Lombard, L.; van der Merwe, N.A.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Crous, P.W. 2015: Generic concepts in Nectriaceae. Studies in Mycology 80: 189-245.
Details
Lombard, L.; van der Merwe, N.A.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Crous, P.W. 2015: Generic concepts in Nectriaceae. Studies in Mycology 80: 189-245.
10.1016/j.simyco.2014.12.002
Article
Taxonomic concepts
Acremonium falciforme (Carrión) W. Gams
Acremonium fusigerum (Berk. & Broome) W. Gams 1971
Acremonium recifei (Leão & Lôbo) W. Gams
Actinostilbe flavolanata (Berk. & Broome) Rossman, Samuels & Seifert 2013
Actinostilbe mammiformis (Cif.) Seifert & Samuels
Albonectria rigidiuscula (Berk. & Broome) Rossman & Samuels 1999
Albonectria Rossman & Samuels 1999
Bionectria apocyni (Peck) Schroers & Samuels
Bionectria aurantia (Penz. & Sacc.) Rossman, Samuels & Lowen
Bionectria tornata (Höhn.) Schroers 2001
Bisifusarium dimerum (Penz.) L. Lombard & Crous
Calonectria morganii Crous, Alfenas & M.J. Wingf.
Calonectria rigidiuscula (Berk. & Broome) Sacc.
Cephalosporium falciforme Carrión
Cephalosporium recifei Leão & Lôbo
Chaetopsina penicillata Samuels
Chaetopsinectria chaetopsinae (Samuels) J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang 2010
Chaetopsinectria chaetopsinae-penicillatae (Samuels) J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang
Chaetopsinectria J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang
Clonostachys apocyni (Peck) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous
Clonostachys aurantia (Penz. & Sacc.) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous
Clonostachys macrospora (Sacc. & Ellis) Schroers & W. Gams 2001
Cosmospora chaetopsinae (Samuels) Rossman & Samuels
Cosmospora chaetopsinae-penicillatae (Samuels) Rossman & Samuels
Cosmospora episphaeria (Tode) Rossman & Samuels
Cosmospora zealandica (Cooke) Samuels & Nirenberg
Cyanonectria Samuels & P. Chaverri 2009
Cylindrium aeruginosum (Link) Lindau
Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinssm.) Scholten
Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinssm.) Scholten var. destructans
Cylindrocarpon ianthothele var. majus Wollenw.
Cylindrocarpon macroconidialis Brayford & Samuels
Cylindrocarpon obtusiusculum (Sacc.) U. Braun
Cylindrocarpon radicicola Wollenw.
Cylindrocladium scoparium Morgan
Dendrodochium macrosporum Sacc. & Ellis
Dialonectria episphaeria (Tode) Cooke
Diplocladium cylindrosporum Ellis & Everh.
Flagellospora penicillioides Ingold
Fusarium decemcellulare Brick 1909 [1908]
Fusarium dimerum Penz. 1882
Fusarium falciforme (Carrión) Summerb. & Schroers
Fusarium haematococcum Nalim, Samuels & Geiser
Fusarium illudens C. Booth
Fusarium javanicum Koord.
Fusarium martii Appel & Wollenw.
Fusarium martii var. phaseoli Burkh.
Fusarium neocosmosporiellum O'Donnell & Geiser
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (G.F. Atk.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen
Fusarium petroliphilum (Q.T. Chen & X.H. Fu) D. Geiser, ODonnell, Short & N. Zhang
Fusarium phaseoli (Burkh.) T. Aoki & ODonnell
Fusarium plagianthi (Dingley) ODonnell & Geiser
Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc.
Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. var. solani
Fusarium solani var. petroliphilum Q.T. Chen & X.H. Fu
Fusarium vasinfectum G.F. Atk.
Fusarium vasinfectum var. pisi C.J.J. Hall
Fusisporium solani Mart.
Geejayessia Schroers, Gräfenhan & Seifert 2011
Geejayessia zealandica (Cooke) Schroers
Gliocladium aurifilum (W.R. Gerard) Seifert, Samuels & W. Gams
Gliocladium penicillioides Corda
Gliomastix fusigera (Berk. & Broome) Dickinson 1968
Haematonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Nirenberg
Haematonectria illudens (Berk.) Samuels & Nirenberg
Haematonectria ipomoeae (Halst.) Samuels & Nirenberg
Hypomyces aureonitens Tul. & C. Tul. 1865
Hypomyces exiguus Pat. 1902
Ilyonectria destructans (Zinssm.) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous 2015
Ilyonectria macroconidialis (Brayford & Samuels) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous
Ilyonectria radicicola (Gerlach & L. Nilsson) P. Chaverri & C. Salgado 2011
Lanatonectria flavolanata (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Rossman 1999
Lanatonectria mammiformis (Chardón) Samuels & Rossman 1999
Microdochium dimerum (Penz.) Arx
Monotospora fusigera Berk. & Broome
Nectria apocyni Peck 1873
Nectria chaetopsinae-penicillatae Samuels 1985
Nectria episphaeria (Tode) Fr. 1849
Nectria flavolanata Berk. & Broome 1873 [1875]
Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome
Nectria illudens Berk.
Nectria ipomoeae Halst.
Nectria mammiformis (Chardón) Samuels 1982
Nectria mammoidea W. Phillips & Plowr.
Nectria myxomyceticola Samuels 1973
Nectria plagianthi Dingley
Nectria radicicola Gerlach & L. Nilsson 1963
Nectria radicicola Gerlach & L. Nilsson 1963 var. radicicola
Nectria radicicola var. macroconidialis Samuels & Brayford
Nectria rigidiuscula Berk. & Broome 1873 [1875]
Nectria sanguinea (Bolt.) Fr. 1849
Nectria sesquiphialis Samuels 1989
Nectria zealandica Cooke 1879
Nectriella aurantia Penz. & Sacc. 1897
Nectriopsis exigua (Pat.) W. Gams 1982
Neocosmospora falciformis (Carrión) L. Lombard & Crous
Neocosmospora haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Nalim, Samuels & Geiser
Neocosmospora illudens (Berk.) L. Lombard & Crous
Neocosmospora ipomoeae (Halst.) L. Lombard & Crous
Neocosmospora petroliphila (Q.T. Chen & X.H. Fu) Sandoval-Denis & Crous
Neocosmospora phaseoli (Burkh.) L. Lombard & Crous 2015
Neocosmospora plagianthi (Dingley) L. Lombard & Crous 2015
Neocosmospora solani (Mart.) L. Lombard & Crous
Neocosmospora termitum (Höhn.) L. Lombard & Crous
Neocosmospora vasinfecta E.F. Sm.
Neonectria macroconidialis (Samuels & Brayford) Seifert
Neonectria radicicola (Gerlach & L. Nilsson) Mantiri & Samuels
Neonectria radicicola (Gerlach & L. Nilsson) Mantiri & Samuels var. radicicola
Neonectria ramulariae Wollenw.
Pseudonectria pachysandricola B.O. Dodge
Pseudonectria tornata Höhn.
Ramularia destructans Zinssm.
Ramularia magnusiana (Sacc.) Lindau
Septocylindrium magnusianum Sacc.
Spermosporina magnusiana (Sacc.) U. Braun
Sphaeria episphaeria Tode
Sphaerostilbe lutea Henn.
Sphaerostilbe mammiformis Chardón
Sphaerostilbe ochracea Pat.
Sphaerostilbe repens Berk. & Broome
Sphaerostilbella aureonitens (Tul. & C. Tul.) Seifert, Samuels & W. Gams
Sphaerostilbella lutea (Henn.) Sacc. & D. Sacc.
Stilbum aurifilum W.R. Gerard 1874
Thelonectria mammoidea (W. Phillips & Plowr.) C. Salgado & R.M. Sánchez
Verticillium nanum var. rexianum Sacc. 1882
Verticillium rexianum (Sacc.) Sacc. 1886
Associations
Descriptions
Rossman et al. (1999) established the sexual genus Lanatonectria, based on L. flocculenta, for nectriaceous fungi with Actinostilbe asexual morphs. Later, Rossman et al. (2013) proposed that the genus name Lanatonectria be suppressed in favour of Actinostilbe based on priority, as per the ICN (McNiell et al. 2012). However, Sutton (1981) had already synonymised Actinostilbe under the asexual morph genus Sarcopodium. Furthermore, Rossman et al. (2013) synonymised L. flocculenta (= A. macalpinei) under A. flocculenta. Actinostilbe flocculenta should be regarded as a synonym of S. macalpinei as proposed by Sutton (1981). Phylogenetic inference in this study clearly supports the findings of Sutton (1981). Therefore, we regard Actinostilbe as a synonym of Sarcopodium and introduce several new combinations below.
Notes: Representatives of the genus Cosmospora formed a well supported clade (BS 75 %, PP 0.95), which also included representatives of the genus Dialonectria (CBS 125493 & CBS 125494; Grafenhan et al. 2011). Samuels et al. (1991) revised the genus Dialonectria (as Nectria subgen. Dialonectria) and assigned it to Cosmospora sensu Rossman. Grafenhan et al. (2011) later resurrected the genus Dialonectria and restricted its generic concept around the type species, D. episphaeria, recognising that this species represents a species complex of at least five phylogenetic lineages. Although the phylogenetic inference in this study supports the findings of Samuels et al. (1991) that Dialonectria should be seen as a synonym of Cosmospora, we select not to introduce new combinations at present. A monographic study for both genera is required to stabilise the taxonomy of these genera.
Notes: The genus Fusarium as treated here accommodates Fusarium spp. belonging to the Gibberella clade (O'Donnell et al. 2013). This genus includes many important plant pathogenic and medically important species, and includes various Fusarium species groups, which could result in the segregation of this genus into more genera. However, a monographic study, which includes a more robust phylogeny, is required to identify and introduce these genera. In this study, representatives of this genus formed a well-supported monophyletic clade (BS = 100 %, PP = 1.0) distinct from the clades representing Albonectria, Cyanonectria and Geejayessia. A new combination is required for F. sambucinum (1863), the type species of the genus, as the epithet of Sphaeria pulicaris (1823) is older. However, we refrain from doing so here as F. sambucinum is extensively used in literature and better known among plant pathologists and other applied biologists.
Notes: Species of Gliocephalotrichum are soil-borne fungi generally associated with post-harvest fruit spoilage of several important tropical fruit crops (Lombard et al. 2014a).
Pseudonectria foliicola can be distinguished from P. buxi by the formation of simple conidiophores in the asexual state, something not reported for P. buxi (Bezerra 1963, Rossman et al. 1993). Also, no setae were observed surrounding the sporodochia of P. foliicola, while setae formation is characteristic of P. buxi (Bezerra 1963, Rossman et al. 1993). The conidia of P. foliicola are also smaller than those of P. buxi, which are 8–12 × 2.5–3 μm(Bezerra 1963).
Rossman et al. (1999) established the sexual genus Lanatonectria, based on L. flocculenta, for nectriaceous fungi with Actinostilbe asexual morphs. Later, Rossman et al. (2013) proposed that the genus name Lanatonectria be suppressed in favour of Actinostilbe based on priority, as per the ICN (McNiell et al. 2012). However, Sutton (1981) had already synonymised Actinostilbe under the asexual morph genus Sarcopodium. Furthermore, Rossman et al. (2013) synonymised L. flocculenta (= A. macalpinei) under A. flocculenta. Actinostilbe flocculenta should be regarded as a synonym of S. macalpinei as proposed by Sutton (1981). Phylogenetic inference in this study clearly supports the findings of Sutton (1981). Therefore, we regard Actinostilbe as a synonym of Sarcopodium and introduce several new combinations below.
Cited scientific names
- Acremonium falciforme (Carrión) W. Gams 1971
- Acremonium fusigerum (Berk. & Broome) W. Gams 1971
- Acremonium recifei (Leão & Lôbo) W. Gams 1971
- Actinostilbe flavolanata (Berk. & Broome) Rossman, Samuels & Seifert 2013
- Actinostilbe mammiformis (Cif.) Seifert & Samuels 1999
- Actinostilbe Petch 1925
- Albonectria rigidiuscula (Berk. & Broome) Rossman & Samuels 1999
- Albonectria Rossman & Samuels 1999
- Aquanectria L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Aquanectria penicillioides (Ingold) L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Bionectria apocyni (Peck) Schroers & Samuels 1997
- Bionectria aurantia (Penz. & Sacc.) Rossman, Samuels & Lowen 1993
- Bionectria tornata (Höhn.) Schroers 2001
- Bisifusarium dimerum (Penz.) L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Bisifusarium L. Lombard, Crous & W. Gams 2015
- Buxus sempervirens L.
- Calonectria cylindrospora (Ellis & Everh.) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Calonectria morganii Crous, Alfenas & M.J. Wingf. 1993
- Calonectria rigidiuscula (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. 1878
- Cephalosporium falciforme Carrión 1951
- Cephalosporium recifei Leão & Lôbo
- Chaetopsina fulva Rambelli 1956
- Chaetopsina penicillata Samuels 1985
- Chaetopsina Rambelli 1956
- Chaetopsinectria chaetopsinae (Samuels) J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang 2010
- Chaetopsinectria chaetopsinae-penicillatae (Samuels) J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang 2010
- Chaetopsinectria J. Luo & W.Y. Zhuang 2010
- Clonostachys apocyni (Peck) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Clonostachys aurantia (Penz. & Sacc.) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Clonostachys macrospora (Sacc. & Ellis) Schroers & W. Gams 2001
- Clonostachys tornata (Höhn.) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Coccinonectria L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Coccinonectria pachysandricola (B.O. Dodge) L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Corallomycetella repens (Berk. & Broome) Rossman & Samuels 1999
- Cosmospora chaetopsinae (Samuels) Rossman & Samuels 1999
- Cosmospora chaetopsinae-penicillatae (Samuels) Rossman & Samuels 1999
- Cosmospora episphaeria (Tode) Rossman & Samuels 1999
- Cosmospora Rabenh. 1862
- Cosmospora zealandica (Cooke) Samuels & Nirenberg 1879
- Cyanonectria Samuels & P. Chaverri 2009
- Cylindrium aeruginosum (Link) Lindau 1904
- Cylindrium Bonord. 1851
- Cylindrium elongatum Bonord. 1851
- Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinssm.) Scholten 1964
- Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinssm.) Scholten 1964 var. destructans
- Cylindrocarpon ianthothele var. majus Wollenw. 1928
- Cylindrocarpon macroconidiale Brayford & Samuels 1990
- Cylindrocarpon obtusiusculum (Sacc.) U. Braun 1993
- Cylindrocarpon radicicola Wollenw. 1928
- Cylindrocladiella parva (P.J. Anderson) Boesew. 1982
- Cylindrocladium scoparium Morgan 1892
- Dactylonectria novozelandica (A. Cabral & Crous) L. Lombard & Crous 2014
- Dendrodochium macrosporum Sacc. & Ellis 1882
- Dialonectria (Sacc.) Cooke 1884
- Dialonectria episphaeria (Tode) Cooke 1884
- Diplocladium cylindrosporum Ellis & Everh. 1900
- Flagellospora penicillioides Ingold 1944
- Fusarium decemcellulare Brick 1909 [1908]
- Fusarium dimerum Penz. 1882
- Fusarium falciforme (Carrión) Summerb. & Schroers 2002
- Fusarium haematococcum Nalim, Samuels & Geiser 2011
- Fusarium illudens C. Booth 1971
- Fusarium javanicum Koord. 1907
- Fusarium Link 1809
- Fusarium martii Appel & Wollenw.
- Fusarium martii var. phaseoli Burkh. 1919
- Fusarium neocosmosporiellum O'Donnell & Geiser 2013
- Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (G.F. Atk.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hansen
- Fusarium petroliphilum (Q.T. Chen & X.H. Fu) D. Geiser, O'Donnell, Short & N. Zhang 2013
- Fusarium phaseoli (Burkh.) T. Aoki & O'Donnell 2003
- Fusarium plagianthi (Dingley) O'Donnell & Geiser 2013
- Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. 1881
- Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. 1881 var. solani
- Fusarium solani var. petroliphilum Q.T. Chen & X.H. Fu 1987 [1986]
- Fusarium striatum Sherb. 1915
- Fusarium vasinfectum G.F. Atk. 1892
- Fusarium vasinfectum var. pisi C.J.J. Hall 1903
- Fusidium aeruginosum Link 1809
- Fusisporium solani Mart. 1842
- Geejayessia Schroers, Gräfenhan & Seifert 2011
- Geejayessia zealandica (Cooke) Schroers 2011
- Gliocephalotrichum J.J. Ellis & Hesselt. 1962
- Gliocladium aurifilum (W.R. Gerard) Seifert, Samuels & W. Gams 1985
- Gliocladium penicillioides Corda 1840
- Gliomastix fusigera (Berk. & Broome) Dickinson 1968
- Haematonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Nirenberg 1999
- Haematonectria illudens (Berk.) Samuels & Nirenberg 1999
- Haematonectria ipomoeae (Halst.) Samuels & Nirenberg 1999
- Hydropisphaera fusigera (Berk. & Broome) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Hypocreales Lindau 1897
- Hypomyces aureonitens Tul. & C. Tul. 1865
- Hypomyces exiguus Pat. 1902
- Ilyonectria coprosmae (Dingley) P. Chaverri & C. Salgado 2011
- Ilyonectria destructans (Zinssm.) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Ilyonectria macroconidialis (Brayford & Samuels) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Ilyonectria radicicola (Gerlach & L. Nilsson) P. Chaverri & C. Salgado 2011
- Lanatonectria flavolanata (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Rossman 1999
- Lanatonectria mammiformis (Chardón) Samuels & Rossman 1999
- Mariannaea catenulatae (Samuels) L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Microdochium dimerum (Penz.) Arx 1984
- Monotospora fusigera Berk. & Broome 1873 [1875]
- Nectria apocyni Peck 1873
- Nectria chaetopsinae Samuels 1985
- Nectria chaetopsinae-penicillatae Samuels 1985
- Nectria episphaeria (Tode) Fr. 1849
- Nectria flavolanata Berk. & Broome 1873 [1875]
- Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome 1873 [1875]
- Nectria illudens Berk. 1855
- Nectria ipomoeae Halst. 1891
- Nectria mammiformis (Chardón) Samuels 1982
- Nectria mammoidea W. Phillips & Plowr. 1875
- Nectria myxomyceticola Samuels 1973
- Nectria plagianthi Dingley 1951
- Nectria radicicola Gerlach & L. Nilsson 1963
- Nectria radicicola Gerlach & L. Nilsson 1963 var. radicicola
- Nectria radicicola var. macroconidialis Samuels & Brayford 1990
- Nectria rigidiuscula Berk. & Broome 1873 [1875]
- Nectria sanguinea (Bolt.) Fr. 1849
- Nectria sesquiphialis Samuels 1989
- Nectria zealandica Cooke 1879
- Nectriaceae Tul. & C. Tul. 1865
- Nectriella aurantia Penz. & Sacc. 1897
- Nectriella Sacc. 1877
- Nectriopsis exigua (Pat.) W. Gams 1982
- Nectriopsis rexiana (Sacc.) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Neocosmospora E.F. Sm. 1899
- Neocosmospora falciformis (Carrión) L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Neocosmospora haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Nalim, Samuels & Geiser 2011
- Neocosmospora illudens (Berk.) L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Neocosmospora ipomoeae (Halst.) L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Neocosmospora petroliphila (Q.T. Chen & X.H. Fu) Sandoval-Denis & Crous 2018
- Neocosmospora phaseoli (Burkh.) L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Neocosmospora plagianthi (Dingley) L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Neocosmospora rubicola L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Neocosmospora solani (Mart.) L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Neocosmospora termitum (Höhn.) L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Neocosmospora vasinfecta E.F. Sm. 1899
- Neonectria candida (Ehrenb.) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Neonectria macroconidialis (Samuels & Brayford) Seifert 2003
- Neonectria radicicola (Gerlach & L. Nilsson) Mantiri & Samuels 2001
- Neonectria radicicola (Gerlach & L. Nilsson) Mantiri & Samuels 2001 var. radicicola
- Neonectria ramulariae Wollenw. 1917
- Pseudonectria foliicola L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Pseudonectria pachysandricola B.O. Dodge 1944
- Pseudonectria Seaver 1909
- Pseudonectria tornata Höhn. 1909
- Ramularia destructans Zinssm. 1918
- Ramularia magnusiana (Sacc.) Lindau 1906 [1907]
- Sarcopodium Ehrenb. 1818
- Sarcopodium flavolanatum (Berk. & Broome) L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Sarcopodium mammiforme (Chardon) L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Septocylindrium magnusianum Sacc. 1878
- Septofusidium W. Gams 1971
- Spermosporina magnusiana (Sacc.) U. Braun 1993
- Sphaeria episphaeria Tode 1791
- Sphaerostilbe lutea Henn. 1901
- Sphaerostilbe mammiformis Chardón 1926
- Sphaerostilbe ochracea Pat.
- Sphaerostilbe repens Berk. & Broome 1873 [1875]
- Sphaerostilbella aureonitens (Tul. & C. Tul.) Seifert, Samuels & W. Gams 1985
- Sphaerostilbella aurifila (W.R. Gerard) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Sphaerostilbella lutea (Henn.) Sacc. & D. Sacc. 1905
- Sphaerostilbella penicillioides (Corda) Rossman, L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Stilbum aurifilum W.R. Gerard 1874
- Stylonectria Höhn. 1915
- Thelonectria discophora (Mont.) P. Chaverri & C. Salgado 2011
- Thelonectria mammoidea (W. Phillips & Plowr.) C. Salgado & R.M. Sánchez 2014 [2015]
- Tilachlidiaceae L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Tilachlidium Preuss 1851
- Verticillium nanum var. rexianum Sacc. 1882
- Verticillium rexianum (Sacc.) Sacc. 1886
- Xenoacremonium falcatum L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Xenoacremonium L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Xenoacremonium recifei (Leão & Lôbo) L. Lombard & Crous 2015
- Xenogliocladiopsis cypellocarpa L. Lombard & Crous 2015
Metadata
67258e0a-aaa8-4603-a648-219f936f03cf
reference
Names_Fungi
11 February 2015