Cadophora Lagerb. & Melin 1927
![As shown by Maciá-Vicente et al. 2020 (https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-020-00036-w) Cadophora is polyphyletic. The two main clades that these authors recognise are biologically as well as phylogenetically distinct - Cadophora sensu stricto (red in this tree) is often associated with vascular staining (e.g. the NZ-present C. dextrinospora), the species in a second phylogenetically divergent clade (blue in this tree) are mostly associated with healthy roots. There are at least three unnamed species from New Zealand in this clade of root endophytes, including one from kauri and two from soil eDNA extracts from Little Barrier Island (see ICMP 21392). However, this second clade also includes a few vascular staining species, including the NZ-present 'C'. luteo-olivacea. Incorporating data from Maciá-Vicente et al. 2020 and Walsh et al. 2019 (https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1406748) into the 15 gene dataset of Johnston 2021 (https://doi.org/10.7931/gx9a-c781), Cadophora sensu stricto probably needs its own family, sister to Drepanopezizaceae and Ploettnerulaceae. The root-inhabiting 'Cadophora' species belong in Ploettnerulaceae in a clade sister to the vascular staining 'C'. malorum. Creator: P.R. Johnston. © Landcare Research. [Image: 3V1K]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/3V1K/SysPortalThumb)
![ICMP 20246 - Cadophora Lagerb. & Melin 1927 on PDA media obverse. Creator: Elsa Paderes. © Landcare Research. [Image: 1HNI]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/1HNI/SysPortalThumb)
![ICMP 20246 - Cadophora Lagerb. & Melin 1927 on PDA media reverse. Creator: Elsa Paderes. © Landcare Research. [Image: 1HNJ]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/1HNJ/SysPortalThumb)
![ICMP 17484 - Cadophora on PDA media obverse. © Landcare Research. [Image: 2AVW]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2AVW/SysPortalThumb)
![ICMP 17484 - Cadophora on PDA media reverse. © Landcare Research. [Image: 2AVX]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2AVX/SysPortalThumb)
![ICMP 17486 - Cadophora on PDA media obverse. Creator: Elsa Paderes. © Landcare Research. [Image: 2BH6]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2BH6/SysPortalThumb)
![ICMP 17486 - Cadophora on PDA media reverse. Creator: Elsa Paderes. © Landcare Research. [Image: 2BH7]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2BH7/SysPortalThumb)
![fresh specimen. © All rights reserved. [Image: 2M70]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2M70/SysPortalThumb)
![fresh specimen. © All rights reserved. [Image: 2M71]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2M71/SysPortalThumb)
![ICMP 21729 - Mollisia on PDA media obverse. Creator: Elsa Paderes. © Landcare Research. [Image: 2R91]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2R91/SysPortalThumb)
![ICMP 21729 - Mollisia on PDA media obverse. Creator: Elsa Paderes. © Landcare Research. [Image: 2RBB]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2RBB/SysPortalThumb)
![ICMP 21729 - Mollisia on PDA media reverse. Creator: Elsa Paderes. © Landcare Research. [Image: 2RBC]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2RBC/SysPortalThumb)
![PRJ field book notes. © All rights reserved. [Image: 3RIP]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/3RIP/SysPortalThumb)
![PRJ field book. © All rights reserved. [Image: 3UMU]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/3UMU/SysPortalThumb)
![PRJ field book. © All rights reserved. [Image: 3UMW]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/3UMW/SysPortalThumb)
![PRJ field book. © All rights reserved. [Image: 3UMX]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/3UMX/SysPortalThumb)
![PRJ field book. © All rights reserved. [Image: 3UMY]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/3UMY/SysPortalThumb)
![ITS gene tree, overview. Trees 1, 2, 3 provide detail for different parts of the tree. Creator: P.R. Johnston. © Landcare Research. [Image: 2MAX]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2MAX/SysPortalThumb)
![ITS gene tree Tree 3. Pyrenopeziza (=Cadophora) sensu Brian Douglas 2013). Based on data from Brian Douglas (2013), Joey Tanney (2016), sequences in Genbank from type specimens, and sequences from cultures grown from mollisioid apothecia collected from New Zealand forests. Creator: P.R. Johnston. © Landcare Research. [Image: 2MB0]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2MB0/SysPortalThumb)
![As shown by Maciá-Vicente et al. 2020 (https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-020-00036-w) Cadophora is polyphyletic. Incorporating data from Maciá-Vicente et al. 2020 and Walsh et al. 2019 (https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1406748) into the 15 gene dataset of Johnston 2021 (https://doi.org/10.7931/gx9a-c781), Cadophora sensu stricto probably needs its own family, sister to Drepanopezizaceae and Pyrenopezizaceae. The root-inhabiting 'Cadophora' species belong in Pyrenopezizaceae in a clade sister to the vascular staining 'C'. malorum. The mostly saprobic or endophytic wood-inhabiting Cadophora sensu stricto in black, other species in Pyrenopezizaceae (as Ploettnerularceae). Creator: P.R. Johnston. © Landcare Research. [Image: 4BMG]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/4BMG/SysPortalThumb)
![Relationships of NZ isolates of Cadophora from stained vascular tissue, based on ITS sequences. © P.R. Johnston & M. Manning. [Image: QSZ]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/QSZ/SysPortalThumb)
![As shown by Maciá-Vicente et al. 2020 (https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-020-00036-w) Cadophora is polyphyletic. The two main clades that these authors recognise are biologically as well as phylogenetically distinct - Cadophora sensu stricto (red in this tree) is often associated with vascular staining (e.g. the NZ-present C. dextrinospora), the species in a second phylogenetically divergent clade (blue in this tree) are mostly associated with healthy roots. There are at least three unnamed species from New Zealand in this clade of root endophytes, including one from kauri and two from soil eDNA extracts from Little Barrier Island (see ICMP 21392). However, this second clade also includes a few vascular staining species, including the NZ-present 'C'. luteo-olivacea. Incorporating data from Maciá-Vicente et al. 2020 and Walsh et al. 2019 (https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1406748) into the 15 gene dataset of Johnston 2021 (https://doi.org/10.7931/gx9a-c781), Cadophora sensu stricto probably needs its own family, sister to Drepanopezizaceae and Ploettnerulaceae. The root-inhabiting 'Cadophora' species belong in Ploettnerulaceae in a clade sister to the vascular staining 'C'. malorum. Creator: P.R. Johnston. © Landcare Research. [Image: 3V1K]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/3V1K/SysPortalPreview)
![ICMP 20246 - Cadophora Lagerb. & Melin 1927 on PDA media obverse. Creator: Elsa Paderes. © Landcare Research. [Image: 1HNI]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/1HNI/SysPortalPreview)
![ICMP 20246 - Cadophora Lagerb. & Melin 1927 on PDA media reverse. Creator: Elsa Paderes. © Landcare Research. [Image: 1HNJ]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/1HNJ/SysPortalPreview)
![ICMP 17484 - Cadophora on PDA media obverse. © Landcare Research. [Image: 2AVW]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2AVW/SysPortalPreview)
![ICMP 17484 - Cadophora on PDA media reverse. © Landcare Research. [Image: 2AVX]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2AVX/SysPortalPreview)
![ICMP 17486 - Cadophora on PDA media obverse. Creator: Elsa Paderes. © Landcare Research. [Image: 2BH6]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2BH6/SysPortalPreview)
![ICMP 17486 - Cadophora on PDA media reverse. Creator: Elsa Paderes. © Landcare Research. [Image: 2BH7]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2BH7/SysPortalPreview)
![fresh specimen. © All rights reserved. [Image: 2M70]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2M70/SysPortalPreview)
![fresh specimen. © All rights reserved. [Image: 2M71]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2M71/SysPortalPreview)
![ICMP 21729 - Mollisia on PDA media obverse. Creator: Elsa Paderes. © Landcare Research. [Image: 2R91]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2R91/SysPortalPreview)
![ICMP 21729 - Mollisia on PDA media obverse. Creator: Elsa Paderes. © Landcare Research. [Image: 2RBB]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2RBB/SysPortalPreview)
![ICMP 21729 - Mollisia on PDA media reverse. Creator: Elsa Paderes. © Landcare Research. [Image: 2RBC]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2RBC/SysPortalPreview)
![PRJ field book notes. © All rights reserved. [Image: 3RIP]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/3RIP/SysPortalPreview)
![PRJ field book. © All rights reserved. [Image: 3UMU]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/3UMU/SysPortalPreview)
![PRJ field book. © All rights reserved. [Image: 3UMW]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/3UMW/SysPortalPreview)
![PRJ field book. © All rights reserved. [Image: 3UMX]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/3UMX/SysPortalPreview)
![PRJ field book. © All rights reserved. [Image: 3UMY]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/3UMY/SysPortalPreview)
![ITS gene tree, overview. Trees 1, 2, 3 provide detail for different parts of the tree. Creator: P.R. Johnston. © Landcare Research. [Image: 2MAX]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2MAX/SysPortalPreview)
![ITS gene tree Tree 3. Pyrenopeziza (=Cadophora) sensu Brian Douglas 2013). Based on data from Brian Douglas (2013), Joey Tanney (2016), sequences in Genbank from type specimens, and sequences from cultures grown from mollisioid apothecia collected from New Zealand forests. Creator: P.R. Johnston. © Landcare Research. [Image: 2MB0]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/2MB0/SysPortalPreview)
![As shown by Maciá-Vicente et al. 2020 (https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-020-00036-w) Cadophora is polyphyletic. Incorporating data from Maciá-Vicente et al. 2020 and Walsh et al. 2019 (https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.2017.1406748) into the 15 gene dataset of Johnston 2021 (https://doi.org/10.7931/gx9a-c781), Cadophora sensu stricto probably needs its own family, sister to Drepanopezizaceae and Pyrenopezizaceae. The root-inhabiting 'Cadophora' species belong in Pyrenopezizaceae in a clade sister to the vascular staining 'C'. malorum. The mostly saprobic or endophytic wood-inhabiting Cadophora sensu stricto in black, other species in Pyrenopezizaceae (as Ploettnerularceae). Creator: P.R. Johnston. © Landcare Research. [Image: 4BMG]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/4BMG/SysPortalPreview)
![Relationships of NZ isolates of Cadophora from stained vascular tissue, based on ITS sequences. © P.R. Johnston & M. Manning. [Image: QSZ]](https://data.landcareresearch.co.nz/Image/QSZ/SysPortalPreview)
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Descriptions
Cadophora Lagerb. & Melin 1927
ITS gene tree of the 50 or so New Zealand Mollisia and Mollisia-like species for which there are cultures, comparing them with Joey Tanney (2016) Phialocephala specimens, Brian Douglas (2013, PhD thesis), and Genbank BLAST matches to accessions from type specimens. UNITE Species Hypothesis matches are noted. Morphology has barely been compared, but in the case of NZ Species 31 morphology does not support the ITS-based genetic match. Any matches need confirming with a more discriminatory gene; RPB1 has been used by Tanney and others. Generic limits remain poorly resolved.
Data in Geneious Dan Discos\28 Sept 2017\Mollisia
'Mollisia' in the sense discussed here includes most of the New Zealand specimens having a sexual fruiting body with a Dermateaceae morphology in the sense of Korf (excipulum of more or less globose cells, usually with dark walls) that have an ITS sequence available, in morphologically defined genera such as Mollisia, Pyrenopeziza, Niptera, and Tapesia. Also included are the (as yet unpublished) sequences from the Mollisia PhD thesis of Brian Douglas, the Phialocephala sequences from Joey Tanney (Mycologia, 2016), and sequences that represent type specimens from Genbank BLAST search results based on the New Zealand sequences.
New Zealand specimens match Cadophora luteoolivacea and C. dextrinospora. The other approximately 8 species appear to be distinct from all Genbank data.
Included in the phylogeny on the basis of genetic similarity are a range of Leotiomycetes with reduced ascomata (e.g. Loramyces), several genera based on asexual morphologies (e.g. Barrenia, Acephala, Fuscosclera and Phialocephala, in addition to the genus Vibrissea. Genetically robust generic limits amongst these fungi remain to be resolved.
Some specimens with a more or less Mollisia-like morphology are genetically distinct. For example, D1091, D818, D770, in UNITE Species Hypothesis SH021623.07FU and genetically close to fungi with an aquatic hyphomycete like morphology such as Helicodendron, Filosporella, Tricladium, etc.
