ADDITIONAL SPECIMENS EXAMINED.- NEW ZEALAND. NORTH ISLAND: Gisborne, Urewera National Park, Lake Waikaremoana, Black Beech Track, on bark, 22 May 1981, G.J.S. et al. (PDD 46793, culture G.J.S. 81-264 = CBS 472.97; EMBL X93968). SOUTH ISLAND. Westland, Totara Flats, [substratum unknown], 1955, J. M. Dingley 585 (culture only, ICMP 1694; EMBL X93967); Totara Flat, Glandville [sic] Forest, on Nothofagus fusca, 27 Apr. 1955, J. M. Dingley s. n. (specimen only, PDD 14446); Glandville [sic] Forest, on Nothofagus fusca, 27 Apr. 1955, J. M. Dingley s.n. (specimen only, PDD 14448).

Anamorph: Trichoderma sp.
Stromata in vivo solitary, discrete, circular to irregular in outline and then with a lobed margin, (n = 23) (1.2-)2.0-4.7(-6.7) mm diam, ca. l mm high, centrally attached with margins free, surface plane to slightly wrinkled, perithecia not evident, ostiolar openings appearing as black dots against a dark brown background; surface dark brown, not changing color in KOH; internal tissue white, not reacting to 3% KOH; perithecial wall colorless, becoming pale reddish or not reacting to KOH. Stroma surface a to 30 µm thick crust, formed of short-celled (3-7 µm diam), densely intertwined, pigmented hyphae with walls to 1.5 µm thick, not reacting to lactic acid, a surface layer of amorphous material present. Tissue immediately below the stromal surface and between the perithecia consisting of loosely interwoven, 3-6 µm wide, thin-walled hyphae. Internal tissue of stroma below the perithecia consisting of pseudoparenchymatous cells to 10 µm diam intermixed with long hyphal elements 5-7 µm wide and with walls ca. 1 µm thick. Perithecia crowded, ellipsoidal, (n = 60) (154-)184-252(-276) µm high, (81-)102-156(-192) µm wide, ostiolar canal (63-)68-90(-114) µm long. Asci cylindrical, (n = 60) (58)65-81(-94) x (3.2)4.5-5.7) µm, part-ascospores uniseriate, ascal apex slightly thickened and with a pore. Part-ascospores monomorphic and globose to subglobose, (n = 60) (2.0-)2.5-3.5(-4.5) µm diam, hyaline, warted.
Not growing at 35°C or higher on SNA. Colonies on SNA nearly invisible and sterile. On PDA conidia forming in a central disc, Greyish Green (28135) or a narrow ring around the center, with sterile white cottony aerial mycelium elsewhere. A pale yellow pigment sometimes forming at 20 and 25°C, otherwise no pigment observed. Conidia forming sparsely or richly on CMD, depending on the strain, tending to be heaviest at the margin. Conidiophores arising along aerial hyphae with no tendency to form tufts. Fertile axes lacking a plumose aspect, much branched and rebranched with phialides held in divergent whorls at the ends of branches, although solitary phialides are not uncommon, the tendency for phialides to be held in whorls is marked. Intercalaryphialides infrequent. Branching systems sometimes terminating in short, sterile elongations. Phialides straight, cylindrical or more or less enlarged in the middle and sometimes conspicuously squat, (n = 91) (3.7-)5.5-9.7(-15.0) µm long, (2.2-) 2.7-3.5(-4.2) µm at the widest point, (1.0-)1.5-2.5 (-3.7) µm at base, (ratio of length/widest point = 3.3 ± 2.3) straight with no tendency to be hooked or sinuous; subtending hyphae under the phialides (2.0-)2.5-4.0(-7.7) µm wide. Conidia on CMD oblong to ellipsoidal, (n = 91) (2.7-)3.2-4.5(-5.7) x 2.0-2.7(-3.0 µm (1/w = 2.0 ± 0.7). Chlamydospores few or absent, globose to subglobose, (n = 53) (1.0-)1.5-3.0(-4.0) µm diam, terminal.

KNOWN DISTRIBUTION.-New Zealand (North Island, Gisborne; South Island: Westland).

HABITAT.- Bark of Nothofagus and Weinmannia.

Hypocreae jecorinae Berk. & Br. similis, sed phialides saepe verticillatae raroque singulae, in agaro dicto 'PDA' rarissime pigmento exiguo flavido formato, eodemque in agaro temperatura 35°C coloniae lentius crescunt quam Hypocreae jecorinae, temperatura 40°C non crescentes. Anamorphosis Trichoderma sp. HOLOTYPUS.-PDD 46792 (BPI). Culture G.J.S. 81-265 = CBS 496.97; EMBL X93969).

ETYMOLOGY.- novaezelandiae in reference to the geographic source of the species.
NOTES.- Hypocrea novaezelandiae is readily distinguished from the other members of the H. schweinitzii complex in its relatively low optimum temperature for growth and its inability to grow on PDA at 40°C. Of the three Hypocrea species in this complex found in New Zealand, H. novaezelandiae is further distinguished by its shorter and narrower conidia and phialides (when measured on CMD) and also in having a somewhat larger length/width ratio for its conidia and phialides. The two other species known from New Zealand are H. pseudokoningii and H. orientalis. While the results of DNA and isozyme analysis argue for the separation of these three species from each other, as well as from the common species T. longibrachiatum and T. citrinoviride, the morphological differences are rather more subtle. This problem is further compounded by the fact that each of the New Zealand species is known by no more than three collections. Hypocrea novaezelandiae differs from H. jecorina in growing very slowly at temperatures above 25°C and in not growing at 40°C. The teleomorphs of the two species are morphologically indistinguishable.
The Trichoderma anamorph of H. novaezelandiae differs from that of H. jecorina in having a strong tendency for phialides to be held in whorls rather than to be held singly.
Although the culture ICMP 1694 (H. novaezelandiae) could not be linked unequivocally to any specimen in the PDD herbarium, the collecting data given for it match equally two of the specimens cited above, PDD 14446 and 14448, for which no cultures are designated. Given that the macromolecular data place ICMP 1694 in this species, we believe that ICMP 1694 was either derived from one of those Hypocrea specimens or from a Hypocrea collection that is indistinguishable from them. The small number of collections available for each of the New Zealand Hypocrea species that we have studied puts our morphological/cultural characterization and comparison on a less firm basis than for T. longibrachiatum and T. citrinoviride.

HOLOTYPE.-NEW ZEALAND. NORTH ISLAND: Gisborne, Urewera National Park, Lake Waikaremoana, Black Beech Track, on Weinmannia racemosa, 22 May 1981, G.J.S. et al. (PDD 46792, culture G.J.S. 81-265 = CBS 639.92; EMBL X93969).

ADDITIONAL SPECIMEN EXAMINED.-NEW ZEALAND. SOUTH ISLAND, WESTLAND: Hari Hari, Lower Pueora Valley, on Weinmannia racemosa, 5 Apr. 1963, J. M. Dingley (PDD 20988; culture: ICMP 5426; EMBL X93966).ADDITIONAL CULTURES EXAMINED.- INDIA. Locality unknown, from sugarcane bagasse, produces cellulase, xylanase, pectinase and J-glucosidase (see references in Jong et al., 1996) (ATCC 52326, EMBL Z48935). NEW ZEALAND. SOUTH ISLAND, WESTLAND: Glandville [sic] Forest, on Nothofagus, [?1963], J. M. Dingley # 9 (CBS 243.63; EMBL X93965). SIERRA LEONE. from soil, C. T. Pyne (CECT 2606, EMBL X93929). SOUTH AFRICA. Natal, substratum unknown, 6 Apr. 1990, (PPRI 3894, EMBL X93930).

Anamorph: Trichoderma sp.
Stromata in vivo solitary or clustered in groups of a few, discrete, circular in outline, (l.0-)1.2-2.5(-3.2) mm diam, broadly attached to the substratum but with edges free, surface plane to slightly wrinkled, perithecia not evident or appearing as low and broad tubercles, ostiolar openings appearing as black dots against a lighter brown background; surface brownish-gray (6F8) when dry and becoming more red-brown in KOH; internal tissue white, not reacting to KOH perithecial wall colorless and not reacting to KOH. Stroma surface a dense region of nonpigmented, 2-3 µm wide hyphae with walls ca. 0.5 µm thick, not reacting to lactic acid; the ostiolar region of the perithecium not anatomically differentiated from the surrounding stromal surface, green in lactic acid. Tissue immediately below the stromal surface and between perithecia in the stroma of loosely interwoven, thin-walled hyphae. Internal tissue of stroma below perithecia pseudoparenchymatous with many 2-4 µm wide, long-celled hyphae, cell walls <0.5 µm thick. Perithecia crowded, tending to be ellipsoidal, (171-)187-224(-243) µm high, (100-) 117-160(-182) µm wide, ostiolar canal (54-)65-85(-98) µm long. Asci cylindrical, (61.0-) 68.5-87(-94.5) x (3.5-)4.5-6.5(-7.5) µm, part-ascospores uniseriate, ascal apex slightly thickened and with a pore. Part-ascospores monomorphic and globose to subglobose, (3.0-)3.2-4.0(-4.2) µm diam, hyaline, warted.
On SNA conidia arising from the scant aerial mycelium and uniformly dispersed throughout the colony at 30-35°C, most conidia formed at 35°C. Colonies on PDA with aerial mycelium uniformly cottony at 25-35°C, less aerial mycelium at 25°C. Colonies sterile at 20 and 35°C; conidial production most intense at 30°C, forming in broad concentric rings, Dull Green (29D-E8). Yellow pigment, variable depending on the culture, absent, very pale, or increasing in intensity from 20°C (Greenish Yellow, lA-B8) through 25°C (Vivid Yellow, 2A8) to 35°C (Pastel Yellow-Pale Yellow, 2A4-5). Conidiophores on CMD tending to form along the aerial mycelium with only a slight tendency for conidia to develop in loosely formed, small, scattered tufts. Fertile axes having a plumose aspect with phialides arising singly at the tips for an average of 45 µm before the first major branch; increasingly longer secondary branches arising below. Secondary branches only weakly branched, mainly producing phialides singly along the length with little or no tendency to form whorls of phialides. Phialides on CMD (n =152) (5.0-)7.0-12.0 (-16.5) µm long, (2.0-)2.5-3.5(-4.5) µm at the widest point, (l.2-)2.0-2.7(-4.5) µm at the base, mostly straight, less frequently hooked or sinuous, not enlarged in the middle; subtending hyphae under the phialides (n = 152) (1.7-)2.2-2.7(-3.0) µm wide. Intercalary phialides common. Conidia (n = 152)(4.0-)5.0-7.2 (-10.5) x (2.0-)2.5-3.5(-5.2) µm (l/w ratio = 2.0 ± 0.5), oblong to ellipsoidal. Chlamydospores absent or abundant on CMD reverse, (n = 120) (4.5-)6.0 -8.7(-11.0) µm diam, globose to subglobose when terminal, conforming to the shape of the cell when intercalary.

KNOWN DISTRIBUTION.- The teleomorph of this species is known from one collection made in The People's Republic of China (Yunnan Prov.) and two from New Zealand. Anamorph strains were found in Sierra Leone and South Africa.

HABITAT.- On bark or decorticated wood.

Hypocreae schweinitzii similis, a qua specie propter conidia (4.0-)5.0-7.2(-10.5) x(2.0-)2.5-3.5(-5.2) µm phialidesque (5.0-)7.0-12.0(-16.5) µm longas, (2.0-)2.5-3.5(-4.5) µm latas differt. Coloniae radius in agaro dicto `PDA' 23 mm 64 horis elapsis. Anamorphosis Trichoderma sp.
HOLOTYPUS.- G.J.S. 88-81 (cultus siccus, BPI). Culture G.J.S. 88-81; EMBL X93964.

ETYMOLOGY.- orientalis, in reference to the eastern origin of most collections.
NOTES.- Hypocrea orientalis is part of a complex species that includes T. longibrachiatum. Although H. orientalis is phenotypically distinct from T. longibrachiatum in having larger conidia, the two are evidently genetically very close, differing in a maximum of 2 base-pairs in ITS-1 and 3 in ITS-2 (Kuhls, 1997; Kuhls et al., 1997).
Hypocrea orientalis is, itself, equally genetically complex. The isozyme banding patterns (Leuchtmann et al., 1996) group the New Zealand strains independently of the remaining strains. CECT 2606 was not included in the isozyme analysis, but that analysis did place PPRI 3894 and G.J.S. 88-81 close together and in an isolated position within a larger cluster that included T. longibrachiatum. Because of their geographic isolation, it was somewhat surprising that ITS1 and ITS2 sequences of CECT 2606 (Sierra Leone) were identical to those of G.J.S. 88-81 (People's Republic of China). ITS2 sequences of PPRI 3894 and CECT 2606 were identical, but the two differed slightly (1 bp) in their ITS1 sequences (Kuhls et al., 1997).
Hypocrea orientalis has much larger conidia and a much slower growth rate, especially at 40°C, than does T. longibrachiatum. While the production of yellow pigment is a hallmark of T. longibrachiatum, of the strains of H. orientalis, only G.J.S. 88-81 produced intense yellow pigment. We cannot rule out the possibility that the inability to produce pigment by the other strains is a response to their having been kept in culture collections. Intercalary phialides, while common, are not as common in H. orientalis as in T. longibrachiatum or H. jecorina. While there is obvious genetic and phenotypic similarity of H. orientalis and T. longibrachiatum, the differences are great enough for us to distinguish the two as separate species. However, H. orientalis is the closest teleomorph that we have found to T. longibrachiatum.
In morphological terms there is little to separate any of the strains included in H. orientalis. The strain CBS 243.63 was said to have been isolated from ascospores of H. schweinitzii (CBS List of Cultures 1996) and this is Bissett's (1991c) concept of H. schweinitzii. Unfortunately, we were not able to unequivocally locate a specimen from which this culture was isolated (PDD, Sheffield, CBS). However morphological, isozyme and nucleic acid characters leave no doubt that CBS 243.63 represents this species. Hypocrea orientalis and H. jecorina are distinguished from other Hypocrea species in this complex in having a light brown stroma, as opposed to very dark brown to nearly black stroma of H. schweinitzii and H. novaezelandiae. Like H. jecorina, the originally black ostiolar openings of H. orientalis become green when reacted with lactic acid. Hypocrea jecorina and H. orientalis cannot be separated from each other on the basis of characters of their teleomorphs; the species differences are manifested in their anamorphs and cultural characters.

HOLOTYPE.- PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. Yunnan Prov.: Nature Preserve at 53 km mark on road from Mungyang to Xisshuangbanna Botanical Garden, on stump at burn site, 24 Oct. 1988, R. P. Korf (BPI, G.J.S. culture 88-81; EMBL X93964).

ADDITIONAL TELEOMORPH SPECIMENS EXAMINED. - NEW ZEALAND. NORTH ISLAND, GISBORNE: Urewera National Park, Lake Waikaremoana, Black Beech Track, on bark of Beilschmiedia tawa, 22 May 1981, G.J.S. et al. (PDD 46795, BPI; culture G.J.S. 81-300 = CBS 432.97, EMBL X93971). SOUTH ISLAND, NELSON: Nelson, Dun St. Walkway, on decorticated wood of Leptospermum sp., 20 Apr. 1983, G.J.S. et al. (PDD 46456, BPI; culture G.J.S. 83-257 = CBS 583.92, EMBL X93970). SOUTH ISLAND, WESTLAND: Harihari, Lower Pueora Valley, on bark of Dacrydium (Dacryocarpus) cupressinum, 5 Apr. 1963, J. M. Dingley s.n. (PDD 23871, ICMP 5421, EMBL X93972).
ANAMORPH CULTURES EXAMINED.- AUSTRALIA. Locality unknown, from soil under Pinus radiata, date unknown, J. Warcup A295/1 (as T. hamatum, ATCC 18646, EMBL X93985). SRI LANKA. locality unknown, from soil, J. Webster (as T. koningii, CBS 187.68 = ATCC 81649). UNITED STATES. NEW HAMPSHIRE: White Mountain National Forest, isolated from the forest floor, mixed woods, date unknown, D. S. Abrahamson #12 (as T. longibrachiatum, DAOM 210151, EMBL Z82908).

Anamorph: Trichoderma pseudokoningii Rifai, Mycol. Pap. 116: 45. 1969.
Stromata in vivo discrete, scattered or cespitose, circular to irregular in outline and margin tending to be lobed, (n = 84) (1.0-)1.5-4.2(-10.0) mm diam, 1-2 mm high, centrally attached to the substratum with margins free, surface plane to slightly convex, at most slightly wrinkled, perithecia not evident, ostiolar openings not visible or barely visible and appearing as black dots against the darker background, dark brown to nearly black or black when dry, not reacting to KOH; internal tissue white, not reacting to KOH; perithecial wall colorless, becoming reddish in KOH. Stroma surface a 15-25 µm thick crust, formed of short-celled (3-5 µm), densely intertwined, pigmented hyphae with walls ca. 0.5 µm wide, turning olivaceous in lactic acid; the ostiolar region of the perithecium not anatomically differentiated from the surrounding stromal surface; a layer of amorphous scurf on stromal surface. Tissue immediately below stromal surface of densely intertwined, much branched, 3-4 µm wide hyphae with walls < 0.5 µm thick. Internal tissue below perithecia of densely intertwined, 4-7 µm wide, septate, thin-walled hyphae. Perithecia crowded, tending to be ellipsoidal, (n 97) (170-)194-246(-286) µm high, (106-)131-173 (-214) µm wide, ostiolar canal (49-)66-86(-100) µm long. Asci cylindrical, (n = 118) (53-)61-81(-102) x (3.2-)4.0-6.0(-7.2) µm, part-ascospores uniseriate, ascal apex thickened and with a pore. Part-ascospores monomorphic subglobose to ellipsoidal, (n = 118) (2.7-)3.5-5.2(-4.5) x (2.2-)3.0-3.5(-2.5) µm, hyaline, warted.
Colonies on SNA sterile or with conidia dispersed in the scant aerial mycelium in at most two concentric bands. Colonies on PDA tending to produce abundant cottony, white aerial mycelium and few conidia. Conidial production best at 30-35°C with conidia tending to form in the aerial mycelium of one narrow ring, with at most a slight tendency to aggregate; conidia Greyish Green to Deep Green (27-28C-E5-8); a pale yellow pigment sometimes diffusing through the agar, depending on the culture. On CMD conidiophores arising from along aerial hyphae or in minute, ill-defined, cottony tufts; in concentric rings or in a broad band around the margin. Fertile axes tending to have a plumose aspect with phialides arising singly over an average distance of 40 µm; primary branches producing solitary phialides as well as secondary branches, each of which terminates in 1-4 phialides in a divergent whorl, the further from the tip of the fertile axis, the more richly branched and the longer the primary branch. Phialides cylindrical to slightly enlarged in the middle when solitary, tending to be enlarged in the middle when arranged in whorls, (n = 208) (4.2-)6.0-10.0(-14.0) µm long, (2.0-)2.5-3.5(-4.5) µm at the widest point, (1.0-)1.5-2.5(-3.7) µm at base, straight with no tendency to be hooked or sinuous; subtending hyphae under the phialides (1.7-) 1.5-2.5(-4.2) µm wide. Intercalary phialides present but not abundant. Conidia oblong, (n = 208) (2.7-)3.5-5.5(-9.7) x (1.7-)2.2-3.0(-5.0) µm, smooth. Chlamydospores globose to subglobose, (n = 161) (3.8-)5.0-8.5(-16.5) µm diam, terminal or rarely intercalary, abundant or not.

KNOWN DISTRIBUTION.- The teleomorph is known only from Australia and New Zealand. The anamorph has been isolated from Australia, the United States (New Hampshire), and Sri Lanka.

HABITAT.- Teleomorph found on bark and decorticated wood of dicotyledonous and gymnospermous trees. Anamorph found as a soil fungus.

Hypocreae schweinitzii similis, sed majoribus conidiis, (2.7-)3.5-5.5(-9.7) x (1.7-)2.2-3.0(-5.0) µm coloniisque temperatura 35 et 40°C lentius crescentibus (coloniae radius 64 horis elapsis 56 mm temperatura 35°C et 21 mm temperatura 40°C).
Anamorphosis Trichoderma pseudokoningii Rifai.
HOLOTYPUS OF BOTH MORPHS.- P.H.B. Talbot H-1 (Sheffield 5116, in SHD-M). Cultures NS 19, CBS 408.91, DAOM 167678; EMBL Z31014).

ETYMOLOGY.- pseudokoningii, in reference to the Trichoderma anamorph.
NOTES.- Trichoderma pseudokoningii is often reported in the literature but the results of our earlier studies (Kuhls et al., 1996, 1997; Turner et al., 1997) have shown that strains of T. longibrachiatum and T. citrinoviride have been frequently misidentified as this species. Rifai (1969) clearly stated that the original isolate of T. pseudokoningii was obtained from ascospores of a Hypocrea species collected in eastern Australia (Talbot H-1). That specimen is preserved in the mycological collections of Sheffield University. It is morphologically very close to H. schweinitzii, the teleomorph of which is known only from eastern United States and Europe; the differences are mainly manifested in the anamorphs and in the cultures. The most conspicuous morphological difference between H. pseudokoningii and H. schweinitzii are seen, respectively, in the somewhat larger conidia and phialides measured on CMD (see Table 1) and in the much smaller colony radius on PDA at 40°C after 65 h.
In our study we found only two strains of T. pseudokoningii that originated outside of Australasia, viz. DAOM 210151, which was collected in New Hampshire (U.S.A) and CBS 817.68, which was collected in Sri Lanka. Results of isozyme (Leuchtmann et al., 1996) and rDNA sequence analyses (Kuhls et al., 1997 and Lieckfeldt, unpubl.) place these strains with H. pseudokoningii. It should be noted that conidia of DAOM 210151 are smaller than is typical for this species (3.2 ± 0.3 x 2.2 ± 0.2 µm, n = 37 vs. 4.5 ± 1.0 x 2.6 ± 0.4 µm). DAOM 210151 differs most conspicuously from T. longibrachiatum in failing to produce yellow pigment and in its relatively poor growth on PDA at 40°C after 65 h (radius = 25 mm). The strain CBS 817.68 conforms well to T. pseudokoningii.
Of the Hypocrea species from this complex found in New Zealand, H. pseudokoningii is distinguished in having black stromata. Its part-ascospores, especially the distal parts, are somewhat longer than is found in H. novaezelandiae but the dimensions of the part-ascospores overlap with those of H. orientalis. Conidia are intermediate in length between those produced by H. orientalis or H. novaezelandiae. The length/width ratio of phialides of H. pseudokoningii (2.7) is significantly smaller than it is for either H. orientalis (3.1) or H. novaezelandiae (3.3).

HOLOTYPE.- AUSTRALIA. NEW SOUTH WALES (?): on decayed wood, May 1963, P. H. B. Talbot H-1 (SHD-M 5116; cultures NS19, CBS 480.91, DAOM 167678; EMBL Z31014).