Plants perennial, evergreen, woody at the base; with a central taproot, erect or mat-forming. Branches many per plant, decumbent, prostrate or hanging, attached to the soil substrate by small roots along the branches or free. Leaves alternate, spreading, sessile, narrowly oblong, narrowly obovate (Fig. 10B) or obovate; margins entire; apices apiculate; lower leaf surface densely hairy; upper leaf surface glabrous to moderately densely hairy; midvein obvious, a pair of side veins sometimes obvious and impressed. Flowering stems terminal on branches, ascendent (Fig. 10A); with appressed hairs; with leaves similar to the basal leaves but becoming nar- rower and smaller towards the capitula. Capitula solitary or in corymbs (Fig. 10A), scented with a slightly sweet pyrethrum smell when florets are open. Involucral bracts spirally arranged, appearing to be in 4-5 series (Fig. 10C), persistent after flowering; each bract with upper half white, lower half green and turning glossy pale brown on drying and folding outwards at the base of the white portion, margins and outer surface of outer bracts hairy, stereome undivided, green with a brown central strand, gap clear, brown or absent, with biseriate non-glandular hairs on outer surface. Receptacle conical, epaleate, alveolate (Fig. 10C). Florets 5-(6)- lobed. Outer florets female, 40-92% of total floret number and ± constant for a species, filiform, pale green (Fig. 10H). Inner florets hermaphrodite; corolla tubular (Fig. 10F), pale green or yellow, sometimes tinted crimson, with biseriate non-glandular hairs (Fig. 1OG). Anthers linear, apices truncate-rounded, tails long and stringy (Fig. 10J). Style bifid; branches truncate, with obtuse apical sweeping hairs; stigmatic surfaces separated, the outer faces with cells slightly projecting at their apices, the projections rounded (Fig. 2A). Achenes narrowly cylindrical; with 2 vascular bundles; glabrous or with sparse duplex hairs; epidermis smooth (Fig. 1 OF, H, K). Pappus in 1 series, persistent, capillary bristles 7-27, on a short collar of thick-walled porose cells (Fig. 1OL), basal bristles dense, apical cells rounded or slightly clavate at their apices. Both female and hermaphrodite achenes fertile.

Plants prostrate. Stems 2 mm diameter. Branches 34-78 cm long, sparingly to densely alternate, attaching to the soil substrate by roots along the branches; branchlets green distally, internodes 3-5 mm. Leaves patent, turned to face upwards, 6.8-17.5 mm long; 3.4-8.6 mm wide, obovate, apiculus green; upper surface sparsely hairy, veins entering leaf one, margins plane. Flowering stems 26-75 mm long; green, densely hairy, the transition to scape leaves abrupt; scape leaves narrowly obovate, 17 mm long, 1.8 mm wide. Capitulum solitary, 19-25 mm diameter in dried specimens. Receptacle 3.1-3.3 mm diameter; conical, 2.0-3.6 mm high. Outer involucral bracts 7.1- 11.5 mm long; 1.5-2.0 mm wide; gap brown. Inner involucral bracts 6.0-8.5 mm long, 1.0-1.1 mm wide. Hermaphrodite florets 4.2—4.6 mm long; corolla 3.2-3.8 mm long; 1.1 mm wide at the mouth; lobes 0.5 mm long; anthers 2.0 mm long, 0.21 mm wide, apices 0.25 mm long; anther tails 0.6 mm long; style 3.6 mm long; style arms 0.75 mm long; pappus hairs 24-27 per floret, 3.4-3.6 mm long, apical cells clavate. Female florets 3.5-4.3 mm long, corolla 2.9-3.5 mm long; lobes 0.18 mm long; style 3.8 mm long, style arms 0.68 mm long; pappus hairs 23-25 per floret, 2.3-2.5 mm long, apical cells rounded. Achenes 0.80-1.1 mm long, 0.4 mm diameter, hairs moderately dense to sparse, occasionally absent. Florets 173-193, female florets 42-55% of the total.

Plants prostrate. Stem 1.0-3.0 mm diameter. Branches 15-20 cm long, attached to the soil substrate by roots along the branches; branchlets red-brown toward their apices, internodes 4-5 mm. Leaves patent, on prostrate stems twisted to face upwards, 5.0-17.7 mm long, 2.3-6.2 mm wide, obovate; apiculus 0.5 mm long, dark red; upper surface sparsely hairy or glabrous; veins entering leaf one; margins plane. Flowering stems 37-105 mm long, red-brown, densely hairy, transition to scape leaves abrupt; scape leaves narrowly ovate, 7.5 mm long, 0.9 mm wide. Capitulum solitary, 12-23 mm diameter in dried specimens. Receptacle 1.8-3.3 mm diameter, conical, 1.2-2.2 mm high. Outer involucral bracts 7.0-11.0 mm long, 1.1-1.8 mm wide, gap brown. Inner involucral bracts 6.3-8.4 mm long, 0.7-1.5 mm wide. Hermaphrodite florets 4.2- 4.8 mm long; corolla 3.1-4.2 mm long, 0.55- 0.85 mm wide, lobes 0.3-0.5 mm long; anthers 2.8 mm long, 0.22 mm wide, apices 0.44 mm long, tails 0.4 mm long; style 3.6 mm long; style arms 0.4 mm long; pappus hairs 21-27 per floret, 3.4- 4.2 mm long, apical cells rounded. Female florets 3.2-4.0 mm long; corolla 2.5-3.7 mm long, 0.18 mm wide; style 3.7 mm long, style arms 0.37- 0.44 mm long; pappus hairs 19-28 per floret, 2.8- 4.0 mm long, apical cells rounded. Achenes 0.80-0.92 mm long, 0.20-0.34 mm diameter, glabrous. Florets 106-212, female florets 40-68% of total.

Plants prostrate. Stem 1.0-3.0 mm diameter. Branches 15-20 cm long, attached to the soil substrate by roots along the branches; branchlets red-brown toward their apices, internodes 4-5 mm. Leaves patent, on prostrate stems twisted to face upwards, 5.0-17.7 mm long, 2.3-6.2 mm wide, obovate; apiculus 0.5 mm long, dark red; upper surface sparsely hairy or glabrous; veins entering leaf one; margins plane. Flowering stems 37-105 mm long, red-brown, densely hairy, transition to scape leaves abrupt; scape leaves narrowly ovate, 7.5 mm long, 0.9 mm wide. Capitulum solitary, 12-23 mm diameter in dried specimens. Receptacle 1.8-3.3 mm diameter, conical, 1.2-2.2 mm high. Outer involucral bracts 7.0-11.0 mm long, 1.1-1.8 mm wide, gap brown. Inner involucral bracts 6.3-8.4 mm long, 0.7-1.5 mm wide. Hermaphrodite florets 4.2- 4.8 mm long; corolla 3.1-4.2 mm long, 0.55- 0.85 mm wide, lobes 0.3-0.5 mm long; anthers 2.8 mm long, 0.22 mm wide, apices 0.44 mm long, tails 0.4 mm long; style 3.6 mm long; style arms 0.4 mm long; pappus hairs 21-27 per floret, 3.4- 4.2 mm long, apical cells rounded. Female florets 3.2-4.0 mm long; corolla 2.5-3.7 mm long, 0.18 mm wide; style 3.7 mm long, style arms 0.37- 0.44 mm long; pappus hairs 19-28 per floret, 2.8- 4.0 mm long, apical cells rounded. Achenes 0.80-0.92 mm long, 0.20-0.34 mm diameter, glabrous. Florets 106-212, female florets 40-68% of total.

Plants erect, prostrate or creeping, 40- 120 cm long. Stems 3.5 mm diameter. Branches sparse, alternate, 15—40 cm long, green distally, not rooting along the branches, leaves overlapping. Leaves patent, 8-20 mm long, 2.0-3.4 mm wide, very narrowly obovate; apiculus dark red; upper surface glabrous to densely hairy, veins entering leaf 5, margins plane or recurved. Flowering stems 50- 180 mm long, green, densely hairy, no transition to scape leaves; scape leaves hardly differ from vegetative leaves. Inflorescence usually a corymb of (1-) 4-15 capitula. Capitula 9—13(—16) mm diameter in dried specimens. Receptacle 2.2 mm diameter; conical, 1.1 mm high. Outer involucral bracts 4.8-5.2 mm long, 1.4 mm wide; gap clear. Inner involucral bracts 6.2-6.9 mm long, 1.2-1.4 mm wide. Hermaphrodite florets 4.3 mm long; corolla 3.2-3.7 mm, 0.8 mm wide at the mouth, lobes 0.5 mm long; anthers 1.45 mm long, 0.05 mm wide; apex 0.24 mm long; anther tails 3.0 mm long; style 3.6 mm long; style arms 0.50 mm long, truncate at the apex; pappus hairs 21 per floret, 3.4 mm long, apical cells slightly clavate. Female florets 3.5 mm long; corolla 2.6-2.7 mm long; lobes 0.15 mm long; style 3.2 mm long, style arms 0.5 mm long; pappus hairs 17 per floret, 3.2 mm long, apical cells slightly clavate. Achenes 1.0 mm long, 0.3 mm diameter, hairs present or absent. Florets c. 102, females c. 80% of the total.

Plants candelabriform, to 40 cm long. Stems 3.5 mm diameter. Branches sparingly alternate, 15^0 cm long, green distally, not attaching to the substrate by roots along the branches, leaves overlapping. Leaves at 45° angle to patent to stem, 5.7 mm long, 1.7-2.0 mm wide, very narrowly obovate; apiculate, apiculus dark red; upper surface glabrous to densely hairy, veins entering leaf 3, margins plane. Flowering stems 50-180 mm long, green, densely hairy, the transition to scape leaves gradual; scape leaves narrowly elliptical, 9-11 mm long, 0.7-1.5 mm wide. Capitula solitary, 20-22 mm diameter in dried specimens. Receptacle 3.0 mm diameter. Outer involucral bracts 8.0-8.5 mm long, 1.5-1.9 mm wide; gap clear. Inner involucral bracts 8.5-8.6 mm long, 0.7-1.2 mm wide. Hermaphrodite florets 3.9 mm long; corolla 3.0-3.1 mm, lobes 0.42 mm long; anthers 1.08 mm long, 0.22 mm wide, apices 0.2 mm long; tails short, 0.12 mm long; style 3.1 mm long; style arms 0.21 mm long; pappus hairs 20-22 per floret, 2.9-3.2 mm long, apical cells rounded. Female florets 3.7 mm long; corolla 2.85-3.3 mm long, lobes 0.22 mm long; style 3.4 mm long, style arms 0.45 mm long; pappus hairs 20 per floret, 3.2 mm long, rounded at apices. Achenes 0.9 mm long; 0.20-0.25 mm diameter, hairs absent. Florets 193, female florets 77% of the total.

Plant erect, candelabriform. Stems 1.5-3.5 mm diameter. Branches sparse, 10-25 cm long, roots from the branches absent, dark purple distally, internodes 1-3 mm. Leaves at 45° to the stem, 14—24 mm long, 1.7-5.0 mm wide, narrowly oblong; apiculus 0.4 mm long, dark red; upper surface glabrous; veins entering leaf 3; margins revolute. Flowering stem 22-27 cm long, 0.8-1.0 mm diameter, dark purple, densely hairy, transition to scape leaves abrupt; scape leaves very narrowly ovate, 9-10 mm long, 0.6-1.0 mm wide. Inflorescence compound, capitula per inflorescence 6-9. Capitula 9-13 mm diameter in dried specimens. Receptacle 2.2-3.0 mm diameter, conical, 0.5- 1.3 mm high. Outer involucral bracts 4.7-5.7 mm long, 0.6-1.9 mm wide; gap clear. Inner involucral bracts 3.8-6.1 mm long, 0.5-1.3 mm wide. Hermaphrodite florets 2.52 mm long; corolla 2.2- 2.7 mm long, 0.6 mm wide, lobes 0.45 mm long; anthers 1.03-1.1 mm long, 0.17 mm wide, apices 0.15 mm long, anther tails, 0.2 mm long; style 2 mm long; pappus hairs 10-15 per floret, 1.75-2.35 mm long, apical cells clavate. Female florets 2.56- 2.76 mm long; corolla 1.9-2.4 mm long; style 1.87- 2.2 mm long; style arms 0.25 mm long; pappus hairs 5-11 per floret, 1.4-2.0 mm long, apical cells clavate. Achenes 0.60 mm long, 0.20-0.24 mm diameter, hairs absent. Florets 170-251, female florets 81-90% of total number.

Plants prostrate or hanging, up to 149 cm long. Stems 3.0-7.0 mm diameter, branching sparse. Branches 4-88 cm long, 3.2 mm diameter, distally green, roots from the branches present or absent. Internodes 15 mm long. Leaves at 45° to the stem, 19-76 mm long, 5.4-20 mm wide, narrowly obovate, apiculus green, 1 mm long; upper surface glabrous, veins entering leaf 5, margins plane. Flowering stems 100-140 mm long; 0.4 mm diameter, green, densely hairy, transition to scape leaves gradual; scape leaves narrowly elliptic, 16 mm long, 2.6 mm wide. Inflorescence compound, capitula per inflorescence (3-) 15(—30). Capitula 9- 13 mm diameter in dried specimens. Receptacle 1.8- 3.4 mm diameter; almost flat; 0.2-1.1 mm high. Outer involucral bracts 4.2-6.1 mm long, 0.6- 1.7 mm wide; gap clear. Inner involucral bracts 3.6- 6.8 mm long, 0.4-1.1 mm wide. Hermaphrodite florets 3.5 mm long; corolla 2.3-3.3 mm long, 1 mm wide; lobes 0.6 mm long; anthers 1.1 mm long, 0.18 mm wide, apices 0.24 mm long, anther tails 0.32 mm long; style 2.3 mm long; style arms 0.45 mm long; pappus hairs 15-22 per floret, 1.9- 3.3 mm long, apical cells rounded or clavate. Female florets 2.8 mm long; corolla 2.2-3.3 mm long; lobes 1.2 mm long; style 2.7 mm long; style arms 0.58 mm long; pappus hairs 13-19 per floret, 1.95-3.2 mm long, apical cells rounded. Achene 0.60-0.80 mm long; 0.28-0.34 mm diameter; hairs sparse or absent. Florets 113-281, female florets 65-90% of total.