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Johnston, P.R. 1981: Phoma on New Zealand grasses and pasture legumes. New Zealand Journal of Botany 19(2): 173-186.

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Johnston, P.R. 1981: Phoma on New Zealand grasses and pasture legumes. New Zealand Journal of Botany 19(2): 173-186.
New Zealand Journal of Botany
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Phoma chrysanthemicola Hollós 1907
REPRESENTATIVE CULTURES: PDDCC 6618, 6619.
COLONY MORPHOLOGY OA & ME: Colonies 20-40 mm diam. after 7 days. Mycelium; either dense, unevenly lumpy with a "crystalline" appearance, grey to dark grey; or fine, cottony, grey to pale grey, of an even height. Reverse; OA: grey, often turning yellow or occasionally red after a few days; ME: dark grey. CHLAMYDOSPORES: Numerous, single or in, long chains or often aggregated into large, irregularly-shaped masses. May take several weeks to appear. CON IDIA: Small, even in shape, oblong with rounded ends, (3.5-)4-6(-7) x 1.5-2.5(-3) µm. PYCNIDIA: Solitary, dark walled.
OCCURRENCE: Common as a soil saprophyte and as a root parasite on several plants, e.g. Chrysanthemum spp., Medicago sativa L.
NOTE: Phoma leveillei has a similar cultural appearance to P. chrysanthemicola. Both are isolated from the soil and both have grey, slow-growing colonies. P. chrysanthemicola has chlamydospores and often produces yellow pigment on OA, whereas P. leveillei lacks chlamydospores and yellow pigmentation and has setae on the pycnidia:
Phoma exigua Desm. 1849
REPRESENTATIVE CULTURES: PDDCC 6611, 6621.
COLONY MORPHOLOGY OA: Colonies 30-90 mm diam. after 7 days. Mycelium; cottony, dense, unevenly tufted, ragged, pale to dark grey or olivaceous. Large clumps of dark pycnidia may be scattered over the colony surface. Reverse; grey. ME: Colonies 30-90 mm. Mycelium; sparse, dark grey or olivaceous, with dark purple-black agar surface visible. Edge of colony deeply scalloped. Reverse; black with a narrow clear margin. Addition of a drop of 1N NaOH to the agar at the edge of the colony produces a green pigment which turns red after a few minutes: CHLAMYDOSPORES: None. CONIDIA: Variable in shape, oblong to elliptic or often irregular, in some isolates may often be 1-septate. (4.5-)6-8(-10) x 2-3 µm. PYCNIDIA: Solitary or in scattered large groups with adjacent pycnidia having confluent walls; dark walled.
OCCURRENCE: Common, plurivorous saprophyte or weak wound pathogen.
NOTE: The growth rate varies greatly between isolates, as does the intensity of the NaOH colour reaction.
Phoma fimeti Brunaud 1890 [1889]
REPRESENTATIVE CULTURES: PDDCC 6622, 6623.
COLONY MORPHOLOGY OA: Colonies 20-25 mm diam. after 7 days. Mycelium; cottony, fine, grey. Yellow pigment in the agar visible through the mycelium and diffusing into the medium. Scattered groups of dark pycnidia. Reverse; yellow. ME: Colonies 15-20 mm. Mycelium; cottony, grey with the yellow pigment diffusing into the medium. Reverse; dark ochreous yellow or green. CHLAMYDOSPORES: None. CONIDIA: Small, even in shape, blunt ends. (3-)4-5.5(-6.5) x 1.5-2(-3) µm. PYCNIDIA: Dark coloured, often in groups of about 10 with confluent walls.
OCCURRENCE: Usually saprophytic, isolated from soil or dead plant material. In the pathogenicity tests described below one isolate caused a root rot in Trifolium repens L. seedlings.
Phoma glomerata (Corda) Wollenw. & Hochapfel 1936
REPRESENTATIVE CULTURES: PDDCC 6703, 6828.
COLONY MORPHOLOGY OA: Colonies 55-80 mm diam. after 7 days. Mycelium; cottony to stringy, dark grey or dark olivaceous at centre, aerial mycelium sparse at edge with numerous pycnidia forming, often with orange conidial ooze. Reverse; dark grey. ME: Colonies 55-90 mm. Mycelium; olivaceous, very sparse or absent, surface covered with numerous pycnidia with some salmon-coloured conidial ooze starting to appear. Reverse; agar colourless or slightly olivaceous at centre, pycnidia show through as dark spots or as orange spots if oozing conidia. CHLAMYDOSPORES: Dictyochlamydospores form in chains with an Alternaria-like appearance. They may be numerous or sparse and may take several weeks to appear. CONIDIA: Uniform in shape, oblong with rounded ends. (3-)4.5-7.5(-9) x 2-2.5(-3) µm. PYCNIDIA: Solitary, often with several ostioles, or in, groups of 2-3 with confluent walls, often with ostiolar beaks c. 15 µm long.
OCCURRENCE: Plurivorous. No inoculation tests were carried out but Boerema et al. (1977) described it as a secondary invader.
Phoma herbarum Westend. 1852
REPRESENTATIVE CULTURES: PDDCC 6684, 6877.
COLONY MORPHOLOGY OA: Colonies 35-45 mm diam. after 7 days. Mycelium; cottony, finely tufted, grey at the centre of the colony, white and sparse toward the edge with the bright pink agar surface showing through. The pink pigment changes to blue with the addition of a drop of 1N NaOH. Reverse; grey with a red tinge. ME: Colonies 30-40 mm. Mycelium; sparse, grey; numerous scattered pycnidia forming. Reverse; olivaceous with a clear margin. CHLAMYDOSPORES: None. CONIDIA: May be uneven in shape but most are oblong to cylindric with rounded ends. (4-) 5-6.5 (-8.5) x 1.5-2.5 µm. PYCNIDIA: Solitary or in large clumps, walls pale brown, ostioles often with short beaks (5-10 µm).
OCCURRENCE: Not commonly isolated in New Zealand but occurs as a saprophyte on a wide range of plants.
Phoma huancayensis Turkenst. 1978
REPRESENTATIVE CULTURES: PDDCC 6800, 6625.
COLONY MORPHOLOGY OA: Colonies 40-50 mm diam. after 7 days. Mycelium; of long, erect, dense hyphae, grey at centre and olivaceous at edge. Often has sectors with short, sparse, white hyphae through which the umber agar surface is visible. Reverse; vinaceous red or yellow-green at centre, peach at colony edge. ME: Colonies 30-40 mm. Mycelium; dense, woolly, grey-olivaceous at centre, white at edge. Sectors with mycelium of short, yellowish hyphae. Reverse; bay-coloured with yellow pigment diffusing into the medium. CHLAMYDOSPORES: None. CONIDIA: Uniform in shape, oblong with rounded ends. (4-)5-7(-9.5) x (1.5-)2-3 µm. PYCNIDIA: Few produced, solitary, scattered over colony.
OCCURRENCE: Common, plurivorous saprophyte or weak wound pathogen. Isolated from Lolium perenne L., Paspalum dilatatum Poir., Holcus lanatus L., as well as Actinidia chinensis Planch. and Vaccinium corymbosum L.
NOTE: P. huancayensis has been previously known only from Peru where it has been described as a secondary pathogen from several Solanum species. (Turkensteen 1978).
Phoma leveillei Boerema & G.J. Bollen 1975
REPRESENTATIVE CULTURES: PDDCC 6626, 6627.
COLONY MORPHOLOGY OA & ME: Colonies 15-25 mm diam. after 7 days. Mycelium; cottony, fine, medium to dark grey or greenish grey. Reverse; OA grey, occasionally also red; ME dark grey. CHLAMYDOSPORES: None. CONIDIA: Uniform in shape, oblong with rounded ends. (3-)4-6(-7) x 1-2 (-3) µm. PYCNIDIA: Solitary or in groups of 8-10 with confluent walls, with dark setae which vary in number and length.
OCCURRENCE: Saprophyte, isolated from soil and dead plant material.
NOTES: Although the presence of setae on pycnidia has been considered to be a characteristic of Pyrenochaeta, Phoma leveillei has been placed in Phoma because its phialides are typical of Phoma (Boerema & Bollen 1975) and not held in chains as is characteristic of Pyrenochaeta. For a discussion of Pyrenochaeta see Schneider (1979).
Phoma lotivora P.R. Johnst. 1981
REPRESENTATIVE CULTURES: PDDCC 6616, 6798, 6799, 6885.
Colonies on oatmeal agar and malt extract agar in 7 days, 20°c, 50-70 mm diam.; aerial mycelium powdery, composed of greyish to brownish, erect, short hyphae; surface of agar dark grey. Pycnidia light to dark brown, immersed to superficial, solitary, 1-ostiolate, globose, 104-250 µm diam. Conidia hyaline, unicellular, cylindrical, eguttulate, 4-9 x 1.5-2.5 µm. COLONY MORPHOLOGY OA: Colonies 50-70 mm diam. after 7 days. Mycelium; cottony, finely tufted, white, through which the grey agar surface is visible. Reverse; grey. ME: Colonies 60-70 mm. Mycelium of short hyphae, even in height, with a powdery appearance, honey or grey at centre, white at edge. Reverse; brown or olivaceous. CHLAMYDOSPORES: None. CONIDIA: Narrow, cylindrical in shape, often with blunt ends. (4-)6-9(-11) x (1.5-)2-2.5 µm. PYCNIDIA: Solitary, scattered.
OCCURRENCE: Only on Lotus spp., causing stem and leaf spotting. Has been isolated from L. pedunculatus and L. tenuis Waldst. et Kit. ex. Willd.
Coloniae in agaro farinae atque in agaro maltoso per 7 dies, 20°c, 50-70 mm diam; mycelium aerium farinarium; hyphae breves, erectae, griseae vel suffusiae; humila fibrae composita; superficie agari obscure-grisea. Pycnidia dilute vel obscure brunnea, submersa vel superficialia, solitaria, uniostiolata, globosa, 100-250 µm diam. Conidia hyalina, simplicia, cylindrica, eguttulata, 4-9 x 1.5-2.5 µm.
NOTE: P. lotivora has been compared with the European Lotus pathogen, Phoma loticola Died., by Dr G. H. Boerema (pers. comm.). The two species are distinct in both cultural appearance and conidial dimensions. The New Zealand species has cylindrical Conidia whereas those of the P. loticola isotype, preserved in the Swedish Museum of Natural History, are irregular-elliptical with dimensions of 5-7(-12) x 2-2.5(-3.5) µm.
Holotypus: PDD 40427 (PDDCC 6884) ex Lotus pedunculatus Cav.
Phoma macrostoma Mont. 1849 var. macrostoma
REPRESENTATIVE CULTURES: PDDCC 6603, 6803.
COLONY MORPHOLOGY OA: Colonies 50-70 mm diam. after 7 days. Mycelium; cottony to stringy, white or olivaceous with a red tinge. Numerous pycnidia on agar surface, often with buff coloured conidial slime. Reverse; bright yellow or red. ME: Colonies 40-50 mm. Mycelium; cottony, grey, olivaceous, or reddish; concentric bands of pycnidia forming at edge of colony. Reverse; rust coloured. CHLAMYDOSPORES: None. CONIDIA: Variable in shape, often irregular, occasionally 1-septate. (4.5-)6-9(-12) x (2-)2.5-3.5(-4) µm. PYCNIDIA- Often with several ostioles, solitary or aggregated into groups of 5-10 with adjacent pycnidia having confluent walls.
OCCURRENCE: Plurivorous saprophyte or weak wound parasite, more commonly found on woody plants.
Phoma macrostoma var. incolorata (A.S. Horne) Boerema & Dorenb. 1970
REPRESENTATIVE CULTURES: PDDCC 6628, 6629, 6814.
COLONY MORPHOLOGY OA: Colonies 40-70 mm diam. after 7 days. Mycelium; sparse, cottony or stringy, white to pale grey; numerous pycnidia with orange conidial ooze scattered over colony surface and often forming a densely aggregated band half-way between centre and edge of colony. Reverse; pale grey or colourless. ME: Colonies 30-60 mm. Mycelium; sparse, white to pale grey or pale olivaceous, pycnidia scattered, over whole colony, often with a more closely grouped band at the colony edge. Reverse; colourless, pale olivaceous or yellow, pycnidia showing through as dark spots or as orange spots if oozing conidia. CHLAMYDOSPORES: None. CONIDIA: Variable in size and shape, occasionally 1-septate. (5-)6-8(-11) x (2-)2.5-3.5(-4) µm. PYCNIDIA: Often with several ostioles, solitary or aggregated into groups with adjacent pycnidia having confluent walls.
OCCURRENCE: Common and plurivorous. Saprophyte or weak wound parasite.
Phoma medicaginis Malbr. & Roum. 1886
REPRESENTATIVE CULTURES: PDDCC 6631, 6632.
COLONY MORPHOLOGY OA: Colonies 40-60 mm diam. after 7 days. Mycelium; sparse, cottony, olivaceous or sometimes grey at the centre, yellowish at the edge. Dark agar surface shows through the mycelium. Reverse; grey. ME: Colonies 40-60 mm. Mycelium; sparse to dense, cottony, olivaceous to green-olivaceous, dark agar surface visible. Reverse; dark olivaceous to black with a narrow white border. White crystals form in the agar. The amount and rate of crystal formation varies between isolates and in some, none may have formed after 11 days growth. CHLAMYDOSPORES: Sparse, single or in short chains, often taking several weeks to appear. CONIDIA: Variable in shape and size, unicellular or 1-septate with the degree of septation varying between isolates. (5-)5.5-8(-13) x (1.5-)2.5-3.5(-5) µm. PYCNIDIA: Solitary or aggregated in groups of 2-10 with adjacent pycnidia having confluent walls.
OCCURRENCE: Common, causes leaf spotting and stem blackening of many legumes, especially Medicago sativa.
NOTE: P. medicaginis var. pinodella (L.K. Jones) Boerema, which causes stem-rot of Pisum sativum L. and Trifolium pratense L., may sometimes be found incidently on, and successfully inoculated into, other legumes including Medicago sativa. This species always produces numerous chlamydospores and shows abundant crystal formation after 1 week's growth (Boerema et al. 1965).
Phoma paspali P.R. Johnst. 1981
REPRESENTATIVE CULTURES: PDDCC 6614, 6615, 6819.

Colonies on oatmeal agar and malt extract agar more than 90 mm diam. in 7 days at 20°c; aerial mycelium cottony, grey; hyphae erect, long, reaching the lid of the petri dish. Pycnidia light to dark brown, immersed to superficial, solitary to gregarious, 120-250 µm diam. Conidia hyaline, unicellular, oblong-elliptic, egguttulate, 6.5-11 x 3-4 µm.

COLONY MORPHOLOGY OA and ME: Colonies 70-90+ mm diam. after 7 days. Mycelium; grey, cottony, with long hyphae reaching the lid of and completely filling the petri dish. Reverse; dark grey or black. CHLAMYDOSPORES: None. CONIDIA: Uniform in shape, oblong with rounded ends. 6.5-9(-11) x 3-4 µm. PYCNIDIA: Solitary, dark walled with a single ostiole.

OCCURRENCE: Saprophyte or weak wound parasite. Has been isolated from Lolium perenne, Paspalum dilatatum, Dactylis glomerata L., and soil.
Coloniae in agaro farinae avenae atque in agaro maltoso per 7 dies, 20°C, magisquam 90 mm diam; mycelium aerium foccosum, hyphae erectae, praelongae, griseae operculum patina petri attmgentes. Pycnidia dilute vel obscure brunnea, submersa vel superficialia, solitaria vel gregaria, 120-250 µm diam. Conidia hyalina, simplicia, oblonga vel ellipsoidea, eguttulata, 6.5-11 x 3-4 µm.
NOTE: An Ascochyta sp., possibly A. graminea (Sacc.) Sprague et Johnson, is similar to P. paspali in cultural appearance; however, its conidia are always 1-septate and it has a slower growth rate (40-60 mm in 7 days).
Holotypus: PDD 39975 (PDDCC 6614) ex Paspalum dilatatum Polr.
Phoma plurivora P.R. Johnst. 1981
REPRESENTATIVE CULTURES: PDDCC 6612, 6613, 6873,6875.

Colonies on oatmeal agar and malt extract agar 40-50 mm diam. in 7 days at 20°C; aerial mycelium in tufts, grey-olivaceous to dark olivaceous. Pycnidia brown to black, immersed, superficial or produced in the aerial mycelium, solitary to gregarious, globose, 110-280 µm diam.; with 1-many, cylindrical, 30-35 µm -long ostioles. Conidia hyaline, unicellular, oblong to elliptic, biguttulate, 3.5-7 x 1.5-3 µm.

COLONY MORPHOLOGY OA: Colonies 45-55 min diam. after 7 days. Mycelium; cottony, in numerous, small tufts, pale to dark grey or olivaceous at centre of colony, white at edge. Reverse; dark grey middle, saffron outside. ME: Colonies 35-45 mm. Mycelium; cottony, fine, often sparse, aggregated into small, scattered tufts, light to dark olivaceous at the centre of the colony, pale at tips of the tufts, broad, white marginal band. A ring with numerous pycnidia and no aerial mycelium may form halfway between centre and edge of colony. Reverse; olivaceous centre, amber edge. CHLAMYDOSPORES: None, but numerous, pale brown, thin-walled swollen cells, which develop into pycnidia, form in the aerial mycelium. CONIDIA: Uniform in shape, oblong with rounded ends, often with a large vacuole at each end. (3.5-) 5-7 x (1.5-)2-3 µm. PYCNIDIA: Often with more than one ostiole, solitary or in groups of 2-3 with confluent walls, with prominent ostiolar beaks, 30-35 µm long.

OCCURRENCE: Common as a saprophyte or weak wound parasite. Has been isolated from Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov., Setaria sp., Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, Medicago spp., as well as Acacia sp., Actinidia chinensis, Capsicum annum L., Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang., Vitis vinifera L., Macadamia sp.
Coloniae in agaro farinae avenae atque in agaro maltoso per 7 dies, 20°C, 40-50 mm diam; mycelium aerium cristatum, glaucesceus vel olivaceus. Pycnidia brunnea vel nigra; submersa, superficialia vel aeria, solitaria vel gregaria, globosa, 110-280 µm diam; uni- vel multi-papillose, papillus cylindricus 30-35 µm. Conidia hyalina, simplicia, oblonga vel ellipsoidea, biguttulata, 3.5-7 x 1.5-3.5 µm.
Holotypus: PDD 40397 (PDDCC 6873) ex Setaria sp.
Phoma pomorum Thüm. 1879 [1878]
REPRESENTATIVE CULTURES: PDDCC 6633, 6634.
COLONY MORPHOLOGY OA: Colonies 55-75 mm diam. after 7 days. Mycelium: cottony, dense with an uneven, tufted surface, pale to dark olivaceous at centre, white at edge. Reverse; grey or saffron. ME: Colonies 64-70 mm. Mycelium; dense, cottony, even in height; dark, occasionally pale, olivaceous. Reverse; dark olivaceous. CHLAMYDOSPORES: Solitary or in long chains or as dictyochlamydospores. They may take several weeks to appear and the number present varies between isolates. CONIDIA: Uniform in shape, oblong with rounded ends. (4.5-)5.5-8(-11) x 2-3(-4.5) µm.
OCCURRENCE: Plurivorous saprophyte.
Phoma sp. sensu P.R. Johnst. 1981
REPRESENTATIVE CULTURE: PDDCC 6818.
COLONY MORPHOLOGY OA: Colonies 15-25 mm diam. after 7 days. Mycelium; cottony, short, white to pale grey; agar surface convoluted, dark grey. Reverse; grey, occasionally yellow. ME: Colonies 15-25 mm. Mycelium; sparse, cottony, grey; agar surface convoluted, dark grey, covered with numerous, small pycnidia. Reverse; grey. CHLAMYDOSPORES: None. CONIDIA: Very small, oblong to rod-shaped with rounded ends. (3-)3.5-4.5 x 1-1.5 µm. PYCNIDIA: Closely grouped but walls of adjacent pycnidia not joined. Small (74-100 µm diam.) with thin, pale brown walls.
OCCURRENCE: Isolated from Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata, and soil. No pathogenicity tests were carried out, but this species is most commonly isolated from dried leaf tissue and is probably saprophytic.

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