limestone Arch, on C. sp., P. R. Johnston D380 & E. M. Gibellini, 26 May 1989, PDD 55501; vic Karamea, Umere Rd, Virgin Creek, on C. grandifolia (petioles),P. R. Johnston D1072, 12 May 1994, PDD 70133; Cobb Resevoir, Asbestos Cottage Track, onC. robusta, P. R. Johnston D946 & E. M. Gibellini,29 May 1989, PDD 63159; Abel Tasman National Park, Harwood's Hole, on C. robusta, P. R. Johnston D949 & E. M. Gibellini, 28 May 1989, PDD 63172;Pelorous Bridge Scenic Reserve, Trig K-Waterfall Walk, on C. robusta, P. R. Johnston D1082, 14 May 1994, PDD 70126. NORTH CANTERBURY: vic. Cheviot, Gore Bay Reserve, on C. robusta, P. R.Johnston D1116, 1 May 1995, PDD 64829; vic.Cheviot, Gore Bay Reserve, on C. robusta, P. R.Johnston D1519 & R. E. Beever, 15 May 2000, PDD 71984; vic. Cheviot, Glendhu Rd, Nothofagus remnant in catchment adjacent to Boundary Creek Reserve, on C. robusta, P. R. Johnston D1124, 1 May 1995, PDD 70140; vic. Cheviot, Napenape Reserve,on C. robusta, P. R. Johnston D1516 & R. E. Beever, 17 May 2000, PDD 71980. NORTHLAND: North Kaipara Heads, vic. Pouto, Tapu Bush, on C. ? lucida (petioles), P. R. Johnston D712, 22 May 1991, PDD 59103. SOUTHLAND: Catlins, Lake Wilkie Track, on C. ? lucida, P. R. Johnston D1186 & A. F. Howarth, 9 May 1995, PDD 64656; Catlins, Lake Wilkie Track, on C. lucida, P. R. Johnston D1187& A. F. Howarth, 9 May 1995, PDD 64655; Catlins, Tautuku, Lenz Scenic Reserve, Tautuku Bay, dunes at northern end of beach, on C. robusta, P. R.Johnston D1203, 11 May 1995, PDD 64642. STEWART ISLAND: Ulva I., Boulder Beach-West End Beach track, on C. robusta, P. R. Johnston D1396 & E. H. C. McKenzie, 21 Nov 1998, PDD 70131. TAUPO: Kaimanawa Forest Park, Tree Trunk Gorge, on C. robusta, P. R. Johnston D400,19 May 1989, PDD 55582; Pureora Forest, Totara Walk, on C. grandifolia (petioles), P. R. Johnston D798, 26 Mar 1992, PDD 60115, ICMP 14144; Tongariro National Park, Ohakune Mountain Rd, track near visitor centre, on C. grandifolia (leaves), P. R. Johnston D1363, R. E. Beever & E. H. C.McKenzie, 20 May 1998, PDD 70127. WAIKATO: Ngaruawahia, Hakarimata Walkway, on C.grandifolia (petioles), P. R. Johnston D433 & G. L. Barron, 18 May 1989, PDD 56328. WELLINGTON: Kaitoke Regional Park, on C. robusta, P. R.Johnston D1288, 7 May 1997, PDD 70132, ICMP 14147.

DESCRIPTION: Apothecia developing on upper and lower surface and on petioles of fallen leaves, on leaf blade associated with irregularly shaped stromatic areas (often with several areas on a single leaf) about 5-15 mm across, leaf surface in these areas pale grey, margin marked by narrow, black zone line; these areas contain scattered, round, dark spots 0.1-0.2 mm diam. from which the apothecia arise; infected petioles completely blackened. Apothecia erumpent from beneath epidermis, arising from basal stroma about 100 µm diam., comprising mass of tightly interwoven hyphae 3-7 µm diam. with walls brown to dark brown, irregularly thickened, refractive, sometimes with scattered groups of crystals 20-40 µm diam. around edges of stroma; hyphae within host tissue sparse, with walls thickened, refractive, pale brown to hyaline, intermixed with the still partially intact cells of the host leaf. Apothecia 1.5-5 mm diam., cupulate, short stipitate to stipitate; disc plane, very dark red when fresh, black when dry; receptacle finely roughened, concolorous with disc when fresh, when dry very dark red to black with fine, bright rusty brown flecks on the surface; stipe cylindric, concolorous with receptacle. Ascomata release deep purplish red ("very deep Red", Kelly 1965) pigment in KOH. Ectal excipulum 30 µm thick on receptacle, textura globosa to textura angularis with elements oriented more or less perpendicular to receptacle surface, comprising short cylindric, angular or globose, 5-12 µm diam. cells with walls thick, hyaline, refractive, outermost cells 6-10 µm diam., more or less free, containing deep purplish red pigments. Medullary excipulum textura intricata of hyphae 5-6 µm diam. with walls thin, encrusted, pale brown, nongelatinous (toward base of stipe cells with walls slightly thickened, refractive,darker). Subhymenium a dense textura intricata comprising hyphae with walls pale brown, thin, nongelatinous. Paraphyses 2 µm diam., slightly swollen to rounded apex, 2.5-4.5 µm diam.,unbranched, containing bright orange-brown pigments in water, changing to deep purplish red in KOH, about same length as asci. Asci (70-)80-95(-100) x (7.5-)8.5-9.5(-10.5) µm, cylindric to subclavate, tapering slightly to subtruncate apex, wall thickened at apex, apical pore amyloid with reaction extending through wall, more intense to inside and outside of wall, 8-spored, spores overlapping uniseriate, extending 55-65 µm from ascus apex. Ascospores (7.5-)9-10(-11) x (4-)4.5-5.5(-6) µm (x- 9.5 x 4.75 µm, n = 48), broad cylindric ovate, rounded at both ends, slightly curved, flattened one side, often slightly wider in upper half, 0-septate, wall hyaline, thin, smooth.

DIAGNOSIS: Apothecia 1.5-5 mm diam., brevistipitata vel stipitata, atrovinosa vel atere; pigmentum atrovinosum in KOH. Asci (70-)80-95(-100) x (7.5-)8.5-9.5(-10.5) µm; ascosporae (7.5-)9-10(-11) x (4-)4.5-5.5(-6) µm (x- 9.5 x 4.75µm, n = 48), depresse ovatae vel ellipticae, levitercurvae, 0-septatae, hyalinae.

ETYMOLOGY: Refers to host substrate.

NOTES: Moellerodiscus coprosmae is macroscopically similar to M. griseliniae (see Discussion and Table 1).In some collections of M. coprosmae, objects that have the appearance of released ascospores, but with brown walls, have been seen on top of the hymenium and on the surface of the receptacle. This feature could be used to infer a relationship withLambertella (cf. Hosoya & Otani 1997); however, many apparently unrelated sclerotiniaceous discomycetes have ascospores that turn brown following release (see, for example, Johnston &Gamundí 2000), and this does not appear to be a "good" generic character. The type species ofLambertella, L. corni-maris Höhn., has an excipular structure quite unlike Moellerodiscus, the ectal excipulum comprising long-celled elements oriented at a low angle to the receptacle surface.

HOLOTYPUS (here designated): New Zealand: Auckland: Hunua Ranges, Waharau Regional Park, vic. education camp, on fallen leaves of Coprosma robusta, P. R. Johnston D1212, 7 Aug 1995, PDD 64924, ICMP 14146.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: DUNEDIN: Waipori Valley, Government Track, on G. littoralis,P. R. Johnston D1468, R. E. Beever & S. R. Pennycook, 6 May 2000, PDD 71982.MARLBOROUGH: Opouri Saddle, on G. littoralis, P. R. Johnston D1338, 12 May 1997, PDD 70057. MID CANTERBURY: Mt Thomas Forest, Waterfall Track, on G. littoralis, P. R. Johnston D1157, 4 May 1984, PDD 70062; Mt Somers, Sharplin Falls Track, on G. littoralis, P. R. Johnston D1176, 6 May 1995, PDD 64859. NELSON: vic. Karamea, Kohaihai, Nikau Walk, on G. lucida, P. R. Johnston D1042, 11 May 1994, PDD 64239. NORTH CANTERBURY: vic. Cheviot, Glendhu Rd, Nothofagus remnant in catchment adjacent to Boundary Creek Reserve, on G. littoralis, P. R. Johnston D1142, 2 May 1995, PDD 70059; vic. Cheviot, Glendhu Rd,Boundary Creek Reserve, on G. littoralis, P. R. Johnston D1146, 3 May 1995, PDD 70060. STEWART ISLAND: The Neck, Glory Cove, on G. littoralis, P. R. Johnston D352 & H. Donner, 5 May 1984, PDD 55390. WAIKATO: vic. Waikino, Steuart Russell Waikino Beech Reserve, on Griselinia sp., P. R. Johnston D1551, 11 Jul 2000, PDD 71614.

DESCRIPTION: Apothecia developing on both upper and lower surface of fallen leaves, associated with irregularly shaped stromatic areas (often with several areas on a single leaf), leaf surface in these areas slightly blackened, margin marked by a narrow black zone line. Apothecia erumpent from beneath epidermis, arising from basal stroma comprising textura intricata of tightly packed hyphae c. 5 µm diam., with walls thick, gelatinous, dark brown, with scattered groups of crystals 40-60 µm diam. at base of stroma and in surrounding host tissue; hyphae within host tissue 5 µm diam. with walls gelatinous, hyaline, completely replacing leaf tissue, except for the more or less intact epidermis and upper layer of hypodermal cells. Apothecia up to 4 mm diam.,cupulate, short stipitate to stipitate; disc plane, dark red when fresh, very dark red to black when dry; receptacle finely roughened, concolorous with disc, when dry often with small, scattered clumps of bright rusty brown material; stipe more or less cylindric, with black base. Ascomata release bright pinkish red ("vivid Red", Kelly 1965) pigment in KOH. Ectal excipulum 50-65 µm thick, textura globosa to textura angularis with elements oriented more or less perpendicular to receptacle surface, comprising short-cylindric, angular or globose, 6-12 µm diam. cells with walls thick, hyaline, refractive, with outermost cells 5-11.5 µm diam., more or less free, containing red-brown pigment. Medullary excipulum textura intricata of loosely packed hyphae 3-4.5 µm diam. with walls thin, finely encrusted, pale brown, nongelatinous. Subhymenium a dense textura intricata comprising hyphae 3-5 µm diam. with walls pale brown, thin to slightly thickened, nongelatinous. Paraphyses 1.5-2 µm diam., apex slightly swollen to 3-4 µm diam., unbranched, about same length as asci. Asci (75-)80-100(-110) x (9.5-)10.5-11.5(-12) µm, cylindric to subclavate, tapering slightly to subtruncate apex, wall thickened at apex, apical pore amyloid with small but intense reaction on inside edge of wall, 8-spored, spores overlapping uniseriate, extending 70-75 µm from ascus apex. Ascospores (10.5-)11.5-12.5(-14) x (4.5-)5-6(-6.5) µm (x- 12 x 5.75 µm, n = 45), ovate to broad elliptic, more or less symmetrical, each end broadly rounded, slightly curved, sometimes slightly wider in upper half, 0-septate, wall hyaline, thin,smooth.

DIAGNOSIS: Apothecia ad 4 mm diam., brevistipitata vel stipitata, atrovinosa vel atere; pigmentum roseum vividum in KOH. Asci (75-)80-100(-110) x (9.5-)10.5-11.5(-12) µm; ascosporae (10.5-)11.5-12.5(-14) x (4.5-)5-6(-6.5) µm (x- 12 x 5.75 µm, n= 45), depresse ovatae vel ellipticae, leviter curvae, 0-septatae, hyalinae.

HOLOTYPUS (here designated): New Zealand: Wellington: Rimutaka Ranges, Wainuiomata Catchment area, on fallen leaves of Griselinia lucida, P.R.Johnston D1269, 6 May 1997, PDD 70061.

ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED: MARLBOROUGHSOUNDS: Mt Stokes Track, on C. grandifolia, P. R. Johnston D1332, 11 May 1997,PDD 70138. NELSON: Karamea Bluff, Large Matai Track, on Coprosma sp., P. R. Johnston D580 & E.M. Gibellini, 25 May 1989, PDD 58116; vic. Westport, Denniston Plateau Walkway, on C.grandifolia, P. R. Johnston D581 & E. M. Gibellini, 25 May 1989, PDD 58110; Karamea, Oparara River Valley, Limestone Arch Track, on C. grandifolia, P.R. Johnston D609 & E. M. Gibellini, 26 May 1989, PDD 58183; vic. Karamea, Kohaihai, Nikau Walk, on C. grandifolia, P. R. Johnston D1043, 11 May 1994, PDD 70141; vic. Karamea, northern side of Karamea Bluff, Lake Hanlon, on C. grandifolia, P.R. Johnston D1056, 11 May 1994, PDD 70136; vic.Karamea, Oparara River, Moira Arch Track, on C. grandifolia, P. R. Johnston D1061, 12 May 1994, PDD 70135; vic. Karamea, Umere Rd, Virgin Creek, on C. grandifolia, P. R. Johnston D1071, 12 May 1994, PDD 70143. NORTHLAND: Russell Forest, Punaruku Rd, Hori Wehi Wehi Track, on C.grandifolia, P. R. Johnston D1105 & L. Morin, 8 Aug 1994, PDD 63504. TAUPO: Tongariro National Park, Ketetahi Springs Track, on C. ? grandifolia, P. R. Johnston D390, 19 May 1989, PDD 55578; Tongariro National Park, Ohakune Mountain Rd, track near visitor centre, on C. grandifolia, P. R.Johnston D1359, 20 May 1998, PDD 70139; Pureora Forest, Mt Pureora, Link Track, on C. grandifolia, P. R. Johnston D1432 & B. M. Spooner, 24 Aug 1999, PDD 70828. WELLINGTON: Kaitoke Regional Park, on C. grandifolia, P. R. Johnston D1287, 7 May 1997, PDD 70144.

DESCRIPTION: Apothecia developing on both upper and lower surface of fallen leaves, associated with numerous, small, (4-)7-10(-25) mm diam., more or less round stromatic areas, leaf surface in these areas dark grey, margin marked by narrow black zone line, the stromatic areas contain small, round dark spots from which the apothecia arise. Apothecia erumpent from beneath epidermis, through what appear to be largely intact, although empty, epidermalcells, arising directly from the mass of hyphae filling the leaf; hyphae within host tissue packing the intercellular spaces, walls brown, highly gelatinised, plant cells still evident amongst the hyphae, although partly crushed. Apothecia 0.2-0.3 mm diam.,cupulate, more or less sessile; disc plane, orange-yellow to reddish brown when fresh, slightly darker, orange-brown when dry; receptacle concolorous with disc, glabrous. Ascomata release yellow-brown pigment in KOH. Ectal excipulum up to 40 µm thick, textura globosa to textura angularis with elements oriented more or less perpendicular to receptacle surface, comprising angular to globose, 10-12.5 µm diam. cells with walls thick, hyaline, refractive,outermost cells more or less free, containing bright red pigments. Medullary excipulum comprising more or less parallel rows of hyphae 3-4 µm diam. with walls thin, encrusted, pale brown to brown, nongelatinous (becoming gelatinous toward the base of the stipe). Subhymenium textura intricata comprising hyphae 2.5-4.5 µm diam. with walls brown,thin, nongelatinous. Paraphyses 1.5-2 µm diam., apex swollen to 2.5-4.5 µm diam., unbranched, in water containing reddish pigments, changing to bright red in KOH, then becoming colourless with addition of Melzer's reagent, about same length as asci. Asci (60-)65-75(-80) x 7-7.5(-8.5) µm, cylindric to subclavate, tapering slightly to subtruncate apex, wall thickened at apex, apical pore amyloid, faint reaction apart from two intense spots on inside of wall, 8-spored, spores overlapping uniseriate, extending 50-60 µm from ascus apex. Ascospores (7.5-)8-9(-9.5) x 3.5-4(-4.5) µm (x- 8.5 x 3.9 µm,n = 22), oblong-elliptic, ends rounded, flattened one side, sometimes slightly curved, slightly wider in upper half, 0-septate, wall hyaline, thin, smooth.

DIAGNOSIS: Apothecia 0.2-0.3 mm diam., plus minusve sessilia, aurantiaco-brunnea; pigmentum luteobrunnea in KOH. Asci (60-)65-75(-80) x 7-7.5(-8.5) µm; ascosporae (7.5-)8-9(-9.5) x 3.5-4(-4.5) µm (x- 8.5 x 3.9 µm, n = 22), depresse ovatae, 0-septatae, hyalinae.

ETYMOLOGY: Refers to host substrate, and the small size of the apothecia compared with C. coprosmae.

HOLOTYPUS (here designated): New Zealand: Marlborough Sounds: Te Matai, Mistletoe Bay, on fallen leaves of Coprosma grandifolia, P. R.Johnston D1310, 9 May 1997, PDD 70137.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED: New Zealand: AUCKLAND: Kawakawa Bay, Morehu Scenic Reserve, on decort. wood, G. J. Samuels, P. R. Johnston, R. H.Petersen, T. Matsushima, 5 May 1983, PDD 46274; Kawakawa Bay, Morehu Scenic Reserve, on Beilschmiedia tawa, G. J. Samuels, P. R. Johnston, R. H. Petersen, T. Matsushima, 5 May 1983, PDD 46270. COROMANDEL: Port Charles, Stony Bay-Fletcher Bay walkway, on decorticated wood, P. R.Johnston D526, E. M. Gibellini, 3 Jun 1990, PDD 57482; Thames, Kauaeranga Valley, on decort.wood, G. J. Samuels, R. H. Petersen, 1 May 1983, PDD 46260. NELSON: vic. Karamea, Umere Rd, Virgin Creek, on blackened decorticated wood, P.R. Johnston D1068, 12 May 1994, PDD 64245, ICMP 14145. NORTH CANTERBURY: Arthur's Pass National Park, on decorticated wood, G. J.Samuels 83-394, T. Matsushima, A. Y. Rossman, 18 May 1983, PDD 53564. NORTHLAND: North Kaipara Heads, vic. Pouto, Pretty Bush, on decorticated wood, P. R. Johnston D722, 24 May 1991, PDD 59158; Hokianga County, on decort. wood, G.J. Samuels 83-396, R. H. Petersen, 9 May 1983, PDD 45862; Hokianga County, on decort. wood, G.J. Samuels 83-394, R. H. Petersen, 9 May 1983, PDD 45860; Hokianga County, Waipoua Forest, between forest headquarters and a point about halfhour walk north along Yakas Track, on indet. wood,G. J. Samuels 82-212, P. R. Johnston, 30 May 1982, PDD 44401; vic. Mangamuka Bridge, Omahuta Forest, No. 3 Rd, Waikoropupu River, on decort. wood, G. J. Samuels 81-173, E. Horak, 15 May 1981, PDD 49485. TAUPO: Kaimananwa Forest Park, Tree Trunk Gorge, on decort. wood, P. R. Johnston D398, 19 May 1989, PDD 55547.WESTLAND: Okuku Scenic Reserve, on wood, G.J. Samuels, T. Matsushima, A. Y. Rossman, 20 May 1983, PDD 45999.

This species occurs over a wide geographic range in New Zealand. Spooner (1987, as Ciboria peckiana (Cooke) Korf) reported this species from south-east Australia, and provided a full description. The apothecia in the New Zealand collections are somewhat paler than those described by Spooner, but are typical in all other ways. Ciboria was lectotypified by C. caucus (Honey 1928), a species restricted to the decaying catkins of several species of deciduous tree of the Northern Hemisphere (Schumacher 1978). The genus is characterised by the excipular tissue comprising globose to angular cells arranged in elements oriented at a high angle to the surface of the receptacle. The genus was restricted by most authors to species occurring on fruits or catkins (e.g., Dennis 1962), but the generic concept was expanded by Korf (1973) to include anatomically similar wood-inhabiting species such as C. peckiana (Cooke) Korf. Spooner (1987) followed Korf (1973) but placed the wood-inhabiting species in a new subgeneric taxon Ciboria section Lignicola, while the fruit and catkin-inhabiting species were retained in Ciboria section Ciboria. Spooner (1987) included C. bolaris in Ciboria section Lignicola. Molecular data suggest that these wood-inhabiting species should be excluded from Ciboria (Holst-Jensen et al. 1997). If the wood-inhabiting species are to be excluded from Ciboria, their most appropriate generic position is then unclear. At present they are perhaps best left in Rutstroemia, where combinations exist for most of them. This is nomenclaturally the least disruptive course of action at a time of uncertainty and change in understanding of relationships amongst the discomycetes.