Densely tufted, wiry perennial with leaves drooping above, delicate nodding panicles, and short, creeping rhizome; branching extravaginal. Sheath to 15 cm, firm, usually ciliate along outer margin. Ligule to 1.5 mm, usually asymmetrical, entire to fimbriate. Lamina to 45 cm × 6 mm, stiff, involute or flat, abaxially shining, minutely scabrous towards filiform tip, adaxially smooth, dull, margins scabrous. Culms to 75 cm, simple, erect to nodding above, smooth, glabrous, rarely scaberulous below panicle; nodes glabrous. Inflorescence to 60 cm; branches capillary, spreading, in distant whorls, rachis slender, smooth, rarely scaberulous, branches and pedicels scaberulous. Spikelets laterally subcompressed, pale green to purplish. Glumes subequal, 2.5-3.5 mm, hyaline, acute to acuminate, scabrous on keel; lower linearlanceolate, 1-nerved, upper elliptic lanceolate, 1-3- nerved. Lemma 2 mm, 3-nerved, firmly membranous, elliptic-oblong, smooth below, scaberulous above, lobes minute; awn to 8 mm, fine, scabrous, curved, caducous. Palea < lemma, weakly nerved, smooth. Callus minute, rounded, with ring of very minute hairs. Flower hermaphrodite. Lodicules 2, ligulate, glabrous, nerveless, 0.5 mm. Anther 1, 0.8-1.4 mm, apically thickened. Caryopsis c. 1.5 mm; hilum elliptic, < ½ length of caryopsis. Chasmogamous.

Perennial. Floret gibbously ellipsoid, laterally compressed, the callus obtuse to bluntly acute; lemma coriaceous, with overlapping margins, without corona; awn caducous though sometimes tardily so, eccentric, curved or geniculate, the column twisted or not. Palea shorter than lemma, 0-1-nerved. Lodicules 2. Stamens 3.

Caespitose perennial with shoots swollen and white at base, and open ± purple panicle, branching intravaginal. Sheath to 5 cm, scabrous near ligule and on upper margins, becoming glabrous below. Ligule to 1.5 mm, decurrent, symmetrical or asymmetrical, rounded or apiculate, short-hairy or scabrous. Lamina to 35 cm × 0.5 mm diam., inrolled appearing terete, very stiff, acicular, abaxially markedly antrorsely scabrous, adaxially clothed in short dense hairs, margins smooth. Culms to 70 cm, glabrous except for hairs above and below nodes. Inflorescence to 25 cm, open, much-branched, drooping, at maturity readily detaching with culm and blowing freely; rachis, branches and pedicels scabrous. Glumes ± equal, 5-8 mm, deeply purplesuffused, 3-nerved, produced into awn c. 2 mm, nerves and margins with stiff hairs. Lemma to 2.5 mm, 5-nerved, gibbous, tubercular-scabrous except on margin, lobes short, apiculate; coma present; awn tardily caducous to 35 mm, weakly 1- geniculate, short stiff hairs present, column loosely twisted, to 15 mm, arista to 20 mm. Palea c. 1 mm, completely enclosed by lemma, glabrous, nerveless, hyaline, weakly bifid at apex. Callus to 0.3 mm, blunt, hairs to 1.5 mm. Lodicules 2, to 1 mm in chasmogamous flowers, to 0.6 mm in cleistogamous flowers. Anthers penicillate, in chasmogamous flowers to 2 mm; in cleistogamous flowers 1 fertile anther to 0.7 mm, and 2 aborted anthers to 0.3 mm.

Loosely tufted, erect, perennial, branching at nodes, from short creeping rhizomes; branchingextravaginal, cataphylls densely hairy. Sheath firmly membranous, smooth, sometimes terminating in a tuft of minute hairs. Ligule to 1.5 mm, truncate, entire. Lamina to40 cm × 5.5 mm, flator involute, abaxially smooth, but scaberulous towards filiform tip and on margins, adaxially finely scabrous and with scattered soft hairs. Culms to 130 cm, wiry, smooth. Inflorescence to 60 cm, lax; branches capillary, ascending to spreading, in dense distant whorls, rachis smooth, branches andpedicels scaberulous. Glumes subequal, 3-4 mm, 3-nerved, acute, often purple; lower slightly keeled and scabrous near tip. Lemma to 2.5 mm, 3- nerved, firmly membranous, smooth, shallowly lobed at apex; awn to 4.5 mm, straight, caducous. Palea ± = lemma. Callus minute, blunt, glabrous. Lodicules 3. Anthers penicillate, to 1.7 mm. Chasmogamous.

Perennial. Leaves flat or involute. Inflorescence a lax or contracted panicle. Spikelets somewhat compressed dorsally. Glumes subequal, 3-5-nerved. Lemma obscurely 3-5-nerved, coriaceous or membranous, with a caducous terminal awn. Palea c. = lemma but narrower. Callus very small. Stamens 3.

Tall, erect, fine, perennial tussock, shoots very close set, slightly swollen at base; branching extravaginal, cataphylls hairy. Sheath to 10 cm, thin, very shortly retrorse pilose, occasionally with some long hairs. Ligule 0.2 mm, ciliate. Lamina to 25 cm × 1 mm diam., weakly rolled, nerves few, stiff, abaxially finely retrorsely scabrous from columns of small prickle teeth between nerves, adaxially with abundant prickle teeth and some few long hairs, margins with antrorse prickle teeth and occasional long (1 mm) hairs. Culms to 60 cm, nodes retrorsely pilose, internodes below nodes densely retrorse-pilose, elsewhere sparsely scabrous. Inflorescence to 30 cm, narrow, subtended by tuft of hairs to 1.5 mm; branches short, rachis, branches and pedicels with short stiff hairs. Glumes unequal, purple fading brown below, produced into hyaline awn-like processes to 2 mm, scabrous on nerves and above, > awn column, lower to 20 mm, 3-nerved, upper to 14 mm, 5-nerved. Lemma to 7 mm, with dense white hairs, lobes minute (0.1 mm) ciliate; coma to 2 mm; awn to 50 mm, 1-geniculate, column to 10 mm tightly twisted, with short hairs, arista to 40 mm. Palea weakly 2- nerved, intemerves with few hairs, apex ciliate or fimbriate. Callus to 2 mm, hairs to 3 mm. Lodicules 3, ligulate or emarginate, posterior and anterior equal, to 1.3 mm, or posterior shorter, nerved. Anthers to 4 mm, penicillate. Chasmogamous.

Tall, very coarse, erect perennial tussock with a stout rootstock; branching extravaginal, cataphylls numerous. Sheath to 5 cm, with retrorse long weak hairs, terminating in a small tuft of white hairs to 1.5 mm. Ligule to 0.5 mm, shortly ciliate. Lamina to 30 cm × 5 mm, flat or weakly rolled, scabrous, abaxially with dense long hairs, adaxially with retrorse long hairs, margins with long hairs. Culms to 2 m, stout, smooth, compressed, nodes densely pubescent, internodes densely pubescent below nodes. Inflorescence to 40 cm, very open, verticels widely spaced; branches long, branches and pedicels shortly scabrous. Glumes unequal, 3-nerved, becoming purple-suffused, somewhat spreading, minutely scab-rous, tip erose or apiculate, < awn column, lower to 14 mm, upper to 9 mm. Lemma to 6 mm, fuscous, clothed in white hairs, lobes short (0.2 mm); coma to 3.5 mm; awn to 35 mm, stiffly hairy, 2- geniculate, column strongly twisted to 10 mm, less strongly so to 7 mm above, arista to 20 mm. Palea firm, darker than lemma, with long internerve hairs, apex erose. Callus 1 mm, off-white hairs to 2 mm. Lodicules 3,2 anterior to 1.5 mm, posterior to 1 mm, nerved. Anthers to 5.2 mm in chasmogamous flowers, to 1.5 mm in cleistogamous flowers, penicillate.

Tall, coarse, dense, erect or slightly decumbent perennial shortly rhizomatous tussock with closeset, white shoots, swollen at base; branching extravaginal, cataphylls numerous. Sheaths to 2 cm, finely scabrous, terminating in a tuft of hairs to 1.5 mm. Ligule to 0.2 mm, ciliate. Lamina to 10 cm × 1 mm diam., tightly rolled, rigid, abaxially scaberulous with shortretrorseprickle teeth, adaxially papillate and with occasional hairs and prickles, more so near collar, margins antrorsely scabrous. Culms to 50 cm, nodes pubescent, internodes below nodes pubescent, glabrous elsewhere. Inflorescence to 20 cm, contracted, verticels with many branches; rachis, branches and pedicels with short stiff hairs. Glumes unequal, purple-suffused, green below, producedinto fine, hyaline awn-like processes 1 mm long; lower to 16.5 mm, 3-nerved, glabrous below ± reaching to top of awn column, upper to 10 mm, 5- nerved, nerves with short stiff hairs below, becoming scabrous above except at tip. Lemma to 6 mm, 7- nerved, cylindrical, clothed in grey hairs becoming golden brown at maturity, lobes small (0.2 mm) or absent; coma to 2 mm; awn to 40 mm, 2-geniculate, column with short hairs, tightly twisted, to 8 mm, loosely twisted to 8 mm above, arista to 25 mm. Palea weakly 2-nerved intemerve hairs few, apex ciliolate. Callus to 1.6 mm, hairs to 2.5 mm. Lodicules 3, ligulate, to 2 mm. Anthers to 2 mm, penicillate. Chasmogamous.

Perennial, caespitose or rhizomatous, branches intravaginal or extravaginal. Culms simple or bambusiform, sometimes branching at nodes. Sheaths often wider than leaves, usually shorter than internodes, margins often decurrent at apex, often terminating in a marginal tuft of hairs. Ligule nerved or nerveless, membranous, hairy or glabrous. Lamina flat or curved, scabrous, pubescent or glabrous, soft or rigid. Inflorescence a narrow or open, much-branched panicle, often subtended by hairs or a hairy bract. Spikelets 1-flowered, disarticulation oblique above persistent glumes. Glumes 2, equal or unequal, the upper enclosing the floret, lower longer, 1—3—5- nerved, acute, acuminate, mucronate, awned, or erose. Lemma cylindrical and fusiform, pubescent, hairy or tubercular-scabrous or both, 3-5-nerved, margins convolute, terminating in a pronounced corona or a reduced rim with or without a coma of longer hairs; lobes conspicuous or small or absent; callus hairy, usually sharply pointed. Awn 0-1-2-geniculate, often very long; column twisted, arista straight or curved. Palea enclosed within lemma, = or < lemma, 0-2-nerved, internerve hairy or glabrous. Flower hermaphrodite. Lodicules 2 or 3, hyaline, nerved or nerveless, glabrous. Stamens 3, penicillate or naked at apex and/or caudate at base; in cleistogamous flowers reduced to 1 small fertile anther and 2 sterile small anthers. Gynoecium with 2 plumose stigmata. Caryopsis conforming to shape of lemma; hilum linear, ± = caryopsis, embryo to about 1/3 of caryopsis. Flowering chasmogamous or cleistogamous in aerial inflorescences.

Erect, strongly caespitose perennial with shoots swollen and close-set at base; branching intravaginal. Sheath to 5 cm, striate, densely pubescent at base, long hairs at apex, hairs sometimes forming an abaxial ligule, elsewhere glabrous. Ligule ± 0.5 mm, flat-topped, finely and shortly ciliolate at apex or shallowly crenate. Lamina to 40 cm × 5 mm, flat, abaxially sometimes with scattered long hairs, both surfaces scabrous, margins scabrous. Culms to 2 m, glabrous except for prickle teeth below inflorescence, nodes appressed-pilose. Inflorescence to 30 cm, open; branches drooping, flexuous, rachis smooth to slightly scabrous, branches and pedicels with stiff hairs. Glumes unequal, violet below, hyaline above, 3-nerved, nerves scabrous, produced into awn-like processes to 3 mm, < awn column, lower to 20 mm with long hairs on margins, upper to 15 mm, glabrous. Lemma to 6 mm, tubercular-scabrous, median nerve with long hairs, lobes minute; corona to 1 mm, violet or violet-suffused, glabrous, apex with aconspicuous ring of spines to 1 mm; awn to 70 mm, 1-geniculate; column tightly twisted and long hairy to 25 mm, then shallowly twisted and short stiff hairy to 15 mm above, arista scabrous, to 35 mm, usually intertwined with awns of adjacent florets. Palea 1.5 mm, much < lemma, membranous, nerveless, glabrous. Callus to 4 mm, hairs to 4 mm. Lodicules 2, c. 1 mm, + = palea, nerveless. Anthers penicillate, to 3.2 mm long in chasmogamous flowers, reduced to 1 fertile, 0.5-0.7 mm, and 2 sterile, 0.1-0.2 mm, anthers in cleistogamous flowers.

Tall, erect, light-green, perennial tussock with fine crowded shoots and broad culm sheaths; branching intravaginal. Sheaths to 10 cm, glabrous, auricular lobes to 2 mm, subtended by row of long hairs, symmetrical or asymmetrical, apex ciliate. Ligule 0.7 mm, fimbriate. Lamina to 30 cm × 0.5 mm diam., inrolled, few-nerved, abaxially with antrorse prickle teeth between veins and some short stiff hairs, adaxially with abundant short hairs, margins with antrorse prickle teeth. Culms to 60 cm, nodes glabrous, internodes shortly pubescent below nodes, elsewhere glabrous. Inflorescence to 20 cm, contracted; rachis, branches, and pedicels with short stiff hairs. Glumes subequal, purple below.produced into long fine hyaline awn-like processes, 3-nerved, > awn column, lower to 15 mm, upper to 12 mm. Lemma to4.5 mm, sparsely hairy becoming scabrous above, lobes to 0.5 mm; coma obscure or of few short hairs; awn to 40 mm, falcate, column 10 mm, arista to 30 mm, with short hairs, lightly twisted. Palea with sparsely hairy internerve, apex glabrous. Callus to 1.5 mm, hairs to 1.5 mm. Anthers 1.75 mm, penicillate. Our specimens are too immature to describe other floral organs.

Caespitose, open-based, perennial tussock with mostly floriferous, erect to nodding shoots; branching extravaginal, cataphylls hairy. Sheath to 4 cm, finely retrorse-scabrous, and densely short-hairy, terminating in a tuft of hair to 1.5 mm. Ligule to 0.6 mm, ciliate or sometimes glabrous. Lamina to 20 cm × 1 mm diam., inrolled, rigid, few-nerved, collar thickened, abaxially with retrorse prickle teeth in columns between nerves and some antrorse long hairs, adaxially with abundant short hairs and long hairs especially near the margins, margins with antrorse prickle teeth or glabrous. Culms to 40 cm, nodes glabrous, internodes pubescent below nodes, glabrous elsewhere. Inflorescence to 25 cm, subtended by hairy bract to 4 mm or hairs to 3 mm, erect; verticels close set; branches short, widely spreading; rachis glabrous below, becoming scabrous above, pedicels and branches with short stiff hairs. Glumes ± equal, purple fading brown, tapering to hyaline awn-like processes to 2 mm or acuminate, scabrous, short stiff hairs on midnerve, < awn column, lower to 14 mm, 3-nerved, upper to 13 mm, 3-5- nerved. Lemma 4.5 mm, fulvous, and with dense short hairs, usually scabrous above, lobes minute (0.1 mm); coma obscure or of few short hairs; awn to 85 mm, falcate, sometimes also 1-geniculate, column hairy, tightly twisted, to 10 mm, arista to 55 mm, usually intertwined with awns of adjacent florets. Palea with long internerve hairs, apex glabrous, erose. Callus to 1.75 mm, hairs to 2.5 mm, white to brown. Lodicules 3; anterior to 1.5 mm, ligulate, nerved; posterior to 0.4 mm. Anthers penicillate, to 3.75 mm in chasmogamous flowers, reduced to 1 fertile anther, 0.5-1.5 mm, and 2 sterile in cleistogamous flowers.

Erect, wiry perennial frequently branching at nodes; branching extravaginal, cataphylls short. Sheath to 3 cm, usually glabrous sometimes retrorsely pubescent Ligule to 0.5 mm; auricular lobes to 1 mm, symmetrical or asymmetrical, often lightly pubescent, occasionally with a very small tuft of hairs on thickened collar. Lamina to30cm × 0.8 mm diam., narrow, involute, rigid, acicular, smooth and glabrous abaxially, adaxially clothed with short white hairs. Culms to 60 cm, wiry, smooth, nodes purple, glabrous except for some very short hairs below. Inflorescence to 25 cm, narrow; rachis glabrous below, scabrous above, branches and pedicels scabrous. Glumes ± equal, to 7 mm, hyaline, shining, pink-suffused, produced into awn-like processes to 0.5 mm, or split at tip, < awn column, lower 1- nerved, upper 3-nerved. Lemma to 5.0 mm, 3 or 5- nerved, fulvous, clothed with white ± appressed hairs; coma to 0.5 mm, lobes short and inconspicuous; awn to 40 mm, ± straight or weakly 1-geniculate, and with short stiff hairs, column loosely twisted to 10 mm, arista to 30 mm. Palea clothed in long hairs, apex fimbriate. Callus short (to 0.3 mm) oblique, hairs white, to 1 mm. Lodicules 3, one usually emarginate, or entire, 1-nerved, to 1 mm. Anthers to 2.7 mm, weakly penicillate and shortly caudate. Chasmogamous.

Tall, erect, wiry, open perennial tussock shoots slightly swollen at base; branching extravaginal, cataphylls glabrous shining. Sheath to 5 cm, with scattered retrorse long hairs, terminating in a small tuft of hairs to 1 mm. Ligule to 0.5 mm, apex shortly ciliate. Lamina to 35 cm × 1 mm diam., usually inrolled, nerves few, abaxially finely antrorsely scabrous especially near margins, some few stiff long hairs towards base, adaxially with abundant long (0.5 mm) and short hairs, margins with long hairs at base becoming scabrid with small prickle teeth above. Culms to 1 m, stout, nodes darkretrorsely pubescent, internodes pilose below nodes elsewhere smooth and shining, sheath with abaxial ligule. Inflorescence to 35 cm loosely contracted, subtended by hairy bract to 1 mm, rachis smooth becoming scabrous towards apex, branches and pedicels with short stiff hairs. Glumes subequal, nerves conspicuously raised, straw coloured, scabrous, internerves purple-suffused, margins with short hairs, tips membranous and erase, < awn column, lower to 12 mm, 3-nerved, much shorter than awn column, upper to 11 mm, 5-nerved. Lemma to 6.5 mm, very dark brown at maturity, tubercular scabrous, hairy below glabrous above, lobes absent; coma absent; awn to 50 mm, 2-geniculate, column with short hairs, tightly twisted below less so above to 30 mm, arista to 20 mm. Palea weakly 2-nerved, internerve hairy sometimes slightly so, apex glabrous. Callus to 1.5 mm, golden hairs to 2 mm. Lodicules 2, ligulate, to 1.75 mm. Anthers in cleistogamous flowers, 2 small (0.5 mm) other to 1.1 mm.

Densely tufted, fine-leaved, perennial tussock with many innovation shoots; branching intravaginal. Sheath to 2 cm, with abundant retrorse short hairs, terminating in tuft of hairs to 1.5 mm subtending auricular lobes; auricular lobes symmetrical or asymmetrical to 0.5 mm. Ligule to 1.5 mm, shortly ciliate. Lamina to 30 cm × 0.5 mm diam., inrolled, weakly acicular, abaxially very scabrous from short (0.25 mm) antrorse hairs and prickle teeth in columns between nerves, adaxially with abundant short hairs, margins with antrorse prickle teeth. Culms to 50 cm, pubescent below nodes otherwise glabrous. Inflorescence to 30 cm, sometimes subtended by long hairs or a bract; rachis, branches and pedicels with shortstiff hairs. Glumes subequal, purple below, tapering to hyaline awn-like processes, scabrous with small prickle teeth; > awn column; lower to 15 mm, 3-nerved, upper to 12 mm, 3-5-nerved. Lemma to 5 mm, clothed in white appressed hairs, less so above and becoming scabrous, lobes minute (0.25 mm); coma a few short hairs; awn to 65 mm, exceedingly falcate, ± 1-geniculate, column tighdy twisted, and with short hairs, to 10-15 mm, arista to 50 mm. Palea with long internerve hairs, apex glabrous. Callus to 1.5 mm, hairs to 2 mm. Lodicules 3, to 2 mm, ligulate. Anthers to 1.5 mm in cleistogamous, and to 3.5 mm in chasmogamous florets, penicillate.

Characters as in key

Characters as in key; culms usually more slender than type ssp.

Tall, caespitose, stiff, erect perennial with swollen bases occasionally with elongating basal internodes and branching at nodes; branching intravaginal, cataphylls small. Sheath to 25 cm, smooth, often with crisped very short intercostal hairs. Ligule 3-7 mm, decurrent, symmetrical or asymmetrical, nerved, subacute. Lamina to 60 cm × 0.7 mm diam., rigid, folded but appearing terete, abaxially smooth, glabrous, sharply acicular, adaxially with abundant crisped short white hairs and some prickle teeth towards base. Culms to 1 m, smooth, glabrous; nodes concealed. Inflorescence to 20 cm, narrow; branches ascending; rachis, branches and pedicels glabrous. Glumes ± equal, to 20 mm, 3-nerved, produced into awn-like processes ± 1 mm, or acuminate, > awn column. Lemma 8-10 mm long, fuscous, with white or brown hairs (± 2 mm), lobes hairy, 1-2 mm; coma to 3 mm; awn to 35 mm, with short stiff hairs, 1 -geniculate, column strongly twisted to 10 mm, arista to 25 mm. Palea with abundant long internerve hairs, few elsewhere, entire or shallowly lobed, apex shortly fimbriate. Callus to 1.5 mm, hairs to 1.5 mm. Lodicules 3, usually 1-2-nerved, acute, ligulate, to 2.5 mm, often 1- or 2-fid, adhering to caryopsis. Anthers apically and basally caudate, to 7.0 mm. Chasmogamous.

Tall, erect, coarse, densely tufted perennial tussock with stout culms; branching extravaginal, cataphylls hairy. Sheath to 10 cm, with abundant long (0.5 mm) hairs from swollen bases, terminating in a tuft of long hairs to 2.5 mm. Ligule to 0.5 mm, conspicuously hair-fringed. Lamina to 30 cm × 1 mm diam., loosely inrolled, stiff, harsh abaxially with dense erect or retrorse ± stiff long (0.5 mm) hairs from swollen bases in columns between nerves, adaxially with abundant short hairs or prickle-teeth, margins with long hairs or prickle teeth. Collar curved, hairfringed. Culms to 1 m, nodes densely retrorsely pilose as also internodes below. Inflorescence to 35 cm, violet or violet-suffused, narrow, subtended by hairs or hairy bracts; rachis scabrous, branches and pedicels with short stiff hairs. Glumes unequal, 3-nerved, scabrous, produced into hyaline awn-like processes to 3 mm, < awn column, lower to 18 mm, upper to 15 mm. Lemma to 8 mm, fulvous, clothed in long white hairs, lobes minute or absent; coma to 3 mm; awn to 50 mm, 1-or weakly 2-geniculate, widely divergent, column twisted and hairy to 15 mm, less twisted for 8 mm, arista to 25 mm. Palea with long internerve hairs, apex sparsely hairy. Callus to 2.5 mm, hairs to 3 mm. Lodicules 2, ligulate, to 2 mm. Anthers to 1.5 mm in cleistogamic flowers, to 3.5 mm in chasmogamous flowers, penicillate.

Stout caespitose or shortly rhizomatous erect perennial, prolifically branching at nodes; branching extravaginal, cataphylls numerous. Sheath to 10 cm, short hairs below, glabrous above, terminating in a short tuft of hairs. Ligule to 2 mm, erose, truncate, collar curved. Lamina to 60 cm × 4 mm, flat, abaxially antrorsely scabrous with fine prickle teeth, adaxially antrorsely scabrous or with long hairs, margins antrorsely scabrous. Culms to 2 m, bambusiform, glabrous; nodes brown, rough. Inflorescence to 50 cm, subverticillate, branches ascending-spreading; rachis smooth below, scabrous above, branches and pedicels scabrous. Glumes equal, 3-4 mm, narrow, ± = lemma, green-suffused, spreading at maturity, acuminate, sometimes shortly awned but mostly erose, 3-nerved, nerves scabrid, < awn column. Lemma 3 mm, becoming dark brown at maturity, clothed in long white appressed hairs but tubercular-scabrous beneath and at apex, lobes minute; awn to 35 mm, 1-geniculate or sometimes straight, with short stiff hairs, column straight, scabrous, 7-12 mm, arista to 25 mm. Palea 1-1.5 mm, ligulate, c. ½ length of lemma, nerves with a few scattered hairs or glabrous, internerves darker, apex ciliolate. Callus to 0.2 mm, short, blunt and rounded, loosely clothed in short white hairs to 0.5 mm. Lodicules 2, to 1.3 mm, ligulate, ± = palea. Anthers 3, penicillate and caudate, to 1.8 mm. Chasmogamous.