Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons 1969
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Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons, Mycologia 61 9 (1969)
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons 1969
Biostatus
Exotic
Present
New Zealand
Political Region
The earliest record in NZ (in a narrow sense) is from 1967 (PDD 51004) [BSW, 24 April 2023]
Nomenclature
E.G. Simmons
Wallr.
(Wallr.) E.G. Simmons
1969
9
ICN
species
Stemphylium vesicarium
Classification
Synonyms
- Helminthosporium vesicarium Wallr. 1833
- Macrosporium parasiticum Thüm.
- Pleospora allii (Rabenh.) Ces. & De Not. 1863
- Pleospora australis (Cooke) Sacc. 1883
- Pleospora herbarum (Pers.) Rabenh. 1857
- Pleospora pomorum A.S. Horne 1920
- Pleospora salsolae Fuckel 1864
- Pleospora sedicola E.G. Simmons 2001
- Pleospora zealandica (Cooke) Sacc. 1883
- Sphaeria allii Rabenh. 1846
- Sphaeria australis Cooke 1879
- Sphaeria complanata β tecta Pers. 1800 [1799]
- Sphaeria herbarum Fr. 1819
- Sphaeria herbarum Pers. 1801
- Sphaeria herbarum γ tecta (Pers.) Pers. 1801
- Sphaeria zealandica Cooke 1879
- Stemphylium herbarum E.G. Simmons 1986 [1985]
- Stemphylium sedicola E.G. Simmons 2001
Associations
has host
has host
Descriptions
Sparsa, erumpens. Peritheciis globosis, atris, prominulis, laevibus. Ascis clavatis. Sporidiis biseriatis, sublanceolatis, obtusis, multiseptatis, muriformibus, olivaceo-fuscis (0.03 x 0.012 mm.).
Variety with larger sporidia (0.085 x 0.015 mm.). Tauranga (397).
On herb stems. Taupo (242).
Sparsa, erumpens. Peritheciis globosis, atris, epidermide fissuruto cinctis. Ascis amplis,clavatis. Sporidiis subclavatis, obtusis, septatis, muriformibus, fuligineis (0.03-0.032 x 0.016 mm.)
The sporidia are not constricted, and their general form differs from those of S. australis.
On Phormium tenax. Waitaki (391).
In New Zealand Pleospora herbarum occurs as a saprophyte, as a weak secondary pathogen or in some cases as a primary pathogen. Strains that are primary pathogens are usually host specific. Slade (1963) showed that on lettuce in Auckland, Hawke's Bay, and Manawatu districts, it occurs as a primary pathogen. He also showed that isolates of this fungus from Solanum nigrum infected lettuce. He recommended regular sprays with captan or maneb for its control. A culture from chrysanthemum from Palmerston North was shown to be associated with a ray floret blight. Isolates from Lucerne leaf spot and leaf spot on Gladiolus were also shown to be pathogenic to these two hosts respectively. Brien, Chamberlain, et al. (1959) noted that on onions it occurred as a weak parasite on flower stalks and leaves, usually following downy mildew (Peronospora destructor). On lemons, passionfruit, gorse, carnations, and lupins it is associated with a tip dieback either as a saprophyte or as a weak wound pathogen following damage by insects or weather. It is also recorded as a rot of tomato fruits (Dingley, 1960b) and as a storage rot of apple fruits (Cooper and Padfield, 1965).
Type: Foliicolous Fungi; Description: Ascomata stromatic, perithecial, scattered, subepidermal, globose to ovoid, black, up to 0.5 mm in diameter, papillate; on leaves and twigs. Asci clavate-cylindrical, 150 × 40 μm. Ascospores muriform, with 7 transverse septa and two (or sometimes one) longitudinal septa in each cell, 24–40 × 11–16 μm, smooth, yellowish brown. Conidiophores often grouped, pale brown to olivaceous brown, up to 80 µm long. Conidia broadly ellipsoidal, muriform with usually 3 transverse and 1–3 longitudinal septa, 25–42 4 25–30 μm, minutely verruculose, brown to olivaceous brown.
Distribution: Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Taranaki, Taupo, Wanganui, Wellington, Hawkes Bay, Wairarapa, Nelson, Buller, Westland, Marlborough, Mid Canterbury, South Canterbury, Dunedin, Southland.; 1st Record: Cunningham (1922: as Macrosporium parasiticum).
Significance: A very common saprobe, particularly on herbaceous plants, this fungus also acts as a weak wound pathogen. It has been recorded as a primary pathogen of Lactuca sativa (Slade 1963). Under the microscope, the numerous asci with their distinctive muriform, yellowish brown ascospores present the appearance of a text book illustration of an ascomycete.; Host(s): Acacia melanoxylon, Citrus limon, Lupinus angustifolius, L. arboreus, Malus ×domestica, Passiflora edulis, Ulex europaeus.
[Notes from Kew Type specimen, PRJ 2010] Two collections in the type folder, one from Taupo, the other Tauranga
[Notes from Kew Type specimen, PRJ 2010] Kew images.
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons 1969
This species was isolated at Levin (LEV3379, Wellington: Ohau, Levin, R. A. S. Waters, 13.vi.1969) from some unusual symptoms on fruit of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill (tomato) and forwarded to Dr. E. G. Simmons who identified it as S. vesicarium.
There is a possibility that the previous recordings of Pleospora herbarum ([Pers.] Fr) Rabenh. on tomato (Dingley, 1960) should be referred to S. vesicarium. The symptoms were of superficial irregular blotches, often very irregular but never-the-less well defined and conspicuous, and often they showed a branching dendritic pattern. Some deeper rots were also present and presumably these develop from some of the superficial blotches. The fungus was readily isolated from the superficial blotches and the symptoms were reproduced by placing spores from a pure culture on to ripening fruit without damaging the skin of the fruit. Re-isolation from the artificially reproduced symptoms yielded the same fungus again.
The species is closely similar to P. herbarum and is one of a group of rather similar species described in Simmons (1969). It bears fertile perithecia in culture and the present isolate, when fresh. yielded mature ascospores in cultures only three weeks old on potato carrot agar in a 1 oz McCartney bottle in the light incubator.
I am not attempting to describe this species here as it is well described in Simmons's paper (1969). Anyone who wishes to identify this species needs the comparative details given by Simmons in order to distinguish it from the other closely similar species.
Ascomata of P. sedicola develop in large numbers within all three agar substrates used. They contain asci with immature and a few fully mature ascospores within ca. 3 wk when they develop on alfalfa stems placed on PCA colonies; 4 wk or longer apparently is required for maturation of large numbers of ascospores under standard conditions of culture. Mature ascomata are dark, thin-walled, subsphaeroid, ca. 350 µm diam., with a small apical, ostiolar beak. Asci are elliptical or oblong, ca. 150-170 x 30 µm, usually 8-spored. Ascospores are ca. 30 x 6 pin, strongly fusiform, when the first transverse septum forms. Ascospores remain fusiform as length and width increase to ca. 35-40 x 8-10 µm; then become broader and shorter (broadly elliptical) as they reach maximum septation at ca. 28-32 x 10-12 µm, with 7 transepta and 1-2 longitudinal or oblique septa in most or all transverse divisions. It is emphasized that developing ascospores before full septation-including minimally septate juveniles-have lengths in a 30-40 µm range; full development of the ascospore, at ca. 28-30 x 12 µm, is a process of contraction in length as the spore increases in width. Ascospore color develops from a juvenile subhyaline. to a mature dull, dilute brown. Ascospores are strongly constricted at all three primary transepta throughout the fusiform stages; constriction remains evident but less striking in the fully developed ascospore.
The anamorph Stemphylium sedicola grows well and sporulates very abundantly on Hay and V-8 agars. On PCA, however, solitary conidia are produced almost entirely on numerous short branches of long, sturdy, erect or arching hyphae that arise singly or in fascicles in concentric rings of growth; the axis hyphae commonly are as long as 1 mm, the conidiogenous branches 32-90 x 5 µm with a slightly wider tip cell. Juvenile conidia are ovoid and ca. 8-14 x 7-8 µm when the first transeptum forms; they are punctulate from the beginning of development. Conidia become broadly ellipsoid or oblong with broadly rounded base and apex; 30-35 x 18-20 µm, with 2-3 complete primary and a few partial transverse or oblique septa, 1-3 longitudinal or oblique septa inserted somewhat irregularly within transverse divisions. Conidia usually are constricted at 1-2 primary transepta, yellow-tan to medium yellow-brown, with walls smooth or usually punctate roughened overall.
The anamorph Stemphylium sedicola grows well and sporulates very abundantly on Hay and V-8 agars. On PCA, however, solitary conidia are produced almost entirely on numerous short branches of long, sturdy, erect or arching hyphae that arise singly or in fascicles in concentric rings of growth; the axis hyphae commonly are as long as 1 mm, the conidiogenous branches 32-90 x 5 µm with a slightly wider tip cell. Juvenile conidia are ovoid and ca. 8-14 x 7-8 µm when the first transeptum forms; they are punctulate from the beginning of development. Conidia become broadly ellipsoid or oblong with broadly rounded base and apex; 30-35 x 18-20 µm, with 2-3 complete primary and a few partial transverse or oblique septa, 1-3 longitudinal or oblique septa inserted somewhat irregularly within transverse divisions. Conidia usually are constricted at 1-2 primary transepta, yellow-tan to medium yellow-brown, with walls smooth or usually punctate roughened overall.
Ex cultiura in agaro PCA descripta. Ascomata atrobrunnea, subglobosa, ca. 350 µm diam., pariete tenui, rostellata. Asci ellipsoidei vel oblongi, ca. 150-170 x 30 µm, plerumque octospori. Ascosporae valde fusoideae tum anguste ellipsoideae, ca. 35-40 x 8-10 µm, denique late ellipsoideae, ca. 28-32 x 10-12 µm, transverse 7-septatae, fortiter vel moderate constrictae, longitudinaliter vel oblique 1-2-septatae; initio subhyalinae, denique dilute obscure brunneolae. Conidiophora numerosa, 32-90 x 5 µm in hyphis longis, erectiusculis, arcuatis, solitariis vel fasciculatis, ad ca. 1 mm x 5 µm. Conidia ovoidea tum late ellipsoidea vel oblonga, µmdo et apice late rotundatis, 30-35 x 18-20 µm, transverse 2-3 omnino et aliquot imperfecte septata, longitudinaliter 1-3 irregulariter septata, plerumque in 1-2 transeptis primariis constrictis, dilute vel modice luteobrunneola, parietibus laevibus vel punctatis.
Etymology: Latin, Sedum + -cola, inhabiting a Sedum species.
TYPE: NEW ZEALAND. Auckland, on leaf lesions of Sedum spectabile Boreau, 18 Feb. 2000, N. Z. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries LYN 124. Dried culture of ex-conidium isolate E. G. Simmons 48-095 (Holotype: BPI 747302!). Fig. 2. Anamorphosis: Stemphylium sedicola E. G. Simmons, anam. nov.
Taxonomic concepts
Helminthosporium vesicarium Wallr. (1833)
Pleospora allii (Rabenh.) Ces. & De Not. (1863)
Pleospora allii (Rabenh.) Ces. & De Not. (1863)
Pleospora allii (Rabenh.) Ces. & De Not.
Pleospora australis (Cooke) Sacc. (1883)
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. (1857)
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. (1857)
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. (1857)
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. (1857)
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. (1857)
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. (1857)
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. (1857)
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. (1857)
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. (1857)
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. (1857)
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. (1857)
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. (1857)
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. 1857
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. (1857)
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. (1857)
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. (1857)
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. (1857)
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. (1857)
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. (1857)
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. (1857)
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. (1857)
Pleospora herbarum (Fr.) Rabenh. 1857
Pleospora pomorum A.S. Horne 1920
Pleospora pomorum A.S. Horne
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons 1969
Pleospora sedicola E.G. Simmons (2001)
Pleospora sedicola E.G. Simmons
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons 1969
Pleospora zealandica (Cooke) Sacc. (1883)
Pleospora zealandica (Cooke) Sacc. (1883)
Sphaeria complanata β tecta Pers. (1800) [1799]
Sphaeria herbarum Pers. 1801
Sphaeria herbarum Fr. 1819
Sphaeria herbarum γ tecta (Pers.) Pers. (1801)
Stemphylium herbarum E.G. Simmons (1986) [1985]
Stemphylium herbarum E.G. Simmons 1986 [1985]
Stemphylium herbarum E.G. Simmons (1986) [1985]
Stemphylium herbarum E.G. Simmons (1986) [1985]
Stemphylium sedicola E.G. Simmons (2001)
Stemphylium sedicola E.G. Simmons (2001)
Stemphylium sedicola E.G. Simmons
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons 1969
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons 1969
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons 1969
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons 1969
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons (1969)
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons 1969
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons (1969)
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons 1969
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons 1969
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons 1969
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons (1969)
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons 1969
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons (1969)
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons 1969
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons 1969
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons 1969
Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E.G. Simmons 1969
Global name resources
Collections
Notes
taxonomic status
The broad concept of Stemphylium vesicarium (=Pleospora herbarum) includes old regional names requiring modern re-evaluation. [JAC, 2026]
Metadata
1cb1a5cc-36b9-11d5-9548-00d0592d548c
scientific name
Names_Fungi
10 September 2026