Leaves junceous; sheaths somewhat indurated, stramineous, remaining straight on drying; blade up to 60 cm long (occasionally longer), c. 1 mm in diameter, very rigid, pungent, stramineous; abaxial sclerenchyma continuous; silica cells ± round; inflorescence rather small, lax, panicle branches and pedicels pilose; spikelets 4-5 - flowered; lemmas densely hairy on back, lobes acute scarcely subulate; awn base flattened and twisted.

Folia juncea; vaginae paullo induratae, stramineae, siccitate rigidae; lamina usque ad 60 cm longa (interdum longior), c. 1 mm diametro, perrigida, pungens, straminea, lurido-viridis; sderenchyma abaxiale continuum; siliceae cellulae ± rotundae; inflorescentia parvula laxa; paniculae ramuli pedicellique pilosi; spiculae 4-5 - florae; lemmata dorso dense pilosa, lobis acutis paullo subulatis; arista infra complanata tortaque.

Leaf sheath at maturity curving outwards finally becoming fibrous; blades long, tapering, silica cells round; microhairs 180-240mcm long, filamentous, 3-4 - celled; culms 30-60 cm long; panicles contracted; spikelets 3-4 cm long, 4-6 flowered; lemma hairy on back; lateral lobes of lemma attenuated into long filaments; middle awn spirally twisted at base.

Matura folii vagina primo extrorsus curvata, denique fibrata; laminae longae, attenuatae, cellulae siliceae rotundae; microtriches 180-240mcm, longae, filamentosae, 3-4 - cellulis; culmi 30-60 cm longi; paniculae coarc-tatae; spiculae 3-4 cm longae, 4-6 - florae; lemma dorso pilosum; laterales lemmatis lobi in longa filamenta attenuati; arista media basi spiraliter torta.

Plant 100-150 cm tall; leaf sheath dull, chestnut brown, often rough hairy; blade to 100cm long, tapering, very scabrid above; abaxial sclerenchyma discontinuous; epidermal silica cells dumb-bell shaped; panicle lax with branches naked below; spikelets mostly 4-5-flowered, lemma hairy on back; awn with flat and twisted basal part.

Gramen 100-150 cm altum; folii vagina parum nitida, castanea, saepe hirta; lamina usque ad 100 cm longa, attenuata, supra scaberrima; schlerenchyma abaxiale interruptum; siliceae epidermidis cellulae halteriformes; panicula laxa ramulis infra nudis; spiculae plerumque 4-5 - florae; lemma dorso pilosum; arista infra complanata tortaque.

Plant 80-150 cm tall; basal leaf sheath yellow to orange coloured, indurated, flattening, coiling inwards and repeatedly breaking transversely on drying; leaf blade 50—100 cm long, c. 10 mm wide, ± flat, tapering, margins rather thick, adaxial surface glabrous; abaxial sclerenchyma ± continuous, silica cells ± round; panicle rather large, lax, branches barren in lower parts; spikelets 4-6-flowered; lemma hairy on back; awn basal part flattened and twisted.

Gramen 80-150 cm altum; infimi folii vagina citrina vel lutea, indurata, siccitate sensim complanata, introrsum convoluta et saepissime transverse fracta; lamina 50-100 cm longa, c. 10 mm lata, ± plana, attenuata, marginibus crassioribus, superficie adaxiali glabra; schlerenchyma abaxiale ± continuum; cellulae siliceae rotundae; panicula maior, laxa, ramuli infra steriles; spiculae 4—6-florae; lemma dorso pilosum; arista infra complanata tortaque.

Plants 1-2 m tall; leaves ± flat, long, tapering, abaxial sclerenchyma discontinuous; chlorenchyma next to epidermis; silica cells dumbbell shaped; panicle branches bearing spikelets along whole length; spikelets 4-6-flowered; lemma sparsely hairy along middle of back; awn bent at base, without flattened basal part.

Gramen 1-2 m altum; folia ± plana, longa, attenuata, schlerenchymate abaxiali interrupto; chlorenchyma juxta epidermidem; siliceae cellulae halteriformes; paniculae ramuli spiculas per totam longitudinem gerentes; spiculae 4-6 - florae; lemma sparse pilosum per medium dorsum; arista basi geniculata, infra non complanata.

Leaves junceous; sheath somewhat indurated, straight, ± brown, remaining straight on drying; blade up to 60 cm long, c. 1 mm diameter, very rigid, pungent, tinted reddish brown; abaxial sclerenchyma continuous; silica cells ± round; inflorescence rather small, lax, branches and pedicels ± smooth, spikelets 4-6 - flowered; lemmas sparsely hairy on back, lobes acute scarcely subulate; awn base flattened and twisted.

Folia juncea; vagina paullo indurata, recta, ± brunnea, siccitate rigida; lamina usque ad 60 cm longa, c. 1 mm diametro, perrigida, pungens, rubro-brunnea; sclerenchyma abaxiale continuum; siliceae cellulae ± rotundae ; inflorescentia parvula, laxa; ramuli pedicellique ± laeves; spiculae 4—6 - florae; lemmata dorso sparse pilosa, lobis acutis paene subulatis; arista infra complanata tortaque.

Plant 80-150 cm tall; basal leaf sheath straw coloured to ± purple, remaining more or less compressed and straight on drying; leaf lade 50-100 cm long, rather strict, narrow, ± V-shaped in transverse section, margins rather thin, glabrous; abaxial sclerenchyma of blade ± continuous; silica cells ± round; panicle rather small; spikelets 4-6-flowered; lemma hairy on back; awn basal part flattened and twisted.

Gramen 80-150 cm altum; infimi folii vagina straminea vel ± purpurea, siccitate plus minusve compressa rigidaque; lamina 50-100 cm longa, strictior, angusta, V-formis in sectione transversa, marginibus tenuioribus, glabris; laminae schlerenchyma abaxiale ± continuum; cellulae siliceae rorundae; panicula parvula; spiculae 4—6-florae; lemma dorso pilosum; arista infra complanata toraque.

Plant 1-2 m tall; leaves rather rigid ± striate; often ± red tinted; leaf base ± dark chestnut brown, shining; blade crescent shape in transverse section, readily splitting on being laid flat. Panicle lax; branches barren in lower parts, spikelets mostly 4— 5-flowered, lemma hairy on back, awn flattened and twisted in lower part.

Gramen 1—2 m altum; folia rigidiora ± striata, saepe ± rubella, basi -t fusco-castanea vel nitida; lamina lunata in sectione transversa, facile fissilis quandocunque strata; panicula laxa; ramuli infra nudi; spiculae plerumque 4—5-florae; lemma dorso pilosum; arista infra complanata tortaque.

Leaves junceous; sheath ± chartaceous, straw-coloured, flattening, coiling inwards and readily breaking transversely on drying; blade up to 60 cm long, c. 1 mm in diameter narrowing distally to a pungent tip; abaxial sclerenchyma ± continuous; silica cells ± round; inflorescence rather small, lax, branches and pedicels ± smooth; spikelets 4-6 - flowered; lemma hairy on back, lobes subulate; basal part of awn flattened and twisted.

Folia juncea; vagina ± chartacea, straminea, siccitate senslm complanata, introrsum convoluta, facile transverse fracta; lamina usque ad 60 cm longa, c. 1 mm diametro, ad extremum attenuata in pungentem apicem; schlerenchyma abaxiale ± continuum; siliceae cellulae ± rotundae; inflorescentia parvula, laxa; ramuli pedicellique ± laeves; spiculae 4-6- florae; lemma dorso pilosum; lobis subulatis; arista infra complanata tortaque.

Plants mostly coarse, forming tussocks 20 cm to 2-5 m tall. Leaves mostly deeply grooved with microhairs at the bottom of grooves; silica cells mostly round, occasionally dumb-bell shaped; spikelets several-flowered; lemma mostly 7—9 - nerved, distinctly lobed; awn a conspicuous prolongation of middle nerve, mostly bent or twisted at base; grain small, narrow; hilum linear, about half the length of grain; flowers hermaphrodite; lodicules 2, ± asymmetrically Ungulate, long ciliate; stamens 3; styles 2; caryopsis free, 3-4 mm long, narrow oblong, glabrous, embryo 1/3 to ½ length of caryopsis.

Gramen plerumque durum, perenne, dense caespitosum, 20 cm usque ad 2-5 m altum; folia plerumque profunde sulcata, microtrichibus in sulcis imis; cellulae siliceae plerumque rotundae, interdum halteriformes; spiculae pluriflorae; lemma plerumque 7-9 - nerve, distincte lobatum; arista manifeste e medio nervo producta, basi saepissime torta geniculataque; caryopsis parva, angusta; hilum lineare ca. dimidio caryopse brevius; flores hermaphroditi; lodiculae 2, ± asymmetrice lingulatae, longe ciliatae; stamina 3, styli 2; caryopsis libera, 3—4 mm longa, angusto-oblonga, glabra; embryo tertia pars vel dimidium caryopsis.

Plants 4-6 m tall forming dense tussocks; leaf blades ± flat, tapering, up to 3 m long, with several costae prominent, very scabrid in upper part; epidermal silica cells mostly ± round; panicles 60-100 cm long, rather rigid, dense, plumose; glumes 20-35 mm long, lemma awns included; lateral lemma lobes 3-7 mm long.

Gramen perenne, 4-6 m altum, habitu dense caespitosum; f oliorum laminae ± planae, attenuatae, ad 3 m longae, plerisque costis prominentibus, in parte superiore scaberrimae; siliceae epidermidis cellulae plerumque rotundae; paniculae 60-100 cm longae, rigidiores, densae, plumosae; glumae 20-35 mm longae, inclusis lemmatis aristis; laterales lemmatis lobi 3-7 mm longi.

Plants fine tufted perennial less than 20cm tall; ligule ciliar; leaves flat to folded ± bristle-like; silica cells dumb-bell shaped; spikelets 3-5-flowered; glumes ovate-lanceolate to ovate, longer or shorter than spikelets; rachilla internodes 1/3 to ½ as long as lemmas; lemmas minutely 3-toothed, glabrous or with ± scattered hairs; callus ± flattened longitudinally; palea without long hairs; lodicules ± truncate, glabrous; hilum basal, round; embryo 1/3 to ½ as long as caryopsis.

Gramen tenue caespitosum perenne minus 20 cm altum; ligula ciliaris; folia plana vel plicata, ± setacea; cellulae siliceae halteriformes; spiculae 3-5-florae; glumae ovato-lanceolatae vel ovatae, spiculis longiores vel breviores; rhachillae internodia tertia pars vel dimidium lemmatum; lemmata minute tridentata, glabra vel pilis ± sparsis; callus ± longitudine complanatus; palea sine ullis pilis longis; lodiculae ± truncatae, glabrae; hilum basale, rotundum; embryo tertia pars vel dimidium caryopsis longitudine.

Leaf blade rather narrow, folded ± terete, glabrous to sparsely short hairy; glumes c. 10 mm long with rose-purple lateral stripes; upper transverse series of long hairs shorter than lateral lobes; lower series distinct.

Folii lamina angustior, plicata, ± teres, glabra vel sparse minuteque pubescens; glumae c. 10 mm longae virgis rubro-purpureis lateralibus; superior transversa series pilorum longorum lateralibus lobis brevior; series inferior distincta.

Plant 30-60 cm tall; leaf blades mostly 6-12 cm long, 3-4 mm wide; panicle contracted, ± clavate-lanceolate; upper transverse series of long hairs of lemma reduced to two lateral tufts only; lower series continuous, lemma glabrous otherwise.

Gramen 30-60 cm altum; foliorum laminae plerumque 6-12 cm longae, 3—4 mm latae; panicula compressa, ± clavato-lanceolata; superior transversa series longorum lemmatis pilorum ad duos laterales penicillos reducta; inferior series continua; lemma cetera glabrum.

Plant up to 20cm tall, ± geniculate; leaves ± stiffly hairy; sheath marked with dark purple; blade divergent from distinct collar; spikelets few; glumes ovate-lanceolate with dark dorsal stripe, lower 7-9- nerved, upper 5-7-nerved; lemma 9-nerved, with dense transverse series of long hairs; awn c. 5 mm long; palea broad (space between nerves c. ¼ of palea length).

Gramen ad 20 cm altum, ± geniculatum; folia ± setosa; vagina fuse is maculis ourourata: lamina a consDicuo collari extrorsus tendens; spiculae paucae; glumae ovato-lanceolatae, fusca virga in dorso, inferiores 7-9-nerves, superiores 5-7-nerves; lemma 9-nerve, densa transversa serie pilorum longorum; arista c. 5 mm longa; palea lata (nervis inter se distantibus quartam partem paleae).

Plant 10-20 cm tall; culms ±-_ geniculate; leaf blades ± permanently folded, short, spreading; glumes c. 6mm long, ovate-lanceolate; lemma with 2 transverse series of long hairs, awn c. 3 mm long ± twisted at base.

Gramen 10-20 cm altum; culmi ± geniculati; laminae ± in perpetuum plicatae, breves, patentes; glumae c. 6 mm longae, ovato-lanceolatae; lemma cum duabus transversis seriebus longorum pilorum, arista ± 3 mm longa, ± ad basim torta.

Plant robust, 40-80 cm tall, strict; leaf blades 15-20 cm long, 2—4 mm wide, flat, folded in bud; panicle narrow ± congested; glumes 15-20 mm long; upper transverse series of long hairs reduced to two lateral tufts and two tufts below awn.

Gramen robustum, 40-80 cm altum, strictum; foliorum laminae 15-20 cm longae, 2-4 mm latae, planae, in gemmis plicatae; panicula angusta ± congesta; glumae 15-20 mm longae; superior transversa series longorum, pilorum ad duos laterales penicillos duosque infra aristam reducta.

Leaves with collar ± distinct; blades rather dark green. Lemma hairs of the upper transverse series equalling lemma lobes (up to 6 mm long); anthers c. 1.5 mm long.

Folia cum collari ± conspicuo; laminae ± obscurovirides; lemmatis pili in superiore transversa serie cum lemmatis lobis aequilongi (ad 6 mm longi); antherae c. 1.5 mm longae.

Plants moderately fine, tufted perennial, mostly less than 80 cm tall; ligule ciliar; leaflets mostly flat to folded, linear, mostly with two or more series of ± developed motor cells; silica cells dumb-bell shaped; inflorescence a panicle; spikelets 4-8 - flowered; glumes ± completely enclosing florets; lemmas conspicuously lobed; middle nerve prolonged into conspicuous awn with flattened and twisted base; long lemma hairs mostly in tufts in one or two ± complete transverse series; callus ± flattened, edges barbate; flowers hermaphrodite (cleistogens not known); lodicules 2, ± truncate, long ciliate; stamens 3; styles 2; caryopsis free, 2-3 mm long ± pyriform; embryo 1/3 to ½ the length of grain; hilum basal, round to somewhat elliptic.

Gramen tenuius, caespitosum, perenne, plerumque minus 80 cm altum; ligula ciliaris; foliola plerumque plana vel plicata, linearia, plerumque duabus vel pluribus seriebus cellularum bulliformium ± maturarum; cellulae siliceae halteriformes; inflorescentia paniculata; spiculae 4—8 - florae; glumae ± omnino flores amplectentes; lemmatum lobi conspicui; medius nervus in conspicuam aristam productus complanatam basi tortamque; lemma longum, pili plerumque penicillatim dissiti in 1- vel 2- ± completis transversis seriebus; callus ± complanatus, marginibus barbatis; flores hermaphroditi (cleistogenia numquam visa); lodiculae 2, ± truncatae, longe ciliatae; stamina 3; styli 2; caryopsis libera, 2-3 mm longa, ± pyriformis; embryo tertia pars vel dimidium caryopsis longitudine; hilum basale, rotundum vel paulo ellipticum.

Plant up to 3 cm high, mat forming rhizomatous; leaves folded, silica cells round to dumb-bell shaped; panicle of 1-2 spikelets; spikelets ovoid, 2-3-flowered; glumes ovate ± completely encasing the spikelet, 7-9-nerved, glabrous, ± coriaceous; lemmas ± ovate, minutely 3-toothed, coriaceous, 9-nerved, short pilose; lodicules 2, ± truncate, ciliate; stamens 3, anthers red; styles 2; fruit a nut; hilum basal, round spot; embryo 1/3 to ½ length of grain.

Gramen ad 3 cm altum, tegetem formans densam, rhizomatosum; folia plicata, cellulae siliceae rotundae vel halteriformes; panicula 1-2- spiculis; spiculae ovoideae, 2-3-florae; glumae ovatae ± omnino spiculam amplectentes, 7-9-nerves., glabrae, ± coriaceae; lemmata ± ovata, minute tridentata coriacea, 9-nervia, breve pilosa; lodiculae 2, ± truncatae ciliatae; stamina 3, antherae rubrae: styli 2; fructus nuciformis; hilum basale, rotundum; embryo tertia pas vel dimidium caryopsis longitudine.