COLLECTIONS: Known from four sites near Christchurch, South Island: 34 (type locality), 37, 43, and 45.

Trichospores ovoid, (11-)14(-15) x (6.5-)8(-9) µm, with an obvious collar narrowed where the single, fine appendage emerges, borne 1-3 per fertile branch. Zygospores (27-)32(-35) x 10-12 µm, produced following scalariform conjugation of branches, upon release bearing a collar approximately 18 x 4 µm attached about 8 µm from one end. In hindgut of Chironomidae larvae.

HOSTS: At least two unidentified species of Orthocladiinae.

Trichosporae ovales, (11-)14(-15) x (6.5-)8(-9) µm, collari manifesto ad appendiculi unici tenuis emersum attenuato, in ramo fertili singulae, binae, vel ternae. Zygosporae (27-)32(-35) x 10-12 µm, per conjugationem ramorum scalariformem partae, liberatae collate 18 x 4 µm circa 8 µm ab fine uno affixum gerentes. In proctodaeo Chronomidarum larvarum.

Some of the same species of Orthocladiinae from site 43 also harbored Stachylina minima in their hindguts, a new species described later in this paper. The only Smittium species with trichospores near the size of A. kiwiorum is S. incrassatum Y. Kobayasi with trichospores 12-14 x 7-9 µm, collar 1.15 µm long. The spores of S. incrassatum are described as finely punctate with a short collar and long appendage. The spores of A. kiwiorum lack the punctate feature, have a longer collar, and are more ovoid than those of S. incrassatum. No comparison of zygospores can be made as they were not reported for S. incrassatum; however, zygospores from known Smittium spp. do not have the median swelling found in zygospores of Austrosmittium.

HOLOTYPE: Slide ZEA-34-3 prepared from a species of Orthocladiinae larvae (Diptera, Chironomidae) collected from Wainui Stream, Banks Peninsula, South Island (site 34), 21.I.87.

Trichospores ovoid, small (<16 µm long), with a basal collar 1/3-1/2 as long as the spore body, one appendage, Zygospores biconical, but noticeably swollen in the middle, small (<36 µm long), with an oblique collar located at the edge of the medial swelling and one appendage. Thalli branched. In hindgut of larval Chironomidae.

Trichosporae ovales, parvae (< 16 µm longae), collari basali longitudine tertia vel dimidia pars sporae corporis, appendice singulari. Zgyosporae biconicae, medio autem insigniter tumido, parvae (<36 µm longae), collari obliquo ad marginem tumentiae mediae apposito, appendage singulari. Thalli ramosi. In proctodaeo Chironomidarium larvarum.

Austrosmittium shares several features with the common and widespread genus Smittium: trichospores with a collar and single appendage; and zygospores borne obliquely to the zygosporophore (Type II (Moss et al. 1975)). Zygospores, upon release, have a collar and a single appendage, Austrosmittium zygospores differ in having an almost spherical bulge in the middle, and this distinguishes them from the essentially biconical zygospores of all other genera of Harpellales. The small, ovoid trichospores with a long collar are also distinguishing features in both species of Austrosmittium described below. The dimorphic species Smittium orthocladii Manier emend. Lichtwardt (1984) occasionally produces a similar type of small, ovoid spore, but more commonly the trichospores of that species are considerably larger and long-ellipsoidal.

SPECIES TYPICA: Austrosmittium kiwiorum Williams & Lichtwardt.

COLLECTIONS: Known only from the type locality, site 23, North Island.

Trichospores ovoid, 10-14 x 5-6.5 µm, collar 5-7 µm long, with a single, very fine appendage, borne 2-4 per fertile branch. Zygospores 19-20 x 8-9 µm. In hindgut of Chironomidae larvae.

HOSTS: All in unidentified species of Orthocladiinae larvae (Diptera, Chironomidae).

Trichosporae ovales, 10-14 x 5-6.5 µm, collars 5-7 µm longo, appendiculo unico pertenui, binae, ternae, vel quaternae in ramo fertili gestae. Zygosporae 19-20 x 8-9 µm. In proctodaeo Chironomidarum larvarum.

The trichospores of Austrosmittium norinsulare are narrower than those of A. kiwiorum, and the zygospores are smaller.

HOLOTYPE: Slide ZEA-23-6 prepared from three larval hindguts of a species of Orthocladiinae collected from Mangaturuturu Stream, North Island, 18.VII. 83. Deposited with R. W. Lichtwardt, University of Kansas.

We record here the occurrence in New Zealand of this widely distributed species of Eccrinales known to be pan-Pacific, but also reported from the Atlantic coast of the U.S.A. and Mediterranean shores, occurring in the stomach (foregut) of both anomuran crustaceans (ghost and mud shrimps or yabbies) and true crabs (brachyurans).
We found E. callianassae in most specimens of callianassa filholi A. Milne-Edwards (Decapoda, Callianassidae) from muddy sand at South Brighton Beach, Christchurch, South Island (site 40).

COLLECTIONS: All from North Island: site 20 (type locality), 12, and 19.

Trichospores elongate-ellipsoidal, almost cylindrical, 39-50 x 6-8 µm, with two broad appendages circa 20 µm long and one very fine appendage many times the length of the trichospore. Thallus initially sparsely branched, becoming densely branched with up to 15 generative cells per fertile branch. Holdfast a bulbous, sometimes striated growth from the main branch. Zygospores unknown. In Plecoptera nymphs.

HOSTS: In addition to Z. decorata, host's of G. plecopterorum included Z. fenestrata Tillyard and Acroperla spiniger (Tillyard) (Gripopterygidae).

Trichosporae elongato-ellipsoideae, subcylindricae, 39-50 x 6-8 µm, appendiculis duobus latis circa 20 µm longis, tertio multipliciter quam trichosporae longiore. Thallus primo sparse ramosus, demum dense ramosus, cellulis genitalibus numero ad 15 in ramo fertili gestis. Tentaculum ab excrescentia bulboua, interdum striata, e ramo principals constitutum. Zygosporae ignotae. In nymphis Plecopterorum.

The most unusual feature of G. plecopterorum is the stonefly host; the two other currently described species of Glotzia, as well as another one we will describe from Tasmania, occur in mayfly nymphs. Two other species of Glotzia have been described: G. centroptili Gauthier ex Manier & Litchwardt, known only from France, and G. ephemeridarum Lichtwardt, from Utah and Montana, U.S.A. The trichospores of G. plecopterorum (39-50 x 6-8 µm) most closely resemble those of G. ephemeridarum. The latter measure 45-70 x 4.5-7 µm, according to the emended trichospore diameter given by Lichtwardt (1986) (originally 4.5-5.0 µm (Lichtwardt 1972)). Although the size ranges of the two species overlap at their extremes, the trichospores of G. plecopterorum have a lesser average length to width ratio, resulting in an obviously different shape and average size. A more striking difference between these two species can be found in the mature basal cells. In G. plecopterorum, that cell is bulbous, but in G. ephemeridarum, the basal cell is tapered and studded with rows of lateral holdfast structures that anchor the thalli to the hindgut cuticle (see Lichtwardt, 1972, Fig. 47). A comparison of zygospores in the two species is not currently possible, because they are not known in G. plecopterorum.

HOLOTYPE: Slide ZEA 20-3 prepared from the hindgut of Zelandoperla decorata Tillyard nymph (Plecoptera, Gripopterygidae) obtained from Mangatoetoenui Stream, North Island, 18.VII.83 (site 20).
ISOTYPE: Slide ZEA-202-5 prepared from same host species and site. Both types deposited with R. W. Lichtwardt, University of Kansas.

Harpella melusinae is unquestionably the most common species of Harpellales in simuliid larvae around the world, and this is true in New Zealand as well. Our collections on North Island were from sites 1, 3, 5, 9, 12, 13, 16, 21, 22, and 25. The host species was Austrosimulium australense (Schiner) at all sites, except for A. multicorne at site 21. Approximately 95% of the larvae we dissected were infested with H. melusinae. Three larvae sampled from site 24 were uninfested.
On South Island, we found H. melusinae at sites 31, 34, 37, 38, 43, 44, 56, 57, 58, 63, and 67. At most sites, the simuliids were Austrosimulium tillyardianum. We collected A. laticorne Tonnoir at a few sites. Of approximately 130 larvae dissected, 75% were infested with H. melusinae. At sites 32, 50, and 64, a sampling of one to four larvae yielded no Harpella.
The morphology of H. melusinae from New Zealand tended to vary somewhat from typical material we have collected in France (from where the type was described), the U.S.A., and some other countries. In typical specimens, thalli of H. melusinae may range up to 750 µm long, are usually 6-10 µm in diameter, and the trichospores are approximately 150 µm long and about as wide as the thallus (Lichtwardt 1986). The thalli of New Zealand specimens are commonly no longer than 400 µm, with a diameter of about 8-11 µm, and the trichospores typically measured 52-135 x 5-7 µm. Thus, the trichospores of the New Zealand Harpella species tend to be narrower and shorter than those of the more usual H. melusinae. However, we are currently treating the New Zealand species as a variant of H. melusinae, rather than a new species.

COLLECTIONS: Sites 38 (type locality), 43, 46, 48, 63, and 66, all from South Island.

Thalli up to 2300 µm in length, diam. up to 180 µm, decreasing slightly near the ends. Holdfast becoming cup shaped and located laterally at or near the middle of the mature thallus, the thallus often slightly bent in the holdfast region. One arm of the thallus often of greater diam. In hindgut of Ephemeroptera nymphs.

HOSTS: All in C. humeralis or Deleatidium sp. (Ephemeroptera, Leptophlebiidae).

Thalli usque ad 2300 µm longi, ad 180 µm crassi, paulum ad fines attenuati. Tentaculum cupuliforme factum, e latere prope thalli maturi medium positum, ubi thallus saepe paulo flexus, thalli brachium alterum altero crassius. In proctodaeo Ephemeropterorum nympharum.

Paramoebidium bibrachium appears to be fairly well dispersed in different populations of Leptophlebiidae on South Island, but only 28% of the specimens we dissected were infested. We were not able to see the release of amoebae from thalli, but we did observe encysted amoebae in some of the slides we prepared and kept in water.
Paramoebidium is a very widespread genus that is common in many parts of the world in nymphs of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera and in larvae of Simuliidae. They are often morpholgically variable and difficult to speciate, except on the basis of host differences, and this is a questionable basis for species determination. Paramoebidium spp. have not been cultured; consequently, it is not possible to determine their host ranges experimentally or to study their morphology under common growth conditions.
Only two validly described species of Paramoebidium exist, although eleven nomina nuda can be found in the literature. Our new species, P. bibrachium, has thalli that are very distinctive because of the location of the holdfast. Based on our extensive collections of the genus, we are confident it is a valid new species.
It is interesting to note that, though common in many parts of the world, we did not find any species of Paramoebidium on North Island. Other than the collections of P. bibrachium cited above, we found only one aquatic insect specimen with this genus on South Island, a nymph of Neozephlebia scita (Walker) (Ephemeroptera, Leptophlebiidae) from site 65, with some very young thalli of Paramoebidium that were too young to determine if they were P. bibrachium. The host family and proximity of the nymph to other sites with P. bibrachium suggest the young thalli might have been that species.

HOLOTYPE: Slide ZEA-38-M-4 prepared from the hindgut of Coloburiscus humeralis (Walker) (Ephemeroptera) collected at Orton Bradley Park, Banks Peninsula (site 38), 26.I.87. Deposited with R. W. Lichtwardt, University of Kansas.

COLLECTIONS: Known only from site 67, South Island. We observed one conjugation of branches between two thalli, but found no zygospores. Pennella asymmetrica was not found in any of the other 30 populations of simuliids (blackflies, often called sandflies in New Zealand) that we investigated for trichomycetes on both North and South Island. Nor did we find the genus Pennella in the many populations of simuliids that we studied in Australia.

Collarless trichospores ovoid, (35-)42(-52) x (12-)14(-17) µm, eccentrically attached at their base to a generative cell, each subterminal trichospore somewhat appressed to the generative cell above it, upon release bearing about four very fine appendages several times the length of the spore. Base of main thallial axis simple, with a mucilaginous secretion. Zygospores unknown. In hindgut of Simuliidae larvae.

HOSTS: Found only in Austrosimulium tillyardianum larvae (Diptera, Simuliidae). Most larval specimens were infested.

Trichosporae collaria carentes, ovoideae, (35-)42(-52) x (12-)14(-17) µm, oblique per basim ad cellulam genitalem affixae, omnibus subterminalibus paulum ad cellulam genitalem superiorem appressis, liberatae appendiculas pertenues circa quattuor aliquoties quam spora longiores. Axis thallici principalis basis simplex, mucum secretans. Zygosporae ignotae. In proctodaeo Simuliidarum larvarum.

Pennella asymmetrica has trichospores that are much wider than any of the other described species of the genus, and their eccentric attachment to the generative cell also assists in their identification.

HOLOTYPE: Slide ZEA-67-5 prepared from a larva of Austrosimulium tillyardianum Dumbleton (Simuliidae) collected from Manson's Creek, South Island, 9.II.87 (site 67). Deposited with R. W. Lichtwardt, University of Kansas. The slide also contains the larva's peritrophic membrane with Harpella melusinae.

Smittium culicis most often occurs in the larvae of mosquitoes, but occasionally has been found in blackfly and midge larvae, and has a very wide geographical distribution. Our only records of S. culicis are from North Island. It was found in larvae of Culex pervigilans Bergroth from a ditch at site 6. We were able to obtain an axenic culture (ZEA-6-3) on 0.1-strength brain heart infusion medium (Difco) from one of the larvae. Not far from that site, a larva of Austrosimulium australense had that same fungal species. The most unusual record was finding S. culicis in the hindgut of an Austrothaumalea sp. larva (Diptera, Thaumaleidae), which it shared with Smittium rarum, described above (site 1).

This trichomycete species normally inhabits the hindguts of mosquito larvae, like S. culicis, but occasionally is found in the larvae of blackflies, chironomids, and ceratopogonids (biting midges). Its known distribution, in addition to North and Central America and Europe, includes Australia and islands of Japan and Hawaii. We found it but once in New Zealand, on North Island, in Culex pervigilans larvae (Diptera, Culicidae) collected from a dog's drinking bowl by Beverle G. Bennett (site 28).

We found in the bloodworm species Chironomus zealandicus from sites 11 and 15 a Smittium species that appears to be S. elongatum, first described from Colorado, U.S.A. (Lichtwardt 1972), and subsequently from Japan (Lichtwardt et al. 1987). Some bloodworms from both sites l l and 15 also had S. simulii in their hindguts, and Stachylina grandispora (site 11) was present as well in their peritrophic membranes.

COLLECTIONS: Known only from the type site and site 1, a mudrock cliff next to a small waterfall, both on North Island.

Trichospores subcylindrical, slightly swollen in the middle, with a single appendage, 20-26 x 3-4.5 µm, collar 0.5-1 µm long. Zygospores about 100 x 10 µm, with collar attached about 25 µm from one end. In Chironomidae larvae.

HOSTS: Lotic, unidentified Chironomidae larvae (Diptera), and what appears to be S. rarum in a larva of Austrothaumalea sp. (Diptera, Thaumaleidae) from site 1.

Trichosporae subcylindricae, ad medium parum tumidae, 20-26 x 3-4.5 µm, collari 0.5-1 µm longo. Zygosporae circa 100 x 10 µm, collari circa 25 µm ab fine uno affixo. In Chironomidarum larvis.

The only Smittium species with spores in this size range is S. chironomi Manier. However, the spores of S. rarum are wider and the terminal branches are not tapered, as they are in S. chironomi.

HOLOTYPE: Slide ZEA-5-1 prepared from an unidentified Chironomidae larva collected 11.VII.83 from an ephemeral stream next to Wekaweka Rd., North Island (site 5).

This was the most common species of Smittium we found in New Zealand. It has a worldwide distribution and a very wide host range. Though predominantly a commensal of Chironomidae and Simuliidae larvae, it has been found more rarely in Culicidae and Tipulidae larvae. We report here the first known occurrence in stonefly nymphs.
Our collections of S. simulii on North Island included sites 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 21, and 22, in the following host species: Austrosimulium australense, A. multicorne Tonnoir, and A. tillyardianum, and possibly Chironomus zealandicus Hudson (sites 11 and 15). On South Island the sites were 30, 34, 38, 39, 49, 58, 64, and 67; the hosts included various unidentified species of Chironomidae (including bloodworms and Orthocladiinae) and several species of Simuliidae, including Austrosimulium tillyardianum and A. laticorne. The stonefly host was Zelandoperla fenestrata from site 49.

This, the most widespread and common species of Stachylina on a worldwide basis, was relatively rare in our New Zealand collections. It occurs in many genera of Chironomidae, most of them bloodworms. On North Island, we found it in the common species of New Zealand bloodworm, Chironomus zealandicus, from rock pools at Haruru Falls (site 11). On South Island, we found it in specimens of Chironomus sp. (species a of J.D. Stark in Winterbourn and Gregson, 1981, p. 67) taken from estuary mud at French Farm Bay, Banks Peninsula (site 36).

COLLECTIONS: In addition to the type collection, Orthocladiinae larvae with S. minima were collected at Orton Bradley Park, Banks Peninsula (site 38), and the Ashley River (site 43), all on South Island.
At site 43, the same species of Orthocladiinae larvae also had Austrosmittium kiwiorum.

Thalli 32-46 x 6-8 µm, with a bulbous base that penetrates the peritrophic membrane, producing 1-4 trichospores. Trichospores ovoid, (11-)14(-18) x 6-8 µm, without a collar. The most distal trichospore produced subterminally. Zygospores unknown. In peritrophic membrane of Chironomidae larvae.

HOSTS: Possibly all were Orthocladiinae larvae (Diptera, Chironomidae).

Thalli 32-46 x 6-8 µm, basi bulboso membranam peritrophicam penetrante, 1-4 trichospores gignentes. Trichosporae ovales, (11-)14(-18) x 6-8 µm, collare carentes. Trichospora a basi remotissima subterminalis. Zygosporae ignotae. In membrana peritrophica Chironomidarum larvarum.

We found relatively few thalli in midge larvae from the three sites, and only a few of those were sporulating. Stachylina minima is easily distinguished from other species of this large genus of Harpellales (see Table 1 for taxonomic placement). Its very small size and basal penetration of the peritrophic membrane are features shared by S. minuta Gauthier ex Lichtwardt, but S. minuta has more elongated ovoid spores that are produced on a long, narrow extension of the generative cell, and the terminal cell of each thallus is sterile. Two other described species of Stachylina also are known to penetrate the membrane: S. penetralis Lichtwardt and S. pedifer Williams & Lichtwardt. None of these species is currently known from New Zealand.

HOLOTYPE: Slide ZEA-37-2 prepared from an unidentified Chironomidae larva collected 21.I.87 from stream at French Farm Bay, Banks Peninsula (site 37). Deposited with R. W. Lichtwardt, University of Kansas.

This species of Stachylina was first reported from France (Lichtwardt 1984), and subsequently from Japan (Lichtwardt et al. 1987). Its discovery from two sites on South Island suggests a wider geographic distribution for the species than is presently known.
Most of our specimens came from larvae of Tanytarsus vespertinus Hutton (Chironomidae, Tanytarsini) from site 45. The other collection was from Tanytarsini larvae at site 43. Site 43 (Ashley River) was also a source for Stachylina minima and Austrosmittium kiwiorum, but these two species were restricted to Orthocladiinae larvae.

Like Enteromyces callianassae, Taeniella carcini (Eccrinales) has a pan-Pacific (and possibly worldwide) distribution and is found in brachyuran and anomuran crustaceans. However, it occurs in the hindgut of its hosts, rather than the stomach. Our records of T. carcini were in Callianassa filholi from site 40, and probably in the mud crab Helice crassa Dana from , site 41.