Fungi imperfecti, hyphomycetes. Conidiophores are straight, solitary, simple or rarely branched at the base, more or less similar to those of Cylindrocladium (type C. scoparium Morgan), but their filaments, which bear a terminal vesicle, are not multiseptate and never branched and the primary and secondary branches of the conidiophores are more or less parallel; the phialides are more or less divergent or parallel and sometimes show an inconspicuous collarette. Conidia are hyaline, cylindric, smooth, rounded at both ends or slightly pointed at the base, 0-1-septate, and accumulate in a slimy head 50-150 µm in diam.

Fungi imperfecti, hyphomycetes. Conidiophora erecta, solitaria, simplices vel raro ad basim ramosa, plus minusve sicut Cylindrocladium (Typus C. scoparium Morgan) sed filamentis vesiculum terminalem ferentibus non multiseptatis, nunquam ramosis, ramulis conidiophororum primariis et secundariis plus minusve parallelis; phialidibus subdivergentibus vel parallelis, interdum strophium inconspicuum habentibus. Conidia hyalina, cylindrica, laevia, utrinque rotundata vel ad basim leviter attenuata, 0-1-septata, in capitulum mucosum 50-150 µm diam. congregantia.

The anamorph
It would appear that there are further differences between these two genera. Their conidiophores have a different branching pattern. In Cylindrocladium the metulae are more or less curved, occur in (2-)3(-6) series and the branching is often inequilateral, on one side of the stalk of the conidiophore. The filament with vesicle is often referred to as being a sterile appendage but Morrison and French (1969) reported that the vesicles of C. scoparium and C. floridanum Sobers et Seymour could produce mycelium and illustrated a vesicle of C. scoparium producing phialides. Furthermore the appendage is in reality the continuation of the main axis of the conidiophore. Secondary filaments with vesicles can arise from any of the filament cells and also from the conidiophore cells situated below the first metulae and from the metulae as illustrated by Morrison and French (1969) for C. floridanum. The appendage rarely forms part of the sporogenous head, which produces conidia in a palisade layer, but is often found to one side as illustrated by Fawcett and Klotz (1937) for C. citri (Fawcett et Klotz) Boedijn et Reitsma (Figs. 15 and 16).
In Cylindrocladiella the branching of the conidiophores is more compact and symmetrical. The metulae are not curved and usually they occur in two series only. A whorl of metulae and phialides surrounds the base of the appendage. The appendage is never branched and is usually situated in the centre of the sporogenous head, which produces conidia in a ball. Frequently the appendage appears to be placed upon a cell which corresponds in appearance and position with an elongated phialide (Fig. 17). The vesicle can become septate and develop into chlamydospores or it produces apically a new vesicle or a new conidiophore.
In Cylindrocladium the ends of the conidia are bluntly and symmetrically rounded and frequently the lower half of the conidum is distinctly narrower than the upper half, as reported by Morgan (1892). In Cylindrocladiella, however, the conidia are shorter and narrower; the end of the lower half is occasionally slightly pointed and both halves appear to have the same diameter.
There are also differences in cultural characteristics, chlamydospores, (Figs. 13 and 14) and microsclerotia. Boedijn and Reitsma (1950) studied six large-spored species and mentioned the conspicuous white margins of the otherwise strongly pigmented cultures. This contrast does not occur in species of Cylindrocladiella because on most media their pigmentation, which ranges from white to tawny yellow and rarely dark sienna, is less intense and often the transition from the pigmented centre to the white margin is gradual. Furthermore in Cylindrocladiella the chlamydospores are more uniform in size, their configuration is more simple, and often they are produced singly or in unbranched chains. The production of microsclerotia is extremely rare in culture and only known for C. peruviana (Batista et al. 1965), whereas in Cylindrocladium microsclerotia are commonly produced.

Species typica Cylindrocladiella parva (P.J. Anderson), comb. nov. = Cylindrocladium parvum P. J. Anderson in Bull. Massey Agric. Exp. Stn. 183: 37. 1919.

The fungus grows well on agar. The aerial mycelium is at first white but later turns ochre or brown. The hyphal cells measure (5-)17-30 x 2.5-5 µm. Chlamydospores are globose, produced in chains, brown, 10-15 x 7.5-10 µm diam and formed in the substratum or the aerial mycelium. Sclerotia are seldom formed in the substratum and measure 100 x 100-200 µm. Simple, subverticillate or penicillately branched conidiophores arise from the substratum and the aerial mycelium. Conidiophores which are penicillately branched measure 200-250 x 2.5-7.5 µm; primary branches, 15-17(-18) x 3 µm; two-five secondary branches occur and measure (7.5-)11-13 x 2.5-3 µm; (2-)5-7(-8) phialides occur, which are navicular or cylindrical and measure 10-13 x 2-2.5 µm. Conidia are cylindric, hyaline, rounded on both ends, 0-1-septate, (7.5-)12-18(-22.5) x (1.5-)2.5-3.7(-5) µm. The sterile appendages are 80-140 µm long and 1.5-5 µm wide and end in a lanceolate-cylindrical not septate vesicle of (10-)25-67(-85) x 4-5 µm.

Found on wood and bark of Pinus pinea L., Waitakere, New Zealand.

Fungus cum agaro bene crescit. Mycelium aerium initio album, postea gradatim ochraceum vel brunneolum. Hyphae cellulis (5-)17-30 x 2.5-5 µm. Chlamydosporae globosae catenulatae, brunneae, 10-15 x 7.5-10 µm diam in substrato et in aerio formantes. Sclerotia rarissime in substrato, 100 x 100-200 µm diam. Conidiophora simplicia, subverticillata vel penicillato-ramosa e substrato et aerio mycelio surgent. Conidiophora penicillate ramosa 200-250 x 2.5-7.5 µm; ramis primariis 15-17(-18) x 3 µm; 2-5 ramis secondariis (7.5-)11-13 x 2.5-3 µm, (2-)5-7(-8) phialidibus navicularibus vel cylindricas, 10-13 x 2-2.5 µm. Conidia cylindrica, hyalina, utrinque rotundata, 0-1-septata, (7.5-)12-18(-22.5) x (1.5-)2.5-3.7(-5) µm. Appendices steriles 80-140 µm longae, 1.5-5 µm diam, vesiculo lanceolato-cylindrico unicellulari (10-)25-67(-85) x 4-5 µm terminantes.

The teleomorph
Shipton (1979) described Calonectria camelliae Shipton from agar cultures of a small-spored species of Cylindrocladium. This Australian species had been isolated from the fruit of an unidentified rain forest tree in Queensland and was identified as C. camelliae. However, my examination of this Australian isolate proved it to be different from C. camelliae but identical with the newly described C. infestans. Both isolates produced perithecia abundantly when cultures on prune agar, potato-dextrose agar, or Sabouraud agar were grown in the light on the laboratory bench in front of the window or under ultraviolet light. Perithecia were readily produced after 8-14 days by all of numerous single-spore isolates of C. infestans from New Zealand and after water storage of cultures over a period of 6 years cultures could still produce perithecia. These occurred singly or in clusters on the agar surface and also on the aerial mycelium and on the glass walls.
The perithecia have been fully described by Shipton (1979), who placed the teleomorph in Calonectria because other, albeit large-spored, species of Cylindrocladium possess a Calonectria state. Shipton (1979) described cylindrical asci of 52-68 x 2.9-6.7 µm containing eight 1-septate ascospores measuring 6.7-10.7 x 2.6-3.8 µm. Examination of perithecia produced by his culture and by the New Zealand isolate showed that the wall is composed of relatively small cells measuring (5-)7-15(-25) µm wide. The characteristics of the asci, ascospores, and of the small cells in the perithecial wall are typical of representatives of the genus Nectria but unlike the genus Calonectria. In Calonectria the asci are broadly clavate and the perithecial wall is composed of large cells (Boesewinkel 1982). Therefore the new combination of Nectria camelliae (Shipton) Boesewinkel (basionym Calonectria camelliae Shipton, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 72: 162-164. 1979) is made.

Habitat: Pinus pinea L., in ligno et cortice, Waitakere, Nova Zelandia. Typus: CBS 487.76.

Cylindrocladiella novae-zelandiae (Boesew.), comb. nov.
= Cylindrocladium novae-zelandiae Boesew. in Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 76: 341 and 342. 1981. In 1976 I isolated a small-spored species from roots and stems of dying seedlings of Pinus pinea in New Zealand. The production of bright-red fruiting bodies of the Nectria type, both on the host and in agar cultures (Fig. 2), was unusual. Cultures were lobate, fast growing, attaining more than 90 mm diam in 12 days at 24^°C, with a minimum temperature above 5^°C and a maximum at about 32^°C. It was found to be an undescribed species and is here described as new.

The teleomorph
Shipton (1979) described Calonectria camelliae Shipton from agar cultures of a small-spored species of Cylindrocladium. This Australian species had been isolated from the fruit of an unidentified rain forest tree in Queensland and was identified as C. camelliae. However, my examination of this Australian isolate proved it to be different from C. camelliae but identical with the newly described C. infestans. Both isolates produced perithecia abundantly when cultures on prune agar, potato-dextrose agar, or Sabouraud agar were grown in the light on the laboratory bench in front of the window or under ultraviolet light. Perithecia were readily produced after 8-14 days by all of numerous single-spore isolates of C. infestans from New Zealand and after water storage of cultures over a period of 6 years cultures could still produce perithecia. These occurred singly or in clusters on the agar surface and also on the aerial mycelium and on the glass walls.
The perithecia have been fully described by Shipton (1979), who placed the teleomorph in Calonectria because other, albeit large-spored, species of Cylindrocladium possess a Calonectria state. Shipton (1979) described cylindrical asci of 52-68 x 2.9-6.7 µm containing eight 1-septate ascospores measuring 6.7-10.7 x 2.6-3.8 µm. Examination of perithecia produced by his culture and by the New Zealand isolate showed that the wall is composed of relatively small cells measuring (5-)7-15(-25) µm wide. The characteristics of the asci, ascospores, and of the small cells in the perithecial wall are typical of representatives of the genus Nectria but unlike the genus Calonectria. In Calonectria the asci are broadly clavate and the perithecial wall is composed of large cells (Boesewinkel 1982). Therefore the new combination of Nectria camelliae (Shipton) Boesewinkel (basionym Calonectria camelliae Shipton, Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 72: 162-164. 1979) is made.