Subdivision Holobasidiomycetidae. Basidiome pilothecial with either pileus or peridium and an underlying hymenophore. Boletoid, agaricoid or gasteroid. Context homoiomerous, lacking sphaerocytes, with or without clamp-connexions. Hymenophore various, truly lamellate, secondarily lamellate, gyrose, boletinoid, tubulate, labyrinthoid or loculate. Basidiospores either ballistosporic or statismosporic in structure, hyaline or pigmented, globose to cylindric, smooth or with a eusporial ornamentation, often with a hyaline, inamyloid myxosporium. Development gymnocarpic, hemiangiocarpic or angiocarpic. World-wide, epigeal or hypogeal, often forming ectotrophic mycorrhizal associations.

Smith & Singer (1959) proposed a 'Gastroboletus Series' associating ballistosporic boletoid genera with statismosporic secotioid and hypogeal genera. Pegler & Young (1981 ) recognized six families within the Boletales, each representing a different line of descent but developing along parallel lines, and all associated with hypogeal, gasteroid genera. In the present paper, two families restricted to hypogeal gasteroid genera, from Victoria State, Australia, are considered, namely Rhizopogonaceae Gaum. & Dodge (possibly allied to Boletaceae Chev.), and Chamonixiaceae Jülich (possibly allied to Gyrodontaceae (Singer) Heinem.).

VICTORIA. Otway Range, Triple Falls, Phillips Track, hypogeal in mixed eucalyptus forest, 22 Sept. 1982, K & G. Beaton 57.
NEW ZEALAND. Wellington, Chateau Tongariro, April 1931, J. Carter ( type of G. novaezelandiae, K); Horopito, Mangatorutoru Stream, March 1948, J. M. Dingley.
U.S.A. Oregon, Benton County, 14 Nov. 1924, S. M Zeller 2260, ex herb. Hawker.

Gasterocarp 0.5-3 cm diam., subglobose, pyriform to ellipsoid or irregular, lobed, with basal attachment. Peridium whitish to ochraceous, with a distinctly greenish yellow tint, not cyanescent on bruising, smooth and glabrous. Gleba pale brown drying to dark brown, firm, loculate, consisting of irregular, partially filled, minute chambers. Tramal plates variable, mostly about 100µm thick, consisting of a broad, hyaline hymenophoral trama and very narrow subhymenial layers; peridial context well developed, forming a thick layer, similar in structure to the hymenophoral trama; clamp-connexions absent. Columella very reduced, occasionally forming very short radiating branches; sterile base present but small and inconspicuous. Spores 10.5-15 x 6-7.5 (12 ±0.5 x 7 ± 0.5) µm (excl. costae), Q = 1.71; symmetric, ellipsoid to short fusoid, sometimes with a papillate apex, deep rusty brown, with a thickened wall, smooth but forming four or five longitudinal costae, overlaid by a hyaline myxosporium which sometimes becomes detached at the base. Basidia 15-20 x 7.5-9µm, clavate to cylindric, bearing four, sometimes two, sterigmata. Hymenophoral trama regular, hyaline, non-gelatinized, of parallel, thinwalled hyphae, 2-10 µm diam. Subhymenial layer very narrow, interwoven. Peridiopellis a repent epicutis, 50-75 µm thick, of subparallel or partial woven hyaline, thin-walled hyphae, 3-10 µm diam.

This species has been described from New Zealand under two separate names, Hymenogaster pachydermis Zeller & Dodge and Gautieria novaezelandiae G. H. Cunn. Cunningham (1944: 67) listed H. pachydermis as a synonym under Hysterangium schlerodermun (Cooke) G. H. Cunn., but examination of the authentic collection by Zeller reveals it to have the pigmented, costate spores of a Chamonixia species as originally described. Chamonixia pachydermis differs from C. mucosa in the non-cyanescent, greenish peridium and the more deeply coloured spores.

Gasterocarp 1-5 cm diam., subglobose, ellipsoid, pyriform, irregular, often lobed. Peridium whitish to ochraceous, often cyanescent on bruising, smooth, tomentose or glabrous, indehiscent, non-separable. Gleba initially pale becoming darker brown, at times violaceous on exposure, firm, loculate, consisting of minute, irregular chambers, almost invisible to naked eye. Tramal plates thin, gelatinized or not. Hyphal system monomitic, with hyaline, thinwalled or gelatinized, narrow, generative hyphae; clamp-connexions absent. Columella reduced or absent, often forming fine radial branches from the base; sterile base very reduced to absent. Spore deposit rusty brown. Spores statismosporic, orthotropic, 9-20 µm long, ellipsoid to fusoid, subhyaline to golden brown, with a slightly thickened, smooth wall forming 4-6 or more longitudinal, meridional ridges, with plane or strongly concave facets; a thin, hyaline myxosporium overlies the exosporium and sometimes becomes detached around the spore base; hilar appendix short cylindric with a terminal hilar pore, sometimes retaining sterigmal remnants. Basidia short clavate, with slender sterigmata, soon autolysing, not forming a regular hymenium. Hymenophoral trama regular, gelatinized or not. Peridiopellis a repent epicutis of thinwalled hyphae. Development angiocarpic. World-wide, uncommon, hypogeal to subepigeal. Type species: C. caespitosa Rolland.

The position of the monotypic family Chamonixiaceae within the Basidiomycota remains uncertain. It is usually stated to be allied to Gyrodontaceae (Singer) Heinem. of the Boletales, on the basis of similarity in gasterocarp pigmentation and possible mycorrhizal associations, yet differing in the constant absence of clamp-connexions. A comparison is also frequently made between Chamonixia and Gautieria Vittad. in the Cortinariales, owing to the spore type with longitudinal costae, and Dodge & Zeller (1934), Cunningham (1944), and Cribb (1958a) listed Chamonixia as a later synonym. However, the similarity is only superficial. The ridges on the Gautieria spore are formed by outgrowths of the exosporium and therefore solid, whilst the ridges of the Chamonixia spore are formed by an undulation of the entire eusporial wall and are, in a sense, hollow. Gautieria also differs in the production of a fuscous brown, rather than a rusty brown spore deposit and by the presence of clamp connexions.
Chamonixia gasterocarps are rarely encountered in most regions of the World, and although a monographic treatment of the North American species was published by Smith & Singer (1959), the species remained poorly defined. In the present paper, three species are accepted for Victoria State, with spore size and form being used as the primary character for their separation.

Gasterocarp 1-6 cm diam., globose to tuberiform or irregular, often with a mycelial covering, attached by rhizomorphs but without a distinctly basal attachment. Peridium white to brownish or yellowish, at times bruising red, indehiscent. Gleba soft-fleshy, pale coloured becoming brownish, loculate, consisting of small and irregular, empty to partially filled chambers. Tramal plates gelatinized or partially so; clamp-connexions absent. Spores statismosporic, symmetric, narrowly ellipsoid to cylindric, often with a subtruncated base, hyaline to pale brown, with a slightly thickened smooth wall, lacking a conspicuous myxosporium. Basidia lageniform with a ventricose base, soon collapsing, typically bearing 6-8 sterigmata, sometimes less. Basidioles thick-walled, at times conspicuous. Hymenophoral trama subregular, subgelatinised, of narrow hyphae. Subhymenial layer pseudoparenchymatous. Peridiopellis a repent epicutis of narrow hyphae, and frequently with an encrusting pigment. Hypogeal or subepigeal, forming ectomycorrhizal associations, especially with Coniferae. World-wide. Type species: R. luteolus Fr.

VICTORIA. Creswick, Park Lake, on bare soil under Cupressus, 11 June 1977, N. H. Sinnot 2275 & J H. Willis; Norbethong pine plantation, subhypogeal under Pseudotsuga, 18 Dec. 1978, G. Beaton 70; Portland, Bung Bung pine plantation, immersed in dead needles under Pinus radiata D. Don, 1 Nov. 1982, C. Beauglehole, K. & C. Beaton 61.
NEW ZEALAND. Bank's Peninsula, 1879, Berggren 403 (type of R. induratus K).

Gasterocarp 1-3 cm diam., irregularly subglobose to ellipsoid, basally or laterally attached by numerous, fine rhizomorphs which blacken on drying. Peridium initially whitish soon yellow brown (M.8.5YR/5.5/2.8), smooth to rugose, not viscid, drying very hard, finally cracked. Gleba almost concolorous with peridium becoming dingy olive-yellow, composed of minute, labyrinthoid, partially filled chambers, 0.1-0 3 mm diam., with the thin, white tramal plates giving a marbled appearance. Tramal plates 100- 225 µm thick, white, composed of a narrow, gelatinized hymenophoral trama, and well developed subhymenial layers; peridial context well developed, similar in structure to the hymenophoral trama but hyphae less gelatinized; clamp-connexions absent. Spores 5.5-7.5 x 2.5-3.5(6.5 ± 0.5 x 3 ± 0.3) µm, Q= 2.16, symmetric, oblong-ellipsoid, subtruncated at the base, hyaline becoming pale olive-brown, with a thickened smooth wall, with biguttulate contents; sometimes a short sterigmal appendage is retained at the base. Basidia 25-30 x 8-9 µm, lageniform with a ventricose base and a cylindrico-tapering apex, hyaline, thin-walled, bearing six, or sometimes four, short apical sterigmata; numerous immature, piriform basidia also present. Hymenophoral trama subregular, narrow, hyaline, of subparallel to loosely woven hyphae, 2.5-6 µm diam., with a gelatinized, refractive wall and a narrow lumen. Subhymenial layer 13-20µm wide, well developed, pseudoparenchymatous. Peridiopellis a loosely woven epicutis, 50-70µm thick, of repent hyphae, 3-6µm diam., thin-walled, with a fine granular, brown, encrusting pigment, also irregular, amorphous, brown pigment deposits present.

The type species of Rhizopogon has a world-wide distribution but is almost certainly introduced with pine under which the gasterocarps are to be found buried or half-buried in the litter of fallen pine-needles. It is frequently confused with R. rubescens but may be distinguished by the smaller spores, the absence of reddish tints or stains, and the hymenophoral trama which is more strongly gelatinized resulting in a very hard gleba on drying. In both the type collection of R. induratus, described from New Zealand, and the Victoria State collection, Beaton 70, the entire gasterocarp had dried to a bone hard consistency.

VICTORIA. Alexandra, near Wildflower Res., subhypogeal in a Pinus radiata plantation, 10 Aug. 1974, G. Crichton & G. Beaton 63; Warburton, Big River Camp pine plantation, hypogeal at base of eucalyptus stump, 29 May 1974, D. Wallis in Beaton 71.

Gasterocarp 1 5-3(-6) cm diam., subglobose to irregularly ellipsoid, attached on the lower half by scanty, yellowish rhizomorphs which blacken on drying. Peridium at first cream colour to light yellowish brown, drying reddish brown to almost black, with some reddish purple patches, smooth to finely wrinkled or irregularly tessellate. Gleba at first cream colour then Pompeian yellow (M.8.5YR/6.2/6.2), darkening from the centre to olive-brown at maturity, labyrinthoid, composed of partially filled, irregular chambers, 0 2-1 mm diam. Tramal plates 100-175 µm thick, subgelatinous to gelatinous, consisting of a narrow hymenophoral trama and moderately developed subhymenial layers; peridial context neither gelatinized nor agglutinated, with thin-walled, uninflated or slightly inflated hyphae, 2 5-14 µm diam., together with scattered oleaginous hyphae, 8-12 µm diam., with hyaline, refractive contents; clamp-connexions absent. Spores 7.5-10.5 x 2.5- 4(9± 0.5 x 3.5± 0.2) µm, Q= 2.57, symmetric or nearly so, cylindrico-ellipsoid, with a small basal scar but scarcely truncate, at first hyaline becoming pale brown, with a slightly thickened smooth wall. Basidia 22-28 x 7-8 µm, lageniform with a ventricose base and a tapering apex, developing a variable number of sterigmata, but mostly four or six; numerous immature, ovoid basidia also present. Basidioles few to abundant, sometimes dominant, 10-30 x 6-10 µm, ovoid, ellipsoid or clavate, internally developing a very thick mucilaginous wall leaving a narrow lumen. Hymenophoral trama subregular, hyaline, subgelatinized, of loosely woven refractive hyphae, 2-8 µm diam., with a thin or thickened wall. Subhymenial layer 10-22 µm wide, pseudoparenchymatous, conspicuous. Peridiopellis a repent epicutis, about 40 µm thick, of narrow hyphae, 3-6 µm diam., with a pale brown wall, heavily encrusted with reddish brown granules; also present numerous, amorphous, brown pigmented bodies.

Rhizopogon rubescens, in addition to R. luteolus, has also been introduced into Australia with Pinus. According to Cunningham (1944: 45) it occurs abundantly with Pinus radiata with which it forms a mycorrhizal association in both Australia and New Zealand. The rhizomorphs tend to be less conspicuous than in R. luteolus and the gleba is not so gelatinized so that it may be easily sectioned when dry.
Considerable confusion still exists in the literature over the correct name for this species. Svrcek (1958: 130) included R. rubescens under the name R. roseolus (Corda) T. M. Fries, whilst Lange (1916: 53) maintained that there were two species in Europe, R. rubescens with spores 6.7-9.5 x 2.6-3.2 µm, and R. roseolus with spores 8-10.5 x 3.5 4.5µm. Smith & Zeller (1966: 88) recognized differences in gasterocarp pigmentation between the two species.

Gasterocarp subglobose, tuberiform or irregular, often attached to fine rhizomorphs. Peridium well developed, dry, indehiscent. Gleba loculate, partially gelatinized, with small, irregularly arranged chambers, empty to partially filled. Hyphal system monomitic, with thin- to slightly thick-walled generative hyphae; clamp-connexions usually absent, rarely present. Stipe-columella absent. Spores statismosporic. symmetric, small to medium, allantoid, cylindric to broadly ovoid, hyaline, stramineous or pale brown, inamyloid, nondextrinoid, often with a slightly thickened, smooth wall, lacking an easily detached or conspicuous myxosporium; hilar appendix very short. Basidia lageniform to cylindrico-clavate, often collapsing or autolysing, bearing a variable number of sterigmata, mostly 4-, 6- or 8-spored. Cystidia absent; basidioles sometimes present. Hymenophoral trama narrow, regular, partially gelatinized or not so. Peridiopellis a repent epicutis of narrow hyphae. Hypogeal to subepigeal, forming ectomycorrhizal associations. World-wide. Type genus: Rhizopogon Fr. emend. Tulasne.

Gasterocarp globose, ellipsoid, tuberiform or irregular, basally attached. Peridium pale-coloured, glabrous, dry, not separable, indehiscent or occasionally so in old specimens. Gleba white becoming pinkish brown, labyrinthoid to loculate, with empty, irregular chambers, lacking any radial arrangement. Tramal plates broad, gelatinized or not. Clamp-connexions absent. Columella absent or sometimes partially developed; sterile base absent or very occasional. Spore deposit pinkish brown. Spores heterotropic, statismosporic, iso- or heterodiametric, angular, with well defined facets, smooth. Basidia cylindric to ventricose, bearing two or four sterigmata. Hymenophoral trama regular, hyaline, partially gelatinized or not. Subhymenial layer poorly developed. Peridiopellis a poorly differentiated, narrow, repent epicutis. Development angiocarpic. Distribution World-wide, rare. Hypogeal or subepigeal.

Type species: Richoniella leptoniispora (Richon) Costant. & Dufour [= Hymenogaster leptoniisporus Richon].

VICTORIA. East Gippsland, N side of Mt Buck, under rain forest leaf debris, 24 May 1964, G. A. Crichton 99; Eildon, Snobs Falls, hypogeal in loose soil under dense regrowth scrub, 3 June 1974, Beaton 74.
NEW ZEALAND. Auckland, Swanson-Filter Track, April 1948, J. M. Dingley (Ex-PDD 6171).

Gasterocarp 0.5-2.5 cm diam., globose to irregularly ellipsoid, basally attached, at times laterally coalescent. Peridium pure white to pale salmon pink or ochraceous, dry, smooth, glabrous, narrowly exposing the gleba at base in old specimens. Gleba greyish orange (M.6.5YR/5.1/5.1), labyrinthoid to loculate, consisting of empty, irregular or elongated, minute chambers, 0. 5-1.5 mm diam., elongated in basal region, without any radial arrangement. Tramal plates 50-120 µm thick, not gelatinized, consisting of a broadly hymenophoral trama and extremely narrow subhymenial layers; peridial context of slightly inflated, thin-walled hyphae, 3-15 µm diam.; clamp-connexions absent. Columella absent or rudimentary, not gelatinized; sterile base generally absent, rarely present. Spores 8-12 x 6.5-10.5(10 ±0.8 x 9 ±0 5) µm, Q= 1.10; asymmetric, cuboid, with four or five angles visible in lateral view, pinkish brown, with a slightly thickened smooth wall, and containing a single, large oil guttule. Basidia 22-33 x 5-l0 µm, cylindric clavate, bearing two short sterigmata, soon collapsing especially towards the apex. Hymenophoral trama regular, broad, hyaline, not gelatinized, of parallel, hyaline hyphae, 2-8 µm diam. Subhymenial layer very narrow, interwoven. Peridiopellis a repent epicutis, 20-40µm thick, of parallel, hyaline hyphae, 3-6µm diam., with a slightly thickened wall. Figs. 30 A-C, 31 G-Q.

Hitherto known only from New Zealand, this species is easily recognized by the small size and cuboid spores. Many of the spores are truly cuboid i.e. Type IX (Pegler & Young 1979b: 298), isodiametric, with six quadrangular facets forming a dihedral base, and a single adaxial and abaxial facet, together with a dihedral pair of lateral facets. However, the majority of the spores are of the Dihedral Base type (Type X) in which the cube is truncated by an extra apico-adaxial facet. The species has only been found once in Victoria, occurring scattered, in small clusters.

Basidiome gasteroid with peridium wholly or partially enclosing the gleba. Gleba pinkish brown, sublamellate, labyrinthoid or loculate, with empty chambers. Hyphal system monomitic; consisting of inflated or gelatinized generative hyphae, lacking clamp-connexions. Stipe-columella present or absent. Spore heterotropic, iso- or heterodiametric, with regular facets, pinkish brown, smooth. Hymenophoral trama regular, gelatinized or not. Peridiopellis a repent epicutis. Development angiocarpic or hemiangiocarpic. Hypogeal or epigeal. Type genus: Richoniella Costant. & Dujour.

Richoniellaceae was erected by Jülich (1982: 388) to accommodate the gasteroid, statismosporic genera related to the agaricoid family Entolomataceae Kotl. & Pouz. The family comprises two genera, namely the widespread yet rare genus, Richoniella Costant. & Dufour, characterized by hypogeal, sessile gasterocarps, and the South American, secotioid genus, Rhodogaster Horak. Two species of Richoniella are here recorded from Victoria for the first time.